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during+the+next+year

  • 81 dans

    dans [dɑ̃]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Pour les expressions comme dans sa hâte, dans le temps, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. (lieu: position) in
       b. (lieu: mouvement) into
       c. (lieu: origine) out of
       d. (temps) in
    • dans combien de temps serez-vous prêt ? how long will it be before you are ready?
       e. ( = dans des limites de) within
       f. ► dans les ( = environ) about
    • cela coûte dans les 50 € it costs about 50 euros
    • cette pièce fait dans les 8 m2 this room is about 8m2
    * * *
    dɑ̃
    La préposition dans est présentée ici dans ses grandes lignes. Les expressions courantes comme dans l'abondance, dans le genre, être dans le pétrin etc sont traitées respectivement dans les articles abondance, genre, pétrin etc
    On trouvera ci-dessous des exemples illustrant les principales utilisations de la préposition mais il sera toujours prudent de consulter l'entrée du nom introduit par dans
    Par ailleurs, la consultation des notes d'usage dont la liste est donnée pourra apporter des réponses à certains problèmes bien précis
    1) (lieu, sans déplacement) in

    dans un avion/bus — on a plane/bus

    dans une voiture/un taxi — in a car/a taxi

    qu'est-ce que je fais dans tout ça? — (colloq) what am I doing in all this?

    3) ( temps)

    finir quelque chose dans les temps — (colloq) to finish something in time

    4) ( domaine) in
    5) ( état)

    dans la misère/le silence — in poverty/silence

    6) ( but)
    7) ( approximation) about
    * * *
    dɑ̃ prép

    C'est dans le tiroir. — It's in the drawer.

    C'est dans la boîte. — It's in the box., It's inside the box.

    C'est dans le salon. — It's in the lounge.

    Il est dans sa chambre. — He's in his bedroom.

    Je l'ai lu dans le journal. — I read it in the newspaper.

    2) (direction) into

    Elle a couru dans le salon. — She ran into the lounge.

    Il est entré dans mon bureau. — He came into my office.

    Remets-le dans son coffret. — Put it back in its case.

    3) (provenance) out of, from

    Je l'ai pris dans le tiroir. — I took it out of the drawer., I took it from the drawer.

    Je l'ai pris dans le salon. — I took it out of the lounge.

    boire dans un verre — to drink out of a glass, to drink from a glass

    On a bu dans des verres en plastique. — We drank out of plastic glasses.

    4) (= parmi) among

    Il est dans les meilleurs. — He's among the best., He's one of the best.

    5) (temps) in

    dans 2 mois — in 2 months, in 2 months' time

    Ça va chercher dans les 20 euros. — It's about 20 euros.

    * * *
    ❢ La préposition dans est présentée ici dans ses grandes lignes. Les expressions courantes comme dans la pénombre, dans le monde entier, être dans le pétrin etc sont traitées respectivement dans les articles pénombre, monde, pétrin etc. On trouvera ci-dessous des exemples illustrant les principales utilisations de la préposition mais il sera toujours prudent de consulter l'entrée du nom introduit par dans. Par ailleurs, la consultation des notes d'usage pourra apporter des réponses à certains problèmes bien précis.prép
    1 (lieu, sans déplacement) être dans la cuisine/le tiroir/la forêt to be in the kitchen/the drawer/the forest; dans cette histoire/son discours/cette affaire fig in this story/his speech/this business; être dans le brouillard/l'eau to be in the fog/the water; dans cette région/ville in this region/town; être dans un avion/train/bus/bateau to be on a plane/train/bus/boat; être dans une voiture/un taxi to be in a car/a taxi; il y a des fleurs dans le vase there are some flowers in the vase; le paquet est dans le placard/la chambre the parcel is in the cupboard/the bedroom; l'histoire se passe dans un train/dans un pays lointain the story takes place on a train/in a distant country; il est en vacances dans le Cantal/les Alpes he's on vacation in the Cantal/the Alps; j'ai lu ça dans Proust/un magazine I read that in Proust/a magazine; boire dans un verre to drink out of a glass; fouiller dans un tiroir to rummage through a drawer ; prendre une casserole dans un placard to take a pan out of a cupboard; vider qch dans l'évier to pour sth down the sink; qu'est-ce que je fais dans tout ça○? what am I doing in all this?; ce n'est pas dans ton intérêt it's not in your interest; dans l'ensemble by and large; dans le fond in fact;
    2 ( avec des verbes de mouvement) aller dans la cuisine/le grenier to go to the kitchen/the attic; entrer dans une pièce to go into a room; voler dans les airs to fly in the air; descendre dans un puits to go down a well; monter dans un avion to get on a plane;
    3 ( temps) dans ma jeunesse/leur adolescence/le futur in my youth/their adolescence/the future; dans deux heures/jours/ans in two hours/days/years; je t'appellerai dans la journée I'll call you during the day; dans l'immédiat for the time being; dans la minute qui a suivi the next moment; dans l'heure qui suivit within the hour; finir qch dans les temps○ to finish sth in time;
    4 ( domaine) être dans les affaires/l'édition/la restauration to be in business/publishing/the catering business;
    5 ( état) dans la misère/le silence in poverty/silence;
    6 ( but) dans un esprit de vengeance in a spirit of revenge; dans l'espoir de in the hope of; dans l'intention de faire with the intention of doing; dans cette optique from this perspective;
    7 ( approximation) about, around; dans les 30 euros/20%/50 ans about ou around 30 euros/20%/50 years old; ça coûte dans les 1 000 euros it costs about ou around 1,000 euros.
    [dɑ̃] préposition
    1. [dans le temps - généralement] in ; [ - insistant sur la durée] during ; [ - dans le futur] in ; [ - indiquant un délai] within
    dans son enfance in ou during her childhood, when she was a child
    dans dix ans, on ne parlera plus de son livre in ten years ou years' time, his book will be forgotten
    2. [dans l'espace - généralement] in ; [ - avec des limites] within ; [ - avec mouvement] into
    ils ont cherché partout dans la maison they looked through the whole house, they looked everywhere in the house
    b. [couloirs] in the underground
    dans le train/l'avion on the train/the plane
    monte dans la voiture get in ou into the car
    partout dans le monde all over the world, the world over
    je suis bien dans ces chaussures I feel comfortable in these shoes, these shoes are comfortable
    dans la brume/pénombre in the mist/dark
    3. [à partir de - prendre, boire, manger] out of, from
    4. [à travers] through
    5. [indiquant l'appartenance à un groupe]
    dans l'enseignement in ou within the teaching profession
    6. [indiquant la manière, l'état]
    dans le but de in order to, with the aim of
    7. [indiquant une approximation]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > dans

  • 82 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 83 by

    1. preposition
    1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) junto a
    2) (past: going by the house.) (por) delante
    3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) por
    4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) por
    5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) por, en
    6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) por
    7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) para
    8) (during the time of.) de
    9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) de, por
    10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) por
    11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) por
    12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) de

    2. adverb
    1) (near: They stood by and watched.) al lado (de)
    2) (past: A dog ran by.) por ahí
    3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) apartado
    •
    - bypass
    3. verb
    (to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) desviar
    - bystander
    - by and by
    - by and large
    - by oneself
    - by the way
    by1 advby expresa la idea de pasar cerca, pero sin detenerse
    he saw me, but he passed by without saying a word me vio, pero pasó sin decirme ni una palabra
    by2 prep
    1. por
    he was attacked by a dog fue atacado por un perro / un perro lo atacó
    2. junto a / al lado de
    she sat by me se sentó a mi lado / se sentó junto a mí
    3. de
    4. en
    5. para
    6. a
    7. con
    can I pay by credit card? ¿puedo pagar con tarjeta?
    8. a base de
    by
    tr[baɪ]
    1 (agent) por
    2 (means) por
    ■ by air/road por avión/carretera
    ■ by day/night de día/noche
    6 (near) junto a, al lado de
    9 (rate) por
    10 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL por
    12 (in sets) en
    1 al lado, delante
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to go by pasar delante
    by and by con el tiempo
    by the by a propósito
    by oneself solo,-a
    by ['baɪ] adv
    1) near: cerca
    he lives close by: vive muy cerca
    2)
    to stop by : pasar por casa, hacer una visita
    3)
    to go by : pasar
    they rushed by: pasaron corriendo
    4)
    to put by : reservar, poner a un lado
    5)
    by and by : poco después, dentro de poco
    6)
    by and large : en general
    by prep
    1) near: cerca de, al lado de, junto a
    2) via: por
    she left by the door: salió por la puerta
    3) past: por, por delante de
    they walked by him: pasaron por delante de él
    4) during: de, durante
    by night: de noche
    we'll be there by ten: estaremos allí para las diez
    by then: para entonces
    built by the Romans: construido por los romanos
    a book by Borges: un libro de Borges
    made by hand: hecho a mano
    by
    adv.
    • a un lado adv.
    • aparte adv.
    prep.
    • al lado de prep.
    • de prep.
    • de acuerdo con prep.
    • para prep.
    • por prep.
    • según prep.

    I baɪ
    1)

    will it be ready by 5? — ¿estará listo para las 5?

    by the time he arrived, Ann had left — cuando llegó, Ann se había ido

    b) (during, at)

    by day/night — de día/noche

    2)
    a) (at the side of, near to) al lado de, junto a
    b) ( to hand) (AmE)
    3)
    a) ( past)

    I said hello, but he walked right by me — lo saludé pero él pasó de largo

    b) (via, through) por

    by land/sea/air — por tierra/mar/avión

    4) (indicating agent, cause) (with passive verbs) por [The passive voice is, however, less common in Spanish than it is in English]

    she was brought up by her grandmother — la crió su abuela, fue criada por su abuela

    5)
    a) (indicating means, method)

    to pay by credit card — pagar* con tarjeta de crédito

    to navigate by the stars — guiarse* por las estrellas

    by -ing: you won't get anywhere by shouting no vas a conseguir nada con gritar; I'll begin by introducing myself — empezaré por presentarme

    b) (owing to, from)

    by -ing: by specializing, she has limited her options al especializarse, ha restringido sus posibilidades; they have lost public support by being too extreme — han perdido apoyo popular por ser demasiado extremistas

    6)

    I swear by Almighty God... — juro por Dios Todopoderoso...

    by God, you'll be sorry you said that! — te juro que te vas a arrepentir de haber dicho eso

    7)
    a) ( indicating rate) por

    little by little — poco a poco, de a poco (CS)

    8) ( Math) por
    10)

    by oneself — (alone, without assistance) solo


    II
    a) ( past)
    b) (aside, in reserve)

    call o stop by on your way to work — pasa por casa de camino al trabajo

    by and by: by and by they came to the clearing al poco rato llegaron al claro; it's going to rain by and by va a llover dentro de poco; by and large por lo general, en general; by the by — see bye I

    [baɪ] When by is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg go by, stand by, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg by chance, by degrees, by half, look up the other word.
    1. PREPOSITION
    1) (=close to) al lado de, junto a

    "where's the bank?" - "it's by the post office" — -¿dónde está el banco? -está al lado de or junto a la oficina de correos

    2) (=via) por

    he came in by the back door/by the window — entró por la puerta de atrás/por la ventana

    which route did you come by? — ¿por dónde or por qué camino or por qué ruta viniste?

    3) (=past) por delante de
    4) (=during)
    a) (=not later than) para

    can you finish it by tomorrow? — ¿puedes terminarlo para mañana?

    • by the time I got there it was too late — cuando llegué ya era demasiado tarde

    • by that time or by then I knew — para entonces ya lo sabía

    b) (in year, on date, on day)

    by tomorrow/Tuesday, I'll be in France — mañana/el martes ya estaré en Francia

    by yesterday it was clear that... — ayer ya se veía claro que...

    by 30 September we had spent £500 — a 30 de septiembre habíamos gastado 500 libras

    by 1998 the figure had reached... — en 1998 la cifra había llegado a...

    by 2010 the figure will have reached... — hacia el año 2010 la cifra habrá llegado a...

    it seems to be getting bigger by the minute/day — parece que va creciendo minuto a minuto/día a día

    • to sell sth by the dozen — vender algo por docenas

    • we get paid by the hour — nos pagan por horas

    • we sell by the kilo — vendemos por kilos

    • we charge by the kilometre — cobramos por kilómetro

    • little by little — poco a poco

    • one by one — uno tras otro, uno a uno

    • two by two — de dos en dos

    7) (indicating agent, cause) por

    the thieves were caught by the police — los ladrones fueron capturados por la policía, la policía capturó a los ladrones

    who's that song by? — ¿de quién es esa canción?

    8) (indicating transport, method etc)

    • by air — [travel] en avión; [send] por avión, por vía aérea

    • by bus/ car — en autobús/coche

    • to pay by cheque — pagar con cheque

    • made by hand — hecho a mano

    • by land — por tierra

    • by the light of the moon/a candle — a la luz de la luna/de una vela

    • by rail or train — en tren

    • by sea — por mar

    by working hard — a fuerza de mucho trabajar, trabajando mucho

    he ended by saying that... — terminó diciendo que...

    10) (=according to) según

    it missed me by inches — no me dio por un pelo, me pasó rozando

    12) (in measurements, sums)

    • to divide by — dividir por or entre

    • to multiply by — multiplicar por

    13)

    • by oneself — solo

    south by southwest — sudsudoeste, sursuroeste

    15) (in oaths) por
    2. ADVERB
    1) (=past)

    • they wouldn't let me by — no me dejaban pasar

    • she rushed by without stopping — pasó a toda prisa, sin pararse

    • by and by, I'll be with you by and by — enseguida estoy contigo

    • close or hard by — muy cerca

    • by and large — en general, por lo general

    • to put sth by — poner algo a un lado

    * * *

    I [baɪ]
    1)

    will it be ready by 5? — ¿estará listo para las 5?

    by the time he arrived, Ann had left — cuando llegó, Ann se había ido

    b) (during, at)

    by day/night — de día/noche

    2)
    a) (at the side of, near to) al lado de, junto a
    b) ( to hand) (AmE)
    3)
    a) ( past)

    I said hello, but he walked right by me — lo saludé pero él pasó de largo

    b) (via, through) por

    by land/sea/air — por tierra/mar/avión

    4) (indicating agent, cause) (with passive verbs) por [The passive voice is, however, less common in Spanish than it is in English]

    she was brought up by her grandmother — la crió su abuela, fue criada por su abuela

    5)
    a) (indicating means, method)

    to travel by car/train — viajar en coche/tren

    to pay by credit card — pagar* con tarjeta de crédito

    to navigate by the stars — guiarse* por las estrellas

    by -ing: you won't get anywhere by shouting no vas a conseguir nada con gritar; I'll begin by introducing myself — empezaré por presentarme

    b) (owing to, from)

    by -ing: by specializing, she has limited her options al especializarse, ha restringido sus posibilidades; they have lost public support by being too extreme — han perdido apoyo popular por ser demasiado extremistas

    6)

    I swear by Almighty God... — juro por Dios Todopoderoso...

    by God, you'll be sorry you said that! — te juro que te vas a arrepentir de haber dicho eso

    7)
    a) ( indicating rate) por

    little by little — poco a poco, de a poco (CS)

    8) ( Math) por
    10)

    by oneself — (alone, without assistance) solo


    II
    a) ( past)
    b) (aside, in reserve)

    call o stop by on your way to work — pasa por casa de camino al trabajo

    by and by: by and by they came to the clearing al poco rato llegaron al claro; it's going to rain by and by va a llover dentro de poco; by and large por lo general, en general; by the by — see bye I

    English-spanish dictionary > by

  • 84 week

    wi:k 1. noun
    1) (any sequence of seven days, especially from Sunday to Saturday: It's three weeks since I saw her.) uke
    2) (the five days from Monday to Friday inclusive: He can't go during the week, but he'll go on Saturday or Sunday.) uke, hverdagene
    3) (the amount of time spent working during a period of seven days: He works a forty-eight-hour week.) arbeidsuke
    •
    2. adverb
    (once a week: The newspaper is published weekly.) en gang i uka, ukentlig
    3. noun
    (a publication coming out once a week: Is this newspaper a weekly or a daily?) ukeblad, ukentlig avis
    - weekend
    - a week last Friday
    - a week today
    - tomorrow
    - on/next Friday
    - Friday
    uke
    subst. \/wiːk\/
    uke
    • were you here this day last week?
    by the week per uke, ukevis
    om du ikke holder kjeft, skal jeg slå deg helseløs
    know what day of the week it is ( overført) ha kontroll, vite hvor man står
    last a week of Sundays (hverdagslig, gammeldags) vare i det uendelige
    never in a week of Sundays! (hverdagslig, gammeldags) aldri i livet!
    week by week uke for uke
    a week on om en uke
    the working week arbeidsuken

    English-Norwegian dictionary > week

  • 85 dispararse

    1 (arma) to go off, fire; (despertador) to go off
    2 figurado (correr) to dash off, rush off
    3 figurado (precios) to shoot up
    4 figurado (saltar fuera de razón) to blow up, explode
    * * *
    * * *
    VPR
    1) [arma de fuego] to go off, fire
    2) [alarma] to go off
    3) [consumo, precios, inflación] to shoot up, rocket
    4) [pánico, violencia] to take hold
    5) [al hablar] to get carried away *
    6) LAm (=marcharse) to rush off, shoot off *
    * * *
    = astronomically, soar, astronomical, go + ballistic, spiral, skyrocket, be on the rampant, rise + sharply, go into + overdrive, spike, run + rampant, grow + rampant.
    Ex. The costs of any labor-intensive activity -- and maintenance of a card catalog is certainly labor-intensive -- are rising astronomically.
    Ex. With manuscript prices soaring on the open market, the government has introduced tax incentives to encourage donations.
    Ex. Much grumbling is currently heard among librarians about how they simply can no longer afford such and such indexing and abstracting services because the price is astronomical = Actualmente se oyen muchas quejas entre los bibliotecarios de cómo ya no pueden seguir permitiéndose tal o cual base de datos bibliográfica debido a que su precio es astronómico.
    Ex. Reducing demand and converting to alternative sources of energy are necessary steps toward accepting the reality of a natural increase in the price of petroleum, which is likely to go ballistic in the next ten years.
    Ex. Hospital admissions doubled, out patient services quintupled, dental services quadrupled, and hospital births spiraled.
    Ex. The amount and value of information has skyrocketed.
    Ex. Due to the ever increasing use of email, viruses are on the rampant.
    Ex. The number of Japanese people killing themselves in suicide pacts made over the internet rose sharply last year.
    Ex. If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.
    Ex. Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.
    Ex. While inflation was running rampant during the Trudeau years, that was the pattern in most countries in the world including the USA.
    Ex. You must have heard about identity theft -- it has grown rampant and you need to protect yourself from this identity crime.
    ----
    * costes + dispararse = costs + spiral.
    * dispararse de = shoot out of.
    * dispararse fuera de control = spiral + out of control.
    * precio + dispararse = price + spiral out of control, price + go through the roof, price + soar through the roof.
    * precios + dispararse = prices + spiral.
    * * *
    = astronomically, soar, astronomical, go + ballistic, spiral, skyrocket, be on the rampant, rise + sharply, go into + overdrive, spike, run + rampant, grow + rampant.

    Ex: The costs of any labor-intensive activity -- and maintenance of a card catalog is certainly labor-intensive -- are rising astronomically.

    Ex: With manuscript prices soaring on the open market, the government has introduced tax incentives to encourage donations.
    Ex: Much grumbling is currently heard among librarians about how they simply can no longer afford such and such indexing and abstracting services because the price is astronomical = Actualmente se oyen muchas quejas entre los bibliotecarios de cómo ya no pueden seguir permitiéndose tal o cual base de datos bibliográfica debido a que su precio es astronómico.
    Ex: Reducing demand and converting to alternative sources of energy are necessary steps toward accepting the reality of a natural increase in the price of petroleum, which is likely to go ballistic in the next ten years.
    Ex: Hospital admissions doubled, out patient services quintupled, dental services quadrupled, and hospital births spiraled.
    Ex: The amount and value of information has skyrocketed.
    Ex: Due to the ever increasing use of email, viruses are on the rampant.
    Ex: The number of Japanese people killing themselves in suicide pacts made over the internet rose sharply last year.
    Ex: If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.
    Ex: Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.
    Ex: While inflation was running rampant during the Trudeau years, that was the pattern in most countries in the world including the USA.
    Ex: You must have heard about identity theft -- it has grown rampant and you need to protect yourself from this identity crime.
    * costes + dispararse = costs + spiral.
    * dispararse de = shoot out of.
    * dispararse fuera de control = spiral + out of control.
    * precio + dispararse = price + spiral out of control, price + go through the roof, price + soar through the roof.
    * precios + dispararse = prices + spiral.

