-
61 formloser und schneller
Verfahrensablauf, formloser und schneller
informal and speedy procedure;
• Verfahrensabschnitt stage of a proceeding;
• Verfahrensänderung change in process;
• Verfahrensanlage process plant;
• Verfahrensanspruch (Patent) method claim;
• Verfahrensantrag formal motion, interlocutory application;
• Verfahrensausschuss procedural committee;
• Verfahrensaussetzung suspension (stay) of proceedings;
• Verfahrensaussetzung von Amts wegen involuntary discontinuance;
• Verfahrensbeschluss procedural order;
• Verfahrensbestimmungen procedural provisions;
• Verfahrenseinstellung abatement of an action;
• Verfahrenserfordernisse procedural requirements;
• Verfahrensfehler irregularity in the proceedings;
• Verfahrensformen forms of legal procedure;
• Verfahrensforschung operational (Br.) (operations, US) research;
• Verfahrensfrage (Gericht) procedural question, (parl.) point of procedure;
• Debatte über Verfahrensfragen beenden to stop arguing about [questions of] procedure;
• Verfahrensgegenstand subject matter, matter in issue;
• Verfahrensgrundrecht procedural right;
• Verfahrensingenieur chemical (process) engineer;
• Verfahrenskosten legal costs (Br.), costs of proceedings;
• Verfahrenskosten auferlegen to condemn in (order to pay) the costs;
• Verfahrensmangel irregularity in the proceedings;
• Verfahrensmechanismus procedural machinery;
• Verfahrensmethode mode of proceeding;
• Verfahrensmodus anwenden to carry out a procedure;
• Verfahrensneuerungen procedural innovations;
• Verfahrensnormen process standards;
• logistische Verfahrensoptimierung optimization of logistic processes;
• Verfahrensordnung [rules of] procedure, rules of practice (US), procedural rules;
• strenge Verfahrensordnung stringent code of procedure;
• Verfahrenspatent process patent;
• Verfahrensprotokoll written proceedings;
• Verfahrensrecht procedural law, law of procedure.Business german-english dictionary > formloser und schneller
-
62 plus
c black plus [ply]━━━━━━━━━4. conjunction━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque plus fait partie d'une locution comme d'autant plus, non... plus, reportez-vous aussi à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <► ne... plus not any more• je ne reviendrai plus/plus jamais I won't/I'll never come back again• elle n'est plus très jeune she's not as young as she used to be► plus de + nom2. <a. (avec verbe) more━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif ou l'adverbe est court (une ou deux syllabes), son comparatif se forme généralement avec la terminaison er.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif se termine par y, son comparatif est formé avec ier.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif n'a qu'une syllabe brève et se termine par une seule consonne, cette consonne est doublée.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Les mots de deux syllabes se terminant en ing, ed, s, ly forment leur comparatif avec more plutôt qu'en ajoutant la terminaison er.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Attention aux comparatifs irréguliers.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif ou l'adverbe est long (au moins trois syllabes), son comparatif se forme généralement avec more plutôt qu'en ajoutant la terminaison er.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━d. (locutions)• il y aura plus de 100 personnes there will be more than or over 100 people• il roulait à plus de 100 km/h he was driving at more than or over 100km per hour► à plus ! (inf) see you later!► plus que + adjectif ou adverbe• j'en ai plus qu'assez ! I've had more than enough of this!► de plus ( = en outre) (en tête de phrase) moreover• c'est dangereux, de plus c'est illégal it's dangerous, and what's more, it's illegal• vous n'avez pas une chaise en plus ? you wouldn't have a spare chair?• en plus de cela on top of that► en plus + adjectif• il ressemble à sa mère, mais en plus blond he's like his mother only fairer• je cherche le même genre de maison en plus grand I'm looking for the same kind of house only bigger► ... et plus• il est compétent, mais ni plus ni moins que sa sœur he's competent, but neither more nor less so than his sister► plus... moins the more... the less• plus on le connaît, moins on l'apprécie the more you get to know him, the less you like him► plus... plus the more... the more• plus il en a, plus il en veut the more he has, the more he wants► plus ou moins ( = à peu près, presque) more or less• ils utilisent cette méthode avec plus ou moins de succès they use this method with varying degrees of success► qui plus est moreover3. <a. ► le plus + verbe mostb. ► le plus + adjectif ou adverbe court━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif ou l'adverbe est court (une ou deux syllabes), son superlatif se forme avec la terminaison est.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif se termine par y, son superlatif se forme avec la terminaison iest.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif n'a qu'une syllabe brève et se termine par une seule consonne, cette consonne est doublée.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Les mots de deux syllabes se terminant en ing, ed, s, ly forment leur superlatif avec most plutôt qu'en ajoutant la terminaison est.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque la comparaison se fait entre deux personnes ou deux choses, on utilise le comparatif au lieu du superlatif.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━c. ► le plus + adjectif ou adverbe long━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'adjectif ou l'adverbe est long (au moins trois syllabes), son superlatif se forme avec the most plutôt qu'en ajoutant la terminaison est.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque la comparaison se fait entre deux personnes ou deux choses, on utilise le comparatif au lieu du superlatif.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━d. ► le plus de + nom the moste. (locutions)► le plus... possible• ça vaut 100 € au plus it's worth 100 euros at the most• il a trente ans, tout au plus he's thirty at most• rappelle-moi au plus vite call me back as soon as possible► des plus + adjectif4. <• tous les voisins, plus leurs enfants all the neighbours, plus their children5. <c black b. ( = avantage) plus• ici, parler breton est un plus indéniable being able to speak Breton is definitely a plus here━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✦ The s of plus is never pronounced when used in negatives, eg il ne la voit plus. When used in comparatives the s is generally pronounced s, eg il devrait lire plus, although there are exceptions, notably plus preceding an adjective or adverb, eg plus grand, plus vite. Before a vowel sound, the comparative plus is pronounced z, eg plus âgé.* * *
I
1. ply, plys, plyz8 plus 3 égale 11 — 8 and ou plus 3 equals 11
plus 10° — plus 10°
2.
adverbe de comparaison1) ( modifiant un verbe) ( comparatif) more; ( superlatif)je ne peux pas faire plus — I can do no more, I can't do any more
plus j'y pense, moins je comprends — the more I think about it, the less I understand
qui plus est — furthermore, what's more
2) ( modifiant un adjectif) ( comparatif) more; ( superlatif) mostc'est le même modèle en plus petit — it's the same model, only smaller
3) ( modifiant un adverbe) ( comparatif) more; ( superlatif) mosttrois heures plus tôt/tard — three hours earlier/later
plus tu te coucheras tôt, moins tu seras fatigué — the earlier you go to bed, the less tired you'll be
3.
adverbe de négationelle ne fume plus — she doesn't smoke any more ou any longer, she no longer smokes
plus besoin de se presser — (colloq) there's no need to hurry any more
il n'y a plus d'œufs — there are no more eggs, there aren't any eggs left
j'entre dans le garage, plus de voiture! — I went into the garage, the car was gone!
plus que trois jours avant Noël! — only three days left ou to go until Christmas!
