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distinguished+element

  • 1 выделенный элемент

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > выделенный элемент

  • 2 выделенный элемент

    2) Information technology: selected item

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > выделенный элемент

  • 3 distinguir

    v.
    1 to distinguish.
    ¿tú distingues estas dos camisas? can you tell the difference between these two shirts?
    me es imposible distinguirlos I can't tell them apart
    distinguir algo de algo to tell something from something
    Ella distingue los colores She distinguishes the colors.
    Ella distingue a los gemelos She distinguishes the twins.
    El rector distinguió al profesor The rector distinguished the professor.
    Ella distinguió She distinguished.
    2 to distinguish, to characterize.
    distinguir algo/a alguien de to distinguish something/somebody from, to set something/somebody apart from
    3 to honor.
    hoy nos distingue con su presencia Don… today we are honored to have with us Mr…
    4 to make out.
    ¿distingues algo? can you see anything?, can you make anything out? (al mirar)
    5 to differentiate, to know the difference.
    * * *
    (gu changes to g before a and o)
    Present Indicative
    distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos, distinguís, distinguen.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperative
    distingue (tú), distinga (él/Vd.), distingamos (nos.), distinguid (vos.), distingan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    1) to differentiate, distinguish
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=diferenciar)
    a) (=ver la diferencia entre) to distinguish

    no resulta fácil distinguir a los mellizos — it is not easy to tell the twins apart, it's not easy to distinguish between the twins

    ¿sabes distinguir un violín de una viola? — can you tell o distinguish a violin from a viola?

    b) (=hacer diferente) to set apart

    lo que nos distingue de los animales — what distinguishes us from the animals, what sets us apart from the animals

    c) (=hacer una distinción entre) to distinguish
    2) (=ver) [+ objeto, sonido] to make out

    ya distingo la costa — I can see o make out the coast now

    3) (=honrar) [+ amigo, alumno] to honour, honor (EEUU)
    4) (=elegir) to single out
    2.
    VI (=ver la diferencia) to tell the difference ( entre between)
    (=hacer una distinción) to make a distinction ( entre between)

    lo mismo le da un vino malo que uno bueno, no distingue — it's all the same to him whether it's a bad wine or a good one, he can't tell the difference

    en su discurso, distinguió entre el viejo y el nuevo liberalismo — in his speech he made a distinction between the old and the new liberalism

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( diferenciar) to distinguish

    distinguir una cosa de otra — to tell o distinguish one thing from another

    b) ( caracterizar) to characterize
    2) ( percibir) to make out

    se distinguía claramente el ruido de las olas — we/he/they could clearly make out the sound of the waves

    3) (con medalla, honor) to honor*
    2.

    distinguirse por algo: se distinguió por su valentía he distinguished himself by his bravery; nuestros productos se distinguen por su calidad our products are distinguished by their quality; distinguirse en algo — to distinguish oneself in something

    * * *
    = delineate, discern, distinguish, draw + distinction, segregate, sift, single out, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, mark out, tell + apart, set + Nombre + apart, tease apart, decouple, discern, make out.
    Ex. PRECIS relies upon citation order (sometimes with the support of prepositions) to record syntactical relationships, and to delineate two similar subjects.
    Ex. Such variations also make it difficult for a cataloguer inserting a new heading for local use to discern the principles which should be heeded in the construction of such a heading.
    Ex. In order to distinguish between all these subjects it is inevitable that longer notations are used.
    Ex. You have failed to draw the correct distinction between a discipline and a phenomenon studied by a discipline.
    Ex. In summary, the advantages of the electronic catalog is the ability to segregate the fast searches from the slowest.
    Ex. Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.
    Ex. Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.
    Ex. Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.
    Ex. To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex. No two paper moulds of the hand-press period were ever precisely identical, and individual moulds can be identified by their paper images; even the two moulds of a pair, which were deliberately made to look alike, can be told apart by the paper made in them.
    Ex. What sets them apart is, primarily, the commercial considerations that directly affect the publishers' gatekeeper role but only indirectly affect that of the librarians.
    Ex. The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex. The physical library will probably become less viable over time and so it is important to decouple the information professional from the library unit.
    Ex. Such variations also make it difficult for a cataloguer inserting a new heading for local use to discern the principles which should be heeded in the construction of such a heading.
    Ex. She could just make out that he was standing against the wall near the door, ready to jump anyone who came out the door.
    ----
    * distinguir a + Nombre + de + Nombre = mark out + Nombre + from + Nombre.
    * distinguir de = mark + Nombre + off from.
    * distinguir entre... y... = draw + the line between... and..., make + distinction between... and..., discern + Nombre + from + Nombre.
    * distinguirse = make + Posesivo + mark, be distinguishable.
    * no distinguir entre... y... = make + little distinction between... and....
    * que distingue entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.
    * que no ayuda a distinguir = nondistinctive.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( diferenciar) to distinguish

    distinguir una cosa de otra — to tell o distinguish one thing from another

    b) ( caracterizar) to characterize
    2) ( percibir) to make out

    se distinguía claramente el ruido de las olas — we/he/they could clearly make out the sound of the waves

    3) (con medalla, honor) to honor*
    2.

    distinguirse por algo: se distinguió por su valentía he distinguished himself by his bravery; nuestros productos se distinguen por su calidad our products are distinguished by their quality; distinguirse en algo — to distinguish oneself in something

    * * *
    = delineate, discern, distinguish, draw + distinction, segregate, sift, single out, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, mark out, tell + apart, set + Nombre + apart, tease apart, decouple, discern, make out.

    Ex: PRECIS relies upon citation order (sometimes with the support of prepositions) to record syntactical relationships, and to delineate two similar subjects.

    Ex: Such variations also make it difficult for a cataloguer inserting a new heading for local use to discern the principles which should be heeded in the construction of such a heading.
    Ex: In order to distinguish between all these subjects it is inevitable that longer notations are used.
    Ex: You have failed to draw the correct distinction between a discipline and a phenomenon studied by a discipline.
    Ex: In summary, the advantages of the electronic catalog is the ability to segregate the fast searches from the slowest.
    Ex: Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.
    Ex: Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.
    Ex: Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: No two paper moulds of the hand-press period were ever precisely identical, and individual moulds can be identified by their paper images; even the two moulds of a pair, which were deliberately made to look alike, can be told apart by the paper made in them.
    Ex: What sets them apart is, primarily, the commercial considerations that directly affect the publishers' gatekeeper role but only indirectly affect that of the librarians.
    Ex: The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex: The physical library will probably become less viable over time and so it is important to decouple the information professional from the library unit.
    Ex: Such variations also make it difficult for a cataloguer inserting a new heading for local use to discern the principles which should be heeded in the construction of such a heading.
    Ex: She could just make out that he was standing against the wall near the door, ready to jump anyone who came out the door.
    * distinguir a + Nombre + de + Nombre = mark out + Nombre + from + Nombre.
    * distinguir de = mark + Nombre + off from.
    * distinguir entre... y... = draw + the line between... and..., make + distinction between... and..., discern + Nombre + from + Nombre.
    * distinguirse = make + Posesivo + mark, be distinguishable.
    * no distinguir entre... y... = make + little distinction between... and....
    * que distingue entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.
    * que no ayuda a distinguir = nondistinctive.

    * * *
    distinguir [I2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (diferenciar) to distinguish
    no sabe distinguir una nota de otra she can't tell o distinguish one note from another
    he aprendido a distinguir los diferentes compositores I've learnt to distinguish (between) o recognize the different composers
    son tan parecidos que es muy difícil distinguirlos they look so much alike it's very difficult to tell them apart o to tell one from the other o to distinguish between them
    yo la distinguiría entre mil I'd recognize o know her anywhere, I could pick her out in a crowd
    2 (caracterizar) to characterize
    B (percibir) to make out
    a lo lejos se distingue la catedral the cathedral can be seen in the distance
    entre los matorrales pudo distinguir algo que se movía she could make out o see something moving in the bushes
    se distinguía claramente el ruido de las olas the sound of the waves could be clearly heard, we/he/they could clearly hear o make out the sound of the waves
    C (con una medalla, un honor) to honor*
    los distinguió con su presencia ( frml); she honored them with her presence ( frml)
    ■ distinguir
    vi
    (discernir): hay que saber distinguir para apreciar la diferencia you have to be discerning to appreciate the difference
    (destacarse) distinguirse POR algo:
    se distinguió por su talento musical he became famous o renowned for his musical talent
    se distinguió por su valor en el combate he distinguished himself by his bravery in battle
    nuestros productos se distinguen por su calidad our products stand out for their quality, our products are distinguished by o for their quality
    distinguirse EN algo to distinguish oneself IN sth, to make a name for oneself IN sth
    * * *

     

    distinguir ( conjugate distinguir) verbo transitivo
    1


    2 ( percibir) ‹figura/sonido› to make out
    3 (con medalla, honor) to honor( conjugate honor)
    distinguirse verbo pronominal ( destacarse): distinguirse por algo [ persona] to distinguish oneself by sth;
    [ producto] to be distinguished by sth
    distinguir verbo transitivo
    1 (reconocer) to recognize
    2 (apreciar la diferencia) to distinguish: no soy capaz de distinguir a Juan de su hermano gemelo, I can't tell Juan from his twin brother
    3 (conferir un privilegio, honor) to honour, US honor
    4 (verse, apreciarse) to make out
    ' distinguir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    discriminar
    - caracterizar
    English:
    differentiate
    - discern
    - distinction
    - distinguish
    - make out
    - pick out
    - separate
    - single out
    - tell
    - tell apart
    - define
    - discriminate
    - know
    - make
    - mark
    - pick
    - right
    - set
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [diferenciar] to distinguish, to tell the difference between;
    ¿tú distingues estas dos camisas? can you tell the difference between these two shirts?;
    me es imposible distinguirlos I can't tell them apart;
    Kant distingue varios tipos de “razón” Kant distinguishes between several kinds of “reason”;
    distinguir algo de algo to tell sth from sth;
    por teléfono no distingo tu voz de la de tu madre I can't tell your voice from your mother's on the telephone;
    no distinguen el verde del azul they can't tell green from blue
    2. [caracterizar] to distinguish, to characterize;
    distinguir algo/a alguien de to distinguish sth/sb from, to set sth/sb apart from;
    esto lo distingue del resto de los mamíferos this distinguishes it from other mammals;
    ¿qué es lo que distingue a un gorila? what are the main characteristics of a gorilla?;
    el grado de adherencia distingue los diversos tipos de neumático the different types of tyre are distinguished by their road-holding capacity;
    su amabilidad la distingue de las demás her kindness sets her apart from the rest
    3. [premiar] to honour;
    ha sido distinguido con numerosos premios he has been honoured with numerous prizes;
    hoy nos distingue con su presencia Don… today we are honoured to have with us Mr…
    4. [vislumbrar, escuchar] to make out;
    ¿distingues algo? [al mirar] can you see anything?, can you make anything out?;
    desde aquí no distingo si es ella o no I can't see if it's her or not from here;
    podía distinguir su voz I could make out her voice
    ♦ vi
    to differentiate, to know the difference ( entre between);
    el público distingue entre un buen y un mal tenor the audience can tell o knows the difference between a good and a bad tenor;
    estudiando mucho uno aprende a distinguir after a lot of study one learns how to discriminate
    * * *
    v/t
    1 distinguish (de from)
    2 ( divisar) make out;
    distinguir algo lejano make out sth in the distance
    3 con un premio honor, Br
    honour
    * * *
    distinguir {26} vt
    1) : to distinguish
    2) : to honor
    * * *
    1. (diferenciar) to distinguish / to tell the difference [pt. & pp. told]
    los gemelos son difíciles de distinguir the twins are hard to tell apart / it's hard to tell the twins apart
    2. (ver) to make out / to see [pt. saw; pp. seen]