    * * *

    ■dispararse verbo reflexivo
    1 (una pistola) to go off, fire
    2 (los precios) to rocket
    ' dispararse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    disparar
    English:
    rocket
    - shoot up
    - soar
    - bang
    - explode
    - go
    - shoot
    - spiral
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [arma, alarma, flash] to go off;
    se le disparó el arma his gun went off
    2. [precios, inflación] to shoot up
    3. [precipitarse] [persona] to rush off;
    [caballo] to bolt
    * * *
    v/r
    1 de arma, alarma go off
    2 de precios rise dramatically, rocket fam
    * * *
    vr
    : to shoot up, to skyrocket
    * * *
    1. (arma, alarma) to go off
    2. (precios, etc) to shoot up [pt. & pp. shot]

    Spanish-English dictionary > dispararse

  • 86 irse

    * * *
    VERBO PRONOMINAL
    1) [uso impersonal]

    ¿por dónde se va al aeropuerto? — which is the way o which way is it to the airport?

    2) (=marcharse) to go, leave

    se fueron — they went, they left

    me voy, ¡hasta luego! — I'm off, see you!

    ¡vete! — go away!, get out!

    ¡no te vayas! — don't go!

    ¡vámonos! — let's go!; [antes de subirse al tren, barco] all aboard!

    ¡nos fuimos! — LAm * let's go!, off we go! *

    me voy de con usted — CAm I'm leaving you

    3) (=actuar)
    4) (=salirse) [por agujero] to leak out; [por el borde] to overflow
    5) (=vaciarse) [por agujero] to leak; [por el borde] to overflow
    6) (=desaparecer) [luz] to go out
    7) (=terminarse)

    írsele a algn: se me va el sueldo en autobuses — all my wages go on bus fares

    rápido, que se nos va el tiempo — be quick, we're running out of time

    8) (=perder el equilibrio)
    mano I, 1., 4), pie 2)
    9) euf (=morirse) [en presente] to be dying; [en pasado] to pass away
    10) euf (=ventosear) to break wind; (=orinar) to wet o.s.; (=defecar) to soil o.s.
    11) ** (=eyacular) to come **
    * * *
    (v.) = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway
    Ex. He smiled again, waved goodbye, and departed.
    Ex. Before making his departure, however, a few hints upon the methods of examining bibliographic compilations are necessary.
    Ex. She rose, took his hand, wished him well, and quitted the room.
    Ex. 'I'm sure we'll be in touch a lot this week!' Suttie took her departure, repeating the offer.
    Ex. In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.
    Ex. As she wended her way through the corridors, she pursued an inquiry with herself as to what she ought to have done with Mike.
    Ex. 'Do you ever let anyone leave without inspecting their bags?' Carpozzi asked as she sidled up to the checker.
    Ex. Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.
    Ex. 'Let me know how you think we should break the news, uh?,' Cissy Bogardus replied and took her leave.
    Ex. They went backstage and looked high and low for Andre, but he was gone.
    Ex. The next day we shook off our hangovers with another refreshing dip under the waterfall, packed our bags and headed off.
    Ex. At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.
    Ex. Paris and her boyfriend Benji were trying to make a quick getaway from paparazzi and fans when she fell over a step.
    * * *
    (v.) = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway

    Ex: He smiled again, waved goodbye, and departed.

    Ex: Before making his departure, however, a few hints upon the methods of examining bibliographic compilations are necessary.
    Ex: She rose, took his hand, wished him well, and quitted the room.
    Ex: 'I'm sure we'll be in touch a lot this week!' Suttie took her departure, repeating the offer.
    Ex: In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.
    Ex: As she wended her way through the corridors, she pursued an inquiry with herself as to what she ought to have done with Mike.
    Ex: 'Do you ever let anyone leave without inspecting their bags?' Carpozzi asked as she sidled up to the checker.
    Ex: Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.
    Ex: 'Let me know how you think we should break the news, uh?,' Cissy Bogardus replied and took her leave.
    Ex: They went backstage and looked high and low for Andre, but he was gone.
    Ex: The next day we shook off our hangovers with another refreshing dip under the waterfall, packed our bags and headed off.
    Ex: At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.
    Ex: Paris and her boyfriend Benji were trying to make a quick getaway from paparazzi and fans when she fell over a step.

    * * *

     

    ■irse verbo reflexivo
    1 (marcharse) to go away, leave: me voy, I'm off
    ¡vámonos!, let's go!
    ¡vete!, go away!
    vete a casa, go home ➣ Ver nota en leave
    2 (líquido, gas) (escaparse) to leak
    3 (direcciones) ¿por dónde se va a...?, which is the way to...?
    4 (gastar) to go, be spent: no sé en qué se me fue el dinero, I don't know where the money went
    Ten cuidado con este verbo. La traducción más común es to go, pero sólo cuando expresa la idea de alejarse de quien habla o del oyente. Si, por el contrario, implica un acercamiento al hablante o al oyente, entonces es mejor usar el verbo to come: ¡Voy! Coming! Esta regla también se aplica a los verbos compuestos como go o come out (salir), go o come in (entrar), go o come up (subir), go o come down (bajar), etc.
    ' irse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonar
    - cama
    - estar
    - garete
    - hora
    - lengua
    - marcharse
    - optar
    - partir
    - pique
    - rama
    - salirse
    - tangente
    - acostar
    - andar
    - camping
    - capaz
    - cuerno
    - disparado
    - ir
    - jalar
    - jarra
    - jolgorio
    - largar
    - mierda
    - parranda
    - picar
    - pinta
    - retirar
    - salir
    - vacaciones
    English:
    abroad
    - adrift
    - away
    - before
    - bolt
    - broke
    - depart
    - die away
    - dim
    - dog
    - drain
    - drive off
    - get along
    - get away
    - get off
    - go
    - last
    - laugh
    - leave
    - may
    - mill about
    - mill around
    - move
    - move away
    - move off
    - must
    - night
    - pan
    - quit
    - ride away
    - run along
    - rush off
    - sink away
    - spout
    - tangent
    - toy with
    - trot away
    - trot off
    - tube
    - wall
    - bee
    - binge
    - boil
    - dash
    - die
    - disappear
    - fade
    - fall
    - fling
    - fly
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [marcharse] to go, to leave;
    me voy, que mañana tengo que madrugar I'm off, I've got to get up early tomorrow;
    tenemos que irnos o perderemos el tren we have to be going or we'll miss the train;
    irse a to go to;
    este verano nos vamos a la playa we'll be going o off to the seaside this summer;
    se ha ido a trabajar she's gone to work;
    se fueron a Venezuela a montar un negocio they went (off) to Venezuela to start a business;
    se fue de casa/del país he left home/the country;
    se me va uno de mis mejores empleados I'm losing one of my best employees;
    ¡vete! go away!;
    Fam
    ¡vete por ahí! get lost!;
    irse abajo [edificio] to fall down;
    [negocio] to collapse; [planes] to fall through
    2. [desaparecer] to go;
    se fue el mal tiempo the bad weather went away;
    se ha ido la luz there's been a power cut;
    estas manchas no se van tan fácilmente these stains aren't easy to get out;
    los granos se le irán con el tiempo the spots will go o disappear in time;
    no se me ha ido el dolor the pain hasn't gone, the pain is still there
    3. [gastarse] to go;
    se me fueron todos los ahorros en el viaje all my savings went on the trip;
    se me ha ido la mañana limpiando la casa I've spent the whole morning cleaning the house;
    Irónico
    el tiempo se va que es un gusto I've no idea where all my time goes
    4. [salirse, escaparse]
    ponle un corcho al champán para que no se le vaya la fuerza put a cork in the champagne bottle so it doesn't go flat;
    al motor se le va el aceite por alguna parte the oil's leaking out of the engine somewhere, the engine's losing oil somewhere;
    sin doble acristalamiento el calor se va por las rendijas if you haven't got double glazing, the heat escapes through the gaps in the windows
    5. [resbalar]
    se me fue el cuchillo y me corté un dedo the knife slipped and I cut my finger;
    se le fue un pie y se cayó her foot slipped and she fell;
    tomó la curva muy cerrada y todos nos fuimos para un lado he took the bend very tight and we all slid to one side
    6. [olvidarse]
    tenía varias ideas, pero se me han ido I had several ideas, but they've all slipped my mind;
    se me ha ido su nombre her name escapes me
    7. RP [en cartas, juegos]
    me voy I'm out
    8. RP
    irse a examen [en asignatura] to have to do the exam [if you fail to get an exemption]
    9. Euf [morirse]
    se nos fue hace un año she passed away a year ago, we lost her a year ago
    10. Fam Hum [ventosear] to let off
    11. muy Fam [tener un orgasmo] to come
    12. Comp
    ¡vete a saber! who knows!
    ♦ nm
    el ir y venir de los albañiles con sus carretillas the comings and goings of the builders with their wheelbarrows;
    con tanto ir y venir toda la mañana tengo los pies destrozados my feet are really sore after all that running around this morning
    * * *
    v/r go (away), leave;
    ¡vete! go away!;
    ¡vámonos! let’s go
    * * *
    vr
    1) : to leave, to go
    ¡vámonos!: let's go!
    todo el mundo se fue: everyone left
    2) escaparse: to leak
    3) gastarse: to be used up, to be gone
    * * *
    irse vb
    1. (marcharse) to leave [pt. & pp. left] / to go
    ¡vámonos! let's go!
    ¡me voy! I'm off!
    2. (con enfado) to go away
    ¡vete! go away!
    3. (dinero, tiempo, dolor, mancha) to go
    ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?
    4. (luz) to go out / to go off
    irse de la cabeza to forget [pt. forgot; pp. forgotten]
    irse de la lengua to let the cat out of the bag [pt. & pp. let]
    írsele la mano to put too much in [pt. & pp. put]

    Spanish-English dictionary > irse

  • 87 líder

    m.
    1 leader, guide, honcho.
    2 front man.
    * * *
    1 leader
    * * *
    1. noun mf. 2. adj.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ INV top, leading, foremost

    marca líder — leading brand, brand leader

    2.
    SMF (Pol) leader; (Dep) leader, league leader, top club
    * * *
    I
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) (Dep, Pol) leader
    b) (Com) leader
    2) (como adj) <equipo/marca/empresa> leading (before n)
    II
    lideresa masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader
    * * *
    = leading, leader, lead, pacemaker, pacesetter [pace-setter], leading figure, front runner, torchbearer [torch bearer], leading edge, kingpin, rainmaker, number one, opinion-maker, driver, bellwether.
    Ex. In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.
    Ex. The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    Ex. The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.
    Ex. The first computerized cataloguing network, the pacemaker for those that were to follow, was OCLC.
    Ex. This article traces the history of collection development from the 1870s, noting the early influence of pacesetter libraries.
    Ex. The history of this map collection began with donations by members of the Academy and other leading figures in the country.
    Ex. As such this is one of the front runners of the next generation of library management systems.
    Ex. The mission of college libraries in India is to shoulder the responsibilities of a torch bearer.
    Ex. The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.
    Ex. Adam Urbanski is kingpin of a new breed of union leaders who want to be partners, not adversaries, in the school improvement crusade.
    Ex. Rather than rainmakers, the electorate increasingly views politicians as scapegoats for economic consequences.
    Ex. Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.
    Ex. Peers and adults who are admired, for whatever reasons, tend to be copied and followed, and a wise teacher will try to draw in to the book environment those adults and children who are opinion-makers and trend-setters.
    Ex. The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.
    Ex. Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.
    ----
    * líder actual, el = defending champion.
    * líder civil = civilian leader.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.
    * líder de opinión = opinion leader.
    * líder espiritual = spiritual leader.
    * líder militar = military leader, military leader.
    * líder mundial = world leader.
    * líder político = political leader.
    * líder religioso = religious leader.
    * líder sindicalista = union leader.
    * líder social = community leader.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * sin líder = leaderless.
    * * *
    I
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) (Dep, Pol) leader
    b) (Com) leader
    2) (como adj) <equipo/marca/empresa> leading (before n)
    II
    lideresa masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader
    * * *
    = leading, leader, lead, pacemaker, pacesetter [pace-setter], leading figure, front runner, torchbearer [torch bearer], leading edge, kingpin, rainmaker, number one, opinion-maker, driver, bellwether.

    Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.

    Ex: The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    Ex: The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.
    Ex: The first computerized cataloguing network, the pacemaker for those that were to follow, was OCLC.
    Ex: This article traces the history of collection development from the 1870s, noting the early influence of pacesetter libraries.
    Ex: The history of this map collection began with donations by members of the Academy and other leading figures in the country.
    Ex: As such this is one of the front runners of the next generation of library management systems.
    Ex: The mission of college libraries in India is to shoulder the responsibilities of a torch bearer.
    Ex: The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.
    Ex: Adam Urbanski is kingpin of a new breed of union leaders who want to be partners, not adversaries, in the school improvement crusade.
    Ex: Rather than rainmakers, the electorate increasingly views politicians as scapegoats for economic consequences.
    Ex: Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.
    Ex: Peers and adults who are admired, for whatever reasons, tend to be copied and followed, and a wise teacher will try to draw in to the book environment those adults and children who are opinion-makers and trend-setters.
    Ex: The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.
    Ex: Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.
    * líder actual, el = defending champion.
    * líder civil = civilian leader.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.
    * líder de opinión = opinion leader.
    * líder espiritual = spiritual leader.
    * líder militar = military leader, military leader.
    * líder mundial = world leader.
    * líder político = political leader.
    * líder religioso = religious leader.
    * líder sindicalista = union leader.
    * líder social = community leader.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * sin líder = leaderless.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de un partido, país) leader
    el Valencia es líder con 48 puntos Valencia leads the division with 48 points, Valencia is the leader with 48 points
    3 ( Com) leader
    Compuestos:
    leader of the opposition
    labor* leader ( AmE), trade union leader ( BrE)
    B ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)
    masculine, feminine
    ( Méx) ( Dep, Pol) leader
    * * *

     

    líder 1 sustantivo masculino y femenino
    a) (Com, Dep, Pol) leader

    b) ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)

    líder 2
    ◊ lideresa sustantivo masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader

    líder
    I mf leader: es el líder de la oposición, he's the opposition leader
    II adjetivo leading, top: el equipo líder es el Estudiantes, Estudiantes is the top team

    ' líder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acéfala
    - acéfalo
    - cabeza
    - comecocos
    - imán
    - interpelar
    - jefa
    - jefe
    - nata
    - nato
    - caudillo
    - destronar
    - indiscutible
    English:
    born
    - ethical
    - lead
    - leader
    - natural
    - pacemaker
    - stand down
    - chief
    - leading
    - pace
    - then
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    leading;
    el equipo líder the leading team;
    la empresa es líder en el sector it is the leading company in the industry
    ♦ nmf
    1. [de partido político, país] leader;
    un líder sindical a union boss o leader
    Pol el líder de la oposición the leader of the opposition
    2. [de clasificación, mercado] leader;
    el Deportivo es el líder de la liga Deportivo are top of the league o are the current league leaders
    * * *
    I m/f leader
    II adj leading
    * * *
    líder adj
    : leading, foremost
    líder nmf
    : leader
    * * *
    líder n leader

    Spanish-English dictionary > líder

  • 88 sección

    f.
    1 section.
    2 section, division, department.
    3 section, district.
    4 cross-section.
    5 article.
    6 section, cutting, incision.
    * * *
    1 (corte) section, cut
    2 (geometría) section
    3 (departamento) section, department
    4 (en periódico, revista) page, section
    5 MILITAR section
    \
    sección transversal cross-section
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Arquit, Mat) section
    2) (=parte) [gen] section; [de almacén, oficina] department

    sección de contactos — personal column ( containing offers of marriage {etc}4})

    sección deportiva — sports page, sports section

    sección económica — financial pages pl, city pages pl

    3) (Mil) section, platoon
    * * *
    1) ( corte) section

    sección longitudinal/transversal — longitudinal/cross section

    2)
    a) (división, área - en general) section; (- de empresa) department, section; (- en grandes almacenes) department
    b) (de periódico, orquesta) section
    3) (Mil) platoon
    * * *
    = frame, piece, portion, section, section, unit, area, chapter, arm, tranche, pod.
    Ex. Please return to frame 244 and read again about the use of the / (oblique stroke), paying particular attention to the examples given.
    Ex. Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex. An extract is one o more portions of a document selected to represent the whole document.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. Cartographic materials are all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body at any scale and include globes; block diagrams; sections; atlases; bird's eye views, etc.
    Ex. Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.
    Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex. For example, the American Library Association and its chapters usually include a subsidiary group designed for library trustees.
    Ex. The author discusses the roles that various arms of the proposed structure can play to promote free flow of information = El autor describe las funciones que los diferentes departamentos de la estructura propuesta puede desempeñar para promover la libre circulación de la información.
    Ex. The first tranche of NATO enlargement -- adding Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic next year -- will help stabilize an historically unstable region.
    Ex. There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    ----
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección infantil = children's librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección juvenil = young adult librarian.
    * de sección = sectional.
    * división en secciones = departmentation.
    * en sección = sectional.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * sección alfabética = alphabetical section.
    * sección central = midsection [mid-section].
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de adultos = adult section, adult department, adult services section.
    * sección de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * Sección de Automatización y Documentación de ALA (IASD) = Information Science and Automation Division (IASD).
    * sección de catalogación = cataloguing division, cataloguing department.
    * sección de comentarios = comments section.
    * sección de compras = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de fondos locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * Sección de Garantía del Asesoramiento Agrícola y del Fondo de Garantía Europ = Guarantee Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF).
    * sección de la biblioteca = library section.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * sección de literatura narrativa = fiction section.
    * sección de nóminas = payroll department, salaries section.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * sección de préstamo = lending collection, lending stock.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de referencia = reference section, reference department, reference division, reference area.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * sección de vídeos = video collection.
    * sección infantil = children's department.
    * sección juvenil = young adult department.
    * sección para el fondo de consulta en sala = reserve room.
    * subsección = subsection [sub-section].
    * * *
    1) ( corte) section

    sección longitudinal/transversal — longitudinal/cross section

    2)
    a) (división, área - en general) section; (- de empresa) department, section; (- en grandes almacenes) department
    b) (de periódico, orquesta) section
    3) (Mil) platoon
    * * *
    = frame, piece, portion, section, section, unit, area, chapter, arm, tranche, pod.

    Ex: Please return to frame 244 and read again about the use of the / (oblique stroke), paying particular attention to the examples given.

    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: An extract is one o more portions of a document selected to represent the whole document.
    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: Cartographic materials are all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body at any scale and include globes; block diagrams; sections; atlases; bird's eye views, etc.
    Ex: Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.
    Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex: For example, the American Library Association and its chapters usually include a subsidiary group designed for library trustees.
    Ex: The author discusses the roles that various arms of the proposed structure can play to promote free flow of information = El autor describe las funciones que los diferentes departamentos de la estructura propuesta puede desempeñar para promover la libre circulación de la información.
    Ex: The first tranche of NATO enlargement -- adding Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic next year -- will help stabilize an historically unstable region.
    Ex: There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección infantil = children's librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección juvenil = young adult librarian.
    * de sección = sectional.
    * división en secciones = departmentation.
    * en sección = sectional.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * sección alfabética = alphabetical section.
    * sección central = midsection [mid-section].
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de adultos = adult section, adult department, adult services section.
    * sección de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * Sección de Automatización y Documentación de ALA (IASD) = Information Science and Automation Division (IASD).
    * sección de catalogación = cataloguing division, cataloguing department.
    * sección de comentarios = comments section.
    * sección de compras = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de fondos locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * Sección de Garantía del Asesoramiento Agrícola y del Fondo de Garantía Europ = Guarantee Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF).
    * sección de la biblioteca = library section.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * sección de literatura narrativa = fiction section.
    * sección de nóminas = payroll department, salaries section.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * sección de préstamo = lending collection, lending stock.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de referencia = reference section, reference department, reference division, reference area.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * sección de vídeos = video collection.
    * sección infantil = children's department.
    * sección juvenil = young adult department.
    * sección para el fondo de consulta en sala = reserve room.
    * subsección = subsection [sub-section].