4.
plus de déterminant indéfini1) ( avec un nom dénombrable)plus tu mangeras de bonbons, plus tu auras de caries — the more sweets GB ou candy US you eat, the more cavities you'll have
il y en a plus d'un qui voudrait être à sa place — quite a few people would like to be in his/her position
je n'ai pas pris plus de crème que toi — I didn't take any more cream than you did, I took no more cream than you did
3) ( avec un numéral)il était déjà bien plus de onze heures — it was already well past ou after eleven o'clock
5.
au plus locution adverbiale at the most
6.
de plus locution adverbiale1) ( en outre) furthermore, moreover, what's more2) ( en supplément)une fois de plus — once more, once again
9% de plus — 9% more
7.
en plus locutionle même modèle avec le toit ouvrant en plus — the same model, only with a sunroof
les taxes en plus — plus tax, tax not included
II plysnom masculin invariable1) Mathématique plus2) (colloq) ( avantage) plus (colloq)
••
plus/le plus used in comparison (meaning more/the most) is pronounced [ply] before a consonant and [plyz] before a vowel. It is pronounced [plys] when at the end of a clause. In the plus de and plus que structures both [ply] and [plys] are generally usedplus used in ne plus (meaning no longer/not any more) is always pronounced [ply] except before a vowel, in which case it is pronounced [plyz]: il n'habite plus ici [plyzisi]1 adjectifs et adverbes courtsEn règle générale on ajoute ‘-er’ à la fin de l'adjectif/adverbe: plus grand/petit/simple = taller/smaller/simpler; plus longtemps/vite = longer/faster- pour certains mots dont l'unique voyelle est une voyelle brève, on double la consonne finale: big/bigger, sad/sadder, dim/dimmer, wet/wetter etc- attention aux adjectifs en ‘y’: sunny devient sunnier, pretty/prettier, happy/happier etc2 adjectifs et adverbes longsOn ajoute more devant le mot: plus beau/compétent/intéressant = more beautiful/competent/interesting; plus facilement/sérieusement = more easily/seriously- certains mots de deux syllabes admettent les deux formes: simple peut produire simpler ou more simple, handsome/handsomer ou more handsome etc- certains mots de deux syllabes n'admettent que la forme avec more: callous/more callous, cunning/more cunning- les adverbes se terminant par ‘-ly’ n'admettent que la forme avec more: quickly/more quickly, slowly/more slowly etc1 adjectifs et adverbes courtsEn règle générale on ajoute ‘(e)st’ à la fin du mot: le plus grand/petit/simple = the tallest/smallest/simplest; le plus longtemps/vite = the longest/fastest- pour certains mots dont l'unique voyelle est une voyelle brève, on double la consonne finale: big- the biggest, sad- the saddest, dim- the dimmest etc- attention aux adjectifs en ‘y’: sunny devient the sunniest, pretty/the prettiest, happy/the happiest etc2 adjectifs et adverbes longsOn ajoute the most devant le mot: le plus beau/compétent/intéressant = the most beautiful/competent/interesting; le plus facilement/sérieusement = the most easily/seriously- certains mots de deux syllabes admettent les deux formes: simple/the simplest ou the most simple, clever/the cleverest ou the most clever etc- certains mots de deux syllabes n'admettent que la forme avec the most: callous/the most callous, cunning/the most cunning etc- les adverbes en ‘-ly’ n'admettent que la forme avec the most: quickly/the most quickly, slowly/the most slowly etcAttention: lorsque la comparaison ne porte que sur deux éléments on utilise la forme du comparatif: le plus doué des deux = the more gifted of the two; la voiture la plus rapide des deux = the faster carL'expression le plus possible est traitée avec possibleOn trouvera ci-contre exemples et exceptions illustrant les différentes fonctions de plus. On trouvera également des exemples de plus dans les notes d'usage. Voir l'index* * *ply, plys1. adv1) (négation)ne... plus — no longer, not... any more
Il ne travaille plus ici. — He's no longer working here., He doesn't work here any more.
Je ne veux plus le voir. — I don't want to see him any more., I no longer want to see him.
ne plus avoir de qch; Je n'ai plus d'argent. — I've got no more money., I've got no money left
Je n'ai plus de pain. — I've got no bread left., I've got no more bread.
2) (comparatif: devant un adjectif) moreIl fait un peu plus froid qu'hier. — It's a bit colder than yesterday.
Elle est plus grande que moi. — She's bigger than me.
Il est plus intelligent que son frère. — He's more intelligent than his brother.
3) (comparaison: non suivi d'un adjectif)Il travaille plus. — He works more.
Il travaille plus que moi. — He works more than me.
4)plus de; Il nous faut plus de pain. — We need more bread.
plus de 3 heures — more than 3 hours, over 3 hours
Il y avait plus de dix personnes. — There were more than 10 people.
plus de minuit — after midnight, past midnight
5)de plus; Il a 3 ans de plus que moi. — He's 3 years older than me.
Le voyage a pris trois heures de plus que prévu. — The journey took 3 hours longer than planned.
Il nous faut un joueur de plus. — We need one more player.
6)en plus; 3 kilos en plus — 3 kilos more
J'ai apporté quelques gâteaux en plus. — I brought a few more cakes.
en plus de; Deux personnes sont arrivées en plus de celles qui étaient déjà là. — Two more people came, in addition to those already there.
7)plus... plus... — the more... the more...
Plus il gagne d'argent, plus il en veut. — The more money he earns, the more he wants.
8)Il y a de plus en plus de touristes par ici. — There are more and more tourists round here.
de plus en plus (suivi d'un adjectif) Il fait de plus en plus chaud. — It's getting hotter and hotter.
9)ni plus ni moins — no more, no less
10) (superlatif)le plus; la plus; les plus — the most
C'est le plus grand de la famille. — He's the tallest in his family., (sans adjectif, modifiant un verbe)
C'est ce qu'elle aime le plus. — That's what she likes most.
de plus — what's more, moreover
en plus de cela... — what is more...
2. conjQuatre plus deux égalent six. — 4 plus 2 is 6.