    Spanish-English dictionary > distinguir

  • 4 महा _mahā

    1
    महा A cow.
    2
    महा The substitute of महत् at the beginning of Karmadhāraya and Bahuvrīhi compounds, and also at the beginning of some other irregular words. (Note: The number of compounds of which महा is the first mem- ber is very large, and may be multiplied ad infinitum. The more important of them, or such as have peculiar significations, are given below.)
    -Comp. -अक्षः an epithet of Śiva. ˚पटलिक a chief keeper of archives.
    -अङ्ग a. huge, bulky.
    -(ङ्गः) 1 a camel.
    -2 a kind of rat.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -अञ्जनः N. of a mountain.
    -अत्ययः a great danger or calamity.
    -अध्वनिक a. 'having gone a long way', dead.
    -अध्वरः a great sacrifice.
    -अनसम् 1 a heavy carriage.
    -2 cooking utensils. (
    -सी) a kitchen-maid. (
    -सः, -सम्) a kitchen; सूपानस्य करिष्यामि कुशलो$स्मि महानसे Mb.4.2.2.
    -अनिलः a whirl- wind; महानिलेनेव निदाघजं रजः Ki.14.59.
    -अनुभाव a.
    1 of great prowess, dignified, noble, glorious, magnanimous, exalted, illustrious; ग्रहीतुमार्यान् परिचर्यया मुहुर्महानु- भावा हि नितान्तमर्थिनः Śi.1.17; Ś.3.
    -2 virtuous, righteous, just.
    (-वः) 1 a worthy or respectable person.
    -2 (pl.) people of a religious sect in Mahārāṣtra founded by Chakradhara in the 13th century.
    -अन्तकः 1 death.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -अन्धकारः 1 thick darkness.
    -2 gross (spiritual) ignorance.
    -अन्ध्राः (pl.) N. of a people and their country.
    -अन्वय, -अभिजन a. nobly-born, of noble birth. (
    -यः, -नः) noble birth, high descent.
    -अभिषवः the great extraction of Soma.
    -अमात्यः the chief or prime minister (of a king).
    -अम्बुकः an epithet of Śiva.
    -अम्बुजम् a billion.
    -अम्ल a. very sour. (
    -म्लम्) the fruit of the tamarind tree. अरण्यम् a great (dreary) forest, large forest.
    -अर्घ a. very costly, costing a high price; महार्घस्तीर्थानामिव हि महतां को$प्यतिशयः U.6.11. (
    -र्घः) a kind of quail.
    -अर्घ्य a.
    1 valuable, precious.
    -2 invaluable; ines- timable; see महार्ह below.
    -अर्चिस् a. flaming high.
    -अर्णवः 1 the great ocean.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 rich.
    -2 great, noble, dignified.
    -3 important, weighty.
    -4 significant.
    -अर्बुदम् one thousand millions.
    -अर्ह a.
    1 very valuable, very costly; महार्हशय्यापरिवर्तनच्युतैः स्वकेशपुष्पैरपि या स्म दूयते Ku.5.12.
    -2 invaluable, inestimable; महार्हशयनोपेत किं शेषे निहतो भुवि Rām.6.19. 2. (
    -र्हम्) white sandal-wood.
    -अवरोहः the fig-tree.
    -अशनिध्वजः a great banner in the form of the thunderbolt; जहार चान्येन मयूरपत्रिणा शरेण शक्रस्य महाशनि- ध्वजम् R.3.56.
    - अशन a. voracious, gluttonous; Mb. 4.
    -अश्मन् m. a precious stone, ruby.
    -अष्टमी the eighth day in the bright half of Āśvina sacred to Durgā; आश्विने शुक्लपक्षस्य भवेद् या तिथिरष्टमी । महाष्टमीति सा प्रोक्ता......
    -असिः a large sword.
    -असुरी N. of Durgā.
    -अह्नः the afternoon.
    -आकार a. extensive, large, great.
    -आचार्यः 1 a great teacher.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -आढ्य a. wealthy, very rich. (
    -ढ्यः) the Kadamba tree.
    -आत्मन् a.
    1 high-souled, high-minded, magnanimous, noble; अयं दुरात्मा अथवा महात्मा कौटिल्यः Mu.7; द्विषन्ति मन्दाश्चरितं महात्मनाम् Ku.5.75; U.1.49; प्रकृतिसिद्धमिदं हि महात्मनाम् Bh.1.63.
    -2 illustrious, distinguished, exalted, eminent; किमाचाराः किमाहाराः क्व च वासो महात्मनाम् Mb.3. 1.4.
    -3 mighty (महाबल); अथायमस्यां कृतवान् महात्मा लङ्केश्वरः कष्टमनार्यकर्म Rām.5.9.74. (-m.)
    1 the Supreme Spirit; युगपत्तु प्रलीयन्ते यदा तस्मिन् महात्मनि Ms.1.54.
    -2 the great principle, i. e. intellect of the Sāṅkhyas. (महात्मवत् means the same as महात्मन्).
    -आनकः a kind of large drum.
    -आनन्दः, -नन्दः 1 great joy or bliss.
    -2 espe- cially, the great bliss of final beatitude.
    (-न्दा) 1 spirituous liquor.
    -2 a festival on the ninth day in the bright half of Māgha.
    -आपगा a great river.
    -आयुधः an epithet of Śiva.
    -आरम्भ a. undertaking great works, enterprizing. (
    -म्भः) any great enterprize.
    -आलयः 1 a temple in general.
    -2 a sanctuary, an asylum.
    -3 a great dwelling.
    -4 a place of pilgrimage.
    -5 the world of Brahman.
    -6 the Supreme Spirit.
    -7 a tree &c. sacred to a deity.
    -8 N. of a particular dark fortnight.
    -9 पितृश्राद्ध in the month of Bhādra- pada. (
    -या) N. of a particular deity.
    - आशय a. high- souled, nobleminded, magnanimous, noble; दैवात् प्रबुद्धः शुश्राव वराहो हि महाशयः Ks; राजा हिरण्यगर्भो महाशयः H.4; see महात्मन्.
    (-यः) 1 a noble-minded or magnanimous person; महाशयचक्रवर्ती Bv.1.7.
    -2 the ocean.
    -आस्पद a.
    1 occupying a great position.
    -2 mighty, powerful.
    -आहवः a great or tumultuous fight.
    -इच्छ a.
    1 magnanimous, noble-minded, high-souled, noble; मही महेच्छः परिकीर्य सूनौ R.18.33.
    -2 having lofty aims or aspirations, ambitious; विद्यावतां महेच्छानां...... नाश्रयः पार्थिवं विना Pt.1.37.
    -इन्द्रः 1 'the great Indra', N. of Indra; इयं महेन्द्रप्रभृतीनधिश्रियः Ku.5.53; R.13.2; Ms.7.7.
    -2 a chief or leader in general.
    -3 N. of a mountain range; पतिर्महेन्द्रस्य महोदधेश्च R.6.54;4.39,43. ˚चापः rain-bow. ˚नगरी N. of Amarāvatī, the capital of Indra. ˚मन्त्रिन् m. an epithet of Bṛihaspati. ˚वाहः the elephant Airāvata; महेन्द्रवाहप्रतिमो महात्मा Mb.9.17.52.
    -इभ्य a. very rich.
    -इषुः a great archer; अधिरोहति गाण्डीवं महेषौ Ki.13.16.
    -इष्वासः a great archer, a great warrior; अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भामार्जुनसमा युधि Bg.1.4.
    -ईशः, -ईशानः N. of Śiva; महेशस्त्वां धत्ते शिरसि रसराजस्य जयिनीम् Udb. ˚बन्धुः the Bilva tree.
    -ईशानी N. of Pārvatī.
    -ईश्वरः 1 a great lord, sovereign; महेश्वरस्त्र्यम्बक एव नापरः R.; गोप्तारं न निधीनां कथयन्ति महेश्वरं विबुधाः Pt.2.74.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu.
    -4 a god (opp. प्रकृति).
    -5 the Supreme Being (परमात्मा); मायां तु प्रकृतिं विद्यान्मायिनं तु महेश्वरम् Śvet. Up.4.1. ˚सखः N. of Kubera; यया कैलासभवने महेश्वरसखं बली Mb.9.11.55.
    (-री) 1 N. of Durgā.
    -2 a kind of bell-metal.
    -उक्षः (for उक्षन्) a large bull; a full grown or strong bull; महोक्षतां वत्सतरः स्पृशन्निव R.3.32;4.22;6.72; Śi.5.63.
    -उत्पलम् a large blue lotus. (
    -लः) the Sārasa bird.
    -उत्सवः 1 a great festival or occasion of joy; नयनविषयं जन्मन्येकः स एव महोत्सवः Māl.1.36.
    -2 the god of love.
    -उत्साह a. possessed of great energy, energetic, persevering; अहं च कर्णं जानामि...... सत्यसंधं महोत्साहं...... Mb.3.91.2.
    (-हः) 1 perseverance.
    -2 great pride; ये जात्यादिमहो- त्साहान्नरेन्द्रान्नोपयान्ति च । तेषामामरणं भिक्षा प्रायश्चितं विनिर्मितम् ॥ Pt.1.38.
    -उदधिः 1 the great ocean; महोदधेः पूर इवेन्दु- दर्शनात् R.3.17.
    -2 an epithet of Indra. ˚जः a conch- shell, shell.
    - उदय a. very prosperous or lucky, very glorious or splendid, of great prosperity.
    (-यः) 1 (a) great elevation or rise, greatness, prosperity; नन्दस्त्वतीन्द्रियं दृष्ट्वा लोकपालमहोदयम् Bhāg.1.28.1; अपवर्ग- महोदयार्थयोर्भुवमंशाविव धर्मयोर्गतौ R.8.16. (b) great fortune or good luck. (c) greatness, pre-eminence.
    -2 final beatitude.
    -3 a lord, master.
    -4 N. of the district called Kānyakubja or Kanouja; see App.
    -5 N. of the capital of Kanouja.
    -6 sour milk mixed with honey.
    -7 = महात्मन् q. v.; संसक्तौ किमसुलभं महोदयानाम Ki.7.27. ˚पर्वन् a time of union of the middle of श्रवण नक्षत्र and the end of व्यतिपात (generally in the month of माघ or पौष at the beginning of अमावास्या).
    - उदर a. big-bellied, corpulent.
    -(रम्) 1 a big belly.
    -2 dropsy.
    -उदार a.
    1 very generous or magnanimous.
    -2 mighty, powerful.
    -उद्यम a. = महोत्साह q. v; महोद्यमाः कर्म समा- रभन्ते.
    -उद्योग a. very industrious or diligent, hard- working.
    -उद्रेकः a particular measure (= 4 प्रस्थs).
    -उन्नत a. exceedingly lofty. (
    -तः) the palmyra tree.
    -उन्नतिः f. great rise or elevation (fig. also), high rank.
    -उपकारः a great obligation.
    -उपाध्यायः a great preceptor, a learned teacher.
    -उरगः a great serpent; वपुर्महोरगस्येव करालफणमण्डलम् R.12.98.
    -उरस्क a. broad-chested. (
    -स्कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -उर्मिन् m. the ocean; ततः सागरमासाद्य कुक्षौ तस्य महोर्मिणः Mb.3.2.17.
    -उल्का 1 a great meteor.
    -2 a great fire-brand.
    -ऋत्विज् m. 'great priest', N. of the four chief sacri- ficial priests.
    -ऋद्धि a. very prosperous, opulent. (-f.) great prosperity or affluence.
    -ऋषभः a great bull.
    -ऋषिः 1 a great sage or saint; यस्मादृषिः परत्वेन महांस्त- स्मान्महर्षयः; (the term is applied in Ms.1.34 to the ten Prajāpatis or patriarchs of mankind, but it is also used in the general sense of 'a great sage').
    -2 N. of Sacute;iva.
    -3 of Buddha.
    -ओघ a. having a strong current.
    -घः a very large number; शतं खर्व- सहस्राणां समुद्रमभिधीयते । शतं समुद्रसाहस्रं महौघमिति विश्रुतम् ॥ Rām.6.28.37.
    -ओष्ठ (महोष्ठ) a. having large lips. (
    -ष्ठः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -ओजस् a. very mighty or powerful, possessed of great splendour or glory; महौजसा मानधना धनार्चिताः Ki.1.19. (-m.) a great hero or warrior, a champion. (-n.) great vigour.
    -ओजसम् the discus of Viṣṇu (सुदर्शन). (
    -सी) N. of plant (Mar. कांगणी).
    -ओदनी Asparagus Racemosus (Mar. शतावरी).
    -ओषधिः f.
    1 a very efficacious medicinal plant, a sovereign drug.
    -2 the Dūrvā grass.
    -3 N. of various plants ब्राह्मी, श्वेतकण्टकारी, कटुका, अतिविष &c. ˚गणः a collection of great or medicinal herbs:-- पृश्निपर्णी श्यामलता भृङ्गराजः शतावरी । गुड्चा सहदेवी च महौषधिगणः स्मृतः ॥ cf. also सहदेवी तथा व्याघ्री बला चातिबला त्वचा । शङ्खपुष्पी तथा सिंही अष्टमी च सुवर्चला ॥ महौषध्यष्टकं प्रोक्तं....
    -औषधम् 1 a sovereign remedy, panacea.
    -2 ginger.
    -3 garlic.
    -4 a kind of poison (वत्सनाभ).
    -कच्छः 1 the sea.
    -2 N. of Varuṇa.
    -3 a mountain.
    -कन्दः garlic.
    -कपर्दः a kind of shell.
    -कपित्थः 1 the Bilva tree.
    -2 red garlic.
    -कम्बु a. stark naked. (
    -म्बुः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -कर a.
    1 large-handed.
    -2 having a large revenue.
    -कर्णः an epithet of Śiva.
    -कर्मन् a. doing great works. (-m.) an epithet of Śiva.
    -कला the night of the new moon.
    -कल्पः a great cycle of time (1 years of Brahman); Bhāg.7.15.69.
    -कविः 1 a great poet, a classical poet, such as कालिदास, भवभूति, बाण, भारवि &c.
    -2 an epithet of Śukra.
    -कषायः N. of a plant (Mar. कायफळ).
    -कान्तः an epithet of Śiva. (
    -ता) the earth.
    -काय a. big-bodied, big, gigantic, bulky.
    (-यः) 1 an elephant.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu.
    -4 of a being attending on Śiva (= नन्दि).
    -कारुणिक a. exceedingly compassionate.
    -कार्तिकी the night of full-moon in the month of Kārtika.
    -कालः 1 a form of Śiva in his character as the destroyer of the world; महाकालं यजेद्देव्या दक्षिणे धूम्रवर्णकम् Kālītantram.
    -2 N. of a cele- brated shrine or temple of Śiva (Mahākāla) (one of the 12 celebrated Jyotirliṅgas) established at Ujjayinī (immortalized by Kālidāsa in his Meghadūta, which gives a very beautiful description of the god, his temple, worship &c., together with a graphic picture of the city; cf. Me.3-38; also R.6.34); महाकालनिवासिनं कालीविलासिनमनश्वरं महेश्वरं समाराध्य Dk.1.1.
    -3 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -4 N. of a kind of gourd.
    -5 N. of Śiva's servant (नन्दि). ˚पुरम् the city of Ujjayinī. ˚फलम् a red fruit with black seeds; पक्वं महाकालफलं किलासीत् N.22.29.
    -काली an epithet of Durgā in her terrific form.
    -काव्यम् a great or classical poem; (for a full description of its nature, contents &c., according to Rhetoricians see S. D.559). (The number of Mahākāvyas is usually said to be five:-- रघुवंश, कुमारसंभव, किरातार्जुनीय, शिशुपालवध and नैषधचरित or six, if मेघदूत-- a very small poem or खण़्डकाव्य-- be added to the list. But this enumeration is apparently only traditional, as there are several other poems, such as the भट्टिकाव्य, विक्रमाङ्कदेवचरित, हरविजय &c. which have an equal claim to be considered as Mahākāvyas).
    -कीर्तनम् a house.
    -कुमारः the eldest son of a reigning prince, heir-apparent.
    -कुल, -कुलीन a. of noble birth or descent, sprung from a noble family, nobly born. (
    -लम्) a noble birth or family, high descent.
    -कुहः a species of parasitical worm.
    -कृच्छ्रम् a great penance.
    -केतुः N. of Śiva.
    -केशः, -कोशः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 a large sheath.
    -क्रतुः a great sacrifice; e. g. a horse-sacrifice; तदङ्गमग्ऱ्यं मघवन् महाक्रतोरमुं तुरङ्गं प्रतिमोक्तुमर्हसि R.3.46.
    -क्रमः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -क्रोधः an epithet of Śiva.
    -क्षत्रपः a great satrap.
    -क्षीरः sugar-cane.
    -क्षीरा f. a She-buffalo; Nighaṇṭaratnākara.
    -खर्वः, -र्वम् a high number (ten billions ?).
    -गजः a great elephant; see दिक्करिन्.
    -गणपतिः a form of the god Gaṇeśa.
    -गदः fever.
    -गन्ध a. exceedingly fragrant. (
    -न्धः) a kind of cane. (
    -न्धम्) a kind of sandal- wood. (
    -न्धा) N. of Chāmuṇḍā.
    -गर्तः, -गर्भः -गीतः N. of Śiva.
    -गर्दभगन्धिका N. of a plant, भारङ्गी.
    -गल a. longnecked.
    -गवः Bos gavaeus.
    -गुण a. very efficacious, sovereign (as a medicine); त्वया ममैष संबन्धः कपिमुख्य महागुणः Rām.5.1.12. (
    -णः) a chief quality, cardinal virtue.
    -गुरुः a highly respectable or venerable person; (these are three, the father, mother and preceptor; पिता माता तथाचार्यो महागुरुरिति स्मृतः).
    -गुल्मा the Soma plant.
    -गृष्टिः f. a cow with a large hump.
    -ग्रहः 1 an epithet of Rāhu.
    -2 the sun; महाग्रहग्राहविनष्टपङ्कः Rām.5.5.6.