    * * *
    A (corte) section
    sección longitudinal/transversal longitudinal/cross section
    B
    1 (división, área — en general) section; (— de una empresa) department, section; (— en los grandes almacenes) department
    la sección del edificio que va a ser demolida the part of the building that is going to be demolished
    Compuestos:
    ● sección de cuerdas/vientos
    string/wind section
    sports page
    C ( Mil) platoon
    * * *

     

    sección sustantivo femenino
    1 ( corte) section
    2
    a) (división, área — en general) section;

    (— de empresa, en grandes almacenes) department
    b) (de periódico, orquesta) section

    3 (Mil) platoon
    sección sustantivo femenino
    1 (parte, apartado, tramo) section
    Com sección de bisutería, costume jewellery department
    2 (de un plano) cross-sección
    3 (incisión) cut
    4 Mat section
    5 Mil (una unidad del ejército) platoon
    ' sección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corte
    - oportunidad
    - unidad
    - acomodar
    - caballero
    - cónico
    - encima
    - fumador
    - incluir
    - jefe
    - menaje
    - parte
    - repartición
    - reunir
    - suceso
    English:
    cross-section
    - department
    - departmental
    - division
    - platoon
    - section
    - block
    - complement
    - cross
    - desk
    - personnel
    - scratch
    * * *
    1. [parte] section;
    [departamento] department;
    la sección de discos the record department
    sección de cuerda(s) string section;
    sección de necrológicas [en periódico] obituary section;
    sección rítmica rhythm section;
    sección de viento(s) wind section
    2. [corte] section
    sección longitudinal longitudinal section;
    sección transversal cross-section
    3. Geom section
    4. Mil section
    * * *
    f
    1 GEOM section
    2 BOT cutting
    3 de documento, organización section
    4 MIL platoon
    * * *
    1) : section
    sección transversal: cross section
    2) : department, division
    * * *
    1. (en general) section
    2. (en una tienda, empresa) department

    Spanish-English dictionary > sección

  • 89 este

    adj.
    east, eastern.
    m.
    east.
    viento del este east wind
    ir hacia el este to go east(wards)
    está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid
    los países del este the countries of Eastern Europe
    * * *
    ► adjetivo (pl estos,-as)
    1 this (plural) these
    ————————
    1 east, eastern
    2 (dirección) easterly; (viento) east, easterly
    1 east
    2 (viento) east wind
    * * *
    1. = esta, adj. 2. adj.
    east, eastern
    3. noun m.
    * * *
    I
    1.
    ADJ INV [zona, área] east

    la costa este — the east o eastern coast

    íbamos en dirección este — we were going east o eastward(s), we were going in an eastward o an easterly direction

    2. SM
    1) (Geog) East, east

    la casa está orientada hacia el Este — the house is east-facing, the house faces East o east

    2) (Pol)
    3) (tb: zona este) east
    4) (Meteo) (tb: viento del este) east wind, easterly wind
    II
    este, -a
    ADJ DEM
    1) [indicando proximidad]
    a) [sing] this

    ¿qué habéis hecho este fin de semana? — what did you do at the weekend?, what did you do this weekend?

    ¿dónde vais a ir este fin de semana? — [dicho un viernes] where are you going this weekend?; [dicho un lunes] where are you going next weekend?

    b)

    estos/estas — these

    estas tijeras — these scissors, this pair of scissors

    2) * [con valor enfático]

    ¡a ver qué quiere ahora el tío este! — what does that guy want now! *

    ¡este Pedro es un desastre! — that Pedro is a complete disaster! *

    III
    este, -a
    PRON DEM =éste PRON DEM éste, -a
    1) [sing] this one

    ¡este me quiere engañar! — this guy's out to cheat me!

    pero ¿dónde está este? — where on earth is he?

    2)

    estos/estas — these; [en texto] the latter

    3) [locuciones]

    en esta — [en cartas] in this town (from where I'm writing)

    • en estas, en estas se acerca y dice... — just then he went up and said...

    4) esp LAm [como muletilla]

    este... — er..., um...

    In the past the standard spelling for these demonstrative pronouns was with an accent (éste, ésta, éstos and éstas). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjective.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> eastern

    en la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country

    el ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) east, East
    c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the East
    III
    esta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)
    a) this; (pl) these

    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    b) ( como muletilla) well, er
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> eastern

    en la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country

    el ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) east, East
    c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the East
    III
    esta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)
    a) this; (pl) these

    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    b) ( como muletilla) well, er
    * * *
    el este
    = east, the

    Ex: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.

    este1
    1 = east.

    Ex: The plan of the temple is round instead of rectangular, and unlike the rest, faces north instead of east.

    * Alemania del Este = East Germany.
    * al este de = east of.
    * bloque del este, el = Eastern bloc, the.
    * de Europa del Este = Eastern European.
    * del este = eastern.
    * del este asiático = East Asian.
    * derecho hacia el este = due east.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * este, el = east, the.
    * Europa Central del Este = East Central Europe.
    * exactamente al este = due east.
    * habitante del este = Easterner.
    * hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * la Europa del Este = Eastern Europe.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * sudeste = southeast [south east].
    * sureste = southeast [south east].

    este2
    = present, such, this.

    Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.

    Ex: Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.
    Ex: In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * al hacer esto = by so doing, in so doing, in doing so.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * con este fin = to that effect.
    * con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, by doing so, by this, in doing so.
    * de esta forma = in this way.
    * de esta manera = in this manner, in this way.
    * de este modo = by this means, in so doing, this way, thus, in doing so.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * desde esta misma perspectiva = along the same lines.
    * dicho esto = that said.
    * directamente hacia el este = due east.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this stage, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos tiempos = in this day and age.
    * entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.
    * esta = this.
    * esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.
    * esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.
    * esta mañana = early today.
    * esta mañana temprano = early this morning.
    * esta noche = tonight, tonite.
    * esta vez = this time around/round, this time.
    * éste es también el caso de = the same is true (for/of/with).
    * éste no es el caso en = not so in.
    * este tipo de = such.
    * este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.
    * esto es así = this is the case.
    * esto no ocurre en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).
    * esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.
    * esto no se debe hacer así = this just won't do.
    * esto no vale = this just won't do.
    * estos = these.
    * estos días = these days.
    * haciendo esto = by so doing, by doing so.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * partiendo de esto = on that basis.
    * pensando en esto = with this/that in mind.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * presentado desde esta perspectiva = cast in this light.
    * teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.
    * teniendo esto como trasfondo = against this background.
    * teniendo esto presente = with this/that in mind.
    * todo esto = the whole thing.

    * * *
    [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› eastern
    en la parte este del país in the eastern part of the country
    iban en dirección este they were heading east o eastward(s), they were heading in an easterly direction
    vientos moderados del sector este moderate easterly winds o winds from the east
    el ala/litoral este the east wing/coast
    la cara este de la montaña the east o eastern face of the mountain
    (parte, sector): el este the east
    en el este del país in the east of the country
    está al este de Bogotá it lies to the east of Bogotá, it is (to the) east of Bogotá
    el Sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east o the East
    vientos flojos del Este light easterly winds, light winds from the east
    la calle va de Este a Oeste the street runs east-west
    dar tres pasos hacia el Este take three paces east o eastward(s) o to the east
    vientos moderados del sector sur rotando al este moderate winds from the south becoming o veering easterly
    más al este further east
    las ventanas dan al este the windows face east
    3
    el Este ( Pol) the East
    los países del Este the Eastern Bloc countries
    4
    (pl estos, estas)
    1 this; (pl) these
    este chico this boy
    esta gente these people
    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó ( fam); this idiot here didn't tell me
    2 (como muletilla) well, er
    ¿fuiste tú o no? — este … was it you or not? — well …
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)

    esté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    E.    
    estar    
    este    
    éste
    E. (
    ◊ Este) E, East

    estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
    1

    ◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

    estás más gordo you've put on weight;
    estoy cansada I'm tired;
    está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
    ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
    b) ( con

    ◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
    ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    3 ( seguido de participios)

    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
    ver tb v aux 2
    4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
    (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);

    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
    estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
    estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
    está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en un lugar) to be;
    ◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

    está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
    solo ésteé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
    ¿cuánto tiempo ésteás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
    2 ( en el tiempo):
    ◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
    estamos en primavera it's spring
    3
    a) (tener como función, cometido):


    estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them


    4 (estar listo, terminado):

    lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
    enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
    5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):

    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    éste v aux
    1 ( con gerundio):

    estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    2 ( con participio):

    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
    ver tb estar cópula 3
    estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
    ◊ ¿no te puedes éste quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

    estese tranquilo don't worry
    estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
    este 1 adjetivo invariable ‹ región› eastern;
    iban en dirección éste they were heading east o eastward(s);
    el ala/la costa éste the east wing/coast
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    a) (parte, sector):


    al éste de Lima to the east of Lima


    las ventanas dan al éste the windows face east
    c)

    ◊ el Este (Hist, Pol) the East;

    los países del Eéste the Eastern Bloc countries
    este 2,
    ◊ esta adj dem (pl estos, estas)

    a) this;

    (pl) these;

    estos dólares these dollars;
    usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun la estúpida esta no me avisó (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    éste,
    ◊ ésta pron dem (pl éstos, éstas) The written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective this one;


    (pl) these;
    éste or este es el mío this (one) is mine;
    un día de éstos or estos one of these days;
    éste or este es el que yo quería this is the one I wanted;
    prefiero éstos or estos I prefer these (ones);
    sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval
    ◊ ¡qué niña esta! (fam) honestly, this child!;

    residente en ésta or esta resident in Seville (o Lima etc)
    estar verbo intransitivo
    1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
    ¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
    no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
    estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
    su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
    2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
    estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
    quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
    3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
    está dormido, he's asleep
    está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
    (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
    estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
    (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
    está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
    4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
    5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
    estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
    (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
    están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
    (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
    ♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
    estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
    estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
    estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
    estar al caer, to be just round the corner
    estar en baja, to be waning
    estar en todo, to be on top of everything
    estaría bueno, whatever next
    ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
    ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
    está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
    estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
    me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
    ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
    ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
    esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
    cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
    ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
    estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
    estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
    ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
    familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
    ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
    estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
    El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.
    este,-a adj dem
    1 this
    este barco, this ship
    esta casa, this house 2 estos,-as, these
    estos hombres, these men
    estas mujeres, these women
    este sustantivo masculino
    1 (punto cardinal) East: nos dirigíamos al este, we were going east
    al este del Edén, to the east of Eden
    (en aposición) (zona, parte) eastern: son del este de Europa, they're from Eastern Europe
    (dirección, rumbo) easterly: el viento soplaba del este, there was an easterly wind
    2 (bloque de países europeos) el Este, the East
    éste,-a pron dem m,f
    1 this one: éste/ésta es más bonito/a, this one is prettier 2 éstos,-as, these (ones)

    ' éste' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - abrigada
    - abrigado
    - abultar
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acariciar
    - acontecer
    - actualización
    - adelantarse
    - adelanto
    - afrutada
    - afrutado
    - ahora
    - ahorrar
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - ama
    - amo
    - andar
    - aparte
    - aplanar
    - aplatanada
    - aplatanado
    - arrastre
    - arreglo
    - así
    - asistencia
    - aterrizar
    - atravesarse
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastar
    - bastante
    - bendición
    - bien
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabida
    - caché
    - cachet
    - caer
    - calificar
    - capacidad
    - carbonizar
    - cariño
    - catalogar
    - caza
    - ceñirse
    - chapada
    English:
    acoustic
    - advanced
    - afford
    - afraid
    - aggressive
    - agony
    - agree
    - alleviate
    - ambience
    - amenities
    - anniversary
    - antidote
    - anywhere
    - architecture
    - arithmetic
    - attain
    - attribute
    - be
    - belong
    - blank
    - boggle
    - bore
    - breeze
    - broadsheet
    - bulky
    - bundle
    - buy
    - call
    - call at
    - can
    - capture
    - cash
    - chapter
    - characteristic
    - close-fitting
    - cold
    - come across
    - come in
    - come under
    - compact
    - complete
    - conception
    - concoction
    - consistent
    - convert
    - cramped
    - deadly
    - define
    - demand
    - deny
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [posición, parte] east, eastern; [dirección] easterly; [viento] east, easterly;
    la cara este del pico the east face of the mountain;
    la costa este the east coast;
    tiempo soleado en la mitad este del país sunny weather in the eastern half of the country;
    partieron con rumbo este they set off in an easterly direction;
    ♦ nm
    1. [zona] east;
    está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid;
    la fachada da al este the front of the building faces east;
    viento del este east o easterly wind;
    habrá lluvias en el este (del país) there will be rain in the east (of the country);
    ir hacia el este to go east(wards)
    2. [punto cardinal] east;
    el sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east
    3. [bloque geopolítico]
    el Este the East;
    los países del Este the countries of Eastern Europe
    4. [viento] easterly, east wind
    este2, -a (pl estos, -as) adj demostrativo
    1. [en general] this;
    [plural] these;
    esta camisa this shirt;
    este año this year;
    esta mañana this morning;
    esta noche tonight
    2. Fam Pey [singular] that;
    [plural] those;
    no soporto a la niña esta I can't stand that girl;
    el teléfono este no funciona this telephone's not working
    3. Méx, RP [como muletilla] well, er, um;
    y entonces, este, le propuse… and then, um, I suggested…;
    es un, este, cómo se dice, un lexicógrafo he's a, oh, what do you call it, a lexicographer;
    este, ¿me prestás plata? er, can you lend me some money?
    este3, -a (pl estos, -as) pron demostrativo Note that este and its various forms can be written with an accent ( éste, ésta etc) when there is a risk of confusion with the adjective.
    1. [en general] this one;
    [plural] these (ones);
    dame otro boli, este no funciona give me another pen, this one doesn't work;
    aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque estos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better;
    esta ha sido la semana más feliz de mi vida this has been the happiest week of my life;
    cualquier día de estos one of these days;
    Fam
    esta es la mía/tuya/ etc[m5]. this is the chance I've/you've/ etc been waiting for, this is my/your/ etc big chance;
    en estas just then;
    en estas sonó el teléfono just then o at that very moment, the phone rang;
    en una de estas one of these days;
    en una de estas te pillará la policía one of these days the police will catch you;
    Fam
    por estas [lo juro] I swear, honest to God;
    ¿seguro que no me estás mintiendo? – ¡por estas! are you sure you're not lying to me? – I swear o honest to God
    2. [recién mencionado] the latter;
    entraron Juan y Pedro, este con un abrigo verde Juan and Pedro came in, the latter wearing a green coat
    3. Fam [despectivo]
    este es el que me pegó this is the one who hit me;
    estos son los culpables de todo lo ocurrido it's this lot o bunch who are to blame for everything
    4. Formal [en correspondencia]
    espero que al recibo de esta te encuentres bien I hope this letter finds you well
    * * *
    1 m east
    2, esta, estos, estas det singular this; plural these;
    a todas estas in the meanwhile
    * * *
    éste, ésta pron, mpl éstos
    1) : this one, these ones pl
    2) : the latter
    este, esta adj, mpl estos : this, these
    este adj
    : eastern, east
    este nm
    1) oriente: east
    2) : east wind
    3)
    el Este : the East, the Orient
    * * *
    este1 adj this
    este2 n east

    Spanish-English dictionary > este

  • 90 éste

    adj.
    east, eastern.
    m.
    east.
    viento del este east wind
    ir hacia el este to go east(wards)
    está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid
    los países del este the countries of Eastern Europe
    * * *
    ► adjetivo (pl estos,-as)
    1 this (plural) these
    ————————
    1 east, eastern
    2 (dirección) easterly; (viento) east, easterly
    1 east
    2 (viento) east wind
    * * *
    1. = esta, adj. 2. adj.
    east, eastern
    3. noun m.
    * * *
    I
    1.
    ADJ INV [zona, área] east

    la costa este — the east o eastern coast

    íbamos en dirección este — we were going east o eastward(s), we were going in an eastward o an easterly direction

    2. SM
    1) (Geog) East, east

    la casa está orientada hacia el Este — the house is east-facing, the house faces East o east

    2) (Pol)
    3) (tb: zona este) east
    4) (Meteo) (tb: viento del este) east wind, easterly wind
    II
    este, -a
    ADJ DEM
    1) [indicando proximidad]
    a) [sing] this

    ¿qué habéis hecho este fin de semana? — what did you do at the weekend?, what did you do this weekend?

    ¿dónde vais a ir este fin de semana? — [dicho un viernes] where are you going this weekend?; [dicho un lunes] where are you going next weekend?

    b)

    estos/estas — these

    estas tijeras — these scissors, this pair of scissors

    2) * [con valor enfático]

    ¡a ver qué quiere ahora el tío este! — what does that guy want now! *

    ¡este Pedro es un desastre! — that Pedro is a complete disaster! *

    III
    este, -a
    PRON DEM =éste PRON DEM éste, -a
    1) [sing] this one

    ¡este me quiere engañar! — this guy's out to cheat me!

    pero ¿dónde está este? — where on earth is he?

    2)

    estos/estas — these; [en texto] the latter

    3) [locuciones]

    en esta — [en cartas] in this town (from where I'm writing)

    • en estas, en estas se acerca y dice... — just then he went up and said...

    4) esp LAm [como muletilla]

    este... — er..., um...

    In the past the standard spelling for these demonstrative pronouns was with an accent (éste, ésta, éstos and éstas). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjective.
    * * *
    ésta pronombre demostrativo (pl éstos, éstas)
    [According to the Real Academia Española the written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective]
    a) this one; (pl) these

    Alfonso y Andrés, éste de pie, aquél sentado — (liter)... Alfonso and Andrés, the former sitting down and the latter standing

    [sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval] qué niña ésta! — (fam) honestly, this child!

    b) ésta (frml) (en cartas, documentos) the city in which the letter is written
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> eastern

    en la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country

    el ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) east, East
    c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the East
    III
    esta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)
    a) this; (pl) these

    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    b) ( como muletilla) well, er
    * * *
    el este
    = east, the

    Ex: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.

    este1
    1 = east.

    Ex: The plan of the temple is round instead of rectangular, and unlike the rest, faces north instead of east.

    * Alemania del Este = East Germany.
    * al este de = east of.
    * bloque del este, el = Eastern bloc, the.
    * de Europa del Este = Eastern European.
    * del este = eastern.
    * del este asiático = East Asian.
    * derecho hacia el este = due east.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * este, el = east, the.
    * Europa Central del Este = East Central Europe.
    * exactamente al este = due east.
    * habitante del este = Easterner.
    * hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * la Europa del Este = Eastern Europe.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * sudeste = southeast [south east].
    * sureste = southeast [south east].

    este2
    = present, such, this.

    Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.

    Ex: Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.
    Ex: In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * al hacer esto = by so doing, in so doing, in doing so.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * con este fin = to that effect.
    * con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, by doing so, by this, in doing so.
    * de esta forma = in this way.
    * de esta manera = in this manner, in this way.
    * de este modo = by this means, in so doing, this way, thus, in doing so.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * desde esta misma perspectiva = along the same lines.
    * dicho esto = that said.
    * directamente hacia el este = due east.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this stage, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos tiempos = in this day and age.
    * entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.
    * esta = this.
    * esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.
    * esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.
    * esta mañana = early today.
    * esta mañana temprano = early this morning.
    * esta noche = tonight, tonite.
    * esta vez = this time around/round, this time.
    * éste es también el caso de = the same is true (for/of/with).
    * éste no es el caso en = not so in.
    * este tipo de = such.
    * este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.
    * esto es así = this is the case.
    * esto no ocurre en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).
    * esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.
    * esto no se debe hacer así = this just won't do.
    * esto no vale = this just won't do.
    * estos = these.
    * estos días = these days.
    * haciendo esto = by so doing, by doing so.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * partiendo de esto = on that basis.
    * pensando en esto = with this/that in mind.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * presentado desde esta perspectiva = cast in this light.
    * teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.
    * teniendo esto como trasfondo = against this background.
    * teniendo esto presente = with this/that in mind.
    * todo esto = the whole thing.