3. nm(= avantage) plus* * *I.plus ⇒ Note d'usageA prép1 ( dans une addition) 8 plus 3 égale 11 8 and 3 equals 11, 8 plus 3 equals 11; on nous a servi du fromage, un dessert plus du café we were served cheese, a dessert and coffee (as well);2 ( pour exprimer une valeur) un jour il faisait moins 5°, le lendemain plus 10° one day it was minus 5°, the next plus 10°.B adv de comparaison1 ( modifiant un verbe) ( comparatif) more; ( superlatif) le plus the most; il mange/travaille plus (que moi) he eats/works more (than I do ou than me); tu devrais demander plus you should ask for more; je ne peux pas faire plus I can do no more, I can't do any more, I can't do more than that; elle en sait plus que lui sur le sujet she knows more about the subject than he does; c'est plus que je ne peux supporter it's more than I can bear; elle l'aime plus que tout she loves him/her more than anything; il est plus à plaindre qu'autre chose he's more to be pitied than anything else; c'est plus que bien it's more than just good; elle est plus que jolie she's more than just pretty; il a fait plus que l'embaucher, il l'a aussi formé he did more than just hire him, he also trained him; j'en ai plus qu'assez I've had more than enough; elle mange deux fois/trois fois plus que lui she eats twice/three times as much as he does; plus je gagne, plus je dépense the more I earn, the more I spend; plus j'y pense, moins je comprends the more I think about it, the less I understand; plus ça va as time goes on; qui plus est furthermore, what's more; c'est lui qui m'a le plus appris he's the one who taught me the most; quel pays aimes-tu le plus? which country do you like best?; de plus en plus more and more; il fume de plus en plus he smokes more and more;2 ( modifiant un adjectif) ( comparatif) more; ( superlatif) most; deux fois plus vieux/cher twice as old/expensive (que as); trois/quatre fois plus cher three/four times as expensive (que as); il n'est pas plus riche que moi he's no richer than I am ou than me, he isn't any richer than I am ou than me; c'est le même modèle en plus petit it's the same model, only smaller; il est on ne peut plus gentil/désagréable he's as nice/unpleasant as can be; il est plus ou moins fou he's more or less insane; il est plus ou moins artiste he's an artist of sorts; la cuisine était plus ou moins propre the kitchen wasn't particularly clean, the kitchen was clean after a fashion; il a été plus ou moins poli he wasn't particularly polite; ils étaient plus ou moins ivres they were a bit drunk; le plus heureux des hommes the happiest of men; la plus belle de toutes the most beautiful of all; mon vœu le plus cher my dearest wish; l'arbre le plus gros que j'aie jamais vu the biggest tree I've ever seen; son livre le plus court his shortest book; c'est ce qu'il y a de plus beau/important au monde it's the most beautiful/important thing in the world; un livre des plus intéressants a most interesting book; un individu des plus méprisables a most despicable individual; de plus en plus difficile more and more difficult; de plus en plus chaud hotter and hotter;3 ( modifiant un adverbe) ( comparatif) more; ( superlatif) most; trois heures plus tôt/tard three hours earlier/later; deux fois plus longtemps twice as long (que as); trois/quatre fois plus longtemps three/four times as long (que as); ils ne sont pas restés plus longtemps que nous they didn't stay any longer than we did ou than us; il l'a fait plus ou moins bien he didn't do it very well; de plus en plus loin further and further; plus tu te coucheras tard, plus tu auras de mal à te lever the later you go to bed, the harder it'll be for you to get up; plus tu te coucheras tôt, moins tu seras fatigué the earlier you go to bed, the less tired you'll be; c'est moi qui y vais le plus souvent I go there the most often; ça s'est passé le plus simplement/naturellement du monde it happened quite simply/naturally.C adv de négation elle ne fume plus she doesn't smoke any more ou any longer, she no longer smokes, she's given up smoking; il n'habite plus ici he no longer lives here, he doesn't live here any more ou any longer; le grand homme n'est plus the great man is no more; elle ne veut plus le voir she doesn't want to see him any more ou any longer, she no longer wants to see him; il a décidé de ne plus y aller he decided to stop going there; je ne veux plus en entendre parler I don't want to hear any more about it; il n'y est plus (jamais) retourné he never went back there (again); plus jamais ça! never again!; nous ne faisons plus ce modèle we no longer do this model, we don't do this model any more ou any longer; il n'a plus vingt ans ( il n'est plus très jeune) he's not twenty any more, he's no longer twenty; nous n'avons plus d'espoir we've no more hope, we no longer have any hope, we've given up hoping; plus besoin de se presser○ there's no longer any need to hurry, there's no more need to hurry, there's no need to hurry any more; il n'y a plus de pain/d'œufs there is no more bread/there are no more eggs, there isn't any bread left/there aren't any eggs left; je ne veux plus de vin I don't want any more wine; il n'y a plus rien there's nothing left; plus rien ne m'intéresse nothing interests me any more; je ne voyais plus rien I could no longer see anything, I couldn't see a thing any more; il n'y a plus personne dans la pièce there's nobody left in the room, there's no longer anybody in the room; il n'y a plus aucun crayon there aren't any pencils left, there are no more pencils; il n'y a plus aucun problème there's no longer any problem; ce n'est plus du courage, c'est de la folie it's no longer bravery, it's foolhardiness; j'entre dans le garage, plus de voiture○! I went into the garage, the car was gone○!; ce n'est plus qu'une question de jours it's only a matter of days now; il n'y a plus qu'une solution there's only one solution left; il ne restait plus que quelques bouteilles there were only a few bottles left, there was nothing left but a few bottles; il n'y a plus que lui qui puisse nous aider only he can help us now; plus que trois jours avant les vacances! only three days left ou to go until the vacation!; nous n'avons plus qu'à rentrer à la maison all we can do now is go home; il ne me reste plus qu'à vous remercier it only remains for me to thank you.D plus de dét indéf1 ( avec un nom dénombrable) trois/deux fois plus de livres/verres que three times/twice as many books/glasses as; c'est là que j'ai vu le plus de serpents that's where I saw the most snakes; c'est lui qui a le plus de livres he's got the most books; le joueur qui a le plus de chances de gagner the player who is most likely to win; les jeunes qui posent le plus de problèmes the young people who pose the most problems; c'est le candidat qui a remporté le plus de voix he's the candidate who won the most votes; plus tu mangeras de bonbons, plus tu auras de caries the more sweets GB ou candy US you eat, the