    -ग्रामः N. of the ancient capital of Ceylon, the modern Māgama.
    -ग्रीवः 1 a camel.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -ग्रीविन् m. a camel.
    -घूर्णा spirituous liquor.
    -घृतम् ghee kept for a long time (for medicinal purposes).
    -घोष a. noisy, loud-sounding. (
    -षम्) a market, fair. (
    -षः) a loud noise, clamour.
    -चक्रम् the mystic circle in the शाक्त ceremonial.
    -चक्रवर्तिन् m. a universal monarch.
    -चण्डा N. of Chāmuṇḍā.
    -चपला a kind of metre.
    -चमूः f. a large army.
    -छायः the fig-tree.
    -जङ्घः a camel.
    -जटः an epithet of Śiva.
    -जटा 1 a great braid of hair.
    -2 the matted hair of Śiva.
    -जत्रु a. having a great collar-bone. (
    -त्रुः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -जनः 1 a multitude of men, a great many beings, the general populace or public; महाजनो येन गतः स पन्थाः Mb.3.313. 117; आगम्य तु ततो राजा विसृज्य च महाजनम् 6.98.25.
    -2 the populace, mob; विलोक्य वृद्धोक्षमधिष्ठितं त्वया महाजनः स्मेरमुखो भविष्यति Ku.5.7.
    -3 a great man, a distinguished or eminent man; महाजनस्य संसर्गः कस्य नोन्नतिकारकः । पद्मपत्रस्थितं तोयं धत्ते मुक्ताफलश्रियम् Pt.3.6.
    -4 the chief of a caste or trade.
    -5 a merchant, tradesman.
    -जवः an antelope.
    -जातीय a.
    1 rather large.
    -2 of an excellent kind.
    -जालिः, -ली N. of a plant (Mar. सोनामुखी)
    -जिह्वः an epithet of Śiva.
    -ज्ञानिन् m.
    1 a very learned man.
    -2 a great sage.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -ज्यैष्ठी the day of fullmoon in the month of Jyeṣṭha; ताभिर्दृश्यत एष यान् पथि महाज्यैष्ठीमहे मन्महे N.15.89; पूर्णिमा रविवारेण महाज्यैष्ठी प्रकीर्तिता Agni P.121.63.
    -ज्योतिस् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -ज्वरः great affliction.
    -ज्वाल a. very brilliant or shining.
    (-लः) 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 a sacrificial fire.
    -डीनम् a kind of flight; 'यानं महाडीनमाहुः पवित्रामूर्जितां गतिम्' Mb.8.41.27 (com.).
    -तपस् m.
    1 a great ascetic.
    -2 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -तलम् N. of one of the seven lower regions; see पाताल.
    -तारा N. of a Buddhist goddess.
    -तिक्तः the Nimba tree.
    -तिथिः the 6th day of a lunation.
    -तीक्ष्ण a. exceedingly sharp or pungent. (
    -क्ष्णा) the marking- nut plant.
    -तेजस् a.
    1 possessed of great lustre or splendour.
    -2 very vigorous or powerful, heroic. (-m.)
    1 a hero, warrior.
    -2 fire.
    -3 an epithet of Kārtikeya. (-n.) quick-silver.
    -त्याग, -त्यागिन् a. very generous. (-m.) N. of Śiva.
    -दंष्ट्रः a species of big tiger.
    -दन्तः 1 an elephant with large tusks.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -दण्डः 1 a long arm.
    -2 a severe punishment.
    -दम्भः an epithet of Śiva.
    -दशा the influence exercised (over a man's destiny) by a predominant planet.
    -दानम् the gift of gold equal to one's own weight; अथातः संप्रवक्ष्यामि महादानस्य लक्षणम्.
    -दारु n. the devadāru tree.
    -दुर्गम् a great calamity; Pt.
    -दूषकः a kind of grain.
    -देवः N. of Śiva.
    (-वी) 1 N. of Pārvatī.
    -2 the chief queen.
    -द्रुमः the sacred fig-tree.
    -द्वारम् a large gate, the chief or outer gate of a temple.
    -धन a.
    1 rich.
    -2 expensive, costly; हेमदण्डैर्महाधनैः Rām.7. 77.13.
    (-नम्) 1 gold.
    -2 incense.
    -3 a costly or rich dress.
    -4 agriculture, husbandry.
    -5 anything costly or precious.
    -6 great booty.
    -7 a great battle (Ved.).
    -धनुस् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -धातुः 1 gold.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -3 lymph.
    -4 N. of Meru.
    -धी a. having a great understanding.
    -धुर्यः a full-grown draught ox.
    -ध्वजः a camel.
    -ध्वनिक a. dead.
    -नग्नः an athlete; Buddh.
    -नटः an epithet of Śiva; महानटः किं नु...... तनोति...... साम्प्रतमङ्गहारम् N.22.7; महानटबाहुनेव बद्धभुजाङ्केन Vās.
    -नदः a great river.
    -नदी 1 a great river, such as Gaṅgā, Kṛiṣṇā; मन्दरः पर्वतश्चाक्षो जङ्घा तस्य महानदी Mb.8.34.2; संभूयाम्भोधिमभ्येति महानद्या नगापगा Śi.2.1.
    -2 N. of a river falling into the bay of Bengal.
    -नन्दा 1 spirituous liquor.
    -2 N. of a river.
    -3 ninth day of the bright half of the month of Māgha; माघमासस्य या शुक्ला नवमी लोकपूजिचा । महानन्देति सा प्रोक्ता....
    -नरकः N. of one of the 21 hells.
    -नलः a kind of reed.
    -नवमी the ninth day in the bright half of Āśvina, sacred to the worship of Durgā ततो$नु नवमी यस्मात् सा महानवमी स्मृता.
    -नाटकम् 'the great drama', N. of a drama, also called Hanumannāṭaka, (being popularly ascribed to Hanumat); thus defined by S. D.:-- एतदेव यदा सर्वैः पताकास्थानकैर्युतम् । अङ्कैश्च दशभिर्धीरा महानाटकमूचिरे ॥
    -नाडी sinew, tendon.
    -नादः 1 a loud sound, uproar.
    -2 a great drum.
    -3 a thunder-cloud.
    -4 a shell.
    -5 an elephant.
    -6 a lion.
    -7 the ear.
    -8 a camel.
    -9 an epithet of Śiva. (
    -दम्) a musical instrument.
    -नाम्नी 1 N. of a परिशिष्ट of Sāmaveda.
    -2 (pl.) N. of 9 verses of Sāmaveda beginning with विदा मघवन् विदा.
    -नायकः 1 a great gem in the centre of a string of pearls.
    -2 a great head or chief.
    -नासः an epithet of Śiva.
    -निद्र a. fast asleep. (
    -द्रा) 'the great sleep', death.
    -निम्नम् intestines, abdomen.
    -नियमः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -निर्वाणम् total extinction of individuality (according to the Buddhists).
    -निशा 1 the dead of night, the second and third watches of the night; महानिशा तु विज्ञेया मध्यमं प्रहरद्वयम्
    -2 an epithet of Durgā.
    -नीचः a washerman.
    -नील a. dark-blue. (
    -लः) a kind of sapphire or emerald; इन्द्रनीलमहानीलमणिप्रवरवेदिकम् Rām.5.9.16; महा- महानीलशिलारुचः Śi.1.16;4.44; R.18.42; Kau. A.2.11. 29. ˚उपलः a sapphire.
    -नृत्यः, -नेत्रः an epithet of Śiva.
    -नेमिः a crow.
    -न्यायः the chief rule.
    -पक्ष a.
    1 having many adherents.
    -2 having a large family or retinue; महापक्षे धनिन्यार्थे निक्षेपं निक्षिपेद् बुधः Ms.8.179.
    (-क्षः) 1 an epithet of Garuḍa.
    -2 a kind of duck. (
    -क्षी) an owl.
    -पङ्क्तिः, -पदपङ्क्तिः a kind of metre.
    -पञ्चमूलम् the five great roots:-- बिल्वो$ग्निमन्थः श्योनाकः काश्मरी पाटला तथा । सर्वैस्तु मिलितैरेतैः स्यान्महापञ्चमूलकम् ॥
    -पञ्चविषम् the five great or deadly poisons:-- शृङ्गी च कालकूटश्च मुस्तको वत्सनाभकः । शङ्खकर्णीति योगो$यं महापञ्चविषाभिधः ॥
    -पटः the skin.
    -पथः 1 chief road, principal street, high or main road; संतानकाकीर्णमहापथं तत् Ku.7.3.
    -2 the passage into the next world, i. e. death.
    -3 N. of certain mountain-tops from which devout persons used to throw themselves down to secure entrance into heaven.
    -4 an epithet of Śiva.
    -5 the long pilgrimage to mount Ke- dāra.
    -6 the way to heaven.
    -7 the knowledge of the essence of Śiva acquired in the pilgrimage to Kedāra.
    -पथिक a.
    1 undertaking great journeys.
    -2 one receiving Śulka (toll) on the high way; cf. Mb.12.76.6 (com. महापथिकः समुद्रे नौयानेन गच्छन् यद्वा महापथि शुल्कग्राहकः)
    -पद्मः 1 a particular high number.
    -2 N. of Nārada.
    -3 N. of one of the nine treasures of Kubera.
    -4 N. of the southernmost elephant supporting the world.
    -5 an epithet of Nanda.
    -6 a Kinnara attendant on Kubera.
    (-द्मम्) 1 a white lotus.
    -2 N. of a city. ˚पतिः N. of Nanda.
    -पराकः a. a particular penance; Hch.
    -पराङ्णः a late hour in the afternoon.
    -पवित्रः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -पशुः large cattle; महापशूनां हरणे... दण्डं प्रकल्पयेत् Ms.8.324.
    -पातः a long flight; Pt.2.58.
    -पातकम् 1 a great sin, a heinous crime; ब्रह्महत्या सुरापानं स्तेयं गुर्वङ्गनागमः । महान्ति पातकान्याहुस्तत्संसर्गश्च पञ्चमम् ॥ Ms.1154.
    -2 any great sin or transgression.
    -पात्रः a prime minister.
    -पादः an epithet of Śiva.
    -पाप्मन् a. very sinful or wicked.
    -पुराणम् N. of a Purāṇa; महापुराणं विज्ञेयमेकादशकलक्षणम् Brav. P.
    -पुंसः a great man.
    -पुरुषः 1 a great man, an eminent or distinguished personage; शब्दं महापुरुषसंविहितं निशम्य U. 6.7.
    -2 the Supreme Spirit.
    -3 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -पौरुषिकः a worshipper of Viṣṇu; तदहं ते$भिधास्यामि महापौरुषिको भवान् Bhāg.2.1.1.
    -पुष्पः a kind of worm.
    -पूजा great worship; any solemn worship performed on extraordinary occasions.
    -पृष्ठः a camel.
    -पोटगलः a kind of large reed.
    -प्रजापतिः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -प्रतीहारः a chief door-keeper.
    -प्रपञ्चः the great universe.
    -प्रभ a. of great lustre. (
    -भः) the light of a lamp.
    -प्रभुः 1 a great lord.
    -2 a king, sovereign.
    -3 a chief.
    -4 an epithet of Indra.
    -5 of Śiva
    -6 of Viṣṇu.
    -7 a great saint or holy man.
    -प्रलयः 'the great dissolution', the total annihilation of the universe at the end of the life of Brahman, when all the lokas with their inha- bitants, the gods, saints &c. including Brahman himself are annihilated; महाप्रलयमारुत...... Ve.3.4.
    -प्रश्नः a knotty question.
    -प्रसादः 1 a great favour.
    -2 a great present (of food offered to an idol); पादोदकं च निर्माल्यं नैवेद्यं च विशेषतः । महाप्रसाद इत्युक्त्वा ग्राह्यं विष्णोः प्रयत्नतः
    -प्रस्थानम् 1 departing this life, death.
    -2 setting out on a great journey for ending life; इहैव निधनं याम महाप्रस्थानमेव वा Rām.2.47.7 (com. महाप्रस्थानं मरणदीक्षा- पूर्वकमुत्तराभिमुखगमनम्); Mb.1.2.365.
    -प्राणः 1 the hard breathing or aspirate sound made in the pronunciation of the aspirates.
    -2 the aspirated letters themselves (pl.); they are:-- ख्, घ्, छ्, झ्, ठ्, ढ्, थ्, ध्, फ्, भ्, श्, ष्, स्, ह्.
    -3 a raven.
    -प्राणता possession of great strength or essence; अन्यांश्च जीवत एव महाप्राणतया स्फुरतो जग्राह K.
    -प्रेतः a noble departed spirit.
    -प्लवः a great flood, deluge;... क्षिप्तसागरमहाप्लवामयम् Śi.14.71.
    -फल a.
    1 bearing much fruit.
    -2 bringing much reward.
    (-ला) 1 a bitter gourd.
    -2 a kind of spear.
    (-लम्) 1 a great fruit or reward.
    -2 a testicle.
    -फेना the cuttle-fish bone.
    -बन्धः a peculiar position of hands or feet.
    -बभ्रुः a kind of animal living in holes.
    -बल a. very strong; नियुज्यमानो राज्याय नैच्छद्राज्यं महाबलः Rām
    (-लः) 1 wind, storm.
    -2 a Buddha.
    -3 a solid bamboo.
    -4 a palm.
    -5 a crocodile.
    -बला N. of a plant; महाबला च पीतपुष्पा सहदेवी च सा स्मृता Bhāva. P. (
    -लम्) lead. ˚ईश्वरः N. of a Liṅga of Śiva near the modern Mahābaleśwara.
    -बाध a. causing great pain or damage.
    -बाहु a. long-armed, powerful. (
    -हुः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -बि(वि)लम् 1 the atmosphere.
    -2 the heart.
    -3 a water-jar, pitcher.
    -4 a hole, cave.
    -बिसी a variety of skin (चर्म), a product of द्वादशग्राम in the Himālayas.
    -बी(वी)जः an epithet of Śiva.
    -बी (वी)ज्यम् the perinæum.
    -बुध्न a. having a great bottom or base (as a mountain).
    -बुशः barley.
    -बृहती a kind of metre.
    -बोधिः 1 the great intelligence of a Buddha.
    -2 a Buddha.
    -ब्रह्मम्, -ब्रह्मन् n. the Supreme Spirit.
    -ब्राह्मणः 1 a great or learned Brāhmaṇa.
    -2 a low or contemptible Brāhmaṇa.
    -भटः a great warrior; तदोजसा दैत्यमहाभटार्पितम् Bhāg.
    -भद्रा N. of the river Gaṅgā.
    -भाग a.
    1 very fortunate or blessed, very lucky or prosperous.
    -2 illustrious, distinguished, glo- rious; उभौ धर्मौ महाभागौ Mb.12.268.3; महाभागः कामं नरपतिरभिन्नस्थितिरसौ Ś.5.1; Ms.3.192.
    -3 very pure or holy, highly virtuous; पतिव्रता महाभागा कथं नु विचरिष्यति Mb.4.3.16.
    -भागता, -त्वम्, -भाग्यम् 1 extreme good fortune, great good luck, prosperity.
    -2 great excel- lence or merit.
    -भागवतम् the great Bhāgavata, one of the 18 Purāṇas. (
    -तः) a great worshipper of Viṣṇu.
    -भागिन् a. very fortunate or prosperous.
    -भाण्डम् a chief treasury.
    -भारतम् N. of the celebrated epic which describes the rivalries and contests of the sons of Dhṛitarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu. (It consists of 18 Parvans or books, and is said to be the composition of Vyāsa; cf. the word भारत also); महत्त्वाद्भारतत्वाच्च महाभारतमुच्यते
    -भाष्यम् 1 a great commentary.
    -2 particularly, the great commentary of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini.
    -भासुरः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -भिक्षुः N. of Śākyamuni.
    -भीता a kind of sensitive plant (लाजाळू).
    -भीमः an epithet of king Śantanu.
    -भीरुः a sort of beetle or fly.
    -भुज a. long-armed, powerful.
    -भूतम् a great or primary element; see भूत; तस्यैतस्य महाभूतस्य निःश्वसितमेतद्यदृग्वेदः Up.; तं वेधा विदधे नूनं महाभूतसमाधिना R.1. 29; Ms.1.6.
    (-तः) 1 the Supreme Being.
    -2 a great creature.
    -भोगः 1 a great enjoyment.
    -2 a great coil or hood; great winding.
    -3 a serpent. (
    -गा) an epi- thet of Durgā.
    -मणिः 1 a costly or precious jewel; संस्कारोल्लिखितो महामणिरिव क्षीणो$पि नालक्ष्यते Ś.6.5.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -मति a.
    1 high-minded.
    -2 clever. (
    -तिः) N. of Bṛihaspati or Jupiter.
    -मत्स्यः a large fish, sea-monster.
    -मद a. greatly intoxicated. (
    -दः) an elephant in rut.
    -मनस्, -मनस्क a.
    1 high-minded, noble- minded, magnanimous; ततो युधिष्ठिरो राजा धर्मपुत्रो महामनाः Mb.4.1.7.
    -2 liberal.
    -3 proud, haughty. (-m) a fabulous animal called शरभ q. v.
    -मन्त्रः 1 any sacred text of the Vedas.
    -2 a great or efficacious charm, a powerful spell.
    -मन्त्रिन् m. the prime-minister, premier.
    -मयूरी N. of Buddhist goddess.
    -मलहारी a kind of Rāgiṇi.
    -महः a great festive procession; Sinhās.
    -महस् n. a great light (seen in the sky).
    -महोपाध्यायः 1 a very great preceptor.
    -2 a title given to learned men and reputed scholars; e. g. महामहो- पाध्यायमल्लिनाथसूरि &c.