    * * *
    [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› eastern
    en la parte este del país in the eastern part of the country
    iban en dirección este they were heading east o eastward(s), they were heading in an easterly direction
    vientos moderados del sector este moderate easterly winds o winds from the east
    el ala/litoral este the east wing/coast
    la cara este de la montaña the east o eastern face of the mountain
    (parte, sector): el este the east
    en el este del país in the east of the country
    está al este de Bogotá it lies to the east of Bogotá, it is (to the) east of Bogotá
    el Sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east o the East
    vientos flojos del Este light easterly winds, light winds from the east
    la calle va de Este a Oeste the street runs east-west
    dar tres pasos hacia el Este take three paces east o eastward(s) o to the east
    vientos moderados del sector sur rotando al este moderate winds from the south becoming o veering easterly
    más al este further east
    las ventanas dan al este the windows face east
    3
    el Este ( Pol) the East
    los países del Este the Eastern Bloc countries
    4
    (pl estos, estas)
    1 this; (pl) these
    este chico this boy
    esta gente these people
    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó ( fam); this idiot here didn't tell me
    2 (como muletilla) well, er
    ¿fuiste tú o no? — este … was it you or not? — well …
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)

    esté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    E.    
    estar    
    este    
    éste
    E. (
    ◊ Este) E, East

    estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
    1

    ◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

    estás más gordo you've put on weight;
    estoy cansada I'm tired;
    está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
    ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
    b) ( con

    ◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
    ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    3 ( seguido de participios)

    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
    ver tb v aux 2
    4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
    (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);

    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
    estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
    estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
    está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en un lugar) to be;
    ◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

    está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
    solo ésteé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
    ¿cuánto tiempo ésteás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
    2 ( en el tiempo):
    ◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
    estamos en primavera it's spring
    3
    a) (tener como función, cometido):


    estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them


    4 (estar listo, terminado):

    lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
    enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
    5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):

    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    éste v aux
    1 ( con gerundio):

    estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    2 ( con participio):

    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
    ver tb estar cópula 3
    estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
    ◊ ¿no te puedes éste quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

    estese tranquilo don't worry
    estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
    este 1 adjetivo invariable ‹ región› eastern;
    iban en dirección éste they were heading east o eastward(s);
    el ala/la costa éste the east wing/coast
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    a) (parte, sector):


    al éste de Lima to the east of Lima


    las ventanas dan al éste the windows face east
    c)

    ◊ el Este (Hist, Pol) the East;

    los países del Eéste the Eastern Bloc countries
    este 2,
    ◊ esta adj dem (pl estos, estas)

    a) this;

    (pl) these;

    estos dólares these dollars;
    usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun la estúpida esta no me avisó (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    éste,
    ◊ ésta pron dem (pl éstos, éstas) The written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective this one;


    (pl) these;
    éste or este es el mío this (one) is mine;
    un día de éstos or estos one of these days;
    éste or este es el que yo quería this is the one I wanted;
    prefiero éstos or estos I prefer these (ones);
    sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval
    ◊ ¡qué niña esta! (fam) honestly, this child!;

    residente en ésta or esta resident in Seville (o Lima etc)
    estar verbo intransitivo
    1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
    ¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
    no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
    estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
    su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
    2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
    estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
    quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
    3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
    está dormido, he's asleep
    está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
    (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
    estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
    (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
    está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
    4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
    5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
    estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
    (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
    están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
    (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
    ♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
    estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
    estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
    estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
    estar al caer, to be just round the corner
    estar en baja, to be waning
    estar en todo, to be on top of everything
    estaría bueno, whatever next
    ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
    ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
    está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
    estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
    me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
    ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
    ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
    esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
    cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
    ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
    estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
    estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
    ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
    familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
    ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
    estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
    El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.
    este,-a adj dem
    1 this
    este barco, this ship
    esta casa, this house 2 estos,-as, these
    estos hombres, these men
    estas mujeres, these women
    este sustantivo masculino
    1 (punto cardinal) East: nos dirigíamos al este, we were going east
    al este del Edén, to the east of Eden
    (en aposición) (zona, parte) eastern: son del este de Europa, they're from Eastern Europe
    (dirección, rumbo) easterly: el viento soplaba del este, there was an easterly wind
    2 (bloque de países europeos) el Este, the East
    éste,-a pron dem m,f
    1 this one: éste/ésta es más bonito/a, this one is prettier 2 éstos,-as, these (ones)

    ' éste' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - abrigada
    - abrigado
    - abultar
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acariciar
    - acontecer
    - actualización
    - adelantarse
    - adelanto
    - afrutada
    - afrutado
    - ahora
    - ahorrar
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - ama
    - amo
    - andar
    - aparte
    - aplanar
    - aplatanada
    - aplatanado
    - arrastre
    - arreglo
    - así
    - asistencia
    - aterrizar
    - atravesarse
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastar
    - bastante
    - bendición
    - bien
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabida
    - caché
    - cachet
    - caer
    - calificar
    - capacidad
    - carbonizar
    - cariño
    - catalogar
    - caza
    - ceñirse
    - chapada
    English:
    acoustic
    - advanced
    - afford
    - afraid
    - aggressive
    - agony
    - agree
    - alleviate
    - ambience
    - amenities
    - anniversary
    - antidote
    - anywhere
    - architecture
    - arithmetic
    - attain
    - attribute
    - be
    - belong
    - blank
    - boggle
    - bore
    - breeze
    - broadsheet
    - bulky
    - bundle
    - buy
    - call
    - call at
    - can
    - capture
    - cash
    - chapter
    - characteristic
    - close-fitting
    - cold
    - come across
    - come in
    - come under
    - compact
    - complete
    - conception
    - concoction
    - consistent
    - convert
    - cramped
    - deadly
    - define
    - demand
    - deny
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [posición, parte] east, eastern; [dirección] easterly; [viento] east, easterly;
    la cara este del pico the east face of the mountain;
    la costa este the east coast;
    tiempo soleado en la mitad este del país sunny weather in the eastern half of the country;
    partieron con rumbo este they set off in an easterly direction;
    ♦ nm
    1. [zona] east;
    está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid;
    la fachada da al este the front of the building faces east;
    viento del este east o easterly wind;
    habrá lluvias en el este (del país) there will be rain in the east (of the country);
    ir hacia el este to go east(wards)
    2. [punto cardinal] east;
    el sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east
    3. [bloque geopolítico]
    el Este the East;
    los países del Este the countries of Eastern Europe
    4. [viento] easterly, east wind
    este2, -a (pl estos, -as) adj demostrativo
    1. [en general] this;
    [plural] these;
    esta camisa this shirt;
    este año this year;
    esta mañana this morning;
    esta noche tonight
    2. Fam Pey [singular] that;
    [plural] those;
    no soporto a la niña esta I can't stand that girl;
    el teléfono este no funciona this telephone's not working
    3. Méx, RP [como muletilla] well, er, um;
    y entonces, este, le propuse… and then, um, I suggested…;
    es un, este, cómo se dice, un lexicógrafo he's a, oh, what do you call it, a lexicographer;
    este, ¿me prestás plata? er, can you lend me some money?
    este3, -a (pl estos, -as) pron demostrativo Note that este and its various forms can be written with an accent ( éste, ésta etc) when there is a risk of confusion with the adjective.
    1. [en general] this one;
    [plural] these (ones);
    dame otro boli, este no funciona give me another pen, this one doesn't work;
    aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque estos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better;
    esta ha sido la semana más feliz de mi vida this has been the happiest week of my life;
    cualquier día de estos one of these days;
    Fam
    esta es la mía/tuya/ etc[m5]. this is the chance I've/you've/ etc been waiting for, this is my/your/ etc big chance;
    en estas just then;
    en estas sonó el teléfono just then o at that very moment, the phone rang;
    en una de estas one of these days;
    en una de estas te pillará la policía one of these days the police will catch you;
    Fam
    por estas [lo juro] I swear, honest to God;
    ¿seguro que no me estás mintiendo? – ¡por estas! are you sure you're not lying to me? – I swear o honest to God
    2. [recién mencionado] the latter;
    entraron Juan y Pedro, este con un abrigo verde Juan and Pedro came in, the latter wearing a green coat
    3. Fam [despectivo]
    este es el que me pegó this is the one who hit me;
    estos son los culpables de todo lo ocurrido it's this lot o bunch who are to blame for everything
    4. Formal [en correspondencia]
    espero que al recibo de esta te encuentres bien I hope this letter finds you well
    * * *
    1 m east
    2, esta, estos, estas det singular this; plural these;
    a todas estas in the meanwhile
    * * *
    éste, ésta pron, mpl éstos
    1) : this one, these ones pl
    2) : the latter
    este, esta adj, mpl estos : this, these
    este adj
    : eastern, east
    este nm
    1) oriente: east
    2) : east wind
    3)
    el Este : the East, the Orient
    * * *
    este1 adj this
    este2 n east

    Spanish-English dictionary > éste

  • 91 ora

    1. f time
    che ora è?, che ore sono? what time is it?, what's the time?
    ora legale daylight saving time
    ora locale local time
    ore pl straordinarie overtime sg
    ora di punta rush hour
    2. adv now
    sono rientrato or ora I've only just got back
    per ora for the moment, for the time being
    ora come ora at the moment
    d'ora in poi from now on
    3. conj now
    * * *
    ora1 s.f.
    1 hour: un'ora e mezzo, an hour and a half; mezz'ora, half an hour; un giorno ha ventiquattro ore, there are twenty four hours in a day; un'ora di orologio, a whole hour; un'ora di lezione, an hour's lesson; le prime ore del giorno, the early morning; nelle prime ore del pomeriggio, in the early (hours of the) afternoon; questo caffè è aperto 24 ore su 24, this cafè is open 24 hours a day; quest'orologio batte le ore, this clock strikes the hours; si fermò qui per un'ora, he stopped here for a full hour; studio da un'ora, I have been studying for an hour; ti ho aspettato per ore, I have been waiting for you for hours; lavorare per ore e ore, to work for hours and hours; sarà qui fra due ore, he will be here in two hours' time; c'è ancora un'ora di auto, di cammino da qui al paese, we are still an hour's drive, walk from the village // ora di punta, rush (o peak) hour // le ore piccole, ( del mattino) the small hours (of the morning): fare le ore piccole, to stay up late // all'ora, by the hour (o per hour o an hour): l'automobile andava a 150 km all'ora, the car was doing 150 km an hour; bisogna pagare l'idraulico a ore, you'll have to pay the plumber by the hour; noleggiare una bicicletta a ore, to hire a bicycle by the hour // a tarda ora, late // alla buon'ora, at last // di buon'ora, early // le notizie arrivano di ora in ora, news arrives hourly // notizie dell'ultima ora, the latest news, ( sui giornali) stop-press news // è uno che non ha ore, he doesn't have regular hours // non vedo l'ora di partire, I can't wait to leave (o I'm looking forward to leaving) // passai un brutto quarto d'ora, I had a bad (o a difficult) quarter of an hour // (econ.): ore di lavoro, ( lavorate) hours of work, ( lavorative) working hours; ora di macchina, machine-hour; ore straordinarie, overtime; ora uomo, man-hour // (eccl.): ora canonica, canonical hour; libro delle ore, Book of Hours; le quarantott'ore, the Forty Hours // le ore del mattino hanno l'oro in bocca, (prov.) an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening
    2 ( nel computo del tempo) time: ora astronomica, sidereal time; ora legale, summer (o amer. daylight-saving) time; ora locale, local time; ora di Greenwich, Greenwich mean (o civil) time; ora ufficiale, internazionale, standard time; che ora è?, what is the time? (o what time is it?); che ora fate?, what time do you make it?; che ora fa il tuo orologio?, what time does your watch say?; a che ora comincia il film?, what time does the film start?; credo che a quest'ora sarà a Roma, I think he will be in Rome by now; domani a quest'ora sarò a Roma, at this time tomorrow I shall be in Rome; questo bambino non sa ancora leggere le ore, this child cannot tell the time yet; sai l'ora giusta?, do you know the right time?; sono le ( ore) due e un quarto, e venti, e mezzo, it is a quarter, twenty, half past two; sono le ( ore) due e tre quarti, le ( ore) tre meno dieci, it is a quarter, ten to three; sono le ( ore) nove in punto, it is nine o' clock exactly (o on the dot); il treno parte alle ( ore) otto e cinquanta, the train leaves at eight fifty; a quest'ora non si può disturbare la gente, you can't disturb people at this time of the day
    3 ( tempo) time; ( momento) moment: ora dei pasti, mealtime; ora del tè, di colazione, teatime, lunchtime; ora di apertura, di chiusura, opening, closing time; ora di pranzo, dinnertime: leggo per fare l'ora di pranzo, I am reading to kill time until dinner; ore rubate, stolen time; le ore più calde del giorno, the hottest time of the day; a una certa ora, at a certain moment; all'ora fissata, at the appointed time; all'ora solita, at the usual time; ora X, zero, zero hour; è ora di andare, it is time to go: è ora che vada, it is time I went; sarebbe ora che tu andassi a letto, it's time for you to go to bed; era ora che ti decidessi!, it was high time you decided!; ''Sono pronto'' ''Era ora!'', ''I'm ready'' ''About time (too)!''// a tutte le ore, at any time (o hour): puoi venire a tutte le ore, you can come at any time // l'ora è suonata!, (fig.) the time has come! // la mia ora si avvicina, my time is drawing near; morì prima della sua ora, he died before his time // viene sempre fuori ora, he never comes at the right time // da un'ora all'altra, ( in brevissimo tempo) very quickly (o in a moment), ( improvvisamente) suddenly, ( fra poco) soon.
    ora2 avv.
    1 ( adesso, al presente) now; at present: che fate ora?, what are you doing now (o at present)?; ora non ho tempo, ne parliamo più tardi, I haven't time now, we'll discuss it later; e ora che si fa?, now what shall we do?; ora basta, hai superato ogni limite!, that's enough now, you've gone too far!; ora le cose vanno meglio, things are better now; passiamo ora a un altro argomento, let's go on to another subject now; dovevi pensarci prima, ora è tardi, you should have thought of it before. It's too late now // ora o mai più, now or never // ora più che mai, now more than ever // d'ora in poi, d'ora in avanti, from now on // proprio ora, right (o just) now // per ora, ( per il momento) for now, at the moment, for the time being; ( in questo momento) at present: grazie, per ora, thanks for now; per ora non ho bisogno di aiuto, I don't need any help for now (o at the moment o for the time being o at present) // ora come ora, ( nelle condizioni attuali) at present: ora come ora non saprei cosa rispondere, I wouldn't know how to reply at present; ora come ora non conviene vendere, it's unadvisable to sell at present // prima d'ora, before: non se n'era mai parlato prima d'ora, it had never been mentioned before // fin'ora, fino a ora → finora // fin d'ora, from now on, ( subito) right now, ( in anticipo) in advance: comincia fin d'ora a comportarti bene, start behaving yourself from now on; te lo dico fin d'ora, I'm telling you right now (o here and now); ringraziandovi fin d'ora per la Vostra cortesia, thanking you in advance for your kindness // alcuni mesi or sono, a few months ago; or è un anno che non lo vedo, it's a year now since I last saw him; or non è molto, not long ago
    2 ( appena, da poco) just: siamo arrivati ora, we've just arrived // or ora, just now: l'ho visto or ora, I saw him just now
    3 ( subito, tra poco) in a minute; any time now; shortly; soon; straightaway: dovrebbe arrivare ora, he should arrive any time now (o in a minute); l'aereo parte ora, the plane will be leaving shortly (o soon); ora le passo il direttore, I'll put you through to the manager straightaway
    ◆ cong.
    1 ( dunque, allora) now: ora avvenne che..., now it happened that...; ora supponiamo di dover misurare il lato minore del rettangolo, now let us suppose we are going to measure the shorter side of the rectangle; ora che cosa faresti al posto mio?, now what would you do in my place? // or dunque, or bene, now then
    2 (ma) but: tu credi di aver ragione, ora io ti dico che hai torto, you think you're right but I say you're wrong; questo è quello che dicono i giornali, ora le cose stanno diversamente, that's what the papers say, but things are different
    3 ora... ora..., (correl.) now... now..., sometimes... sometimes..., first... then..., one minute... the next...: ora ora qua, ora là, now here, now there; ora è favorevole, ora è contrario, first (o one minute) he's for it, then (o the next) he's against it; il tempo è molto variabile, ora piove, ora c'è il sole, the weather is very changeable: sometimes it's rainy (and) sometimes it's sunny; guardava ora l'uno ora l'altro senza dire una parola, he looked now (o first) at one now (o then) at the other, without saying a word
    4 ora che, now that: ora che ci penso, era proprio un lunedì, now that I think of it, it was actually a Monday; ora che le cose si sono sistemate, mi sento più tranquillo, now that things are settled, I feel more at ease.
    * * *
    ['ora]
    1. sf
    1) (unità di tempo, durata) hour

    è a un'ora di cammino/d'auto dalla stazione — it's an hour's walk/drive from the station

    2)

    (parte della giornata) che ora è?, che ore sono? — sono le 4 — what time is it? — it's 4 (o'clock)

    a che ora ci vediamo? — what time o when shall we meet?

    2. avv
    1) (adesso) now

    d'ora in avanti o poi — from now on

    ora come ora — right now, at present

    2)

    (poco fa) è uscito (proprio) ora — he's just gone out

    or ora — just now, a moment ago

    3) (tra poco) in a moment, presently, in a minute

    ora arrivo — I'm just coming, I'll be right there

    4)

    (correlativo) ora... ora... — now..., now...

    ora piange ora ride — one minute he's crying, the next he's laughing

    3. cong
    * * *
    ['ora] I
    sostantivo femminile

    un'ora di lavoro, di lezione — an hour's work, lesson

    due -e di attesa — two hours' wait, a two-hour wait

    ventiquattr'-e su ventiquattro — fig. twenty-four hours a day, round the clock

    fra un'ora — in o within an hour

    di ora in ora — [aumentare, peggiorare] from hour to hour

    seguire qcs. di ora in ora — to follow sth. hour by hour

    dopo tre -e d'aereo — after three hours on the plane, after a three-hour flight

    è a due -e di macchina, di treno da Milano — it's two hours' drive away from Milan, it's two hours away from Milan by train

    essere a quattro -e di marcia, cammino da — to be a four-hour walk from

    fare i 60 all'ora — colloq. to do 60 (km per hour)

    essere pagato all'ora, a -e — to be paid by the hour

    parlare di qcs. per delle -e, per -e e -e — to talk about sth. for hours on end

    sono -e che aspetto! — colloq. fig. I've been waiting for hours!

    chiedere, dire l'ora — to ask, tell the time

    che ora è, che -e sono? — what time is it? what's the time?

    a che ora...? — what time..?

    alle dieci, ora italiana — at 10, Italian time

    l'ora dell'arrivo, della partenza — the arrival, departure time

    all'ora convenuta, stabilita — at the agreed time

    tutti i giorni alla stessa, solita ora — every day at the same time

    a tarda ora, a un'ora tarda (della notte) — late (at night)

    di buon'ora — [alzarsi, partire] early, at an early hour, in good time

    è ora di partire — it's time to leave, it's time we left

    della prima ora — [ militante] from the very beginning

    ora di pranzo, di cena — lunchtime, dinnertime

    all'ora dei pasti, -e pasti — at mealtime(s)

    •

    ora esatta — tel. speaking clock

    ora legale — amm. daylight saving time

    ora locale — amm. local time

    ora di punta — peak hour, rush hour

    ora X, ora zero — zero hour (anche fig.)

    ••

    è arrivata o suonata la sua ora his time has come; alla buon'ora! era ora! about time too! non vedere l'ora di fare — to be itching o burning to do, to look forward to doing, to long to do

    II 1.
    1) (adesso) now, at present

    ora è un anno che... — it's been a year now since...

    a partire da ora — from now on, hence form.

    d'ora in poi, d'ora in avanti — from now on(wards), henceforth form.

    fino ad ora — up to now, up until now

    fin, sin d'ora — here and now

    per ora — for now, for the moment, for the time being

    ora come ora — at this moment in time, as things stand now

    ora che ci penso — now that I think of it, come to think of it

    2) (poco fa, appena)

    è arrivato ora — he's arrived just now, he's just arrived

    ora vengo — I'm (just) coming, I'll be right there

    ora velocemente, ora lentamente — now fast, now slowly

    2.

    credi di aver capito, ora ti dimostro che non è vero — you think you've understood, but now I'll show you that you haven't

    ora avvenne che... — now it happened that...

    ora dovete sapere che... — now (then), you ought to know that

    * * *
    ora1
    /'ora/ ⇒ 19, 13
    sostantivo f.
     1 (sessanta minuti) hour; un'ora di lavoro, di lezione an hour's work, lesson; due -e di attesa two hours' wait, a two-hour wait; ventiquattr'-e su ventiquattro fig. twenty-four hours a day, round the clock; fra un'ora in o within an hour; di ora in ora [aumentare, peggiorare] from hour to hour; seguire qcs. di ora in ora to follow sth. hour by hour; dopo tre -e d'aereo after three hours on the plane, after a three-hour flight; è a due -e di macchina, di treno da Milano it's two hours' drive away from Milan, it's two hours away from Milan by train; essere a quattro -e di marcia, cammino da to be a four-hour walk from; fare i 60 all'ora colloq. to do 60 (km per hour); essere pagato all'ora, a -e to be paid by the hour; guadagnare 30 euro all'ora to earn 30 euros per o an hour; avere due -e di chimica alla settimana to have two hours of chemistry per week; parlare di qcs. per delle -e, per -e e -e to talk about sth. for hours on end; sono -e che aspetto! colloq. fig. I've been waiting for hours!
     2 (indicazione di tempo) time; chiedere, dire l'ora to ask, tell the time; guardare l'ora to look at the time; che ora è, che -e sono? what time is it? what's the time? sono le -e 10 it's 10 o'clock; hai l'ora? have you got the time? che ora fai? what time do you make it? a che ora...? what time..? alle dieci, ora italiana at 10, Italian time
     3 (momento preciso) time; l'ora dell'arrivo, della partenza the arrival, departure time; all'ora convenuta, stabilita at the agreed time; tutti i giorni alla stessa, solita ora every day at the same time; a tarda ora, a un'ora tarda (della notte) late (at night); fare le -e piccole to keep late hours; di buon'ora [alzarsi, partire] early, at an early hour, in good time; a quest'ora sarà lontano he must be a long way off by now; il tuo amico non verrà più a quest'ora your friend won't come this late; è ora di partire it's time to leave, it's time we left; è ora che tu faccia it's time for you to do; della prima ora [ militante] from the very beginning; notizie dell'ultima ora last-minute o latest news
     4 (periodo della giornata) time; ora di pranzo, di cena lunchtime, dinnertime; all'ora dei pasti, -e pasti at mealtime(s)
    è arrivata o suonata la sua ora his time has come; alla buon'ora! era ora! about time too! non vedere l'ora di fare to be itching o burning to do, to look forward to doing, to long to do
    \
    ora esatta tel. speaking clock; ora di Greenwich Greenwich Mean Time; ora legale amm. daylight saving time; ora locale amm. local time; ora di punta peak hour, rush hour; ora solare solar time; l'ora della verità the moment of truth; ora X, ora zero zero hour (anche fig.).
    ————————
    ora2
    /'ora/
     1 (adesso) now, at present; la casa ora è sua it's his house now; ora è il momento di agire now it's time for action; ora è un anno che... it's been a year now since...; e ora? what now? a partire da ora from now on, hence form.; prima d'ora before now; d'ora in poi, d'ora in avanti from now on(wards), henceforth form.; fino ad ora up to now, up until now; fin, sin d'ora here and now; per ora for now, for the moment, for the time being; ora come ora at this moment in time, as things stand now; ora o mai più (it's) now or never; ora che ci penso now that I think of it, come to think of it
     2 (poco fa, appena) è arrivato ora he's arrived just now, he's just arrived; stavo parlando di te or ora I was just talking about you
     3 (tra poco) ora vengo I'm (just) coming, I'll be right there
     4 (in correlazione) era ora calmo ora brusco he was sometimes calm (and) sometimes brusque; ora velocemente, ora lentamente now fast, now slowly
     1 (con valore avversativo) credi di aver capito, ora ti dimostro che non è vero you think you've understood, but now I'll show you that you haven't
     2 (con valore introduttivo o conclusivo) now (then); ora avvenne che... now it happened that...; ora dovete sapere che... now (then), you ought to know that...