more cavities you'll have; il y en a plus d'un qui voudrait être à sa place quite a few people would like to be in his/her position;2 ( avec un nom non dénombrable) je n'ai pas pris plus de crème que toi I didn't take any more cream than you did, I took no more cream than you did; il n'a pas plus d'imagination que sa sœur he has no more imagination than his sister, he hasn't got any more imagination than his sister; trois/deux fois plus de vin/talent three times/twice as much wine/talent (que as); le joueur qui a gagné le plus d'argent the player who won the most money;3 ( avec un numéral) elle ne possède pas plus de 50 disques she has no more than 50 records; une foule de plus de 10 000 personnes a crowd of more than ou over 10,000 people; il a plus de 40 ans he's over 40, he's more than 40 years old; les gens de plus de 60 ans people over 60; les plus de 60 ans the over-sixties; il était déjà bien plus de onze heures/midi it was already well past ou after eleven o'clock/midday.F de plus loc adv1 ( en outre) furthermore, moreover, what's more;2 ( en supplément) j'ai mangé deux pommes de plus qu'elle I ate two apples more than she did; donnez-moi deux pommes de plus give me two more apples; ça nous a pris deux heures de plus que la dernière fois it took us two hours longer than last time; j'ai besoin de deux heures de plus I need two more hours; il a trois ans de plus que sa sœur he's three years older than his sister; une fois de plus once more, once again; l'augmentation représente 9% de plus que l'année précédente the rise is 9% more than last year.G en plus loc en plus (de cela) on top of that; il est arrivé en retard et en plus (de cela) il a commencé à se plaindre he arrived late and what' s more ou on top of that he started complaining; c 'est le même modèle avec le toit ouvrant en plus it's the same model, only with a sunroof; c'est tout le portrait de son père, la moustache en plus he's the image of his father, only with a moustache GB ou mustache US; il a reçu 100 euros en plus de son salaire habituel he got 100 euros on top of his usual salary; en plus de son métier d'ingénieur il élève des tatous besides his job as an engineer, he breeds armadillos; les taxes en plus plus tax, tax not included; il s'est passé quelque chose en plus something else happened as well. A note on pronunciation: plus/le plus used in comparison (meaning more/the most) is pronounced [ply] before a consonant and [plyz] before a vowel. It is pronounced [plys] when at the end of a clause. In the plus de and plus que structures both [ply] and [plys] are generally used. plus used in ne plus (meaning no longer/not any more) is always pronounced [ply] except before a vowel, in which case it is pronounced [plyz]: il n'habite plus ici [plyzisi].II.plus nm1 Math plus; le signe plus the plus sign;2 ○( avantage) plus○; son expérience d'enseignant constitue un plus pour lui his teaching experience is a point in his favourGB ou is a plus○.[ply(s)] adverbeA.[COMPARATIF DE SUPÉRIORITÉ]1. [suivi d'un adverbe, d'un adjectif]c'est plus loin it's further ou fartherc'est plus rouge qu'orange it's red rather than ou it's more red than orangec'est plus que gênant it's embarrassing, to say the leastelle a eu le prix mais elle n'en est pas plus fière pour ça she got the award, but it didn't make her any prouder for all thatje veux la même, en plus large I want the same, only biggerencore plus beau more handsome still, even more handsomecinq fois plus cher five times dearer ou as dear ou more expensive2. [avec un verbe] moreje m'intéresse à la question plus que tu ne penses I'm more interested in the question than you thinkB.[SUPERLATIF DE SUPÉRIORITÉ]1. [suivi d'un adverbe, d'un adjectif]le plus loin the furthest ou farthestc'est ce qu'il y a de plus original dans sa collection d'été it's the most original feature of his summer collection2. [précédé d'un verbe] mostc'est moi qui travaille le plus I'm the one who works most ou the hardestC.[ADVERBE DE NÉGATION]1. [avec 'ne']2. [tour elliptique]plus de glace pour moi, merci no more ice cream for me, thanks————————[ply(s)] adjectif————————[ply(s)] conjonction3 plus 3 égale 6 3 plus 3 is ou makes 6il fait plus 5º it's 5º above freezing, it's plus 5º2. [en sus de] plusle transport, plus le logement, plus la nourriture, ça revient cher travel, plus ou and accommodation, plus ou then food, (all) work out quite expensiveplus le fait que... plus ou together with the fact that...————————[ply(s)] nom masculinau plus locution adverbiale[au maximum] at the most ou outsideça coûtera au plus 30 euros it'll cost a maximum of 30 euros ou 30 euros at mostde plus locution adverbialemets deux couverts de plus lay two extra ou more placesil est content, que te faut-il de plus? he's happy, what more do you want?un mot/une minute de plus et je m'en allais another word/minute and I would have left10 euros de plus ou de moins, quelle différence? 10 euros either way, what difference does it make?2. [en trop] too manyen recomptant, je trouve trente points de plus on adding it up again, I get thirty points too manyde plus, il m'a menti what's more, he lied to mede plus en plus locution adverbiale[suivi d'un adverbe] more and morede plus en plus dangereux more and more ou increasingly dangerousça devient de plus en plus facile/compliqué it's getting easier and easier/more and more complicated2. [précédé d'un verbe]de plus en plus de locution déterminante[suivi d'un nom comptable] more and more, a growing number of[suivi d'un nom non comptable] more and morede plus en plus de gens more and more people, an increasing number of peopleil y a de plus en plus de demande pour ce produit demand for this product is increasing, there is more and more demand for this productdes plus locution adverbialeson attitude est des plus compréhensibles her attitude is most ou quite understandableen plus locution adverbiale1. [en supplément] extra (avant nom)les boissons sont en plus drinks are extra, you pay extra for the drinks10 euros en plus ou en moins, quelle différence? 10 euros either way, what difference does it make?