    -मांसम् 'costly flesh', especially human flesh; न खलु महामांसविक्रयादन्यमुपायं पश्यामि Māl.4; अशस्त्रपूतं निर्व्याजं पुरुषाङ्गोपकल्पितम् । विक्रीयते महामांसं गृह्यतां गृह्यतामिदम् 5.12 (see Jagaddhara ad loc.).
    -माघी the full-moon day in the month of Māgha.
    -मात्र a.
    1 great in measure, very great or large.
    -2 most excellent, best; वृष्ण्यन्धकमहामात्रैः सह Mb.1.221.27; 5.22.37.
    (-त्रः) 1 a great officer of state, high state- official, a chief minister; (मन्त्रे कर्मणि भूषायां वित्ते माने परिच्छदे । मात्रा च महती येषां महामात्रास्तु ते स्मृताः); Ms. 9.259; गूढपुरुषप्रणिधिः कृतमहामात्रापसर्पः (v. l. महामात्यापसर्पः) पौरजानपदानपसर्पयेत् Kau. A.1.13.9; Rām.2.37.1.
    -2 an elephant-driver or keeper; मदोन्मत्तस्य भूपस्य कुञ्जरस्य च गच्छतः । उन्मार्गं वाच्यतां यान्ति महामात्राः समीपगाः ॥ Pt.1.161.
    -3 a superintendent of elephants.
    (-त्री) 1 the wife of a chief minister.
    -2 the wife of a spiritual teacher.
    -मानसी N. of a Jain goddess.
    -मान्य a. being in great honour with; मकरन्दतुन्दिलानामरविन्दानामयं महामान्यः Bv.1.6.
    -मायः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -माया 1 worldly illusion, which makes the material world appear really existent.
    -2 N. of Durgā; महामाया हरेश्चैषा यया संमोह्यते जगत् Devīmāhātmya.
    -मायूरम् a particular drug. (
    -री) N. of an amulet and a goddess; Buddh.
    -मारी 1 cholera, an epidemic.
    -2 an epithet of Durgā.
    -मार्गः high road, main street. ˚पतिः a superintendent of roads.
    -मालः N. of Śiva.
    -माहेश्वरः a great worshipper of Maheśvara or Śiva.
    -मुखः a crocodile.
    -मुद्रा a parti- cular position of hands or feet (in practice of yoga).
    -मुनिः 1 a great sage.
    -2 N. of Vyāsa.
    -3 an epithet of Buddha.
    -4 of Agastya.
    -5 the coriander plant. (
    -नि n.)
    1 coriander seed.
    -2 any medicinal herb or drug.
    -मूर्तिः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -मूर्धन् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -मूलम् a large radish. (
    -लः) a kind of onion.
    -मूल्य a. very costly. (
    -ल्यः) a ruby.
    -मृगः 1 any large animal.
    -2 an elephant,
    -3 the fabulous animal called शरभ.
    -मृत्युः, -मेधः N. of Śiva.
    -मृत्युंजयः a kind of drug.
    -मृधम् a great battle.
    -मेदः the coral tree; महामेदाभिधो ज्ञेयः Bhāva. P.
    -मेधा an epithet of Durgā.
    -मोहः great infatuation or confusion of mind. (ससर्ज) महामोहं च मोहं च तमश्चाज्ञानवृत्तयः Bhāg.3.12.2. (
    -हा) an epithet of Durgā.
    -यज्ञः 'a great sacrifice', a term applied to the five daily sacrifices or acts of piety to be performed by a house-holder; अध्यापनं ब्रह्मयज्ञः पितृयज्ञस्तु तर्पणम् । होमो दैवो (or देवयज्ञः) बलिर्भौतो (or भूतयज्ञः) नृयज्ञो$तिथिपूजनम् ॥ Ms.3.7,71, (for explanation, see the words s. v.).
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -यमकम् 'a great Yamaka', i. e. a stanza all the four lines of which have exactly the same words, though different in sense; e. g. see Ki.15.52, where विकाशमीयुर्जगतीशमार्गणाः has four different senses; cf. also बभौ मरुत्वान् विकृतः समुद्रः Bk.1.19.
    -यशस् a. very famous, renowned, celebrated.
    -यात्रा 'the great pilgrimage', the pilgrimage to Benares.
    -यानम् N. of the later system of Buddhist teaching, firstly promul- gated by Nāgārjuna (opp. हीनयान).
    -याम्यः an epi- thet of Viṣṇu.
    -युगम् 'a great Yuga', consisting of the four Yugas of mortals, or comprising 4,32, years of men.
    -योगिन् m.
    1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -3 a cock.
    -योनिः f. excessive dilation of the female organ.
    -रक्तम् coral.
    -रङ्गः a large stage.
    -रजतम् 1 gold; उच्चैर्महारजतराजिविराजितासौ Śi.4.28.
    -2 the thorn-apple.
    -रजनम् 1 safflower.
    -2 gold.
    -3 turmeric; तस्य हैतस्य पुरुषस्य रूपं यथा महारजनं वासः Bṛi. Up.2.3.6.
    -रत्नम् 1 a precious jewel; वज्रं मुक्ता प्रवालं च गोमेदश्चेन्द्रनीलकः ॥ वैडूर्यः पुष्करागश्च पाचिर्माणिक्यमेव च । महारत्नानि चैतानि नव प्रोक्तानि सूरिभिः ॥ Śukra.4.155-56.
    -रथः 1 a great chariot.
    -2 a great warrior or hero; द्रुपदश्च महारथः Bg.1.4; कुतः प्रभावो धनंजयस्य महारथजयद्रथस्य विपत्तिमुत्पादयितुम् Ve.2; दशरथः प्रशशास महारथः R.9.1; Śi.3.22; (a महारथ is thus defined:-- एको दशसहस्राणि योधयेद्यस्तु धन्विनाम् ॥ शस्त्रशास्त्र- प्रवीणश्च विज्ञेयः स महारथः ॥).
    -3 desire, longing; cf. मनोरथ.
    -रवः a frog.
    -रस a. very savoury.
    (-सः) 1 a sugar- cane.
    -2 quicksilver.
    -3 a precious mineral.
    -4 the fruit of the date tree.
    -5 any one of the eight substan- ces given below:-- दरदः पारदं शस्ये वैक्रान्तं कान्तमभ्रकम् । माक्षिकं विमलश्चेति स्युरेते$ष्टौ महारसाः ॥ (
    -सम्) sour ricewater.
    -राजः 1 a great king, sovereign or supreme ruler; पञ्चाशल्लक्षपर्यन्तो महाराजः प्रकीर्तितः Śukra.1.184.
    -2 a respect- ful mode of addressing kings or other great personages (my lord, your majesty, your highness); इति सत्यं महाराज बद्धो$स्म्यर्थेन कौरवैः Mb.
    -3 a deified Jaina teacher.
    -4 a fingernail. ˚अधिराजः a universal emperor, para- mount sovereign. ˚चूतः a kind of mango tree.
    -राजिकः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -राजिकाः (m. pl.) an epithet of a class of gods (said to be 22 or 236 in number.).
    -राज्यम् the rank or title of a reigning sovereign.
    -राज्ञी 1 the reigning or chief queen, principal wife of a king.
    -2 N. of Durgā.
    -रात्रम् midnight, dead of night.
    -रात्रिः, -त्री f.
    1 see महाप्रलय; ब्रह्मणश्च निपाते च महाकल्पो भवेन्नृप । प्रकीर्तिता महारात्रिः.
    -2 midnight.
    -3 the eighth night in the bright half of Āśvina.
    -राष्ट्रः 'the great kingdom', N. of a country in the west of India, the country of the Marāṭhās.
    -2 the people of Mahārāṣṭra; the Marāṭhās (pl.). (
    -ष्ट्री) N. of the principal Prākṛita; dialect, the language of the people of the Mahārāṣṭra; cf. Daṇḍin:-- महाराष्ट्राश्रयां भाषां प्रकृष्टं प्राकृतं विदुः Kāv.1.34.
    -रिष्टः a kind of Nimba tree growing on mountains.
    -रुज्, -ज a. very painful.
    -रुद्रः a form of Śiva.
    -रुरुः a species of antelope.
    -रूप a. mighty in form.
    (-पः) 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 resin.
    -रूपकम् a kind of drama.
    -रेतस् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -रोगः a dangerous illness, grievous malady; (these are eight:-- उन्मादो राजयक्ष्मा च श्वासस्त्वग्दोष एव च । मधुमेहश्चाश्मरी च तथो- दरभगन्दरौ ॥).
    -रौद्र a. very dreadful. (
    -द्री) an epithet of Durgā.
    -रौरवः N. of one of the 21 hells; Ms.4.88-9.
    -लक्ष्मी 1 the great Lakṣmī, or Śakti of Nārāyaṇa; सेवे सैरिभमर्दिनीमिह महालक्ष्मीं सरोजस्थिताम्.
    -2 a young girl who represents the goddess Durgā at the Durgā festival.
    -लयः 1 a great world destruction.
    -2 the Supreme Being (महदादीनां लयो यस्मिन्).
    -लिङ्गम् the great Liṅga or Phallus. (
    -ङ्गः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -लोलः a crow.
    -लोहम् a magnet.
    -वंशः N. of a wellknown work in Pali (of the 5th century).
    -वक्षस् m. epithet of Śiva.
    -वनम् a large forest in Vṛindāvana.
    -वरा Dūrvā grass.
    -वराहः 'the great boar', an epithet of Viṣṇu in his third or boar incarnation.
    -वर्तनम् high wages;
    -वल्ली 1 the Mādhavī creeper.
    -2 a large creeping plant.
    -वसः the porpoise.
    -वसुः silver; Gīrvāṇa.
    -वाक्यम् 1 a long sentence.
    -2 any continuous composition or literary work.
    -3 a great proposition, principal sentence; such as तत्त्वमसि, ब्रह्मैवेदं सर्वम् &c.
    -4 a complete sentence (opp. अवान्तरवाक्य q. v.); न च महावाक्ये सति अवान्तरवाक्यं प्रमाणं भवति ŚB. on MS.6.4.25.
    -वातः a stormy wind, violent wind; महावाता<?>तैर्महिषकुलनीलैर्जलधरैः Mk.5.22.
    -वादिन् m. a great or powerful disputant.
    -वायुः 1 air (as an element).
    -2 stormy wind, hur- ricane, tempest.
    -वार्तिकम् N. of the Vārtikas of Kātyāyana on Pāṇini's Sūtras.
    -विडम् a kind of factitious salt.
    -विदेहा N. of a certain वृत्ति or condition of the mind in the Yoga system of philosophy.
    -विद्या the great lores; काली तारा महाविद्या षोडशी भुवनेश्वरी । भैरवी छिन्नमस्ता च विद्या धूमवती तथा । बगला सिद्धविद्या च मातङ्गी कमला- त्मिका । एता दश महाविद्याः... ॥
    -विपुला a kind of metre.
    -विभाषा a rule giving a general option or alternative; इति महाविभाषया साधुः.
    -विभूतिः an epithet of Śiva.
    -विषः a serpent having two mouths.
    -विषुवम् the vernal equinox. ˚संक्रान्तिः f. the vernal equinox (the sun's entering the sign Aries).
    -विस्तर a. very extensive or copious.
    -वीचिः N. of a hell.
    -वीरः 1 a great hero or warrior.
    -2 a lion.
    -3 the thunderbolt of Indra.
    -4 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -5 of Garuḍa.
    -6 of Hanumat.
    -7 a cuckoo.
    -8 a white horse.
    -9 a sacrificial fire.
    -1 a sacrificial vessel.
    -11 a kind of hawk. ˚चरितम् N. of a celebrated drama by Bhavabhūti.
    -वीर्य a. of great valour, very powerful.
    (-र्यः) 1 N. of Brah- man.
    -2 the Supreme Being. (
    -र्या) the wild cotton shrub.
    -2 an epithet of संज्ञा, the wife of the sun.
    -वृषः a great bull.
    -वेग a.
    1 very swift or fleet.
    (-गः) 1 great speed, excessive velocity.
    -2 an ape.
    -3 the bird Garuḍa.
    -वेघः a particular position of hands or feet (in the practice of Yoga).
    -वेल a. billowy.
    -व्याधिः f.
    1 a great disease.
    -2 a very bad kind of leprosy (black leprosy).
    -व्याहृतिः f. a great mystical word, i. e. भूर्, भुवस् and स्वर्.
    -व्रत a. very devotional, rigidly observing vows.
    (-तम्) 1 a great vow, a great reli- gious observance; a vow for not taking even water for a month; महाव्रतं चरेद्यस्तु Mb.12.35.22 (com. महाव्रतं मासमात्रं जलस्यापि त्यागः).
    -2 any great or funda- mental duty; प्राणैरपि हिता वृत्तिरद्रोहो व्याजवर्जनम् । आत्मनीव प्रियाधानमेतन्मैत्रीमहाव्रतम् Mv.5.59; क्रतौ महाव्रते पश्यन् ब्रह्मचारी- त्वरीरतम् N.17.23.
    -व्रतिन् m.
    1 a devotee, an ascetic.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -शक्तिः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Kārtikeya.
    -शङ्कुः the sine of the sun's eleva- tion.
    -शङ्खः 1 a great conch-shell; पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं Bg.1.15; महाशङ्खमयी माला ताराविद्याजपे प्रिया Tantra.
    -2 the temporal bone, forehead.
    -3 a human bone.
    -4 a particular high number.
    -5 one of Kubera's treasures.
    -शठः a kind of thorn-apple.
    -शब्द a. making a loud sound, very noisy, boisterous.
    -शल्कः a kind of sea- crab or prawn; Ms.3.272.
    -शालः a great householder.
    -शालिः a kind of large and sweetsmelling rice.
    -शाल्वणम् ('great fomentation') N. of a remedy; Suśr.
    -शासन a.
    1 exercising great power.
    -2 whose commands are great; त्रैलोक्यघिपतित्वमेव विरसं यस्मिन् महा- शासने Bh.3.8.
    (-नम्) 1 the knowledge of Brahma as expounded in the Upaniṣadas.
    -2 great order of government.
    -शिरस् m. a kind of serpent.
    -शिवरात्रिः N. of a festival on the 14th day of the dark half of Māgha,
    -शुक्तिः f. a pearl-shell.
    -शुक्ला an epithet of Sarasvatī.
    -शुभ्रम् silver.
    -शूद्रः (-द्री f.)
    1 a Sūdra in a high position.
    -2 a cowherd.
    -3 an upper servant. (
    -द्री) a female cow-keeper. (
    -द्रा) a Śudra woman in a high position.
    -शून्यम् a particular mental condi- tion of a Yogin.
    -शृङ्गः 1 a species of stag.
    -2 the शरभ animal.
    -श्मशानम् an epithet of Benares.
    -श्यामा the Sissoo tree. (Mar. शिसवी).
    -श्रमणः 1 an epithet of Buddha.
    -2 a Jain monk.
    -श्लक्ष्णा sand.
    -श्वासः a kind of asthma.
    -श्वेता 1 an epithet of Sarasvatī.
    -2 of Durgā.
    -3 white sugar.
    -संहिता great combi- nation.
    -संक्रान्तिः f. the winter solstice.
    -सती a very chaste woman.
    -सत्ता absolute existence.
    -सत्यः an epithet of Yama.
    -सत्त्व a.
    1 noble.
    -2 very strong or powerful.
    -3 just, righteous.
    (-त्त्वः) 1 a large animal.
    -2 N. of Sākyamuni.
    -3 an epithet of Kubera.
    -संधिविग्रहः the office of the minister of peace and war.
    -सन्नः an epithet of Kubera.
    -सन्निः m. (in music) a kind of measure.
    -समुद्रः the great ocean.
    -सर्गः a great or completely new creation (after a complete destruction of the world).
    -सर्जः the bread- fruit or jack-tree.
    -साधनभागः a great executive officer.
    -सांतपनः a kind of very rigid penance; see Ms.11. 218.
    -सांधिविग्रहिकः a minister of peace and war.
    -सामन्तः a great vassal.
    -सामान्यम् the widest genera- lity.
    -सारः a kind of Khadira tree.
    -सारथिः an epithet of Aruṇa.
    -साहसम् great violence or outrage, great audacity.
    -साहसिकः a dacoit, highwayman, a daring robber.
    -सिंहः the fabulous animal called Śarabha.
    -सिद्धिः f. a kind of magical power.
    -सुखम् 1 great pleasure.
    -2 copulation. (
    -खः) a Buddha.
    -सुगन्धम् a fragrant unguent.
    -सुगन्धिः a kind of antidote.
    -सुधा silver; Gīrvāṇa.
    -सुभिक्षम् good times.
    -सूक्तः the composer of the great Sūktas or hymns of the 1th Maṇḍala of the Ṛigveda.
    -सूक्ष्मा sand.
    -सूतः a mili- tary drum.
    -सेनः 1 an epithet of Kārtikeya; महासेन- प्रसूतिं तद्ययौ शरवणं महत् Rām.7.16.1.
    -2 the commander of a large army. (
    -ना) a great army.
    -स्कन्धः a camel.
    -स्थली the earth.
    -स्थानम् a great position.
    -स्नेहः a combination of the 4 kinds of fat.
    -स्मृतिः the Ṣaḍaṅgas and Smṛitis; महास्मृतिं पठेद्यस्तु तथैवानुस्मृतिं शुभाम् Mb.12.2.3.
    -स्रोतस् n. the bowels.
    -स्रग्विन् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -स्वनः a kind of drum.
    -हंसः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -हविस् n. clarified butter.
    -हस्तः an epithet of Śiva.
    -हासः a loud or boisterous laughter, cachinnation.
    -हिमवत् m. N. of a mountain.
    -ह्रस्वा N. of a plant (Mar. कुहिली).