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ora

  • 92 hold

    hold [həʊld]
    tenir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1D (b), 1D (d), 2 (d) avoir ⇒ 1A (c) retenir ⇒ 1A (e), 1C (b) contenir ⇒ 1A (f) exercer ⇒ 1A (g) réserver ⇒ 1A (e), 1A (h) conserver ⇒ 1A (i) stocker ⇒ 1A (i) maintenir ⇒ 1B (a) détenir ⇒ 1A (i), 1C (a) croire ⇒ 1D (a) continuer ⇒ 1D (e) se tenir ⇒ 2 (a) tenir bon ⇒ 2 (b) durer ⇒ 2 (c) attendre ⇒ 2 (f) prise ⇒ 3D (a)-(c) en attente ⇒ 4D
    (pt & pp held [held])
    A.
    (a) (clasp, grasp) tenir;
    ∎ to hold sth in one's hand (book, clothing, guitar) avoir qch à la main; (key, money) tenir qch dans la main;
    ∎ to hold sth with both hands tenir qch à deux mains;
    ∎ will you hold my coat a second? peux-tu prendre ou tenir mon manteau un instant?;
    ∎ to hold the door for sb tenir la porte à ou pour qn;
    ∎ also figurative to hold sb's hand tenir la main à qn;
    ∎ to hold hands se donner la main, se tenir (par) la main;
    ∎ hold my hand while we cross the street donne-moi la main pour traverser la rue;
    ∎ to hold sb in one's arms tenir qn dans ses bras;
    ∎ to hold sb close or tight serrer qn contre soi;
    ∎ hold it tight and don't let go tiens-le bien et ne le lâche pas;
    ∎ to hold one's nose se boucher le nez;
    ∎ to hold one's sides with laughter se tenir les côtes de rire
    (b) (keep, sustain)
    ∎ to hold sb's attention/interest retenir l'attention de qn;
    ∎ the film doesn't hold the attention for long le film ne retient pas l'attention très longtemps;
    ∎ to hold an audience tenir un auditoire;
    ∎ to hold one's serve (in tennis) défendre son service;
    ∎ Politics to hold a seat (to be an MP) occuper un siège de député; (to be re-elected) être réélu;
    ∎ to hold one's own se défendre, bien se débrouiller;
    ∎ the Prime Minister held her own during the debate le Premier ministre a tenu bon ou ferme pendant le débat;
    ∎ she is well able to hold her own elle sait se défendre;
    ∎ he can hold his own in chess il se défend bien aux échecs;
    ∎ our products hold their own against the competition nos produits se tiennent bien par rapport à la concurrence;
    ∎ to hold the floor garder la parole;
    ∎ the senator held the floor for an hour le sénateur a gardé la parole pendant une heure
    (c) (have, possess → degree, permit, ticket) avoir, posséder; (→ job, position) avoir, occuper;
    ∎ do you hold a clean driving licence? avez-vous déjà été sanctionné pour des infractions au code de la route?;
    ∎ she holds the post of treasurer elle occupe le poste de trésorière;
    ∎ to hold office (chairperson, deputy) être en fonction, remplir sa fonction; (minister) détenir ou avoir un portefeuille; (political party, president) être au pouvoir ou au gouvernement;
    ∎ Religion to hold a living jouir d'un bénéfice;
    ∎ Finance to hold stock or shares détenir ou avoir des actions;
    ∎ to hold 5 percent of the shares in a company détenir 5 pour cent du capital d'une société;
    ∎ also figurative to hold a record détenir un record;
    ∎ she holds the world record for the javelin elle détient le record mondial du javelot
    ∎ the guerrillas held the bridge for several hours les guérilleros ont tenu le pont plusieurs heures durant;
    ∎ Military to hold the enemy contenir l'ennemi;
    ∎ figurative to hold centre stage occuper le centre de la scène;
    ∎ hold it!, hold everything! (stop and wait) attendez!; (stay still) arrêtez!, ne bougez plus!;
    ∎ familiar figurative hold your horses! pas si vite!
    (e) (reserve, set aside) retenir, réserver;
    ∎ we'll hold the book for you until next week nous vous réserverons le livre ou nous vous mettrons le livre de côté jusqu'à la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ will the restaurant hold the table for us? est-ce que le restaurant va nous garder la table?
    (f) (contain) contenir, tenir;
    ∎ this bottle holds 2 litres cette bouteille contient 2 litres;
    ∎ will this suitcase hold all our clothes? est-ce que cette valise sera assez grande pour tous nos vêtements?;
    ∎ the car is too small to hold us all la voiture est trop petite pour qu'on y tienne tous;
    ∎ the hall holds a maximum of 250 people la salle peut accueillir ou recevoir 250 personnes au maximum, il y a de la place pour 250 personnes au maximum dans cette salle;
    ∎ to hold one's drink bien supporter l'alcool;
    ∎ the letter holds the key to the murder la lettre contient la clé du meurtre
    (g) (have, exercise) exercer;
    ∎ the subject holds a huge fascination for some people le sujet exerce une énorme fascination sur certaines personnes;
    ∎ sport held no interest for them pour eux, le sport ne présentait aucun intérêt
    (h) (have in store) réserver;
    ∎ who knows what the future may hold? qui sait ce que nous réserve l'avenir?
    (i) (conserve, store) conserver, détenir; Computing stocker;
    ∎ we can't hold this data forever nous ne pouvons pas conserver ou stocker ces données éternellement;
    ∎ how much data will this disk hold? quelle quantité de données cette disquette peut-elle stocker?;
    ∎ the commands are held in the memory/in a temporary buffer les instructions sont gardées en mémoire/sont enregistrées dans une mémoire intermédiaire;
    ∎ my lawyer holds a copy of my will mon avocat détient ou conserve un exemplaire de mon testament;
    ∎ this photo holds fond memories for me cette photo me rappelle de bons souvenirs
    ∎ the new car holds the road well la nouvelle voiture tient bien la route
    B.
    (a) (maintain in position) tenir, maintenir;
    ∎ she held her arms by her sides elle avait les bras le long du corps;
    ∎ her hair was held in place with hairpins des épingles (à cheveux) retenaient ou maintenaient ses cheveux;
    ∎ what's holding the picture in place? qu'est-ce qui tient ou maintient le tableau en place?;
    ∎ hold the picture a bit higher tenez le tableau un peu plus haut
    (b) (carry) tenir;
    ∎ to hold oneself upright or erect se tenir droit;
    ∎ also figurative to hold one's head high garder la tête haute
    C.
    (a) (confine, detain) détenir;
    ∎ the police are holding him for questioning la police l'a gardé à vue pour l'interroger;
    ∎ they're holding him for murder ils l'ont arrêté pour meurtre;
    ∎ she was held without trial for six weeks elle est restée en prison six semaines sans avoir été jugée
    (b) (keep back, retain) retenir;
    ∎ Law to hold sth in trust for sb tenir qch par fidéicommis pour qn;
    ∎ the post office will hold my mail for me while I'm away la poste gardera mon courrier pendant mon absence;
    ∎ figurative once she starts talking politics there's no holding her! dès qu'elle commence à parler politique, rien ne peut l'arrêter!;
    ∎ American one burger, hold the mustard! (in restaurant) un hamburger, sans moutarde!
    ∎ don't hold dinner for me ne m'attendez pas pour dîner;
    ∎ they held the plane another thirty minutes ils ont retenu l'avion au sol pendant encore trente minutes;
    ∎ hold all decisions on the project until I get back attendez mon retour pour prendre des décisions concernant le projet;
    ∎ hold the front page! ne lancez pas la une tout de suite!;
    ∎ hold the lift! ne laissez pas les portes de l'ascenseur se refermer, j'arrive!
    ∎ we have held costs to a minimum nous avons limité nos frais au minimum;
    ∎ inflation has been held at the same level for several months le taux d'inflation est maintenu au même niveau depuis plusieurs mois;
    ∎ they held their opponents to a goalless draw ils ont réussi à imposer le match nul
    D.
    (a) (assert, claim) maintenir, soutenir; (believe) croire, considérer;
    ∎ formal I hold that teachers should be better paid je considère ou j'estime que les enseignants devraient être mieux payés;
    ∎ the Constitution holds that all men are free la Constitution stipule que tous les hommes sont libres;
    ∎ he holds strong beliefs on the subject of abortion il a de solides convictions en ce qui concerne l'avortement;
    ∎ she holds strong views on the subject elle a une opinion bien arrêtée sur le sujet;
    ∎ her statement is held to be true sa déclaration passe pour vraie
    (b) (consider, regard) tenir, considérer;
    ∎ to hold sb responsible for sth tenir qn pour responsable de qch;
    ∎ I'll hold you responsible if anything goes wrong je vous tiendrai pour responsable ou je vous considérerai responsable s'il y a le moindre incident;
    ∎ the president is to be held accountable for his actions le président doit répondre de ses actes;
    ∎ to hold sb in contempt mépriser ou avoir du mépris pour qn;
    ∎ to hold sb in high esteem avoir beaucoup d'estime pour qn, tenir qn en haute estime
    (c) Law (judge) juger;
    ∎ the appeal court held the evidence to be insufficient la cour d'appel a considéré que les preuves étaient insuffisantes
    (d) (carry on, engage in → conversation, meeting) tenir; (→ party) donner; (organize) organiser;
    ∎ to hold an election/elections procéder à une élection/à des élections;
    ∎ the book fair is held in Frankfurt la foire du livre se tient ou a lieu à Francfort;
    ∎ the classes are held in the evening les cours ont lieu le soir;
    ∎ interviews will be held in early May les entretiens auront lieu au début du mois de mai ou début mai;
    ∎ to hold talks être en pourparlers;
    ∎ the city is holding a service for Armistice Day la ville organise un office pour commémorer le 11 novembre;
    ∎ mass is held at eleven o'clock la messe est célébrée à onze heures
    ∎ Nautical to hold course tenir la route;
    ∎ we held our southerly course nous avons maintenu le cap au sud, nous avons continué notre route vers le sud;
    ∎ Music to hold a note tenir une note
    ∎ will you hold (the line)? voulez-vous patienter?;
    ∎ hold the line! ne quittez pas!;
    ∎ the line's busy just now - I'll hold le poste est occupé pour le moment - je patiente ou je reste en ligne;
    ∎ hold all my calls ne me passez aucun appel
    (a) (cling → person) se tenir, s'accrocher;
    ∎ she held tight to the railing elle s'est cramponnée ou accrochée à la rampe;
    ∎ hold fast!, hold tight! accrochez-vous bien!;
    ∎ figurative their resolve held fast or firm in the face of fierce opposition ils ont tenu bon face à une opposition acharnée
    (b) (remain in place → nail, fastening) tenir bon;
    ∎ the rope won't hold for long la corde ne tiendra pas longtemps
    (c) (last → luck) durer; (→ weather) durer, se maintenir;
    ∎ prices held at the same level as last year les prix se sont maintenus au même niveau que l'année dernière;
    ∎ the pound held firm against the dollar la livre s'est maintenue par rapport au dollar;
    ∎ we might buy him a guitar if his interest in music holds nous lui achèterons peut-être une guitare s'il continue à s'intéresser à la musique
    (d) (remain valid → invitation, offer) tenir; (→ argument, theory) valoir, être valable;
    ∎ to hold good (invitation, offer) tenir; (promises) tenir, valoir; (argument, theory) rester valable;
    ∎ the principle still holds good le principe tient ou vaut toujours;
    ∎ that theory only holds if you consider... cette théorie n'est valable que si vous prenez en compte...;
    ∎ the same holds for Spain il en est de même pour l'Espagne
    (e) (stay, remain) familiar
    ∎ hold still! ne bougez pas!□
    (f) (on telephone) attendre;
    ∎ the line's British engaged or American busy, will you hold? la ligne est occupée, voulez-vous patienter?
    3 noun
    (a) (grasp, grip) prise f; (in wrestling) prise f; Boxing tenu m;
    ∎ to catch or to grab or to seize or to take hold of sth se saisir de ou saisir qch;
    ∎ she caught hold of the rope elle a saisi la corde;
    ∎ grab (a) hold of that towel tiens! prends cette serviette;
    ∎ there was nothing for me to grab hold of il n'y avait rien à quoi m'accrocher ou me cramponner;
    ∎ get a good or take a firm hold on or of the railing tenez-vous bien à la balustrade;
    ∎ I still had hold of his hand je le tenais toujours par la main;
    ∎ to get hold of sth (find) se procurer ou trouver qch;
    ∎ it's difficult to get hold of this book ce livre est difficile à trouver;
    ∎ we got hold of the book you wanted nous avons trouvé le livre que tu voulais;
    ∎ where did you get hold of that idea? où est-ce que tu es allé chercher cette idée?;
    ∎ to get hold of sb trouver qn;
    ∎ I've been trying to get hold of you all week! je t'ai cherché toute la semaine!;
    ∎ just wait till the newspapers get hold of the story attendez un peu que les journaux s'emparent de la nouvelle;
    ∎ she kept hold of the rope elle n'a pas lâché la corde;
    ∎ you'd better keep hold of the tickets tu ferais bien de garder les billets;
    ∎ get a hold on yourself ressaisis-toi, ne te laisse pas aller;
    ∎ to take hold (fire) prendre; (idea) se répandre;
    ∎ Sport & figurative no holds barred tous les coups sont permis
    (b) (controlling force or influence) prise f, influence f;
    ∎ the Church still exerts a strong hold on the country l'Église a toujours une forte mainmise sur le pays;
    ∎ to have a hold over sb avoir de l'influence sur qn;
    ∎ I have no hold over him je n'ai aucune prise ou influence sur lui;
    ∎ the Mafia obviously has some kind of hold over him de toute évidence, la Mafia le tient d'une manière ou d'une autre
    (c) (in climbing) prise f
    (d) (delay, pause) pause f, arrêt m;
    ∎ the company has put a hold on all new orders l'entreprise a suspendu ou gelé toutes les nouvelles commandes
    (e) American (order to reserve) réservation f;
    ∎ the association put a hold on all the hotel rooms l'association a réservé toutes les chambres de l'hôtel
    (f) (prison) prison f; (cell) cellule f; (fortress) place f forte
    (g) (store → in plane) soute f; (→ in ship) cale f
    (h) Music point m d'orgue
    (gen) & Telecommunications en attente;
    ∎ to put sb on hold mettre qn en attente;
    ∎ we've put the project on hold nous avons mis le projet en attente;
    ∎ the operator kept me on hold for ten minutes le standardiste m'a mis en attente pendant dix minutes
    ∎ to hold sth against sb en vouloir à qn de qch;
    ∎ his collaboration with the enemy will be held against him sa collaboration avec l'ennemi lui sera préjudiciable;
    ∎ he lied to her and she still holds it against him il lui a menti et elle lui en veut toujours;
    ∎ I hope you won't hold it against me if I decide not to accept j'espère que tu ne m'en voudras pas si je décide de ne pas accepter
    (a) (control, restrain → animal, person) retenir, tenir; (→ crowd, enemy forces) contenir; (→ anger, laughter, tears) retenir, réprimer; (→ inflation) contenir;
    ∎ the government has succeeded in holding back inflation le gouvernement a réussi à contenir l'inflation
    (b) (keep → money, supplies) retenir; figurative (→ information, truth) cacher, taire;
    ∎ she's holding something back from me elle me cache quelque chose
    ∎ they held her back a year ils lui ont fait redoubler une classe, ils l'ont fait redoubler
    (d) (prevent progress of) empêcher de progresser;
    ∎ his difficulties with maths are holding him back ses difficultés en maths l'empêchent de progresser;
    ∎ lack of investment is holding industry back l'absence d'investissements freine l'industrie
    (stay back) rester en arrière; figurative (restrain oneself) se retenir;
    ∎ he has held back from making a commitment il s'est abstenu de s'engager;
    ∎ the president held back before sending in the army le président a hésité avant d'envoyer les troupes;
    ∎ don't hold back, tell me everything vas-y, dis-moi tout
    (a) (keep in place → paper, carpet) maintenir en place; (→ person) forcer à rester par terre, maintenir au sol;
    ∎ it took four men to hold him down il a fallu quatre hommes pour le maîtriser ou pour le maintenir au sol
    (b) (keep to limit) restreindre, limiter;
    ∎ they're holding unemployment down to 4 percent ils maintiennent le taux de chômage à 4 pour cent;
    ∎ to hold prices down empêcher les prix de monter, empêcher la montée des prix
    ∎ to hold down a job (occupy) avoir un emploi; (keep) garder un emploi;
    ∎ he's never managed to hold down a job il n'a jamais pu garder un emploi bien longtemps;
    ∎ although she's a student, she holds down a full-time job bien qu'elle étudie, elle occupe un poste à plein temps
    (d) Computing (key, mouse button) maintenir enfoncé
    pérorer, disserter;
    ∎ he held forth on the evils of drink il a fait un long discours sur les conséquences néfastes de l'alcool
    (a) (stomach) rentrer
    (b) (emotion) retenir; (anger) contenir
    (a) (keep at distance) tenir à distance ou éloigné;
    ∎ the troops held off the enemy les troupes ont tenu l'ennemi à distance;
    ∎ they managed to hold off the attack ils ont réussi à repousser l'attaque;
    ∎ I can't hold the reporters off any longer je ne peux plus faire attendre ou patienter les journalistes
    (b) (delay, put off) remettre à plus tard;
    ∎ he held off going to see the doctor until May il a attendu le mois de mai pour aller voir le médecin;
    ∎ I held off making a decision j'ai remis la décision à plus tard
    ∎ at least the rain held off au moins il n'a pas plu
    (b) (abstain) s'abstenir;
    ∎ hold off from smoking for a few weeks abstenez-vous de fumer ou ne fumez pas pendant quelques semaines
    ➲ hold on
    (a) (grasp, grip) tenir bien, s'accrocher;
    ∎ to hold on to sth bien tenir qch, s'accrocher à qch, se cramponner à qch;
    ∎ hold on! accrochez-vous!;
    ∎ hold on to your hat! tenez votre chapeau (sur la tête)!
    ∎ hold on to this contract for me (keep it) garde-moi ce contrat;
    ∎ all politicians try to hold on to power tous les hommes politiques essaient de rester au pouvoir;
    ∎ hold on to your dreams/ideals accrochez-vous à vos rêves/idéaux
    (c) (continue, persevere) tenir, tenir le coup;
    ∎ how long can you hold on? combien de temps pouvez-vous tenir (le coup)?;
    ∎ I can't hold on much longer je ne peux pas tenir (le coup) beaucoup plus longtemps
    (d) (wait) attendre; (stop) arrêter;
    ∎ hold on just one minute! (stop) arrêtez!; (wait) attendez!, pas si vite!;
    ∎ hold on, how do I know I can trust you? attends un peu! qu'est-ce qui me prouve que je peux te faire confiance?;
    ∎ Telecommunications hold on please! ne quittez pas!;
    ∎ I had to hold on for several minutes j'ai dû patienter plusieurs minutes
    (maintain in place) tenir ou maintenir en place;
    ∎ her hat is held on with pins son chapeau est maintenu (en place) par des épingles
    (a) (last → supplies, stocks) durer;
    ∎ will the car hold out till we get home? la voiture tiendra-t-elle (le coup) jusqu'à ce qu'on rentre?
    (b) (refuse to yield) tenir bon, tenir le coup;
    ∎ the garrison held out for weeks la garnison a tenu bon pendant des semaines;
    ∎ the management held out against any suggested changes la direction a refusé tous les changements proposés
    (extend) tendre;
    ∎ she held out the book to him elle lui a tendu le livre;
    ∎ also figurative to hold out one's hand to sb tendre la main à qn;
    ∎ I held out my hand j'ai tendu la main;
    ∎ his mother held her arms out to him sa mère lui a ouvert ou tendu les bras
    (offer) offrir;
    ∎ I can't hold out any promise of improvement je ne peux promettre aucune amélioration;
    ∎ the doctors hold out little hope for him les médecins ont peu d'espoir pour lui;
    ∎ science holds out some hope for cancer patients la science offre un espoir pour les malades du cancer
    exiger;
    ∎ the workers held out for a shorter working week les ouvriers réclamaient une semaine de travail plus courte;
    ∎ we're holding out for a higher offer nous attendons qu'on nous en offre un meilleur prix
    ∎ you're holding out on me! tu me caches quelque chose!□
    (a) (position) tenir au-dessus de;
    ∎ she held the glass over the sink elle tenait le verre au-dessus de l'évier;
    ∎ figurative they hold the threat of redundancy over their workers ils maintiennent la menace de licenciement sur leurs ouvriers
    (b) (postpone) remettre, reporter;
    ∎ we'll hold these items over until the next meeting on va remettre ces questions à la prochaine réunion;
    ∎ payment was held over for six months le paiement a été différé pendant six mois
    (c) (retain) retenir, garder;
    ∎ they're holding the show over for another month ils vont laisser le spectacle à l'affiche encore un mois
    (d) Music tenir
    ➲ hold to
    (promise, tradition) s'en tenir à, rester fidèle à; (decision) maintenir, s'en tenir à;
    ∎ you must hold to your principles vous devez rester fidèle à vos principes
    ∎ we held him to his promise nous lui avons fait tenir parole;
    ∎ if I win, I'll buy you lunch - I'll hold you to that! si je gagne, je t'invite à déjeuner - je te prends au mot!
    (book, car) maintenir; (two objects) maintenir ensemble; (community, family) maintenir l'union de;
    ∎ the two pieces of wood are held together by nails les deux morceaux de bois sont cloués ensemble;
    ∎ we need a leader who can hold the workers together il nous faut un chef qui puisse rallier les ouvriers
    ➲ hold up
    (a) (lift, raise) lever, élever;
    ∎ I held up my hand j'ai levé la main;
    ∎ hold the picture up to the light tenez la photo à contre-jour;
    ∎ to hold up one's head redresser la tête;
    ∎ figurative she felt she would never be able to hold her head up again elle pensait qu'elle ne pourrait plus jamais marcher la tête haute
    (b) (support) soutenir;
    ∎ my trousers were held up with safety pins mon pantalon était maintenu par des épingles de sûreté
    ∎ they were held up as an example of efficient local government on les présentaient comme un exemple de gouvernement local compétent;
    ∎ to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule
    (d) (delay) retarder; (stop) arrêter;
    ∎ the traffic held us up la circulation nous a mis en retard;
    ∎ the accident held up traffic for an hour l'accident a bloqué la circulation pendant une heure;
    ∎ our departure was held up by bad weather notre départ a été retardé par le mauvais temps;
    ∎ I was held up j'ai été retenu;
    ∎ the project was held up for lack of funds (before it started) le projet a été mis en attente faute de financement; (after it started) le projet a été interrompu faute de financement;
    ∎ the goods were held up at customs les marchandises ont été immobilisées à la douane
    (e) (rob) faire une attaque à main armée;
    ∎ to hold up a bank faire un hold-up dans une banque
    (clothing, equipment) tenir; (supplies) tenir, durer; (weather) se maintenir;
    ∎ the car held up well during the trip la voiture a bien tenu le coup pendant le voyage;
    ∎ she's holding up well under the pressure elle supporte bien la pression;
    ∎ my finances are holding up well je tiens le coup financièrement
    British (agree with) être d'accord avec; (approve of) approuver;
    ∎ I don't hold with her ideas on socialism je ne suis pas d'accord avec ou je ne partage pas ses idées concernant le socialisme;
    ∎ his mother doesn't hold with private schools sa mère est contre ou désapprouve les écoles privées