[en trop] sparea. [à la fin du jeu] I've got one card left overb. [en distribuant] I've got one card too manyet vous emportez une bouteille de champagne en plus! and you get a bottle of Champagne as well ou on top of that ou into the bargain!elle a une excellente technique et en plus, elle a de la force her technique's first-class and she's got strength tooet elle m'avait menti, en plus! not only that but she'd lied to me (as well)!je ne tiens pas à le faire et, en plus, je n'ai pas le temps I'm not too keen on doing it, and besides ou what's more, I've no timeen plus de locution prépositionnelleen plus du squash, elle fait du tennis besides (playing) squash, she plays tenniset plus locution adverbiale45 kilos et plus over 45 kilos, 45 odd kilosni plus ni moins locution adverbialeje te donne une livre, ni plus ni moins I'll give you one pound, no more no lesstu t'es trompé, ni plus ni moins you were mistaken, that's allnon plus locution adverbialeje ne sais pas — moi non plus! I don't know — neither do I ou nor do I ou me neither!on ne peut plus locution adverbialeplus de locution déterminante1. [comparatif, suivi d'un nom] moreelle roulait à plus de 150 km/h she was driving at more than 150 km/h ou doing over 150 km/hil est plus de 5 h it's past 5 o'clock ou after 52. [superlatif, suivi d'un nom]les plus de 20 ans people over 20, the over-20splus... moins locution correlativethe more... the lessplus il vieillit, moins il a envie de sortir the older he gets, the less he feels like going outplus ça va, moins je la comprends I understand her less and less (as time goes on)plus... plus locution correlativethe more... the moreplus je réfléchis, plus je me dis que... the more I think (about it), the more I'm convinced that...plus ça va, plus il est agressif he's getting more and more aggressive (all the time)plus ça va, plus je me demande si... the longer it goes on, the more I wonder if...plus ou moins locution adverbialec'est plus ou moins cher, selon les endroits prices vary according to where you arequi plus est locution adverbialewhat's ou what is moresans plus locution adverbialec'était bien, sans plus it was nice, but nothing moretout au plus locution adverbialec'est une mauvaise grippe, tout au plus it's a bad case of flu, at the most -
63 не зная даже приблизительно
Не зная даже приблизительно-- Many of these integrations are necessary, particularly if the engineer employs this method without an approximate knowledge of where stability boundaries may lie.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > не зная даже приблизительно
-
64 prakty|ka
Ⅰ f 1. sgt (doświadczenie) practice, experience- miał dużą praktykę życiową/zawodową he was an experienced man- mam dwudziestoletnią praktykę w tym zawodzie I’ve had twenty years of experience in this profession- miał praktykę w kłamaniu he was a practised GB a. practiced US liar- „potrzebny inżynier budowlany z praktyką” ‘experienced building engineer wanted’- to tylko kwestia praktyki it’s just a question a. matter of practice- z praktyki wiedział, jak trudny jest zawód nauczyciela experience had taught him how difficult it is to be a teacher- swoje twierdzenia opierał na praktyce he based his claims on experience- praktyka dowodzi a. poucza, że… practice proves that…2. sgt (faktyczny stan rzeczy) practice- rozbieżność pomiędzy teorią a praktyką a gap between theory and practice- w praktyce in practice- w praktyce a. jak pokazuje praktyka jest zupełnie inaczej in practice, things are different- metoda ta sprawdziła się w praktyce this method was effctive (in practice)- zastosować coś w praktyce to put sth into practice3. sgt (zwyczaj) practice- praktyka nagradzania najlepszych pracowników the practice of giving bonuses to the best workers- przyjętą u nas od lat praktyką jest nieujawnianie takich szczegółów for years it has been our practice not to reveal such particulars4. (staż) (w zakładzie pracy) traineeship U, training period; (u rzemieślnika) apprenticeship U; (w szkole) teaching practice U- praktyka na budowie/za granicą apprenticeship on the building site/work experience abroad- praktyki studenckie/wakacyjne student/holiday training- odbywać praktykę u fryzjera/krawca to be apprenticed a. to be an apprentice to a hairdresser/a tailor- odbywać praktykę w fabryce/cukierni to work as a trainee in a factory/as an apprentice to a confectioner- odbywać praktykę nauczycielską to be on a. be doing teaching practice- oddać syna na praktykę do krawca to apprentice one’s son to a tailor5. sgt (wykonywanie wolnego zawodu) practice- praktyka lekarska/adwokacka medical/legal practice- mieć prywatną praktykę to work a. be in private practice- mieć dochodową praktykę to have a profitable practice- rozpocząć praktykę to set up in a. go into practice- on nie ma prawa prowadzić praktyki adwokackiej he has no right to run a legal practice6. zw. pl (proceder) practice- monopolistyczne praktyki przedsiębiorstw monopolistic practices of companies- tajemnicze/zbrodnicze praktyki mysterious/criminal practices- takie praktyki są niedopuszczalne such practices are inadmissibleⅡ praktyki plt Relig. observance, ritual- brał udział w praktykach religijnych a. kościelnych he took part in religious observances, he was a churchgoer- praktyki szamańskie/magiczne shamanic/magic practices a. rituals a. observancesThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > prakty|ka
-
65 design
расчет, проектирование, проект, план, проектировать, конструкция, схема, эскиз, дизайн
– design constraints
– design cycle
– design database
– design decision
– design defect
– design development
– design diversity
– design drawing
– design engineer
– design error
– design fault
– design formula
– design lifetime
– design method
– design modularity
– design objective
– design parameters
– design phase
– design philosophy
– design power
– design presentation
– design review
– design rule check
– design rules
– design staff
– design standards
– design stress
– design study
– design technique
– design testing
– design trade-off
– design validation
– design value
– design verification
– design weight
– design-engineering
-
66 work
1 noun∎ this report needs more work il y a encore du travail à faire sur ce rapport;∎ to start work, to set to work se mettre au travail;∎ she set to work on the contract elle a commencé à travailler sur le contratwork flow schedule plan m de travail;work in progress travail en cours; (sign) travaux;work progress avancement m des travaux;work rate cadence f de travail;work to rule grève f du zèle;work standard norme f de travail;work study engineer ingénieur m en organisation(b) (employment) travail m, emploi m;∎ to look for work chercher du travail;∎ to be out of work être sans travail ou sans emploi;∎ to take time off work prendre des congés;∎ she's off work today elle ne travaille pas aujourd'huiwork colleague collègue m f de travail; work experience expérience f professionnelle;work permit permis m de travail∎ to take work home ramener du travail à la maison;∎ he's trying to get some work done il essaie de travailler un peuwork group groupe m de travailworks owner maître m d'ouvrage(employee) faire travailler;∎ the boss works his staff hard le patron exige beaucoup de travail de ses employés(a) (of person) travailler;∎ he works in advertising il travaille dans la publicité;∎ we have to work to a budget nous devons travailler avec un certain budget;∎ to work to rule faire la grève du zèle(b) (of machine) fonctionner(c) (of plan, idea, method) marcherFlights to France were worst affected as an all day walkout interrupted more than 7,000 flights. Shorter stoppages in Greece, Portugal, Hungary and Italy brought airports to a standstill, and in Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Austria staff worked to rule.