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > महा _mahā

  • 5 repulsa

    f.
    1 condemnation (censura).
    2 repulse, rebuff, rejection, repulsion.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: repulsar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: repulsar.
    * * *
    1 (rechazo) rebuff
    2 (negativa) refusal, rejection
    3 (condena) condemnation
    4 (reprimenda) reprimand
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de oferta, persona] rejection
    [de violencia]
    2) (Mil) check
    * * *
    femenino ( condena) condemnation; ( rechazo) rejection
    * * *
    = condemnation, revulsion, repudiation, denouncement, denunciation, wrath.
    Ex. This article critically examines Blaise Cronin's condemnation of social responsibility in librarianship.
    Ex. As part of the worldwide revulsion against the fierce crackdown of peaceful dissidents now occurring in Cuba, the U.S. Congress has voted 414-0 to condemn the Cuban government for raiding 22 libraries.
    Ex. These elite books are distinguished by their visible repudiation of mass culture and commercialism.
    Ex. The second document is a denouncement of slavery by Greenwich, who mobilizes the best tradition of scriptural exegesis to make his case.
    Ex. These denunciations make libraries look both sanctimonious and hypocritical for trying to save the world when they have failed to put ther own house in order.
    Ex. There is an element of scepticism about scholarly writing in the field of librarianship, and an element of fear of the wrath of those at the head of the profession.
    * * *
    femenino ( condena) condemnation; ( rechazo) rejection
    * * *
    = condemnation, revulsion, repudiation, denouncement, denunciation, wrath.

    Ex: This article critically examines Blaise Cronin's condemnation of social responsibility in librarianship.

    Ex: As part of the worldwide revulsion against the fierce crackdown of peaceful dissidents now occurring in Cuba, the U.S. Congress has voted 414-0 to condemn the Cuban government for raiding 22 libraries.
    Ex: These elite books are distinguished by their visible repudiation of mass culture and commercialism.
    Ex: The second document is a denouncement of slavery by Greenwich, who mobilizes the best tradition of scriptural exegesis to make his case.
    Ex: These denunciations make libraries look both sanctimonious and hypocritical for trying to save the world when they have failed to put ther own house in order.
    Ex: There is an element of scepticism about scholarly writing in the field of librarianship, and an element of fear of the wrath of those at the head of the profession.

    * * *
    1 (condena) condemnation
    2 (rechazo) rejection
    * * *

    repulsa sustantivo femenino ( condena) condemnation;
    ( rechazo) rejection
    repulsa sustantivo femenino condemnation, rejection: su gesto mereció la repulsa del auditorio, the gesture he made earned him the audience's wrath
    ' repulsa' also found in these entries:
    English:
    repulsion
    * * *
    [censura] condemnation;
    se produjo una manifestación de repulsa por el atentado there was a demonstration in condemnation of the attack
    * * *
    f condemnation, rejection

    Spanish-English dictionary > repulsa

  • 6 महाभूत


    mahā́-bhūta
    mfn. being great, great MBh. ;

    m. a great creature orﾠ being ib. ;
    n. a great element, gross element (of which 5 are reckoned,
    viz. ether, air, fire, water, earth Up. Nir. Mn. etc. <cf. IW. 83, 221 >,
    as distinguished from the subtle element orﾠ Tanmātra, q.v.) IW. 221 ;
    - ghaṭa m. a jar with a figurative representation of the 5 element Hcat. (w.r. - dhaṭa);
    - ṭa-dāna n. a kind of religious gift Cat.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > महाभूत

  • 7 duda

    f.
    1 doubt.
    poner algo en duda to call something into question
    sacar a alguien de la duda to remove somebody's doubts
    salir de dudas to set one's mind at rest
    sin duda without (a) doubt
    tengo mis dudas I have my doubts
    ¡la duda ofende! how could you doubt me!
    no cabe duda there is no doubt about it
    no te quepa duda don't doubt it, make no mistake about it
    2 acatalepsia.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: dudar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: dudar.
    * * *
    1 doubt
    \
    no hay duda there is no doubt
    no te quepa duda make no mistake about it
    poner algo en duda to question something
    sacar a alguien de dudas to dispel somebody's doubts
    salir de dudas to shed one's doubts
    sin duda no doubt, without a doubt
    sin la menor duda without the slightest doubt
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=incertidumbre) doubt

    queda la duda en pie sobre... — doubt remains about...

    • un hecho que no admite duda — an unquestionable fact

    • ante la duda, no lo hagas — if in doubt, don't

    • me asaltó la duda de si... — I was suddenly seized by a doubt as to whether...

    • no cabe duda de que... — there can be no doubt that...

    no me cabe la menor duda de que vamos a ganar — I have absolutely no doubt that we will win, there is absolutely no doubt in my mind that we will win

    • en caso de duda — if in doubt

    "en caso de duda, consulte a su farmacéutico" — "if in doubt, consult your pharmacist"

    • para desvanecer o disipar toda duda — in order to clear up any doubts, to banish all doubts

    • estar en duda, aún está en duda si él será el nuevo director — there's still some doubt as to o about whether he will be the new manager

    estoy en la duda sobre si me iré de vacaciones o no — I'm undecided o in two minds about whether to go on holiday or not

    • fuera de toda duda — beyond all doubt

    • sin lugar a duda(s) — without doubt, undoubtedly

    • poner algo en duda — to question sth, doubt sth

    no pongo en duda que sea verdad, pero... — I don't doubt that it's true, but...

    • sacar a algn de dudas o de la duda — to clear things up for sb

    • salir de dudas, pregúntaselo a él, así saldremos de dudas — ask him, then we'll know

    pues no salimos de dudas — we're none the wiser, then

    • sin duda — undoubtedly

    esta es, sin duda alguna, una de las mejores novelas que he leído — this is, without (any) doubt, one of the best novels I've read, this is undoubtedly one of the best novels I've read

    • sin sombra de duda — without a shadow of a doubt

    la duda ofende —

    ¿cómo que si te lo voy a devolver?, por favor, la duda ofende — what do you mean am I going to give it back to you?, how could you think otherwise?

    2) (=pregunta) question, query

    ¿queda alguna duda? — are there any queries?

    * * *
    1) (interrogante, sospecha) doubt

    expuso sus dudas sobre... — he expressed his reservations about...

    ¿tienen alguna duda? — are there any queries o questions?

    no cabe ninguna duda or la menor duda — there cannot be the slightest doubt

    sin duda or sin lugar a dudas — undoubtedly

    ante or en la duda, abstente — if in doubt, don't

    2) (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión)

    no sé que hacer, estoy en (la) duda — I don't know what to do; I'm of (AmE) o (BrE) in two minds about it

    * * *
    = doubt, reservation, qualm, perplex, quandary, equivocation.
    Ex. However, for others, the ideal status had not yet been achieved and there was doubt about the practical applicability of equity laws.
    Ex. Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex. In the article 'Caveats, qualms, and quibbles: a revisionist view of library automation', a public librarian expresses his concern about computers in libraries and the lack of healthy scepticism in libraries when considering the likely benefits of automation.
    Ex. The article 'The print perplex' asserts that librarians must deal with a future of mixed print and digital material, since most books will never be in digital form.
    Ex. The increasing use and popularity of the Internet and phytomedicinals (medicinal herbs and medical botanics) have created a quandary for researchers, consumers and information professionals.
    Ex. We stand with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and other distinguished speakers in stating without equivocation that everyone has the right to freedom of expression.
    ----
    * arrojar dudas sobre = cast + doubt on, cast + doubt on.
    * con dudas = uncertainly.
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * demostrar sin ninguna duda = demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * demostrar sin ningún género de duda = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, demonstrate + emphatically, demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * despertar dudas = stir + doubts.
    * disipar dudas = dispel + doubts.
    * duda en uno mismo = self-doubt.
    * duda, la = seed of doubt, the.
    * dudas = hesitation, misgiving, second thoughts.
    * dudas + asaltar = doubts + assail.
    * el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.
    * empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en un mar de dudas = at sea.
    * estar en duda = be in question.
    * estar en un mar de dudas = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * expresar dudas = express + doubts, express + reservations, express + misgivings, voice + misgivings, voice + reservations.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * generar dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * germen de la duda, el = seed of doubt, the.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.
    * lleno de dudas = doubtful.
    * más allá de cualquier duda = beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de ninguna duda = beyond doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.
    * no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no hay duda de que = undoubtedly.
    * no poner en duda = be unquestioned.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.
    * poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.
    * poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * producir dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * resolver las dudas = solve + Posesivo + doubts.
    * sembrar el germen de la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sembrar la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sin duda = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down.
    * sin duda alguna = without any doubt.
    * sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sin ninguna duda = without question, without any doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin ningún género de duda = without any doubt whatsoever.
    * sin ningún género de dudas = indisputably.
    * sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.
    * sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.
    * sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.
    * suscitar duda = shed + doubt.
    * suscitar dudas = raise + doubts.
    * tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.
    * tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.
    * * *
    1) (interrogante, sospecha) doubt

    expuso sus dudas sobre... — he expressed his reservations about...

    ¿tienen alguna duda? — are there any queries o questions?

    no cabe ninguna duda or la menor duda — there cannot be the slightest doubt

    sin duda or sin lugar a dudas — undoubtedly

    ante or en la duda, abstente — if in doubt, don't

    2) (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión)

    no sé que hacer, estoy en (la) duda — I don't know what to do; I'm of (AmE) o (BrE) in two minds about it

    * * *
    la duda
    (n.) = seed of doubt, the

    Ex: Of course just like any seed, the seed of doubt needs proper environment to grow.

    = doubt, reservation, qualm, perplex, quandary, equivocation.

    Ex: However, for others, the ideal status had not yet been achieved and there was doubt about the practical applicability of equity laws.

    Ex: Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex: In the article 'Caveats, qualms, and quibbles: a revisionist view of library automation', a public librarian expresses his concern about computers in libraries and the lack of healthy scepticism in libraries when considering the likely benefits of automation.
    Ex: The article 'The print perplex' asserts that librarians must deal with a future of mixed print and digital material, since most books will never be in digital form.
    Ex: The increasing use and popularity of the Internet and phytomedicinals (medicinal herbs and medical botanics) have created a quandary for researchers, consumers and information professionals.
    Ex: We stand with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and other distinguished speakers in stating without equivocation that everyone has the right to freedom of expression.
    * arrojar dudas sobre = cast + doubt on, cast + doubt on.
    * con dudas = uncertainly.
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * demostrar sin ninguna duda = demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * demostrar sin ningún género de duda = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, demonstrate + emphatically, demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * despertar dudas = stir + doubts.
    * disipar dudas = dispel + doubts.
    * duda en uno mismo = self-doubt.
    * duda, la = seed of doubt, the.
    * dudas = hesitation, misgiving, second thoughts.
    * dudas + asaltar = doubts + assail.
    * el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.
    * empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en un mar de dudas = at sea.
    * estar en duda = be in question.
    * estar en un mar de dudas = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * expresar dudas = express + doubts, express + reservations, express + misgivings, voice + misgivings, voice + reservations.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * generar dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * germen de la duda, el = seed of doubt, the.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.
    * lleno de dudas = doubtful.
    * más allá de cualquier duda = beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de ninguna duda = beyond doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.
    * no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no hay duda de que = undoubtedly.
    * no poner en duda = be unquestioned.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.
    * poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.
    * poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * producir dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * resolver las dudas = solve + Posesivo + doubts.
    * sembrar el germen de la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sembrar la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sin duda = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down.
    * sin duda alguna = without any doubt.
    * sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sin ninguna duda = without question, without any doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin ningún género de duda = without any doubt whatsoever.
    * sin ningún género de dudas = indisputably.
    * sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.
    * sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.
    * sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.
    * suscitar duda = shed + doubt.
    * suscitar dudas = raise + doubts.
    * tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.
    * tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.