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hold

  • 93 course

    ko:s
    1) (a series (of lectures, medicines etc): I'm taking a course (of lectures) in sociology; He's having a course of treatment for his leg.) curso
    2) (a division or part of a meal: Now we've had the soup, what's (for) the next course?) plato
    3) (the ground over which a race is run or a game (especially golf) is played: a racecourse; a golf-course.) campo, pista
    4) (the path or direction in which something moves: the course of the Nile.) curso
    5) (the progress or development of events: Things will run their normal course despite the strike.) curso
    6) (a way (of action): What's the best course of action in the circumstances?) camino, modo de proceder
    •
    - in due course
    - of course
    - off
    - on course
    1. curso
    2. plato
    first course, main course and dessert primer plato, segundo plato y postre
    3. rumbo
    of course claro / desde luego / por supuesto
    tr[kɔːs]
    1 (direction - gen) curso, dirección nombre femenino; (of ship) rumbo; (of river) curso
    3 (way of acting, plan of action) plan nombre masculino de acción, línea de acción
    ■ what courses are open to us? ¿qué opciones tenemos?
    4 (development, progress) curso, marcha
    5 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (year-long) curso; (short) cursillo; (series) ciclo; (at university) carrera; (individual subject) asignatura
    6 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL serie nombre femenino, tanda
    7 (of meal) plato
    8 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (for golf) campo; (racecourse) hipódromo; (stretch, distance) curso, recorrido
    9 (of bricks) hilada
    1 correr, fluir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in due course a su debido tiempo
    of course claro, desde luego, por supuesto, naturalmente
    ■ yes, of course! ¡claro que sí!
    ■ of course not! ¡claro que no!
    to be on course (ship, plane) seguir el rumbo 2 (plan, company, etc) ir encaminado,-a, llevar camino ( for, de)
    to be off course perder el rumbo, desviarse del rumbo
    to change course cambiar de rumbo
    to set course for poner rumbo a
    to take its course / run its course seguir su curso
    course of treatment SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL tratamiento
    first course primer plato, entrante nombre masculino
    refresher course SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL cursillo de reciclaje
    second course segundo plato
    course ['kors] vi, coursed ; coursing : correr (a toda velocidad)
    1) progress: curso m, transcurso m
    to run its course: seguir su curso
    2) direction: rumbo m (de un avión), derrota f, derrotero m (de un barco)
    3) path, way: camino m, vía f
    course of action: línea de conducta
    4) : plato m (de una cena)
    the main course: el plato principal
    5) : curso m (académico)
    6)
    of course : desde luego, por supuesto
    yes, of course!: ¡claro que sí!
    n.
    • plato s.m.
    n.
    • asignatura s.f.
    • camino s.m.
    • carrera s.f.
    • corriente s.m.
    • curso s.m.
    • derrota s.f.
    • pista s.f.
    • rumbo s.m.
    • sentido s.m.
    • transcurso s.m.
    • trayecto s.m.
    • trayectoria s.f.
    v.
    • correr v.
    • perseguir v.

    I kɔːrs, kɔːs
    1)
    a) ( of river) curso m; ( of road) recorrido m

    the only course open to us — el único camino que tenemos, nuestra única opción

    c) ( progress) (no pl)

    in the normal course of events — normalmente, en circunstancias normales

    in o during the course of our conversation — en el curso or transcurso de nuestra conversación

    to run o take its course — seguir* su curso

    2)

    of course — claro, desde luego, por supuesto

    am I invited? - of course you are! — ¿estoy invitado? - claro or desde luego or por supuesto que sí!

    I'm not always right, of course — claro que no siempre tengo razón

    3) (Aviat, Naut) rumbo m

    to set course for — poner* rumbo a

    to go off course — desviarse* de rumbo

    4)
    a) ( Educ) curso m

    course IN/ON something — curso de/sobre algo

    to take o (BrE also) do a course — hacer* un curso

    to go on a course — ir* a hacer un curso; (before n)

    b) ( Med)
    5) ( part of a meal) plato m

    main course — plato principal or fuerte or (Ven) central

    as a o for the first course — de primer plato, de entrada

    6) ( Sport) ( racecourse) hipódromo m, pista f (de carreras); ( golf course) campo m or (CS tb) cancha f (de golf)

    to last o stay the course — ( persist to the end) aguantar hasta el final


    II
    [kɔːs]
    1. N
    1) (=route, direction) [of ship, plane] rumbo m; [of river] curso m; [of planet] órbita f

    • to change course — (lit) cambiar de rumbo

    • to be/go off course — (lit, fig) haberse desviado/desviarse de su rumbo

    • we are on course for victory — vamos bien encaminados para la victoria

    • to plot a course (for Jamaica) — trazar el rumbo (para ir a Jamaica)

    • to set (a) course for — (Naut) poner rumbo a

    collision
    2) (=line of action)

    the best course would be to... — lo mejor sería...

    • we have to decide on the best course of action — tenemos que decidir cuáles son las mejores medidas a tomar

    • it's the only course left open to him — es la única opción que le queda

    3) (=process) curso m

    it changed the course of history/of her life — cambió el curso de la historia/de su vida

    • in the normal or ordinary course of events — normalmente

    • in the course of, in the course of my work — en el cumplimiento de mi trabajo

    in the course of conversation — en el curso or transcurso de la conversación

    in or during the course of the next few days — en el curso de los próximos días

    in or during the course of the journey — durante el viaje

    • to let things take or run their course — dejar que las cosas sigan su curso

    due 1., 3), event, matter 1., 5)
    4)

    • of course — claro, desde luego, por supuesto, cómo no (esp LAm), sí pues (S. Cone)

    of course! I should have known — ¡pero si está claro! me lo tenía que haber imaginado

    "can I have a drink?" - "of course you can" — -¿puedo tomar algo de beber? -claro or desde luego or por supuesto que sí

    I've read about her in the papers, of course — por supuesto, la conozco de los periódicos

    of course, I may be wrong — claro que puedo estar confundido

    of course not! — (answering) ¡claro que no!, ¡por supuesto que no!

    "can I go?" - "of course not or of course you can't" — -¿puedo ir? -claro que no or ni hablar or por supuesto que no

    5) (Scol, Univ) curso m

    • to go on a course — ir a hacer un curso

    • a course in business administration — un curso de administración de empresas

    • short course — cursillo m

    • course of study — (gen) estudios mpl; (Univ) carrera f, estudios mpl

    • to take or do a course in or on sth — hacer un curso de algo

    6) (Med) (=regimen)

    she was put on a course of steroids — le recetaron esteroides, le pusieron un tratamiento a base de esteroides

    • a course of treatment — un tratamiento

    7) (Sport) (=distance) recorrido m; (=surface) pista f; (=racecourse) hipódromo m

    golf course — campo m or (S. Cone) cancha f (de golf)

    - stay the course
    obstacle
    8) (Culin) plato m

    • main course — plato m principal

    • a three-course meal — una comida de tres platos

    9) (Naut) (=sail) vela f mayor
    10) (Constr) (=layer) [of bricks] hilada f
    2.
    VI [water, air] correr; [tears] rodar; [sweat] caer; (fig) [emotion] invadir

    rage/relief coursed through him — le invadió la ira/una sensación de alivio

    3.
    VT (Hunting) † cazar
    4.
    CPD

    course book N — manual m (del curso)

    course fees N — derechos mpl de matrícula

    course requirements NPL — estudios previos requeridos para poder realizar determinado curso

    course work N — trabajos mpl (para clase)

    * * *

    I [kɔːrs, kɔːs]
    1)
    a) ( of river) curso m; ( of road) recorrido m

    the only course open to us — el único camino que tenemos, nuestra única opción

    c) ( progress) (no pl)

    in the normal course of events — normalmente, en circunstancias normales

    in o during the course of our conversation — en el curso or transcurso de nuestra conversación

    to run o take its course — seguir* su curso

    2)

    of course — claro, desde luego, por supuesto

    am I invited? - of course you are! — ¿estoy invitado? - claro or desde luego or por supuesto que sí!

    I'm not always right, of course — claro que no siempre tengo razón

    3) (Aviat, Naut) rumbo m

    to set course for — poner* rumbo a

    to go off course — desviarse* de rumbo

    4)
    a) ( Educ) curso m

    course IN/ON something — curso de/sobre algo

    to take o (BrE also) do a course — hacer* un curso

    to go on a course — ir* a hacer un curso; (before n)

    b) ( Med)
    5) ( part of a meal) plato m

    main course — plato principal or fuerte or (Ven) central

    as a o for the first course — de primer plato, de entrada

    6) ( Sport) ( racecourse) hipódromo m, pista f (de carreras); ( golf course) campo m or (CS tb) cancha f (de golf)

    to last o stay the course — ( persist to the end) aguantar hasta el final


    II

    English-spanish dictionary > course

  • 94 lámpara

    f.
    lamp.
    * * *
    1 lamp
    2 RADIO valve
    \
    lámpara de mesa table lamp
    lámpara de pie standard lamp
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) lamp
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (Elec) lamp, light; (Radio) valve, tube (EEUU)
    pl lámparas LAm (=ojos) eyes

    lámpara de alcohol — spirit lamp, alcohol lamp (EEUU)

    lámpara de bolsillo — torch, flashlight

    lámpara de soldar — blowlamp, blowtorch

    2) (=mancha) stain, dirty mark
    2.
    SMF Caribe (=ladrón) thief; (=estafador) con man *
    * * *
    femenino lamp
    * * *
    = valve, lamp, lighting fixture, light fitting, light fixture.
    Ex. Whilst valves work by passing electric currents through a vacuum between electrodes, transistors are built from materials called semiconductors.
    Ex. When the light began to fail she turned on a lamp next to the couch and continued the conversation with herself.
    Ex. Deuxville's main downtown library was beautifully decorated in rare woods and marbles, bronze lighting fixtures and stained glass.
    Ex. During the war, all of the light fittings on the bridge were screened as a blackout measure.
    Ex. By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with energy-saving models, you can save more than $65 each year.
    ----
    * a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.
    * lámpara de Aladino = Aladdin's lamp.
    * lámpara de brazo = gooseneck lamp.
    * lámpara de escritorio = desk light.
    * lámpara de gas = gaslight, gas lamp.
    * lámpara de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.
    * lámpara de minero = miners' lamp.
    * lámpara de pie = standing lamp, floor lamp.
    * lámpara de rayos ultravioleta = ultraviolet lamp, sun lamp, UV lamp.
    * lámpara solar = sun lamp.
    * lámpara termiónica = thermionic tube.
    * lámpara trasera = rear lamp.
    * * *
    femenino lamp
    * * *
    = valve, lamp, lighting fixture, light fitting, light fixture.

    Ex: Whilst valves work by passing electric currents through a vacuum between electrodes, transistors are built from materials called semiconductors.

    Ex: When the light began to fail she turned on a lamp next to the couch and continued the conversation with herself.
    Ex: Deuxville's main downtown library was beautifully decorated in rare woods and marbles, bronze lighting fixtures and stained glass.
    Ex: During the war, all of the light fittings on the bridge were screened as a blackout measure.
    Ex: By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with energy-saving models, you can save more than $65 each year.
    * a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.
    * lámpara de Aladino = Aladdin's lamp.
    * lámpara de brazo = gooseneck lamp.
    * lámpara de escritorio = desk light.
    * lámpara de gas = gaslight, gas lamp.
    * lámpara de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.
    * lámpara de minero = miners' lamp.
    * lámpara de pie = standing lamp, floor lamp.
    * lámpara de rayos ultravioleta = ultraviolet lamp, sun lamp, UV lamp.
    * lámpara solar = sun lamp.
    * lámpara termiónica = thermionic tube.
    * lámpara trasera = rear lamp.

    * * *
    1 ( Elec) lamp
    lámpara eléctrica/de aceite/de alcohol electric/oil/spirit lamp
    2 ( Rad) valve
    Compuestos:
    ● lámpara de pie/mesa
    standard/table lamp
    blowtorch, blowlamp ( BrE)
    sun lamp
    votive lamp
    * * *

     

    lámpara sustantivo femenino
    lamp;
    ◊ lámpara de pie/mesa standard/table lamp

    lámpara sustantivo femenino lamp
    (de pie) standard lamp, US floor lamp

    ' lámpara' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    araña
    - cordón
    - descolgar
    - foco
    - genio
    - globo
    - halógena
    - halógeno
    - pantalla
    - pie
    - tulipa
    - alumbrar
    - antiguo
    - aplique
    - bajo
    - colgar
    - fijo
    - mover
    English:
    bedside lamp
    - burn
    - cord
    - desk lamp
    - floor lamp
    - lamp
    - lampshade
    - light
    - stand
    - sunbed
    - sunlamp
    - table lamp
    - valve
    - flash
    - standard
    - sun
    * * *
    1. [aparato] lamp
    lámpara de aceite oil lamp;
    la lámpara de Aladino Aladdin's lamp;
    lámpara de araña chandelier;
    lámpara de arco arc lamp;
    lámpara fluorescente fluorescent lamp;
    lámpara de gas gas lamp;
    lámpara halógena halogen lamp;
    lámpara de incandescencia incandescent lamp;
    lámpara de mesa table lamp;
    lámpara de neón neon light;
    lámpara de noche bedside lamp;
    lámpara de pie Br standard lamp, US floor lamp;
    lámpara de queroseno kerosene lamp;
    lámpara solar sun lamp;
    2. [bombilla] bulb
    3. Tec valve
    4. Fam [mancha] stain [of oil or grease]
    * * *
    f lamp
    * * *
    : lamp
    * * *
    lámpara n lamp

    Spanish-English dictionary > lámpara

  • 95 salida

    f.
    1 departure (partida).
    va a efectuar su salida it's about to depart
    2 start (sport).
    salida nula false start
    3 exit, way out (place).
    ¿dónde está la salida? where's the way out?
    salida de emergencia emergency exit
    salida de humos air vent
    4 trip (viaje).
    5 appearance (aparición) (de revista, nuevo modelo).
    este producto no tiene salida there's no market for this product
    7 output (computing).
    8 way out.
    si no hay otra salida if there's no alternative
    9 witty remark (ocurrencia).
    tener salidas to be witty
    salida de tono out-of-place remark
    10 departure gate.
    11 starting point, start.
    12 excursion, sally.
    13 computer output, output.
    14 exodus, exit.
    15 production.
    16 exitus, outlet.
    17 efflux.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: salir.
    * * *
    1 (partida) departure
    2 (puerta etc) exit, way out
    5 (de un astro) rising
    6 DEPORTE start
    7 COMERCIO outlet, market
    8 FINANZAS outlay, expenditure
    9 figurado (ocurrencia) witty remark, witticism
    10 figurado (escapatoria) solution, way out
    12 TÉCNICA outlet
    13 INFORMÁTICA output
    14 (en naipes) lead
    15 (parte que sobresale) projection
    \
    de salida from the start
    no tener otra salida figurado to have no other option
    tener salida a to open on to, come out at
    salida de artistas stage door
    salida de efectivo cash outflow
    salida de emergencia emergency exit
    salida de tono unfortunate remark, improper remark
    salida nula false start
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) exit
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de un lugar]

    • a la salida, te esperaremos a la salida — we'll wait for you on the way out

    • dar salida a, el pasillo que da salida a la pista de tenis — the passageway which leads out (on)to the tennis court

    • puerta de salida — exit door

    visado
    2) (=aparición)

    tras la salida de los futbolistas al terreno de juego — after the footballers came/went out onto the pitch

    • precio de salida — [de objeto subastado] starting price; [de acciones] offer price

    3) (=lugar) [de edificio] exit, way out; [de autopista] exit, turn-off

    ¿dónde está la salida? — where's the exit o the way out?

    salida — [encima de la puerta] exit; [en el pasillo] way out, exit

    • tener salida a algo, nuestro edificio tiene salida a las dos calles — our building has access onto both streets

    callejón
    4) [de avión, tren] departure

    después de la salida del tren — after the train leaves, after the departure of the train

    5) (=escapada) [de viaje] trip; [de excursión] trip, outing; [por la noche] night out, evening out

    en mi primera salida al extranjero — on my first trip abroad, on my first foreign trip

    6) (=comienzo) [de carrera, desfile] start

    fuimos a ver la salida de la procesión — we went to see the start of the procession, we went to see the procession move off

    Palmer tuvo una mala salida del tee — (Golf) Palmer played a poor tee shot

    • dar la salida — to give the starting signal

    • tomar la salida — (=empezar) to start the race; (=participar) to take part, compete

    salida en falso, salida falsa — false start

    salida lanzada — running start, flying start

    parrilla 2)
    7) (Teat) [al entrar en escena] appearance; [para recibir aplausos] curtain-call
    8) (=solución) solution

    la única salida está en la negociación — the only way out is through negotiation, the only solution is to negotiate

    9) [al hablar]

    ¡qué buena salida! — that was a really witty comment!

    hum

    ¡vaya salidas de bombero que tuvo! — he dropped some real clangers! *

    salida de tono, fue una salida de tono — it was inappropriate o uncalled-for

    10) (Com) [de producto] launch

    • dar salida a, dar salida a los excedentes agrícolas — to find an outlet for surplus produce

    • tener salida — to sell well

    tener una salida fácil — to have a ready market, be a soft sell

    11) (Econ) (=cargo) debit entry
    12) pl salidas [en el trabajo] openings, job opportunities

    esa carrera no tiene apenas salidas — there are very few openings o job opportunities for someone with that degree

    13) (Téc) [de aire, gas, vapor] vent; [de agua] outlet
    14) (Inform) output
    15) (=prenda)

    salida de baño — Cono Sur [en casa] bathrobe; [en playa, piscina] beach robe

    16) (Arquit) (=saliente) projection
    17) (Mil) [para el ataque] sortie
    18) (Naipes) lead
    * * *
    a) (de edificio, lugar) exit
    b) ( de tubería) outlet, outflow; ( de circuito) outlet
    2)
    a) ( acción)

    una salida al campo — an outing o a trip to the country

    c) (de líquido, gas, electricidad) output
    d)
    3) ( partida)
    (de tren, avión) departure

    salidas nacionales/internacionales — domestic/international departures

    4) (Dep) ( en una carrera) start
    5)
    a) ( solución)
    6) (Com, Fin) ( gasto) payment

    este chico tiene cada salida... — this child comes out with the funniest things...

    fue una salida que nos hizo reír mucho — his remark o comment had us all in stitches

    •
    * * *
    a) (de edificio, lugar) exit
    b) ( de tubería) outlet, outflow; ( de circuito) outlet
    2)
    a) ( acción)

    una salida al campo — an outing o a trip to the country

    c) (de líquido, gas, electricidad) output
    d)
    3) ( partida)
    (de tren, avión) departure

    salidas nacionales/internacionales — domestic/international departures

    4) (Dep) ( en una carrera) start
    5)
    a) ( solución)
    6) (Com, Fin) ( gasto) payment

    este chico tiene cada salida... — this child comes out with the funniest things...

    fue una salida que nos hizo reír mucho — his remark o comment had us all in stitches

    •
    * * *
    salida1
    1 = departure, egress, exit, outlet, outing, escape route, turnover, work-around [workaround], stock turnover, turnover of stock, flight mission, way out, turn-off.