∎ to work out at s'élever à;∎ the total works out at £9,000 le montant s'élève à 9000 livresto work one's way up faire son chemin;∎ she worked her way up from secretary to managing director elle a commencé comme secrétaire et a fait son chemin jusqu'au poste de P-DG -
67 frame
-
68 scheme
-
69 курам на смех
прост., неодобр.cf. enough to make a cat laugh; it would make even a fly (a cat, a cow) laughГлавный механик... смеялся над Абрамом Павловичем и его методом обучения: "Да это, батенька мой, кустарщина, курам на смех!" (Б. Горбатов, Моё поколение) — The mechanical engineer would make fun of Abram Pavlovich and his method of instruction: 'Why, man alive, this tinkering's enough to make a cat laugh!'
Мать раздобрилась и кинула Смелому кусок колбасы. Тогда сторож заворчал и сказал, что если в тайге собак кормить колбасой, так это сорокам на смех. (А. Гайдар, Чук и Гек) — Mother threw Fearless a piece of sausage. Whereupon the watchman started to grumble and declared that if dogs were to be fed on sausage in the taiga, the magpies would be set a-laughing.
-
70 development
разработка; развитие; эволюция; отладка (механизма); усовершенствование; улучшение; строительство; сооружение; мелиорация; выведение сорта (напр. растения); конструктивное улучшение; сюрфасография; развёртка (поверхности); вывод (формулы); доводка; образование (кристалла); проявление (фото)- development of aggregates - development of failure - development of gas - development of heat - development of method - development of new technologies - development road - development settings - development simulation model - development test - development trials - development tools - development type - oil development -
71 test
испытание; исследование; опыт, проба; проверка; обнаружение; определение; показатель пробы; характеристика продукта (результат пробы); II испытывать; подвергать испытанию; пробовать; исследовать; делать опыты- test bar- test bed- test by bending and unbending- test car- test conditions - test cubicle - test facilities - test fan - test figures - test for durability - test for ground - test for parallelism - test for short - test gauge - test glass - test hause - test lamp - test method - test miles per day - test mixer - test period - test pick - test pressure - test prod - test pulse - test results- test rig- test-room- test run- test to destruction - test tunnel - test unit - test vehicle - test work- air test- break down test - color test - crash test - exaggerated test - exhaustive test - exposure test - heavy duty test - hill climbing test- hot test- odd test- oil-immersion test - paint rub test - palm test - percentage test - percussion test - performance test - periodic test - physical test - pitting corrosion test - plasticity test - porosity test - pour test - pouring test - preliminaryt test - pressure test - production test - production typical test - programme test - proof test - protracted test - psychotechnic test - pull test - pulling test - punching test - qualification test - quality test - quantitative test - quick test - rebound hardness test - reception test - recovery test - red-heat test - repair test - repeated test - repeated bending stress test - repeated compression test - repeated direct stress test - repeated dynamic stress test - repeated impact test - repeated impact tension test - repeated stress test - repeated tensile stress test - repeated tension test - repeated torsion test - repetition test - replicated field test - resilience test - retardation test - reverse bend test - rig test - rigid test - road test - roll-over test - rolling acceleration test - rotating bar fatigue test - rotating beam fatigue test - rough test - rough-track test - routine test - running test - rupture test - safety test - scratch test - scratch oil test - screening test - scuffing test - separation test - service test - shake test - shock test - short-circuit test - short-time test - simulated test - single test - skid test - skid pad test - roadability test - slow-speed test - small-scale test - soil test - sonic test - standard distillation test - starting test - static test - static torsional test - steering test - step test - stiffness test - stop-and-go test - stop-start test - stopping and starting test - stroking test - structure test - tactical test - tensile and compression test - tensile fatigue test - test tensile impact test - tensile shock test - thermal test - tilting test - torque test - torsion test - torsion impact test - toughness test - towing test - transverse test - transverse bending test - trial test - triaxial compression test - twisting test - type test - ultrasonic test - understandability test - underwater test - vehicle drag test - vehicle road test - vibration test - vibratory test - visibility test - volatility test - warpage test - warranty test - water test - water-absorption test - water-resistance test - wear test - wearing test - weather-exposure test - weather-resistance test - weathering test - wheel test - whirling test - wind-tunnel test -
72 testing
испытание; исследование; опробование; проба; контроль; проверка; II испытательный; пробный; проверочный- testing certificate - testing engineer - testing field - testing fixture - testing ground - testing of materials - testing regulation - testing schedule - testing sequence - testing stage - testing track - testing voltage - testing without destruction - marginal testing is a form of preventive maintenance - marginal testing locates defects before they become serious - motor-vehicle testing track -
73 hydraulic
1. a спец. гидравлический; гидротехническийhydraulic giant — монитор, водобой
2. a твердеющий в водеhydraulic power — гидравлическая энергия, энергия воды
3. a относящийся к гидравлике -
74 practical
1. n практические занятия2. n прагматик; практичный человекsound practical — быть практичным; разумным; целесообразным
3. a практический; связанный с применением на практике; утилитарныйfrom a practical point of view, for all practical purposes — с чисто практической точки зрения
4. a практичный, удобный; полезный; целесообразный5. a практичный, практический, дельный6. a осуществимый, реальный7. a фактический, настоящий8. a с практическим опытом работы9. a земной, прозаическийСинонимический ряд:1. businesslike (adj.) businesslike; business-like; efficient; orderly; pragmatic; sensible; systematic; unromantic2. experienced (adj.) experienced; old; old-time; practiced; seasoned; skilled; versed; vet; veteran3. functional (adj.) advantageous; functional; handy; practicable; serviceable; useful; utile; utilitarian4. implicit (adj.) constructive; implicit; virtual5. prosaic (adj.) prosaic; tedious; unimaginative; uninteresting6. realistic (adj.) down-to-earth; earthy; hard; hard-boiled; hardheaded; hard-headed; matter-of-fact; objective; practic; pragmatical; realistic; sober; tough-minded; unfantastic; unidealistic; unsentimental7. sound (adj.) balanced; discreet; discriminating; judicious; operative; sound; usableАнтонимический ряд:idealistic; imaginative; impossible; impractical; indiscreet; inefficient; senseless; theoretical; unreal; unserviceable; unsound; unworkable; useless -
75 relief
1. n облегчение, утешение2. n снижение; смягчение3. n разнообразие, перемена; контрастwide stretches of moorland without relief — бесконечная, однообразная равнина, поросшая вереском
4. n помощьu.n. relief agency — Агентство ООН по оказанию помощи
u.n. relief agency — Агентство ООН по оказанию помощи
5. n пособиеoutdoor relief — пособия неимущим, живущим самостоятельно
person on relief — лицо, получающее пособие
6. n подкрепление, выручка; помощьrelief party — отряд, пришедший на выручку; спасательная партия
judicial relief — судебная помощь, средство судебной защиты