    * * *
    A (interrogante, sospecha) doubt
    existen dudas con respecto a la autoría de este poema there are doubts regarding the authorship of this poem
    expuso sus dudas sobre la viabilidad del proyecto he expressed his doubts o reservations about the feasibility of the project
    tengo unas dudas para consultar con el profesor I have a few points I'd like to go over with the teacher
    me ha surgido una duda there's something I'm not sure about
    no logré disipar sus dudas I was unable to dispel his doubts
    ¿entendieron bien o tienen alguna duda? is that clear or are there any queries o questions?
    ¿crees que lo podrá hacer él? — tengo mis dudas do you think that he will be able to do it? — I have my doubts
    de pronto lo asaltó una duda suddenly he was seized by doubt
    no hay ni sombra de duda sobre su culpabilidad there can be no doubt about his guilt, there isn't a shadow of doubt that he's guilty
    nunca tuve la menor duda de que tenía razón I was never in any doubt that he was right, I never doubted that he was right
    su honestidad está fuera de (toda) duda his honesty is beyond (all) doubt
    de eso no cabe la menor duda there's absolutely no doubt about that
    no cabe ninguna duda or la menor duda there cannot be the slightest doubt
    no te quepa la menor duda make no mistake!
    que es buen médico no lo pongo en duda pero … I don't doubt that he's a good doctor, but …
    nadie pone en duda su capacidad para realizar el trabajo nobody questions o doubts his ability to do the job
    fue, sin duda, uno de los mejores escritores del siglo he was undoubtedly o without doubt one of the best writers of the century
    sin duda te lo has preguntado más de una vez no doubt you've asked yourself this more than once, I'm sure you've asked yourself this more than once
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt
    su manera de actuar no dejaba lugar a dudas the way he behaved left little room for doubt
    ¡la duda ofende! ( fam): ¿no habrás cogido tú el dinero? — ¡la duda ofende! you didn't take the money, did you? — how can you even think such a thing?
    por las dudas just in case
    ante or en la duda, abstente if in doubt, don't
    B
    (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión): estaba convencido, pero ya me has hecho entrar en (la) duda I was sure, but now you've made me wonder
    no sé si decírselo o no, estoy en (la) duda I don't know whether to tell him or not: I'm of ( AmE) o ( BrE) in two minds about it
    el resultado todavía está en duda the result still isn't certain o is still in doubt
    a ver si puedes sacarme de la duda do you think you can clear something up for me? o I wonder if you know o if you can tell me
    si estás en (la) duda no lo compres if you're not sure o if you're in any doubt, don't buy it
    * * *

     

    Del verbo dudar: ( conjugate dudar)

    duda es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    duda    
    dudar
    duda sustantivo femenino
    1 (interrogante, sospecha) doubt;
    ◊ expuso sus dudas sobre … he expressed his reservations about …;

    tengo unas dudas para consultar I have a few points I'd like to check;
    me ha surgido una duda there's something I'm not sure about;
    ¿tienen alguna duda? are there any queries o questions?;
    nunca tuve la menor duda de que tenía razón I never doubted that he was right;
    fuera de (toda) duda beyond (all) doubt;
    de eso no cabe la menor duda there's absolutely no doubt about that;
    lo pongo en duda I doubt it;
    sin duda or sin lugar a dudas undoubtedly;
    sin duda ya te lo habrás preguntado no doubt you'll have already asked yourself that question;
    para salir de dudas just to be doubly sure
    2 (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión):

    a ver si puedes sacarme de la duda do you think you can clear something up for me?;
    si estás en (la) duda no lo compres if you're not sure don't buy it
    dudar ( conjugate dudar) verbo transitivo
    to doubt;
    ◊ dudo que lo haya terminado I doubt if o whether he's finished it

    verbo intransitivo: duda entre comprar y alquilar she can't make up her mind whether to buy or rent;
    duda en hacer algo to hesitate to do sth;
    duda de algo/algn to doubt sth/sb
    duda sustantivo femenino doubt: la lectura le despertó esa duda, reading aroused that doubt in him
    su integridad está fuera de toda duda, her integrity is beyond question
    puso en duda la viabilidad del proyecto, he questioned the viability of the project
    ♦ Locuciones: sin (lugar a) duda, (ciertamente) es sin duda alguna el mejor producto del mercado, it's without question the best product on the market
    dudar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to doubt: no dudes de él, don't distrust him
    2 (estar indeciso) to hesitate [en, to]: dudaban entre comprarlo o no, they hesitated whether to buy it or not
    II verbo transitivo to doubt: dudo mucho que se disculpe, I very much doubt that he'll apologize

    ' duda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaso
    - caber
    - debatirse
    - despejar
    - desvanecerse
    - disipar
    - existir
    - inseguridad
    - plantear
    - poner
    - reconcomer
    - reparo
    - reserva
    - sombra
    - abrigar
    - aclarar
    - asaltar
    - bueno
    - consultar
    - dudar
    - entrar
    - entredicho
    - leve
    - perdurar
    - reflejar
    - resolver
    - seguro
    - titubeo
    English:
    benefit
    - burn out
    - cast
    - clinch
    - definitely
    - doubt
    - doubtless
    - if
    - illuminate
    - illumination
    - misgiving
    - pocket
    - positively
    - qualm
    - query
    - question
    - seed
    - settle
    - should
    - surely
    - uncertainty
    - vestige
    - well
    - bound
    - definite
    - doubtful
    - element
    - self-
    - shadow
    - undoubtedly
    * * *
    duda nf
    1. [inseguridad, indecisión] doubt;
    la duda se apoderó de él he was filled with doubt;
    ante la duda,… if in doubt,…;
    sacar a alguien de la duda to remove sb's doubts
    2. [cuestión, problema]
    ¿alguien tiene alguna duda? does anyone have any questions?, is there anything anyone's not clear about?;
    resolveré vuestras dudas al final de la clase I'll answer your questions o I'll go over anything you're not sure about at the end of the class;
    todavía me queda una duda, ¿por qué lo hizo? there's still one thing I don't understand, why did she do it?;
    me asalta una duda, ¿habré hecho bien en dejar a los niños solos? I can't help wondering whether I was right to leave the children on their own;
    queda la duda de qué habría pasado si… the doubt remains about what would have happened if…;
    salir de dudas to clear up doubts;
    pregúntale y así salimos de dudas ask him and that will settle the matter;
    con su detallada explicación salimos finalmente de dudas her detailed explanation finally cleared up our doubts
    3. [desconfianza, sospecha] doubt;
    expresó sus dudas sobre la oportunidad de celebrar un referéndum he expressed some doubt about whether it was a good idea to have a referendum;
    existen dudas sobre la autoría del atentado there is some doubt surrounding who was responsible for the attack;
    tengo mis dudas I have my doubts;
    nunca tuve la menor duda de que era inocente I never for one moment doubted that she was innocent, I never had the slightest doubt that she was innocent;
    estar fuera de toda duda to be beyond the slightest doubt;
    su inocencia está fuera de toda duda her innocence is not in question, there is no question that she is innocent;
    no cabe (la menor) duda there is (absolutely) no doubt about it;
    no cabe duda de que el tabaco es perjudicial para la salud there's no doubt that smoking is bad for your health;
    no te quepa (la menor) duda don't doubt it, make no mistake about it;
    no dejar lugar a dudas to leave no room for doubt;
    poner algo en duda to put sth in doubt;
    dice que ha resuelto el problema – lo pongo en duda she says she has solved the problem – I would doubt that o I rather doubt that;
    pongo en duda que pueda hacerlo en una semana I doubt he can do it in a week, I would question whether he can do it in a week;
    sin duda without (a) doubt;
    el avión es, sin duda, el medio de transporte más cómodo the plane is undoubtedly o without doubt the most comfortable form of transport;
    es, sin duda, la mejor lasaña que he probado nunca it is beyond a doubt o definitely the best lasagne I've ever had;
    ¿vendrás a la fiesta? – ¡sin duda! are you coming to the party? – of course!;
    sin duda alguna, sin alguna duda without (a) doubt;
    sin la menor duda without the slightest doubt;
    sin sombra de duda beyond the shadow of a doubt;
    ¡la duda ofende!: ¿te molestaría que invitáramos a mi madre? – la duda ofende would you mind if we invited my mother? – of course you can, there's no need to ask;
    no creía que fueras a acabar – ¡la duda ofende! I never thought you'd finish – well thank you very much!
    * * *
    f doubt;
    sin duda without doubt;
    poner en duda call into question;
    estar fuera de (toda) duda be beyond (any) doubt;
    no cabe la menor duda there is absolutely no doubt;
    salir de dudas get things clear;
    todavía tengo mis dudas I still have (my) doubts, I’m still dubious
    * * *
    duda nf
    : doubt
    no cabe duda: there's no doubt about it
    * * *
    duda n
    1. (en general) doubt
    2. question / query [pl. queries]
    ¡señor, tengo una duda! sir! I've got a query!

    Spanish-English dictionary > duda

  • 8 air

    air [εʀ]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = gaz, espace) air ; ( = brise) breeze ; ( = courant d'air) draught (Brit), draft (US)
    • s'élever dans l'air or dans les airs to rise into the air
    • vivre or se nourrir de l'air du temps to live on air
    ► en plein air [piscine, spectacle, cirque] open-air ; [jouer] outdoors
    ► de plein air [activité, jeux] outdoor
    ► en l'air [paroles, promesses] empty ; [dire] rashly
    • flanquer or foutre tout en l'air (inf: inf!) ( = jeter) to chuck (inf) it all away ; ( = gâcher) to ruin everything
       b. ( = apparence, manière) air
    • de quoi j'ai l'air maintenant ! (inf) j'ai l'air fin maintenant ! (inf) I look a right fool now (inf)
    • il n'a l'air de rien, mais il sait ce qu'il fait you wouldn't think it to look at him but he knows what he's doing
       c. ( = expression) look
       d. ( = mélodie) tune ; [d'opéra] aria
    * * *
    ɛʀ
    1.
    nom masculin

    à l'air libre — outside, outdoors

    de l'air! — (colloq) ( va-t'en) get lost! (colloq)

    2) (brise, vent)

    un courant d'air — a draught GB ou draft US

    dans l'air — fig [réforme, idée] in the air

    en l'air — [menace, paroles] empty; [projet, idée] vague

    envoyer or flanquer quelque chose en l'air — (colloq) to send something flying

    tout mettre en l'air — (colloq) ( mettre en désordre) to make a dreadful mess; ( faire échouer) to ruin everything

    4) ( manière d'être) manner; ( expression) expression

    avoir un or l'air distingué — to look distinguished

    d'un air fâché/désolé — angrily/helplessly

    elle a eu l'air fin(e)! — (colloq) she looked a fool!

    cela m'en a tout l'air — it seems ou looks like it to me

    cela n'a l'air de rien mais — it may not look it, but

    5) ( ambiance)
    6) ( mélodie) tune

    jouer toujours le même air — lit to play the same tune over and over again; fig to come out with the same old story


    2.
    air- (in compounds)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    il ne manque pas d'air! — (colloq) he's got a nerve!

    brasser or remuer de l'air — (colloq) to give the impression of being busy

    prendre or se donner de grands airs — to put on airs

    j'ai besoin de changer d'air — ( d'environnement) I need a change of scene; ( par agacement) I need to go and do something else

    * * *
    ɛʀ nm
    1) (= élément) air

    prendre l'air (= s'aérer) — to get some fresh air, to get some air

    2) (= mélodie) tune

    Elle a joué un air au piano. — She played a tune on the piano.

    3) (= expression) look, air

    avoir l'air... — to look...

    Elle a l'air fatiguée. — She looks tired.

    Elle a l'air fatigué. — She looks tired.

    avoir l'air de... — to look like...

    Il a l'air d'un clown. — He looks like a clown.

    avoir l'air de faire — to look as though one is doing, to appear to be doing

    avoir l'air de dire que...; Il avait l'air de dire que la pièce n'est pas formidable. — He seemed to be saying that the play isn't much good.

    prendre de grands airs — to give o.s. airs

    prendre de grands airs avec qn — to give o.s. airs with sb

    paroles en l'air — idle words, hot air

    l'air de rien (= discrètement) — without any fuss

    * * *
    air nm
    1 ( que l'on respire) air; l'air marin/de la campagne the sea/country air; le bon air clean air; l'air est vif/pollué the air is bracing/polluted; l'air est confiné it's stuffy; changer or renouveler l'air d'une pièce to let some air circulate in a room; mettre qch à l'air to put sth out to air [lit, tapis]; se promener les fesses à l'air to walk around with a bare bottom; à l'air libre outside, outdoors; faire sécher du linge à l'air to dry one's washing outside; concert en plein air open-air concert; activités de plein air outdoor activities; la vie au grand air outdoor life; on manque d'air ici it's stuffy in here; de l'air! lit let's get some air in here!; ( va-t'en)○ get lost○!; aller prendre l'air to go out and get some fresh air;
    2 (brise, vent) il y a de l'air ( dans une pièce) there's a draught GB ou draft US; ( à l'extérieur) there's a breeze; il n'y a pas d'air there's no wind; un déplacement d'air a rush of air; un courant d'air a draught GB ou draft US; ça fait de l'air there's a draught GB ou draft US;
    3 ( autour de la terre) air; jeter qch/tirer en l'air to throw sth/to shoot into the air; rester en l'air to stay in the air; avoir les bras/les pieds en l'air to have one's arms/one's feet (up) in the air; monter or s'élever dans les airs to rise into the air; planer dans les airs to glide into the air; par les airs, par air by air; transport par air transport by air; regarder en l'air to look up; avoir le nez en l'air to daydream; dans l'air fig [réforme, idée] in the air; il y a un virus dans l'air there's a virus going around; en l'air [menace, paroles, promesse] empty; [projet, idée] vague; parler en l'air to speculate; envoyer or flanquer qch en l'air○ to send sth flying; tout mettre en l'air○ ( mettre en désordre) to make a dreadful mess; ( jeter) to chuck everything out; ( faire échouer) to ruin everything; ils ont mis (toute) la maison en l'air○ they made a (dreadful) mess of the house;
    4 ( manière d'être) manner; ( expression) expression; avec un air résolu/prétentieux in a resolute/pretentious manner; avoir un drôle d'air to look odd ou funny; avoir un air très distingué to look very distinguished; un air bête/intelligent a stupid/an intelligent expression; afficher un air dégoûté/blasé to affect an expression of disgust/of indifference; avec son petit air supérieur/coquin with that superior/mischievous expression of his/hers; d'un air sérieux/triste with a serious/sad expression; d'un air fâché/désolé angrily/helplessly; il y a un air de famille entre vous deux you two share a family likeness; avoir l'air épuisé/heureux to look shattered/happy; elle a eu l'air fin(e)! she looked (like) a fool!; tu as l'air malin maintenant! iron you look a right fool now!; il avait l'air d'un prince he looked like a prince; la maison a l'air d'un taudis the house looks like a slum; leur histoire (m')a (tout) l'air d'un mensonge their story sounds like a lie (to me); cela m'en a tout l'air it seems ou looks like it to me; j'aurais l'air de quoi? I'd look a right idiot!; il n'a l'air de rien mais il… he doesn't look it but he…; il est futé sans en avoir l'air he's sly although he doesn't look it; cela n'a l'air de rien mais it may not look it, but; il a l'air de comprendre he seems to understand; cela a l'air d'être bien/solide it looks good/strong; cela a l'air d'être une usine it looks like a factory; ils n'ont pas l'air de se rendre compte they don't seem to realize; il a l'air de vouloir faire beau it looks as if it's going to be fine ou nice US;
    5 ( ambiance) un air d'abandon/de déchéance an air of neglect/of decay; il règne un air de fête there's a carnival atmosphere; la réunion avait un air de déjà-vu there was a feeling of déjà-vu about the meeting;
    6 ( mélodie) tune; l'air d'une chanson the tune of ou to a song; siffler/fredonner un air to whistle/to hum a tune; un air de jazz a jazz tune; un air d'opéra an aria; jouer toujours le même air lit to play the same tune over and over again; fig to come out with the same old story; danser sur un air de tango/valse to dance to a tango/waltz.
    air climatisé conditioned air; air comprimé compressed air; air conditionné ( système) air-conditioning; ( que l'on respire) conditioned air; air liquide Tech liquid air.
    il ne manque pas d'air○ he's got a nerve; brasser or remuer de l'air○ to give the impression of being busy; prendre or se donner des grands airs to put on airs; j'ai besoin de changer d'air ( d'environnement) I need a change of scene; ( par agacement) I need to go and do something else.
    [ɛr] nom masculin
    1. [apparence] air, look
    "bien sûr", dit-il d'un air guilleret/inquiet "of course," he said, jauntily/looking worried
    il avait un air angoissé/mauvais he looked anxious/very nasty
    avoir l'air: Maria, tu as l'air heureux ou heureuse Maria, you look happy
    cette poire a l'air mauvaise, jette-la this pear looks (as though it's) rotten, throw it away
    ça a l'air d'un ou d'être un scarabée it looks like a beetle
    avec son air de ne pas y toucher ou sans avoir l' air d'y toucher, il arrive toujours à ses fins though you wouldn't think it to look at him, he always manages to get his way
    l'air de rien (familier) ou de ne pas en avoir (familier) : je me suis approchée, l'air de rien ou de ne pas en avoir, et je lui ai flanqué ma main sur la figure I walked up, all innocent, like, and gave him a slap in the face
    ça n'a l'air de rien comme ça, mais c'est une lourde tâche it doesn't look much but it's quite a big job
    elle n'a pas l'air comme ça, mais elle sait ce qu'elle veut! (familier) you wouldn't think it to look at her, but she knows what she wants!
    sans en avoir l' air: sans en avoir l'air, elle a tout rangé en une heure she tidied up everything in an hour without even looking busy
    je suis arrivée au bout de mon tricot, sans en avoir l'air! I managed to finish my knitting, though it didn't seem that I was making any progress!
    prendre ou se donner des airs to give oneself airs
    2. [ressemblance] likeness, resemblance
    un air de famille ou parenté a family resemblance ou likeness
    3. MUSIQUE [mélodie] tune
    [à l'opéra] aria
    c'est l'air qui fait la chanson it's not what you say, it's the way you say it
    4. [qu'on respire] air
    la pollution/température de l'air air pollution/temperature
    prendre l'air to get some fresh air, to take the air (vieilli)
    (allez,) de l'air! (familier) come on, beat it!
    5. [vent]
    il fait (familier) ou il y a de l'air aujourd'hui
    b. [beaucoup] it's windy today
    6. [ciel] air
    dans l'air ou les air s (up) in the air ou sky ou skies (littéraire)
    prendre l'air [avion] to take off, to become airborne, to take to the air
    7. [ambiance] atmosphere
    de temps en temps, il me faut l'air du pays natal I need to go back to my roots from time to time
    ————————
    à air locution adjectivale
    [pompe] air (modificateur)
    ————————
    à l'air locution adverbiale
    ————————
    à l'air libre locution adverbiale
    au grand air locution adverbiale
    ————————
    dans l'air locution adverbiale
    ————————
    de l'air locution adjectivale
    [hôtesse, mal, musée] air (modificateur)
    ————————
    en l'air locution adjectivale
    1. [levé] in the air, up
    2. [non fondé - promesse] empty
    je ne fais pas de projets en l'air when I make a plan, I stick to it
    ————————
    en l'air locution adverbiale
    1. [vers le haut] (up) in the air
    jeter ou lancer quelque chose en l'air to throw something (up) in the air
    a. [jeter] to chuck something out, to bin something