    Ex: Apart from its undoubted value in its own right, Sears' provides a valuable model or point of departure for others.

    Ex: The reduction of public access and egress to a single point well controlled by electronic or other means goes some way to reduce the loss of books.
    Ex: A cash desk should be placed by each exit.
    Ex: Hawthorne gave an uneasy laugh, which was merely the outlet for her disappointment.
    Ex: The 1st calendar of events included a slide show, a literary afternoon, travel tips, and a picnic and outing.
    Ex: At present the onus appears to be on individual library directors to develop alternative career paths and escape routes = Por ahora la responsabilidad de desarrollar trayectorias profesionales y vías de escape alternativas parece recaer sobre los directores de la biblioteca en cuestión.
    Ex: Yet the genuine stockholding bookseller is committed to holding good stocks of books for the customers' benefit which means that he does not aim simply at buying in the books with the quickest turnover.
    Ex: Obviously, the work-around is to cut-and-paste this into the end of the document, but why did this happen in the first place?.
    Ex: The booksellers in the sample 'turned over their stocks on average about four times a year' though rates of stock turnover varied widely.
    Ex: ' Turnover of stock' is, then, an important part of successful and lively bookselling.
    Ex: The collection is composed of more than 400,000 prints and negatives from photographs taken during 1,258 separate flight missions, most of which were flown over California.
    Ex: She racked her brains for a way out but could not find anything successful.
    Ex: There's a great gas station and convenience store at the turn-off.
    * a la salida = on the way out.
    * asesor de salidas profesionales = career(s) adviser.
    * bandera de salida, la = checkered flag, the.
    * callejón sin salida = blind alley, catch 22, cul-de-sac, dead end, impasse, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.
    * caudal de salida = flow rate.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * consejero sobre salidas profesionales = career advisor, career counsellor.
    * control de salida = exit barrier.
    * dar el pistoletazo de salida = fire + the starting gun.
    * dar salida a = vent.
    * de salida = outgoing.
    * disco de salida = output diskette.
    * dispositivo de salida = output equipment.
    * encontrar la salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrar una salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * entradas y salidas = comings and goings.
    * estrategia de salida = exit strategy.
    * fecha de salida = departure date.
    * fichero de salida = outgoing file.
    * fichero de salida de datos = communication output file.
    * hora de salida = departure time, check-out time.
    * información sobre salidas profesionales = career(s) information.
    * la mejor salida = the best way forward.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * orientación sobre salidas profesionales = career guidance.
    * parrilla de salida = starting grid.
    * pasillo de salida = exit lane.
    * pistoletazo de salida = starting signal, starting gun.
    * precio de salida = starting price.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start, pole position.
    * puerta de salida = exit door.
    * registro de salida de cartas = outward letterbook.
    * salida de aire = venting.
    * salida de artistas = stage door.
    * salida de datos = output.
    * salida de emergencia = emergency exit.
    * salida de humos = flue.
    * salida de incendios = fire exit.
    * salida de lectores = public exit.
    * salida del sol = sunrise.
    * salida del sol, la = rising of the sun, the.
    * salida en falso = false start.
    * salida lateral = side entrance.
    * salida nula = false start.
    * salida profesional = career opportunity, career path, career pattern, career option.
    * salidas profesionales = careers guidance, career development, career planning, careers education, employability, job opportunities.
    * sin salida al mar = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sondeo hecho a la salida = exit survey.
    * tacos de salida = starting blocks.
    * válvula de salida = outlet valve.
    * vía de salida = exit lane.

    salida2
    2 = witticism, witty remark, witty remark, quip.

    Ex: It uses humor rather than witticisms, and self-deprecation rather than deprecation of the professional field.

    Ex: Youll never be short on a witty remark with a database of almost 180000 jokes.
    Ex: Youll never be short on a witty remark with a database of almost 180000 jokes.
    Ex: His genius is sometimes most evident in his quips.

    * * *
    1 (de un edificio, lugar) exit
    [ S ] salida exit
    dimos mil vueltas buscando la salida we went round and round looking for the way out o the exit
    todas las salidas de Bilbao all the roads out of Bilbao
    Bolivia no tiene salida al mar Bolivia has no access to the sea
    es una calle sin salida it's a dead end
    2 (de una tubería) outlet, outflow; (de un circuito) outlet
    3 ( Inf) tb
    salida del sistema logoff, logout
    Compuestos:
    (en un teatro) stage door; (en una sala de conciertos) artists' entrance
    ● salida de emergencia/incendios
    emergency/fire exit
    B
    1
    (acción): me lo encontré a la salida I met him on the way out, I met him as I was leaving
    quedamos en encontrarnos a la salida del concierto we arranged to meet at the end of o after the concert
    acelera a la salida de la curva accelerate (as you come) out of the curve
    el gobierno les ha negado la salida del país the government has refused to allow them to leave the country
    impedir la salida de divisas to prevent currency being taken out of o leaving the country
    estaban esperando la salida de la novia they were waiting for the bride to appear
    la salida del primer toro the entry of the first bull
    2
    (como distracción): es su primera salida desde que la operaron it's the first time she's been out since her operation
    una salida a la ópera an evening at the opera
    una salida al campo an outing o a trip to the country
    3 (de un líquido, gas) output; (de un circuito) output
    4
    Compuesto:
    (para la playa) beach robe; (para la casa) bathrobe
    A (de un tren, avión) departure
    LANSA anuncia la salida del vuelo 503 LANSA announces the departure of flight 503
    el tren efectuará su salida por vía cinco the train will leave from track five
    [ S ] salidas nacionales/internacionales domestic/international departures
    dan la salida con un disparo a gun is fired to start the race o to signal the start
    Compuestos:
    false start
    false start
    A
    1
    (solución): no le veo ninguna salida a esta situación I can see no way out of this situation
    hay que buscar una salida a la crisis económica a solution must be found to the economic crisis
    vamos a tener que aceptar, no nos queda otra salida we're going to have to accept, we have no option
    2
    (posibilidades): la informática, hoy en día, tiene muchas salidas nowadays there are many openings o job opportunities in computing
    esta prenda no tiene mucha salida this garment doesn't sell very well
    B ( Com, Fin) (gasto) payment
    entradas y salidas income and expenditure, receipts and outgoings ( BrE)
    C
    (ocurrencia): este chico tiene cada salida … this child comes out with the funniest things …
    fue una salida que nos hizo reír mucho his remark o comment had us all in stitches
    Compuesto:
    fue una salida de tono it was totally out of place, it was a totally inappropriate thing to say/do
    * * *

     

    salida sustantivo femenino ( hacia el exterior)
    1
    a) (lugar, puerta) exit;

    ◊ salida de emergencia/incendios emergency/fire exit;

    todas las salidas de Bilbao all the roads out of Bilbao;
    es una calle sin salida it's a dead end

    ( de circuito) outlet
    2
    a) ( acción):


    nos encontramos a la salida del concierto we met at the door after the concert;
    una salida al campo an outing o a trip to the country
    b) (de líquido, gas, electricidad) output

    c)


    ( partida)
    1 (de tren, avión) departure;


    ( on signs) salidas nacionales/internacionales domestic/international departures
    2 (Dep) ( en una carrera) start
    1 ( solución):

    no nos queda otra salida we have no other option
    2 (Com, Fin) ( gasto) payment
    salido,-a adjetivo
    1 (saliente, prominente) projecting
    (frente, pómulos, etc) prominent
    (ojos) bulging
    familiar sticky-out
    2 fam pey (cachondo) horny, randy
    salida sustantivo femenino
    1 (lugar por donde se sale) exit, way out: nos pasamos diez minutos buscando la salida, we spent ten minutes looking for the way out
    este carril tiene salida a la autopista, this lane leads onto the motorway
    callejón sin salida, dead end
    (de una tubería, desagüe) outlet, outflow
    Inform output
    2 (acción de salir) leaving
    a la salida del trabajo, on leaving work
    (de un tren, un avión) departure
    (del Sol, de la Luna, etc) rising
    salida del sol, sunrise
    (viaje corto, excursión) trip
    una salida al campo, an outing to the country
    3 Dep start
    dar la salida, to give the signal to start
    línea de salida, starting line
    4 (solución) option, solution: este problema no tiene salida, there's no solution to this problem
    5 Lab prospect: la filosofía no tiene muchas salidas, there aren't many job opportunities in philosophy
    6 (cese de una actividad) el próximo año se producirá mi salida del cargo, I'll be leaving the post next year
    7 fig (agudeza, ocurrencia) witty remark
    8 (comentario inapropiado) salida de tono, inappropriate remark
    9 (puesta en venta, lanzamiento de un producto) la salida del nuevo periódico se producirá el lunes, the new newspaper will be launched onto the market next Monday
    10 Fin (gasto) hemos tenido demasiadas salidas en concepto de compra de materiales, purchase of materials has led to an unacceptable increase in spending
    ' salida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaso
    - callejón
    - dirigir
    - efectuar
    - emergencia
    - empujar
    - escape
    - escorrentía
    - expectante
    - fichar
    - forzuda
    - forzudo
    - panel
    - prever
    - punto
    - retardar
    - taponar
    - bloquear
    - cortada
    - desvío
    - escapatoria
    - excursión
    - lateral
    - línea
    - obstruir
    - partida
    - retrasar
    - tapar
    - ver
    English:
    blind alley
    - checkout
    - clock off
    - clock out
    - crowd
    - cul-de-sac
    - dead end
    - departure
    - exit
    - false start
    - fight
    - fire exit
    - hasty
    - off
    - out
    - outlet
    - output
    - rise
    - rising
    - sailing
    - seal off
    - stampede
    - start
    - starter
    - starting block
    - starting line
    - starting post
    - starting price
    - sunrise
    - sunup
    - takeoff
    - turn off
    - way
    - wisecrack
    - block
    - catch
    - curtain
    - dead
    - emergency
    - false
    - flotation
    - flying
    - land
    - mark
    - quip
    - ramp
    - release
    - rush
    - stand
    - starting
    * * *
    salida nf
    1. [partida, marcha] departure;
    tenían prevista la salida al amanecer they intended to leave at dawn;
    el tren con destino a Santiago va a efectuar su salida por la vía 4 the Santiago train is about to depart from platform 4;
    salidas nacionales/internacionales [en aeropuerto] national/international departures
    2. [lugar para salir] [de edificio, recinto] exit, way out;
    [de red de cables, cañerías] outlet;
    gira en la próxima salida turn off at the next exit;
    la región no tiene salida al mar the region has no outlet to the sea;
    salida 20 [en autopista] junction 20;
    ¿dónde está la salida? where's the way out?;
    salida [en letrero] exit, way out;
    esta calle no tiene salida this road's a dead end;
    todas las salidas de Caracas estaban colapsadas traffic was at a standstill on all the roads leading out of Caracas;
    dar salida a [sentimientos] to vent, to let out;
    [ideas] to find an outlet for salida de emergencia emergency exit;
    salida de humos air vent;
    3. [en deportes, carreras] start;
    salida nula false start
    4. [viaje] trip;
    una salida al extranjero a trip abroad;
    hicimos una salida al campo de un día we went out for the day to the country, we went on an outing to the country for a day
    5. [aparición] [de revista, nuevo modelo, producto] appearance;
    a la salida del sol at sunrise;
    su salida a escena fue recibida con aplausos her entry on stage was greeted with applause, she was applauded as she came on stage;
    esta llave regula la salida del agua this Br tap o US faucet controls the flow of water
    Fin salida a bolsa [de empresa] flotation
    6. [momento]
    quedamos a la salida del trabajo we agreed to meet after work;
    te espero a la salida del cine I'll meet you after the movie
    7. [solución] way out;
    es preciso encontrar una salida al problema/a esta situación we need to find a way round the problem/a way out of this situation;
    si no hay otra salida if there's no alternative
    8. [ocurrencia] witty remark;
    [pretexto] excuse;
    tener salidas to be witty;
    desde luego tiene cada salida… she certainly comes out with some witty remarks
    salida de tono out-of-place remark
    9. Com [producción] output;
    [posibilidades] market;
    dar salida a [producto] to find an outlet for;
    este producto tiene mucha salida [posibilidades de venta] there's a big market for this product;
    [se vende] this product sells well;
    este producto no tiene salida [posibilidades de venta] there's no market for this product;
    [no se vende] this product doesn't sell
    10.
    salidas [en contabilidad] outgoings
    11. Informát output
    12. Dep [partido fuera de casa] away game
    13.
    salidas [posibilidades laborales] openings, opportunities;
    carreras con salidas university courses with good job prospects
    14. Am [ropa] salida de baño bathrobe;
    salida de playa beach robe
    SALIDA AL MAR
    The War of the Pacific, fought victoriously by Chile against Peru and Bolivia (1879-1883), was to have a huge influence on the later development of all three countries. The major incentive for turning a territorial dispute into a war was the rich deposits of nitrates (then a vital raw material for the production of fertilizers and explosives) in the Atacama Desert. By acquiring the Atacama, Chile also deprived Bolivia of its only access to the sea at the port of Antofagasta, with inevitably damaging consequences for the future economic and commercial development of the country. Bolivia's desire for a salida al mar (“outlet to the sea”) led it to seek alternative access to the Atlantic, and this was partly behind the outbreak of the horrific Chaco War with Paraguay (1932-1935), though the interest of foreign oil companies in possible oil deposits in the Chaco region was at least as important a factor. Today, Bolivia has adopted the peaceful road of negotiations with Chile to resolve the problem.
    * * *
    f
    1 de edificio, zoo etc exit, way out; de autopista exit
    2 TRANSP departure
    3 DEP de carrera start;
    dar la salida give the starting signal o the off
    4 COM
    :
    tiene salida there’s a market for it;
    salida a bolsa flotation
    5 fig
    opportunity, opening;
    salida profesional career opportunity
    * * *
    salida nf
    1) : exit
    salida de emergencia: emergency exit
    2) : leaving, departure
    3) solución: way out, solution
    4) : start (of a race)
    5) ocurrencia: wisecrack, joke
    6)
    salida del sol : sunrise
    * * *
    1. (puerta) exit / way out
    3. (acción de irse) departure
    5. (excursión) outing
    6. (viaje) trip
    7. (solución) solution

    Spanish-English dictionary > salida

  • 96 dé

    de [də]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► de + le = du ; de + les = des ; de becomes d' before a vowel or silent h.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque de fait partie d'une locution du type décider de, content de, de plus en plus, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       b. (lieu) in
    • les voisins du 2e étage the neighbours on the 2nd floor
       c. (destination) to
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque de sert à exprimer l'appartenance, il se traduit par of ; on préférera toutefois souvent le génitif lorsque le possesseur est une personne ou un animal.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Après un pluriel se terminant par un s, l'apostrophe s'utilise sans s.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► On ajoute cependant le 's après un nom commun se terminant par ss.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Dans le cas où le possesseur est une chose, l'anglais supprime parfois le 's.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • les romanciers du 20e siècle 20th-century novelists
       e. (contenu) of
       f. (matière)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► En anglais, un nom en apposition sert souvent à décrire la matière dont quelque chose est fait.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       h. (agent) by
    • c'est de qui ? who is it by?
       i. ( = avec)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque de signifie avec, au moyen de, à l'aide de, ou exprime la manière ou la cause, la traduction dépend du contexte ; reportez-vous à l'autre mot.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       j. ( = par) il gagne 30 € de l'heure he earns 30 euros an hour
       k. ( = durant) de jour during the day
    • il est d'une bêtise ! he's so stupid!
    • tu as de ces idées ! you have the strangest ideas!
    • une pièce de 6 m2 a room 6 metres square
    • un chèque de 100 € a cheque for 100 euros
    ► de... à from... to
    • de chez moi à la gare, il y a 5 km it's 5km from my house to the station
    2. <
       a. (affirmation)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► L'article de n'est souvent pas traduit mais il peut parfois être rendu par some.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • au déjeuner, nous avons eu du poulet we had chicken for lunch
    • c'est du vol ! that's robbery!
       b. (interrogation, hypothèse)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Dans les questions et les hypothèses, de soit ne se traduit pas, soit est rendu par any ou some.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • accepteriez-vous de l'argent liquide ? would you take cash?
    • as-tu de l'argent ? have you got any money?
    • as-tu rencontré des randonneurs ? did you meet any hikers?
    • si tu achètes du vin, j'en prendrai aussi if you buy some wine, I'll buy some too
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Dans les offres polies, on utilise plus souvent some.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • tu veux de l'aide ? do you want any help? ; (plus poli) would you like some help?
    • voulez-vous des œufs ? would you like some eggs?
    • vous ne voulez vraiment pas de vin ? are you sure you don't want some wine?
       c. ► pas... de... not any... no...
    * * *
    (d' before vowel or mute h) də, d préposition

    à 20 mètres de là — 20 metres [BrE] from there

    un vin de Grèce — ( rapporté de là-bas) a wine from Greece; ( fait là-bas) a Greek wine

    de...à, de...en — from...to

    travailler de nuit/de jour — to work at night/during the day

    9) (indiquant l'appartenance, la dépendance)

    le vin du tonneau — ( qui s'y trouve) the wine in the barrel; ( qu'on a tiré) the wine from the barrel

    une minute de silence — one minute of silence, a minute's silence

    15) (détermination par la dimension, la mesure)

    être long de 20 mètres — to be 20 metres [BrE] long

    16) (détermination par la nature, fonction, matière)
    17) ( apposition) of

    l'ourlet a deux centimètres de trop — the hem is two centimetres [BrE] too long

    quelque chose/rien de nouveau — something/nothing new

    c'est quelqu'un de célèbre — he's/she's famous

    c'est ça de fait — (colloq) that's that out of the way

    22) (colloq) (en corrélation avec le pronom un, une)

    pour une gaffe, c'en est une, de gaffe! — as blunders go, that was a real one!