7. n воен. снятие осады; действие по деблокировке8. n смена дежурных, караульных; освобождение от дежурства или обязанностей9. n смена, дежурный или дежурные, заступающие на пост10. n юр. освобождение11. n ист. платёж нового арендатора помещику при переходе к нему прав наследственной арендыdemand for relief — требование судебной защиты; иск
12. n геогр. рельеф, характер местностиgelatin relief — желатиновый рельеф; пигментная копия
13. n чёткость, отчётливость; контраст14. n выделение, подчёркивание15. n тех. задний угол заточкиСинонимический ряд:1. assistance (noun) allayment; alleviation; assistance; assuagement; dole; easement; handout; mitigation; redress; remission; welfare2. balm (noun) balm; cure; remedy3. contour (noun) configuration; contour; embossment; frieze; intaglio; projection4. help (noun) aid; assist; hand; help; lift; maintenance; secours; succor; succour; support5. replacement (noun) replacement6. satisfaction (noun) cheer; comfort; contentment; ease; relaxation; release; satisfactionАнтонимический ряд:aggravation; burden; disapproval; discomfort; discouragement; exhaustion; hindrance; impediment; incubus; intensity; interference; obstruction; oppression; restriction -
76 system
system ['sɪstəm](a) (organization, structure) système m;∎ the British educational system le système éducatif britannique;∎ the Social Security system le système des prestations sociales;∎ they live in a democratic/totalitarian system ils vivent dans un système démocratique/totalitaire∎ a new system of sorting mail un nouveau système pour trier le courrier∎ the muscular system le système musculaire(d) (orderliness) méthode f;∎ you need some system in the way you work vous devriez être plus systématique ou méthodique dans votre travail(e) (human body) organisme m;∎ bad for the system nuisible à l'organisme;∎ it's a bit of a shock to the system ça fait un choc;∎ figurative to get sth out of one's system se débarrasser de qch;∎ go on, get it out of your system! vas-y, défoule-toi!;∎ she can't get him out of her system elle n'arrive pas à l'oublier(f) (equipment, device, devices)∎ the electrical system needs to be replaced l'installation électrique a besoin d'être remplacée;∎ a fault in the cooling system un défaut dans le circuit de refroidissement∎ the rail/river/road system le réseau ferroviaire/fluvial/routier∎ the system le système;∎ they're hoping to overthrow the system ils espèrent renverser le système (en place);∎ familiar you can't beat or buck the system on ne peut rien contre le système□∎ the Precambrian system le système précambrien►► Computing systems analysis analyse f des systèmes;Computing systems analyst analyste-programmeur(euse) m,f;Computing systems board carte f système;Architecture system building préfabrication f;Computing system bus bus m système;Marketing systems buying achat m de système;Marketing systems contracting contrats mpl de système;Computing system crash panne f du système;system date date f système;Computing system disk disque f système;Computing systems engineer ingénieur m système;Computing systems engineering assistance f technico-commerciale;Computing system error erreur f système;Computing system failure panne f du système;Computing system file fichier m système;Computing system folder dossier m système;Computing systems management direction f systématisée;Computing systems operator sysop m, opérateur m système;system privilege privilège m d'accès au système;Computing system program programme m système;Computing system prompt invite f du système, message m d'attente du système;Computing system software logiciel m d'exploitation, logiciel m système -
77 Albert, Wilhelm August Julius
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 24 January 1787 Hannover, Germanyd. 4 July 1846 Clausthal, Harz, Germany[br]German mining official, successful applier of wire cable.[br]After studying law at the University of Göttingen, Albert turned to the mining industry and in 1806 started his career in mining administration in the Harz district, where he became Chief Inspector of mines thirty years later. His influence on the organization of the mining industry was considerable and he contributed valuable ideas for the development of mining technology. For example, he initiated experiments with Reichenbach's water-column pump in Harz when it had been working successfully in the transportation of brine in Bavaria, and he encouraged Dörell to work on his miner's elevator.The increasing depths of shafts in the Harz district brought problems with hoisting as the ropes became too heavy and tended to break. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, iron link chains replaced the hempen ropes which were expensive and wore out too quickly, especially in the wet conditions in the shafts. After he had experimented for six years using counterbalancing iron link chains, which broke too easily, in 1834 he conceived the idea of producing stranded cables from iron wires. Their breaking strength and flexibility depended greatly on the softness of the iron and the way of laying the strands. Albert produced the cable by attaching the wires to strings which he turned evenly; this method became known as "Albert lay". He was not the first to conceive the idea of metal cables: there exists evidence for such cables as far back as Pompeii; Leonardo da Vinci made sketches of cables made from brass wires; and in 1780 the French engineer Reignier applied iron cables for lightning conductors. The idea also developed in various other mining areas, but Albert cables were the first to gain rapidly direct common usage worldwide.[br]Bibliography1835, "Die Anfertigung von Treibseilen aus geflochtenem Eisendraht", Karstens Archiv 8: 418–28.Further ReadingK.Karmarsch, "W.A.J.Albert", Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 1:212–3.W.Bornhardt, 1934, W.A.J.Albert und die Erfindung der Eisendrahtseile, Berlin (a detailed description of his inventions, based on source material).C.Bartels, 1992, Vom frühneuzeitlichen Montangewerbe zur Bergbauindustrie, Bochum: Deut sches Bergbau-Museum (evaluates his achievements within the framework of technological development in the Harz mining industry).WKBiographical history of technology > Albert, Wilhelm August Julius
-
78 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
-
79 Barber, John
[br]baptized 22 October 1734 Greasley, Nottinghamshire, Englandd. 6 November 1801 Attleborough, Nuneaton, England[br]English inventor of the gas turbine and jet propulsion.[br]He was the son of Francis Barber, coalmaster of Greasley, and Elizabeth Fletcher. In his will of 1765. his uncle, John Fletcher, left the bulk of his property, including collieries and Stainsby House, Horsley Woodhouse, Derbyshire, to John Barber. Another uncle, Robert, bequeathed him property in the next village, Smalley. It is clear that at this time John Barber was a man of considerable means. On a tablet erected by John in 1767, he acknowledges his debt to his uncle John in the words "in remembrance of the man who trained him up from a youth". At this time John Barber was living at Stainsby House and had already been granted his first patent, in 1766. The contents of this patent, which included a reversible water turbine, and his subsequent patents, suggest that he was very familiar with mining equipment, including the Newcomen engine. It comes as rather a surprise that c.1784 he became bankrupt and had to leave Stainsby House, evidently moving to Attleborough. In a strange twist, a descendent of Mr Sitwell, the new owner, bought the prototype Akroyd Stuart oil engine from the Doncaster Show in 1891.The second and fifth (final) patents, in 1773 and 1792, were concerned with smelting and the third, in 1776, featured a boiler-mounted impulse steam