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > air

  • 9 αἰθήρ

    αἰθήρ, έρος, in Hom. always ἡ; in Hes. and [dialect] Att. Prose always ὁ; in Lyr. and Trag. mostly ὁ, as always in A., but ἡ Pi.O.1.6, B.8.35, S.OT 867, and freq. in E.: ([etym.] αἴθω):—in Hom.,
    A ether, the heaven (wrongly distinguished by Aristarch. from ἀήρ (q.v.) as upper from lower air);

    δι' ἠέρος αἰθέρ' ἵκανεν Il.14.288

    ; [

    Ζεὺς] αἰθέρι ναίων 2.412

    , Hes.Op.18;

    νόμοι δι' αἰθέρα τεκνωθέντες S.OT 867

    ;

    αἰθὴρ μὲν ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο σώματα δὲ χθών IG1.442

    , cf. E.Supp. 533; of the sky, both cloudless,

    νήνεμος αἰ. Il.8.556

    , and clouded,

    ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσι 15.192

    , cf. 16.365; freq. in Trag., etc., A.Pr. 1044, 1088, Pers. 365, E. Ba. 150; αἰ. ζοφερός, ἀχλυόεις, A.R.3.1265, 4.927; of the fumes of the Cyclops' mouth, E.Cyc. 410.
    2 air, Emp.100.5.
    3 fifth element, Pl.Epin. 981c, 984b, Arist.Cael. 270b22; but equivalent to πῦρ, Anaxag.1,15.
    b = πῦρ τεχνικόν, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.168, cf. Arist.Mu. 392a5.
    4 the divine element in the human soul, Philostr.VA3.34, cf. 42.
    II clime, region, E.Alc. 594 (lyr.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > αἰθήρ

  • 10 señalar

    v.
    1 to indicate, to point at, to point out, to signal.
    Pedro apunta las necesidades de ella Peter points out her needs.
    2 to point.
    3 to point fingers, to accuse.
    * * *
    1 (marcar) to mark
    2 (rubricar) to sign and seal
    3 (hacer herida) to mark, scar
    4 (hacer notar) to point out
    5 (apuntar hacia) to point to, show
    6 (con el dedo) to point at
    7 (fijar - cita) to arrange, make; (fecha, lugar, precio) to set, fix
    8 (designar) to appoint
    9 (subrayar la importancia) to stress, underline
    1 (distinguirse) to distinguish oneself
    2 (sobresalir) to stand out
    * * *
    verb
    1) to indicate, show
    2) mark
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=indicar) [gen] to show; [con el dedo] to point

    señalar una falta — (Dep) to indicate a foul

    2) (=marcar) to mark
    3) (=destacar) to point out
    4) (=designar) [+ fecha, precio] to fix, settle; [+ tarea] to set

    en el momento señalado — at the given moment, at the appointed time

    5) (Aut) [+ carretera, ruta] to signpost
    6) [+ ganado] to brand
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( indicar)

    me señaló la ruta en un mapa — he showed me the route o pointed out the route (to me) on a map

    2) (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3) ( afirmar) to point out

    señaló que... — she pointed out that...

    4) ( fijar) < fecha> to fix, set
    5) ( anunciar) to mark
    2.
    señalar vi to point
    3.
    señalarse v pron to distinguish oneself
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( indicar)

    me señaló la ruta en un mapa — he showed me the route o pointed out the route (to me) on a map

    2) (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3) ( afirmar) to point out

    señaló que... — she pointed out that...

    4) ( fijar) < fecha> to fix, set
    5) ( anunciar) to mark
    2.
    señalar vi to point
    3.
    señalarse v pron to distinguish oneself
    * * *
    señalar1
    1 = mark off, point to, tick (off), mark out, bring to + Posesivo + notice, mark + Nombre + down as.

    Ex: Human intervention may also be necessary to mark off the area in the string on the title page that should be indexed, and possibly to add an imprint date if not present.

    Ex: This article points to economically feasible and communication-based indexing methods which fit the potentials of current information technology.
    Ex: In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: One moonlight night Sweeny was brought to our notice by his ejaculations of impatience at being obliged to come to a dead halt.
    Ex: One look convinced the employer that she was unsuited for the work, and he marked her down as unsuitable.
    * señalar a Alguien = put + Alguien + on the spot.
    * señalar con el dedo = point + the fingers at.
    * señalar con un círculo = circle.

    señalar2
    2 = bring to + Posesivo + attention, get at, indicate, mark, point, point out, signal, signify, stress, note, state, point + (a/the) finger(s) at.

    Ex: Errors in colleagues' work should be brought to their attention tactfully and not in the presence of others = A los compañeros se les debería hacer ver sus errores discretamente y no en presencia de otros.

    Ex: What I'm getting at is this: At least in the CIP entry that I have seen, LC, following customary practice, made a title entry for the main title, 'Women in Librarianship', but nothing under Melvil's 'Rib Symposium'.
    Ex: The general index of CC lists isolates and indicates where they may be found as in a relative index.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: An arrow pointing upwards indicates when the terminal is in insert mode.
    Ex: By means of the arrangement of document substitutes in library catalogues, and also by the arrangement of documents themselves, it is possible to point out, or indicate, classes of documents.
    Ex: Main classes are denoted by a capital letter, and in most classes a second capital letter is used to signal major sections or subclasses.
    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: However, it must be stressed that these problems are still in the future.
    Ex: In the future, a number of further developments can be fairly confidently predicted in addition to the expansion of those noted above.
    Ex: Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex: It is easy to point the fingers at the refs.
    * señalar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * señalar las dificultades = note + difficulties.
    * señalar similitudes = point out + similarities.

    * * *
    señalar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    (indicar): nos señaló la ruta en un mapa she showed us the route o pointed out the route to us on a map
    me señaló con el dedo qué pasteles quería he pointed out to me which cakes he wanted
    las manecillas del reloj señalaban las doce the hands of the clock showed twelve
    B (marcar) to mark
    los he señalado con una cruz I've marked them with a cross, I've put a cross by them
    C (afirmar) to point out
    señaló la necesidad de abrir nuevos hospitales she pointed out the need to open new hospitals
    D (fijar) ‹fecha› to fix, set
    a la hora señalada at the appointed o arranged time
    señalaron el día 15 como fecha tope they set o fixed the deadline for the 15th
    en el lugar señalado in the appointed o agreed place
    E (anunciar) to mark
    la llegada de las cigüeñas señala el final del invierno the arrival of the storks marks o signals the end of winter
    to distinguish oneself
    se señaló por su heroísmo en la guerra during the war he distinguished himself by his heroism
    * * *

     

    señalar ( conjugate señalar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( indicar) ‹ruta/camino› to show;

    me señaló con el dedo he pointed at me (with his finger);
    señalarle algo a algn to show sb sth, point sth out to sb;
    me señaló con el dedo qué pasteles quería he pointed out (to me) which cakes he wanted
    2 (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3 ( afirmar) to point out;
    ◊ señaló que … she pointed out that …

    4 ( fijar) ‹ fecha› to fix, set;
    ◊ en el lugar señalado in the appointed o agreed place

    5 ( anunciar) to mark
    verbo intransitivo
    to point
    señalar verbo transitivo
    1 (con el dedo) to point at
    (desprestigiar)
    2 (apuntar, subrayar) me gustaría señalar que..., I would like to point out that...
    3 (señalizar) to indicate: la brújula señalaba el norte, the compass was pointing North
    4 (una fecha) to fix
    5 (dejar una marca o huella) el navajazo le señaló la cara, the knife wound scarred his face
    ' señalar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apuntar
    - indicar
    - marcar
    - dar
    - dedo
    - penalty
    - puntero
    - puntualizar
    English:
    appoint
    - designate
    - mark
    - must
    - pinpoint
    - point
    - point out
    - signal
    - at
    - give
    - indicate
    - show
    - single
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [marcar] to mark;
    [hora, temperatura] to indicate, to show;
    el termómetro señalaba 10 grados the thermometer showed 10 degrees;
    la brújula debe señalar el norte the compass should indicate north;
    cuando el reloj señale las doce when the clock says twelve;
    las elecciones de aquel año señalaron el comienzo de la transición that year's elections marked the beginning of the transition
    2. [apuntar] to point out;
    nos señaló con el dedo he pointed at us;
    no quiero señalar a nadie, pero… I don't want to point the finger at anyone, but…;
    la flecha señala el camino the arrow indicates the path;
    me señaló los errores que había cometido he showed me o pointed out to me the mistakes I had made
    3. [ser el inicio de] to mark, to signal;
    las lluvias señalan la llegada del monzón the rains signal o announce the arrival of the monsoon
    4. [recalcar] to point out;
    me gustaría señalar que… I'd like to point out that…
    5. [fijar] to set, to fix;
    aún no han señalado el día de la boda they haven't yet fixed the date of the wedding;
    señaló su valor en 1.000 dólares he set o fixed its value at 1,000 dollars
    6. [ganado] to brand
    * * *
    v/t
    1 indicate, point out;
    señalar a alguien con el dedo tb fig point at s.o.
    3 ( fijar) set, decide on
    * * *
    1) indicar: to indicate, to show
    2) : to mark
    3) : to point out, to stress
    4) : to fix, to set
    * * *
    1. (marcar) to mark
    2. (indicar) to point out / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]
    3. (fijar) to set [pt. & pp. set] / to fix

    Spanish-English dictionary > señalar

  • 11 प्रधान _pradhāna

    प्रधान a.
    1 Chief, principal, pre-eminent, main, best, most excellent; as in; प्रधानामात्य, प्रधानपुरुष &c.; रत्नैश्च पूजयेदेनं प्रधानपुरुषैः सह Ms.7.23; प्रधानफलं वा आनुषङ्गिकं वा सर्वमेव आधातरि समवेतुमर्हति ŚB. on. MS.6.2.1; 'यस्मिन् कुले यः पुरुषः प्रधानः स सर्वयत्नेन हि रक्षणीयः'.
    -2 Principally inherent, prevalent, predominant.
    -नम् 1 The chief thing or object, most important thing; head, chief; न परिचयो मलिनात्मनां प्रधानम् Śi.7.61; G. L.18; प्रयोगप्रधानं हि नाट्यशास्त्रम् M.1; शमप्रधानेषु तपो- धनेषु Ś.2.7; गुणैश्च तैस्तैर्विनयप्रधानैः R.6.79.
    -2 The first evolver, originator, or source of the material world, the primary germ out of which all material appear- ances are evolved, according to Sāṅkhya philosophy; न पुनरपि प्रधानवादी अशब्दत्वं प्रधानस्या सिद्धमित्याह Ś. B.; see प्रकृति also; प्रधानक्षेत्रज्ञपतिर्गुणेशः Śvet. Up.6.16; एतस्याद्या प्रवृत्तिस्तु प्रधानात् संप्रवर्तते Mb.12.25.25.
    -3 The Supreme Spirit.
    -4 Intellect, understanding; एको मयेह भगवान् विबुधप्रधानैश्चित्तीकृतः प्रजननाय कथं नु यूयम् Bhāg.4.1.28.
    -5 The principal member of a compound.
    -नः, -नम् 1 The principal attendant or companion of a king (his minister or confidant).
    -2 A noble, courtier.
    -3 An elephant-driver.
    -4 The commander-in-chief.
    -Comp. -अङ्गम् 1 the principal branch or part of anything.
    -2 the chief member of the body.
    -3 the principal or most eminent person in a state.
    -अमात्यः the prime-minister, premier.
    -आत्मन् m. an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -उत्तम a.
    1 eminent, most illustrious.
    -2 war- like, brave.
    -कर्मन् n.,
    कार्यम् 1 the chief business, the principal act; यस्यैव प्रधानकर्मफलं तस्यैवानुषङ्गिकमपि भवितुमर्हति ŚB. on MS.6.2.1.
    -2 (Medic.) the principal mode of treatment.
    -कारणवादः the doctrine that प्रधान is the original cause (according to Sāṅkhyas).
    -धातुः the chief element of the body; i. e. semen virile.
    -पुरुषः 1 the principal or most eminent person (in a state &c.) Ms.7.23; Pt.3.138. ˚अतीतः transcending प्रधान and पुरुष (matter and spirit).
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -भाज् a.
    1 most distinguished.
    -2 receiving the chief share.
    -मन्त्रिन् m. the prime-minister.
    -वादिन् m. one who asserts the Sāṅkhya doctrine (of प्रधान).
    -वासस् n. a principal garment; (du.) the two chief garments.
    -वृष्टिः f. a heavy shower of rain.
    -शिष्ट a. taught or prescribed as of primary importance.
    -सभिकः the chief of a gambling house.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > प्रधान _pradhāna