    plus/moins de 10 — more/less than 10


    ••
    Certains emplois de la préposition de sont traités ailleurs dans le dictionnaire, notamment
    lorsque de introduit le complément de verbes transitifs indirects comme douter de, jouer de, de verbes à double complément comme recevoir quelque chose de quelqu'un, de certains noms comme désir de, obligation de, de certains adjectifs comme fier de, plein de
    lorsque de fait partie de locutions comme d'abord, de travers ou de composés comme chemin de fer, pomme de terre
    lorsque de est utilisé dans la structure de déterminants indéfinis comme peu de, moins de etc
    lorsque de fait suite à être dans certaines tournures être I
    D'autres renvois essentiels apparaissent dans l'entrée ci-dessous, mais on se reportera également aux notes d'usage répertoriées pour certaines constructions
    de article indéfini pluriel est traité avec un I
    Lorsqu'il exprime une généralité non quantifiée ou une alternative, de, article partitif ne se traduit pas: manger de la viande/du lapin/des oeufs = to eat meat/rabbit/eggs; il ne boit jamais de vin = he never drinks wine; tu prends du café au petit déjeuner? = do you have coffee for breakfast?; voulez-vous de la bière ou du vin? = would you like beer or wine?; il ne veut pas de vin mais de la bière = he doesn't want wine, he wants beer
    Lorsque l'idée de quantité est présente il se traduit par some ou any: achète de la bière/des bananes = buy some beer/some bananas; voulez-vous de la bière? = would you like some beer?; évidemment, tu leur as donné de l'argent? = of course, you gave them some money?; y a-t-il du soleil? = is there any sun?; il n'y a pas de soleil = there isn't any sun, there's no sun; il y a rarement du soleil = there's seldom any sun; il n'y a jamais de soleil = there's never any sun; il n'y a plus de vin = there isn't any more wine
    Et lorsque qu'il s'agit d'une partie déterminée d'un tout, il se traduit par some of ou any of: elle a mangé des gâteaux que j'ai achetés = she has eaten some of the cakes I bought; a-t-elle bu du vin que j'ai apporté? = did she drink any of the wine I brought?; je ne prendrai plus de ce mélange = I won't take any more of this mixture
    * * *
    de
    1. nm
    1) (à jouer) dice
    2) (dé à coudre) thimble
    2. dés nmpl
    1) (= jeu) dice, game of dice
    * * *
    de ⇒ Note d'usage (d' before vowel or mute h) prép
    1 ( indiquant l'origine) from; leur départ/le train de Bruxelles their departure/the train from Brussels; il arrive du Japon he's just come from Japan; de la fenêtre, on peut voir… from the window, one can see…; à 20 mètres de là 20 metresGB from there; de ce moment fml from that moment; un enfant de mon premier mari/mariage a child by my first husband/from my first marriage; elle est de Taiwan she's from Taiwan; un vin de Grèce ( rapporté de là-bas) a wine from Greece; ( fait là-bas) a Greek wine; né de parents immigrés born of immigrant parents; il est de père italien et de mère chinoise his father is Italian and his mother Chinese; le bébé est de février the baby was born in February; de méfiant il est devenu paranoïaque he went from being suspicious to being paranoid; d'ici là between now and then; d'ici la fin du mois by the end of the month; ⇒ par;
    2 ( indiquant la progression) de…à, de…en from…to; de 8 à 10 heures from 8 to 10 (o'clock); de mardi à samedi, du mardi au samedi from Tuesday to Saturday; du matin au soir from morning till night; d'une semaine à l'autre from one week to the next; de Lisbonne à Berlin from Lisbon to Berlin; de l'équateur aux pôles from the equator to the poles; de ville en ville from town to town; d'heure en heure from hour to hour; de déception en désillusion from disappointment to disillusion; ⇒ Charybde, long, moins, moment, place, plus;
    3 ( indiquant la destination) to; le train de Paris the train to Paris, the Paris train;
    4 ( indiquant la cause) mourir de soif/de chagrin/d'une pneumonie to die of thirst/of a broken heart/of pneumonia; phobie de l'eau/la foule fear of water/crowds; des larmes de désespoir tears of despair; un hurlement de terreur a scream of terror; pleurer de rage to cry with rage; hurler de terreur to scream with terror; trembler de froid to shiver with cold; ⇒ joie;
    5 ( indiquant la manière) in; parler d'un ton monocorde to speak in a monotone; s'exprimer de manière élégante to express oneself in an elegant way; plaisanterie d'un goût douteux joke in dubious taste; tirer de toutes ses forces to pull with all one's might; il a répondu d'un geste obscène he answered with an obscene gesture; ⇒ beau, cœur, concert, mémoire, tac, trait;
    6 ( indiquant le moyen) with; pousser qch du pied to push sth aside with one's foot; soulever qch d'une main to lift sth with one hand; gravure/graver de la pointe d'un couteau engraving/to engrave with the point of a knife; suspendu des deux mains hanging by two hands; déjeuner/vivre de saucisses et de haricots to lunch/to live on sausages and beans; il a fait de sa chambre un bureau he made his bedroom into a study; ⇒ coup, coude;
    7 ( indiquant l'agent) by; un poème/dessin de Victor Hugo a poem/drawing by Victor Hugo; avoir un enfant de qn to have a child by sb; respecté de tous respected by all;
    8 ( indiquant la durée) travailler de nuit/de jour to work at night/during the day; ne rien faire de la journée/semaine to do nothing all day/week; de ma vie je n'avais vu ça I had never seen such a thing in my life; ⇒ temps;
    9 (indiquant l'appartenance, la dépendance) les chapeaux de Paul/de mon frère/de mes parents Paul's/my brother's/my parents' hats; les oreilles de l'ours/de mon chat the bear's/my cat's ears; la politique de leur gouvernement/de la France their government's/France's policy, the policy of their government/of France; un élève du professeur Talbin one of professor Talbin's students; l'immensité de l'espace/la mer the immensity of space/the sea; le toit de la maison the roof of the house; la porte de la chambre the bedroom door; les rideaux de la chambre sont sales the bedroom curtains are dirty; j'ai lavé les rideaux de la chambre I washed the bedroom curtains; le cadran du téléphone the dial on the telephone; c'est bien de lui it's just like him;
    10 ( détermination par le contenant) le foin de la grange the hay in the barn; le vin du tonneau ( qui s'y trouve) the wine in the barrel; ( qu'on a tiré) the wine from the barrel;
    11 ( détermination par le contenu) of; une tasse de café a cup of coffee; un sac de charbon a sack of coal;
    12 ( détermination par la quantité) of; cinq pages de roman five pages of a novel; deux mètres de tissu two metresGB of material; trois litres de vin three litresGB of wine; une minute de silence one minute of silence, a minute's silence; quatre heures de musique four hours of music; deux milliardièmes de seconde two billionths of a second; le quart de mes économies a quarter of my savings; la totalité or l'ensemble de leurs œuvres the whole of their works; les sept maisons du hameau the seven houses of the hamlet;
    13 ( détermination par le lieu) of; les pyramides d'Égypte the pyramids of Egypt; le roi de Brunéi the King of Brunei; le premier ministre du Japon the prime minister of Japan, the Japanese prime minister; le comte de Monte-Cristo the Count of Monte-Cristo;
    14 ( détermination par le temps) of; les ordinateurs de demain the computers of tomorrow; le 20 du mois the 20th of the month; la réunion de samedi Saturday's meeting; la réunion du 20 juin the meeting on 20 June; le train de 15 heures the 3 o'clock train; les ventes de juin the June sales;
    15 (détermination par la dimension, la mesure) un livre de 200 pages a 200-page book; un spectacle de deux heures a two-hour show; une grue de 50 tonnes a 50-tonne crane; être long de 20 mètres, avoir 20 mètres de long to be 20 metresGB long; 20 euros de l'heure 20 euros an hour; enceinte de trois mois three months' pregnant; on aura deux heures d'attente we'll have a two-hour wait; on aura deux heures de retard we'll be two hours late; trop lourd de trois kilos three kilos too heavy; plus/moins de trois more/less than three; elle est la plus âgée/jeune de deux ans she's the oldest/youngest by two years;
    16 (détermination par la nature, fonction, matière) un billet de train a train ticket; une statue de cristal a crystal statue; un livre de géographie a geography book; un professeur de botanique a botany teacher; un chapeau de cow-boy a cowboy hat; une salle de réunion a meeting room; une robe de coton rouge a red cotton dress; une bulle d'air/de savon an air/a soap bubble; un joueur de tennis a tennis player; un produit de qualité a quality product; un travail de qualité quality work; un spécialiste de l'électronique an electronics expert, an expert in electronics; un homme de bon sens a man of common sense; la théorie de la relativité the theory of relativity; ⇒ bois, laine;
    17 ( apposition) of; le mois de juillet the month of July; la ville de Singapour the city of Singapore; le titre de duc the title of duke; le nom de Flore the name Flore; le terme de quark the term quark;
    18 ( avec attribut du nom ou du pronom) trois personnes de tuées three people killed; une jambe de cassée a broken leg; un seul ticket de valable only one valid ticket; deux heures de libres two hours free; 200 euros de plus 200 euros more; l'ourlet a deux centimètres de trop the hem is two centimetresGB too long; ton imbécile de frère your stupid brother; quelque chose/rien de nouveau something/nothing new; je n'ai jamais rien vu de semblable I've never seen anything like it; c'est quelqu'un de célèbre he's/she's famous; c'est ça de fait○ that's that out of the way, that's that taken care of;
    19 ( avec un infinitif) de la voir ainsi me peinait seeing her like that upset me; ça me peinait de la voir ainsi it upset me to see her like that; et eux/toute la salle de rire and they/the whole audience laughed; être content de faire to be happy to do;
    20 ( après un déverbal) le filtrage de l'eau pose de gros problèmes filtering water poses big problems; le remplacement de la chaudière a coûté très cher replacing the boiler was very expensive;
    21 ( après un superlatif) gén of; ( avec un lieu ou ensemble assimilé) in; le plus jeune des trois frères the youngest of the three brothers; le roi des rois the king of kings; le plus grand restaurant de la ville the biggest restaurant in the town; le plus vieux de la classe/famille the oldest in the class/family;
    22 ○(en corrélation avec le pronom un, une) pour une gaffe, c'en est une, de gaffe! as blunders go, that was a real one!; est-ce que j'en ai une, moi, de voiture? and me, have I got a car?;
    23 ( dans une comparaison chiffrée) than; plus/moins de 10 more/less than 10.
    [de] nom masculin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > dé

  • 97 time

    [taɪm] n
    \time stood still die Zeit stand still;
    in the course of \time mit der Zeit;
    over the course of \time im Lauf der Zeit;
    to be a matter [or question] of \time eine Frage der Zeit sein;
    \time is on one's side die Zeit arbeitet für jdn;
    to have \time on one's side die Zeit auf seiner Seite haben;
    space and \time Raum und Zeit;
    for all \time für immer, für alle Zeiten;
    of all \time aller Zeiten;
    he was the greatest player of all \time er war der größte Spieler aller Zeiten;
    \time-tested [alt]bewährt;
    as \time goes by [or on] mit der Zeit;
    to make \time for sth/ to do sth sich dat die Zeit für etw akk nehmen/nehmen, um etw zu tun;
    to spend \time Zeit verbringen;
    [only] \time can [or will] tell es wird sich mit der Zeit zeigen;
    in \time mit der Zeit;
    over [or with] \time im Lauf der Zeit
    2) no pl (time period, duration) Zeit f;
    \time's up ( fam) die Zeit ist vorüber;
    injury \time ( Brit) sports Nachspielzeit f;
    to have the \time of one's life sich akk großartig amüsieren;
    most of the \time meistens;
    part [or some] [of the] \time einen Teil der Zeit;
    for a short/long period of \time kurze/lange Zeit;
    to take the \time and trouble to do sth sich dat die Mühe machen, etw zu tun;
    in one week's \time in einer Woche;
    to have all the \time in the world alle Zeit der Welt haben;
    all the [or this] \time die ganze Zeit;
    to have an easy/hard \time of it [with sth] keine Probleme/Probleme [mit etw dat] haben;
    extra \time sports Verlängerung f;
    they played extra \time sie mussten in die Verlängerung;
    three minutes into extra \time, Ricardo scored the decisive goal nach drei Minuten Verlängerung erzielte Ricardo das entscheidende Tor;
    free [or spare] \time Freizeit f;
    to have a good \time sich akk amüsieren;
    to give sb a hard \time ( fam) jdm Schwierigkeiten bereiten;
    a long \time ago vor langer Zeit;
    it takes a long/short \time es dauert lange/nicht lange;
    for [or in] a long \time lange Zeit;
    I haven't seen one of those in a long \time so einen/eine/eines habe ich schon seit langem nicht mehr gesehen;
    in [or next to] [or less than] no \time [at all] im Nu;
    running \time Spielzeit f;
    for a short \time kurze Zeit;
    some \time ago vor einiger Zeit;
    to be [all] out of \time (Am, Aus) ( fam) über der Zeit sein;
    for the \time being vorläufig;
    to do sth for a \time etw eine Zeitlang machen;
    to find the \time to do sth die Zeit [dazu] finden, etw zu tun;
    to give sb \time to do sth jdm Zeit geben, um etw zu tun;
    given [or in] \time mit der Zeit;
    to have [or have got] the \time die Zeit haben;
    to have \time to do sth Zeit haben, etw zu tun;
    to have [or take] \time off sich dat frei nehmen;
    there's no \time to lose [or to be lost] wir dürfen [jetzt] keine Zeit verlieren, es ist höchste Zeit;
    to pass the \time sich dat die Zeit vertreiben;
    to be pressed for \time in Zeitnot sein;
    to run out of \time nicht genügend Zeit haben;
    to save \time Zeit sparen;
    to take one's \time sich dat Zeit lassen;
    to take one's \time in doing sth sich dat bei etw dat Zeit lassen;
    to take one's \time to do sth sich dat mit etw dat Zeit lassen;
    to take more \time over [or with] sth sich dat mehr Zeit für etw akk nehmen, mehr Zeit für etw akk aufwenden;
    to waste \time Zeit vergeuden [o verschwenden];
    to waste \time doing sth die Zeit mit etw dat vergeuden [o verschwenden];
    after a \time nach einer gewissen Zeit
    daylight saving \time Sommerzeit f;
    Greenwich Mean T\time Greenwicher Zeit
    4) transp ( schedule) Zeit f;
    arrival/departure \time Ankunfts-/Abfahrtszeit f;
    bus/train \times Bus-/Zugzeiten fpl
    to keep bad/good \time falsch/richtig gehen;
    the right \time die korrekte Zeit;
    wrong \time falsche Zeit;
    to gain/lose \time Zeit gewinnen/verlieren;
    the \time die Uhrzeit;
    what's the \time? wie spät ist es?;
    to have [got] the \time on one eine Uhr haben;
    to tell the \time die Uhr lesen
    the best \time of day die beste Uhrzeit;
    what are you doing here at this \time of the day/night? was machst du um diese Uhrzeit hier?;
    for the [or this] \time of the day/ year für diese Tages-/Jahreszeit;
    at sb's \time of life in jds Alter;
    this \time tomorrow/ next month morgen/nächsten Monat um diese Zeit;
    the \time is drawing near when we'll have to make a decision der Zeitpunkt, zu dem wir uns entscheiden müssen, rückt näher;
    he recalled the \time when they had met er erinnerte sich daran, wie sie sich kennen gelernt hatten;
    at all \times immer;
    at any \time immer, jederzeit;
    at any given \time, at [any] one \time jederzeit;
    a bad/good \time eine schlechte/gute Zeit;
    at a different \time zu einer anderen Zeit;
    the last/next \time letztes/nächstes Mal;
    at other \times manchmal andererseits;
    at the present [or (Am) this] \time diesmal;
    \time and [\time] again immer wieder;
    ahead of \time ( esp Am) vorher;
    to know at the [or that] \time zur betreffenden Zeit wissen;
    to remember the \time... sich akk erinnern, wie [o als]...;
    do you remember the \time Alastair fell in the river? erinnerst du dich, als Alastair in den Fluss fiel?;
    at the \time damals, zu jener Zeit;
    by the \time als;
    it is about [or high] \time that... es ist höchste Zeit, dass...;
    \times when... Zeiten, zu denen...
    7) ( frequency) Mal nt;
    the \times I've [or how many \times have I] told you... wie oft habe ich dir schon gesagt...;
    three \times champion (Brit, Aus) [or (Am) three \time champion] dreimaliger Meister/dreimalige Meisterin;
    four/three \times vier/drei Mal;
    for the hundredth/ thousandth/umpteenth \time zum hundertsten/tausendsten/ ( fam) x-ten Mal;
    lots of [or many] \times oft, viele Male;
    at the same \time um dieselbe Zeit;
    from \time to \time von Zeit zu Zeit
    8) no pl ( correct moment) Zeitpunkt m; (Brit, Aus) (not before \time)
    about \time [too] (tasks etc. yet to be accomplished) wird aber auch [langsam] Zeit;
    (tasks etc. accomplished) wurde aber auch [langsam] Zeit;
    the \time is ripe die Zeit ist reif;
    breakfast/holiday \time Frühstücks-/Urlaubszeit f;
    in good \time rechtzeitig;
    in good \time for sth rechtzeitig zu etw dat;
    high \time for sth höchste Zeit für etw akk;
    ahead of \time vorzeitig;
    to do sth dead [or exactly] [or right] on \time etw pünktlich machen;
    it is \time that... es ist [an der] Zeit, dass...;
    it is \time to do sth es ist [an der] Zeit, etw zu tun;
    the \time has come der Zeitpunkt kommt;
    to see when the \time comes etw sehen, wenn es aktuell ist;
    \time for sth Zeit für etw akk;
    in \time rechtzeitig;
    in \time to do sth rechtzeitig [o früh genug], um etw zu machen;
    on \time pünktlich
    9) usu pl ( era) Zeit f;
    \times were difficult [or hard] das waren harte Zeiten;
    to set a book/film at the \time of the Russian Revolution ein Buch/Film spielt zur Zeit der Russischen Revolution;
    from [since] \time immemorial [or ( esp Brit) out of mind] seit undenklichen Zeiten;
    during [or in] former/medieval \times früher/im Mittelalter nt;
    in modern [or our] \times in der Gegenwart;
    she is one of the best writers of modern \times sie ist eine der besten Schriftstellerinnen der Gegenwart;
    at one \time früher;
    in \times past in der Vergangenheit, früher;
    to be behind the \times hinter seiner Zeit zurück sein;
    in \times gone by in der Vergangenheit;
    to keep up [or move] [or (Am) change] with the \times mit der Zeit gehen;
    \time was when sth could be done früher war alles besser
    record \time Rekordzeit f;
    he won the 100 metres in record \time er gewann das 100-Meter-Rennen in einer neuen Rekordzeit
    11) ( lifetime) Zeit f;
    my grandmother has seen a few things in her \time meine Großmutter hat in ihrem Leben schon einiges gesehen;
    at sb's \time of life in jds Alter;
    old \times alte Zeiten;
    if one had one's \time over again wenn man nochmals beginnen könnte;
    to be ahead of [or ( esp Brit) before] one's \time seiner Zeit voraus sein;
    \time marches [or moves] on die Zeit hat sich geändert;
    before [or ahead of] sb's \time ( advanced ideas) seiner Zeit voraus;
    the ideas of Galileo were ahead of his \time in seinem Denken war Galileo seiner Zeit weit voraus;
    before sb's \time ( occurring prematurely) vor der Zeit, frühzeitig;
    she has grown old before her \time sie ist frühzeitig gealtert;
    during sb's \time zu jds Zeit;
    in my \time zu meiner Zeit;
    in sth's \time zu seiner Zeit;
    in its \time the flying boat was the fastest means of transport zu seiner Zeit war das Amphibienflugzeug das schnellste Transportmittel
    12) no pl mus ( rhythm) Takt m;
    to be/play out of \time aus dem Takt sein;
    to beat \time den Rhythmus schlagen;
    to get out of \time aus dem Takt kommen;
    to keep \time den Takt halten;
    in \time with sth im Takt mit etw dat
    \time and a half Überzeit f;
    double \time doppelte Bezahlung f (an Feiertagen);
    part \time Teilzeit f;
    short \time ( Brit) Kurzzeit f;
    to work [or be on] short \time ( Brit) Kurzzeit arbeiten;
    to take \time off sich dat frei nehmen
    14) ( Brit) ( end of pub hours) Sperrstunde f;
    ‘\time [please]!’ „Sperrstunde!“
    PHRASES:
    not to give sb the \time of day jdn ignorieren;
    \time is of the essence die Zeit drängt;
    to have \time on one's hands viel Zeit zur Verfügung haben;
    \time is a great healer ( saying)
    \time heals all wounds ( prov) die Zeit heilt alle Wunden ( prov)
    \time and tide wait for no man [or one]; ( prov) man sollte jede Gelegenheit beim Schopf packen;
    \time is money ( prov) Zeit ist Geld ( prov)
    there's a \time and a place [for everything] ([for everything]) alles zu seiner Zeit;
    a week is a long \time in politics ( saying) eine Woche ist lang in der Politik;
    there's no \time like the present ( saying) was du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen ( prov)
    all good things in all good \time alles zu seiner Zeit;
    not to have much \time for sb jdn nicht mögen;
    to have a lot of \time for sb großen Respekt vor jdm haben;
    \time hangs heavy die Zeit steht still;
    \times are changing die Zeiten ändern sich;
    to do [or serve] \time ( fam) sitzen ( fig) ( fam)
    \time flies;
    doesn't \time fly? (?) die Zeit fliegt;
    to kill \time die Zeit totschlagen;
    \time moves on [or passes] wie die Zeit vergeht vt
    to \time sb over 100 metres für jdn die Zeit beim 100-Meter-Lauf nehmen [o stoppen];
    the winning team was \timed at 5 minutes 26 seconds die Gewinnermannschaft wurde mit 5 Minuten und 26 Sekunden gestoppt
    to \time sth für etw akk den richtigen Zeitpunkt auswählen

    English-German students dictionary > time

  • 98 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
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    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
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    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 99 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 100 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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