turbine. The fourth and most important patent, in 1791, describes and engine that could be applied to the "grinding of corn, flints, etc.", "rolling, slitting, forging or battering iron and other metals", "turning of mills for spinning", "turning up coals and other minerals from mines", and "stamping of ores, raising water". Further, and importantly, the directing of the fluid stream into smelting furnaces or at the stern of ships to propel them is mentioned. The engine described comprised two retorts for heating coal or oil to produce an inflammable gas, one to operate while the other was cleansed and recharged. The resultant gas, together with the right amount of air, passed to a beam-operated pump and a water-cooled combustion chamber, and then to a water-cooled nozzle to an impulse gas turbine, which drove the pumps and provided the output. A clear description of the thermodynamic sequence known as the Joule Cycle (Brayton in the USA) is thus given. Further, the method of gas production predates Murdoch's lighting of the Soho foundry by gas.It seems unlikely that John Barber was able to get his engine to work; indeed, it was well over a hundred years before a continuous combustion chamber was achieved. However, the details of the specification, for example the use of cooling water jackets and injection, suggest that considerable experimentation had taken place.To be active in the taking out of patents over a period of 26 years is remarkable; that the best came after bankruptcy is more so. There is nothing to suggest that the cost of his experiments was the cause of his financial troubles.[br]Further ReadingA.K.Bruce, 1944, "John Barber and the gas turbine", Engineer 29 December: 506–8; 8 March (1946):216, 217.C.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.JB -
80 Bentham, Sir Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 11 January 1757 Englandd. 31 May 1831 London, England[br]English naval architect and engineer.[br]He was the son of Jeremiah Bentham, a lawyer. His mother died when he was an infant and his early education was at Westminster. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a master shipwright at Woolwich and later at Chatham Dockyard, where he made some small improvements in the fittings of ships. In 1778 he completed his apprenticeship and sailed on the Bienfaisant on a summer cruise of the Channel Fleet where he suggested and supervised several improvements to the steering gear and gun fittings.Unable to find suitable employment at home, he sailed for Russia to study naval architecture and shipbuilding, arriving at St Petersburg in 1780, whence he travelled throughout Russia as far as the frontier of China, examining mines and methods of working metals. He settled in Kritchev in 1782 and there established a small shipyard with a motley work-force. In 1784 he was appointed to command a battalion. He set up a yard on the "Panopticon" principle, with all workshops radiating from his own central office. He increased the armament of his ships greatly by strengthening the hulls and fitting guns without recoil, which resulted in a great victory over the Turks at Liman in 1788. For this he was awarded the Cross of St George and promoted to Brigadier- General. Soon after, he was appointed to a command in Siberia, where he was responsible for opening up the resources of the country greatly by developing river navigation.In 1791 he returned to England, where he was at first involved in the development of the Panopticon for his brother as well as with several other patents. In 1795 he was asked to look into the mechanization of the naval dockyards, and for the next eighteen years he was involved in improving methods of naval construction and machinery. He was responsible for the invention of the steam dredger, the caisson method of enclosing the entrances to docks, and the development of non-recoil cannonades of large calibre.His intervention in the maladministration of the naval dockyards resulted in an enquiry that brought about the clearing-away of much corruption, making him very unpopular. As a result he was sent to St Petersburg to arrange for the building of a number of ships for the British navy, in which the Russians had no intention of co-operating. On his return to England after two years he was told that his office of Inspector-General of Navy Works had been abolished and he was appointed to the Navy Board; he had several disagreements with John Rennie and in 1812 was told that this office, too, had been abolished. He went to live in France, where he stayed for thirteen years, returning in 1827 to arrange for the publication of some of his papers.There is some doubt about his use of his title: there is no record of his having received a knighthood in England, but it was assumed that he was authorized to use the title, granted to him in Russia, after his presentation to the Tsar in 1809.[br]Further ReadingMary Sophia Bentham, Life of Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, K.S.G., Formerly Inspector of Naval Works (written by his wife, who died before completing it; completed by their daughter).IMcN
См. также в других словарях:
Engineer's blue — is a highly pigmented paste used to assist in the mating of two or more components.Joseph Whitworth popularized the first practical method of making accurate flat surfaces, during the 1830s, by using engineer s blue and scraping techniques on… … Wikipedia
Method Products — (branded as method) is a San Francisco based corporation which produces non toxic, biodegradable natural cleaning supplies with a focus on minimalist product design. Among the company s first products was an hourglass shaped bottle of dish soap,… … Wikipedia
Method Actor — Studio album by Method Actor with Eva Cassidy Released June 25, 2002 Genre Adult Alternative Length 43:31 … Wikipedia
No Guru, No Method, No Teacher — Studio album by Van Morrison Released July, 1986 Reissued June 2008 Recorded … Wikipedia
Nelder–Mead method — Nelder–Mead simplex search over the Rosenbrock banana function (above) and Himmelblau s function (below) See simplex algorithm for Dantzig s algorithm for the problem of linear opti … Wikipedia
Nelder-Mead method — See simplex algorithm for the numerical solution of the linear programming problem. The Nelder Mead method or downhill simplex method or amoeba method is a commonly used nonlinear optimization algorithm. It is due to John Nelder R. Mead (1965)… … Wikipedia
John Fowler (agricultural engineer) — Infobox Person name = John Fowler image size = 250px caption = birth date = 11 July 1826 birth place = Melksham, England death date = dda|1864|12|4|1826|7|11|df=y death place = Ackworth, West Yorkshire, England education = occupation =… … Wikipedia
Telecommunications Engineer — Telecommunications Engineers or Telecom Engineers come in a variety of different types from basic circuit designers to strategic mass developments. A Telecom Engineer is responsible for designing and overseeing the installation of… … Wikipedia
Direct stiffness method — As one of the methods of structural analysis, the direct stiffness method (DSM), also known as the displacement method or matrix stiffness method, is particularly suited for computer automated analysis of complex structures including the… … Wikipedia
Project delivery method — A project delivery method is a system used by an agency or owner for organizing and financing design, construction, operations, and maintenance services for a structure or facility by entering into legal agreements with one or more entities or… … Wikipedia
Moment distribution method — The moment distribution method (not to be confused with moment redistribution) is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal.[1] The method only … Wikipedia