  • 12 विशेष


    vi-ṡesha
    m. (once in Pañcat. n.;

    ifc. f. ā) distinction, difference between (two gen., two loc., orﾠ gen. andﾠ instr.) GṛṠrS. MBh. etc.;
    characteristic difference, peculiar mark, special property, speciality, peculiarity Mn. MBh. etc.;
    a kind, species, individual (e.g.. vṛiksha-v-, a species of tree, in comp. often alsoﾠ = special, peculiar, particular, different, e.g.. chando-v-, a particular metre, vñviṡesha-maṇḍana, a peculiar ornament;
    argha-viṡeshāḥ, different prices) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    (pl.) various objects Megh. ;
    distinction, peculiar merit, excellence, superiority (in comp. often= excellent, superior, choice, distinguished e.g.. ākṛiti-v-, « an excellent form» ;
    cf. vñviṡesha-pratipatti) Mn. MBh. etc.;
    (in gram.) a word which defines orﾠ limits the meaning of another word (cf. vi-ṡeshaka andﾠ vi-ṡeshaṇa);
    (in phil.) particularity, individuality, essential difference orﾠ individual essence (with the Vaiṡeshikas the 5th cate gory orﾠ Padârtha, belonging to the 9 eternal substances orﾠ Dravyas,
    viz. soul, time, place, ether, andﾠ the 5 atoms of earth, water, light, air, andﾠ mind, which are said to be so essentially different that one can never be the other) IW. 66 etc.. ;
    (in medicine) a favourable turn orﾠ crisis of a sickness Suṡr. ;
    (in rhet.) statement of difference orﾠ distinction, individualization, variation Kuval. (cf. viṡeshôkti);
    a sectarian mark, any mark on the forehead (= tilaka) L. ;
    (in geom.) the hypotenuse Ṡulbas. ;
    N. of the primary elements orﾠ Mahā-bhūtas (q.v.) MaitrUp. ;
    the earth as an element BhP. ;
    the mundane egg ib. ;
    - virāj ib. ;
    (ibc., ena orﾠ āt ind. exceedingly, especially, particularly, even more Mn. MBh. etc.;
    āt ifc., by reason orﾠ in consequence of. VarBṛS. ;
    yenayenaviṡesheṇa, in any way whatever MBh.);
    mf (ā)n. extraordinary, abundant Ragh. II, 14 ( B. viṡeshāt for viṡeshā);
    - karaṇa n. making better, improvement Mālav. ;
    - kṛit mfn. making a distinction, distinguishing RPrāt. ;
    - garhaṇīya mfn. especially reprehensible, even more blamable Kuval.;
    - guṇa m. a special orﾠ distinct quality Nīlak. ;
    (in phil.) a substance of a distinct kind (as soul, time, space, ether, andﾠ the five atoms enumerated above) W. ;
    - jña mfn. knowing distinctions, judicious Kāv. Kathās. ;
    (ifc.) knowing various kinds of. R. ;
    jñāna-vādâ̱rtha m. N. of wk.;
    - tac ind. according to the difference of. in proportion to (comp.) Mn. XI, 2 ;
    especially, particularly, above all Mn. MBh. etc.;
    individually, singly, Vedantas. ;
    - tva n. distinction, notion of the particular L. ;
    - driṡya mfn. of splendid aspect orﾠ appearance Ragh. ;
    - dharma m. a peculiar orﾠ different duty W. ;
    a special law MW. ;
    niyama m. a partic. observance MBh. ;
    - nirukti f. (ibc.) « explanation of differences» ;
    N. of wk. (- kroḍa m. - ṭīkā f. - prakāṡa, m.;
    - tyāloka m. N. of wks.);
    - patanīya n. a partic. crime orﾠ sin Yājñ. III, 298 ;
    -padâ̱rtha m. (in Nyāya) the category of particularity (cf. above under viṡesha);
    - pratipatti f. a special mark of honour orﾠ respect Ragh. ;
    - pratishedha m. a special exception MW. ;
    - pramāṇa n. special authority ib. ;
    - bhāga m. a partic. part of an elephant's fore-foot L. ;
    - bhāvanā f. reflecting on orﾠ perceiving difference W. ;
    (in arithm.) a partic. operation in extracting roots, composition by the difference of the products ib. ;
    - bhūta-pariṡishṭa n. N. of wk.;
    - maṇḍana n. a peculiar ornament Ṡak. ;
    - mati m. N. of a Bodhisattva andﾠ of another man Buddh. ;
    - mitra m. N. of a man Buddh. ;
    - ramaṇīya mfn. especially delightful, particularly pleasant Vikr. ;
    - lakshaṇa n. any specific orﾠ characteristic mark orﾠ sign W. ;
    (- ṇāṭīkā f. N. of wk.);
    liṅga n. a partic. mark, specific property, attribute of a subordinate class Kap. ;
    - vacana n. « distinguishing orﾠ defining word», an adjective, apposition Pāṇ. 8-1, 74 ;
    a special text, special rule orﾠ precept W. ;
    - vat mfn. pursuing something particular MBh. II, 849 ;
    possessed of some distinguishing property orﾠ specific quality BhP. ;
    excellent, superior, better than (abl.) MBh. Hariv. ;
    making a difference ( seeﾠ a-v-);
    - vāda m. the above doctrine of the Vaiṡeshikas;
    (- ṭīkā f. N. of wk.;
    - din m. an adherent of that doctrine Sāṃkhyak. Sch.);
    - vikrama-ruci mfn. taking delight in splendid heroism Bhartṛ. ;
    - vid mfn. = jña MBh. ;
    - vidvas m. « eminently learned», a sage, philosopher W. ;
    - vidhi m. a special rule orﾠ observance W. ;
    - vyāpti f. (in logic) a form of Vyāpti orﾠ pervasion L. ;
    N. of wk. ( alsoﾠ - rahasya n.);
    - ṡārṅgadhara m. N. of wk.;
    - ṡālin mfn. possessing peculiar merit orﾠ excellence Kir. ;
    - ṡāstra n. (in gram.) a special rule(= apavāda) MW. ;
    - sthu mfn. being (found only) in excellent persons orﾠ things Kāvyâd. II, 170 ;
    -shâ̱tideṡa m. a special supplementary rule ib. ;
    -shâ̱mṛita n. N. of wk.;
    -shâ̱rtha m. the sense orﾠ essence of distinction, difference (am ind. for the sake of difference MW.);
    - prakāṡikā f. - bodhikā f. N. of wks.;
    -shâ̱rthin mfn. seeking for excellence orﾠ distinction MBh. ;
    particular in searching for anything MW. ;
    (- thi) - tā f. the searching for something better Pañcat. ;
    -shâ̱vasyakaniryukti f. N. of wk.;
    - shôkti f. « mention of difference»
    N. of a figure of speech (in which the excellence of a thing is implied by comparing it to some highly prized object, yet mentioning the difference
    e.g.. dyūtaṉnāmapurushasyâ̱siṉhâ̱sanaṉrājyam, « truly gambling is a man's throneless kingdom» Mṛicch. II, 6/7) Vām. IV, 3, 23 (cf. Kāvyad. II, 323 etc..);
    enumeration of merits, panegyric W. ;
    -shâ̱cchvasita n. the peculiar breath orﾠ life, cherished object), a peculiar treasure (applied to an object especially dear) MW. ;
    - shôddeṡa m. (in Nyāya) a partic. kind of enunciation ib.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > विशेष

  • 13 E

    E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.
    b.
    The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).
    c.
    For i stands ĕ
    (α).
    in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—
    (β).
    In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—
    (γ).
    In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —
    (δ).
    In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—
    (ε).
    In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and
    (ζ).
    In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—
    (η).
    It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.
    d.
    It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.
    e.
    The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.
    f.
    The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.
    g.
    The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.
    h.
    As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.
    2.
    e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > E

  • 14 e

    E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.
    b.
    The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).
    c.
    For i stands ĕ
    (α).
    in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—
    (β).
    In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—
    (γ).
    In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —
    (δ).
    In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—
    (ε).
    In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and
    (ζ).
    In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—
    (η).
    It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.
    d.
    It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.
    e.
    The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.
    f.
    The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.
    g.
    The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.
    h.
    As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.
    2.
    e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > e

  • 15 μειδιάω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `smile', in Hom. only ptc. - ιόων, - ιόωσα, later also inf. - ιᾶν (Pl.) and indic. forms (e.g. μειδιᾳ̃ Theoc.); aor. μειδ-ιᾶσαι (Sapph., Pl., Plb., Plu.), - ῆσαι (Il.),
    Compounds: Also with prefix like ἐπι-, ὑπο-. Also φιλο-(μ)μειδής (from - σμ-; s. below) `friendly smiling', esp. of Aphrodite (Il.), as if from μεῖδος γέλως H., but perh. directly from the verb ; s. below. On Hes. Th. 200 see Risch, Festgabe Howald, 1947, 76 and Strunk Glotta 38(1960) 70 but also Dornseiff, Ant. Class. 6(1937)247, and Heubeck, Beitr. Namenforschung 16(1965)204-6; s. DELG.
    Derivatives: μείδημα n. `smiling' (Hes.), - ίαμα `id.' (Luc., Plu.), ( ἐπι-) μειδίασις (Plu.), - ίασμα (H.), - ιασμός (Poll., Sch.), τὸ μειδιαστικόν `cheerfulness' (sch.); μειδ-ά̄μων `smiling' (Hymn. Is.).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [967] * smei- `laught, smile'
    Etymology: The relation between these forms is not clear. The present μειδ-ιάω, with the aor. μειδιᾶσαι, is perh. an epic transformation, perh. starting from ptc. pres. (Schwyzer 727, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 359); the aorist μειδ-ῆσαι may contain an η-enlargement. From a verb can also derive φιλο-(μ)μειδής (Schwyzer 513) with μεῖδος as basisc word concluded from it. But the reversed way is also possible: from μεῖδος partly φιλο-(μ)μειδής, partly as denominative μειδῆσαι and (transformed) μειδ-ιάω. -- In any case all forms have a δ-element, which is secondary as we see when we compare the forms of other languages: Skt. smáyate, -ti `smile', Toch. B smi-mane, A smi-māṃ ptc. midd. `smiling', OCS smějǫ sę, smijati sę `laugh', Latv. smeju, smiêt `laugh (at)' with the Balt. iterative smaidît, with smaĩda `laughing' (so independent of μειδ-; but see DELG). Whether the Greek δ fist arose in a noun or in a verb, cannot be distinguished, as indicated above (cf. Schwyzer 508 f. and 702 f.). -- More forms, e.g. Lat. mīrus, Engl. smile, in WP. 2, 686f., Pok. 967, W.-Hofmann s. mīrus, Vasmer s. smejúsь.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μειδιάω

  • 16 παῖς

    παῖς, παιδός
    Grammatical information: m. f.
    Meaning: `child, boy, son, slave, servant', more rarely `girl, daughter' (Il.).
    Other forms: (ep. Lesb. Boeot. also πάϊς).
    Compounds: Many compp., e.g. παιδ-αγωγός m. "child guide", `attendant of children, schoolteacher', ἄ-παις `childless' (IA.).
    Derivatives: A. Subst. Several hypocoristic diminutives, which partly replaced the base word. 1. παιδ-ίον n. (IA.) with - ιότης f. `childhood' (Aq.), - ιώδης `childish' (D.H.). 2. παιδ-ίσκος m., more usu. - ίσκη f. (Att.) with - ισκι-ωρός m. (Sparta) prop. "guard of girls" ?, (s Leumann Hom. Wörter 224, 2d), - ισκάριον n. (hell.), - ισκεῖος (IVa), - ισκεῖον n. `brothel' (Ath.); to παιδίσκη, - ος against παῖς, κόρη, υἱός etc. Wackernagel Glotta 2, 6ff. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 838ff.), 130 a. 315, Immisch ibd. 218f., Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 210 n. 3, Locker Glotta 22, 52f., Le Roy BCH 85, 226f. 3. παιδ-άριον n. (Att.) with - αρίσκος (Hld.), - αρίδιον (gloss.), - αριήματα παιδάρια H., - αρίων H. s. προυνικοί, - αριώδης `childish' (Pl., Arist. etc.), - αρικός `belonging to slaves' (pap. VIp), - αριεύομαι `to behave childishly' (Aristox.). 4. πάϊλλος m. `male child' (Tanagra; on - ιλλος Schwyzer 485; after v. Blumenthal 43 from *παιδ-λος). 5. Here παιδ-ία f. `childhood' (Hp.), - ιά f. `child's play, pleasantry, pastime' (Att.; cf. Koller Mus. Helv. 13, 123 f.); on - ία, - ιά, which cannot always be distinguished, Scheller Oxytonierung 78 ff.; - ιώδης `playful' (Ion Hist., Arist.). 6. παίγνιον, - ίη s. below on παίζω. B. Adj. 1. παιδ-νός `in infancy, infantile' (ep. Od.). 2. παίδ-ειος, - εῖος, -ήϊος `childlike' (Pi., trag., Pl.); τὰ -ήϊα name of a feast (Delph. V--IVa). 3. παιδ-ικός `concerning the child, childlike'; τὰ παιδικά `dear' (B., Att.; Chantraine Études 115 etc.). 4. παιδοῦς, - οῦσσα `having many children, pregnant' (Call., Hp.). C. Verbs. 1. παίζω, aor. παῖσαι, analog. also παῖξαι (Crates. Com., Ctes., hell.), also with ἐν- ( ἐμπαίκ-της, - γ-μός, - γ-μονή LXX, NT), κατα-, συν- a.o., `to behave like a child, to play, to jest' (Od.; on the meaning and use Meerwaldt Mnem. 56, 159 ff.) with παῖγ-μα n. `play, jest' (E. a.o.) and φιλο-παίγμων `fond of play' (ψ 134), - μοσύναι pl. `id.' (Stesich.); also παιγ-νίη f. `play' (Hdt.) with - νιήμων `playful' (Hdt., cf. Schwyzer 522), - νιον (Att.), - χ-νιον (Erinna, Theoc. in Pap. Antin., Call.) n. `play, jest'; prob. orig. for παιδ-ν- with - γν- from - δν-, but early connected with παίζω (s. Schwyzer 208, Lejeune Traité de phon. 68 n. 1, Scheller Oxyton. 80; on παίχνιον Scheidweiler Phil. 100, 43f.); ( συμ-)παίκ-της m. `player, teammate, playfellow' (AP). - τρια f. (Ant. Lib.), besides ( συμ-)παίσ-της m. (Pl. Min., pap.), - τικός `jocular' (Clearch.), - τρη f. `playground' (Herod.); συμπαίκ-τωρ, - παίσ-τωρ m. (X.,AP). 2. παιδ-εύω `to raise, to breed, to educate', also w. ἐκ-, συν- a.o. (IA.), with παιδ-εία f. `upbringing, education, breeding' (A., Democr., Att.; also `childhood, youth', s. Scheller 78 n. 1), - ευσις f. `(system of) upbringing, education' (Pi., trag., Pl.; Holt 129), - ευμα n. `subject, outcome of the upbringing, pupil' (Att.; on the meaning Kerényi Paideuma 1, 157 f., Röttger Substantivbild. 20 f.), - ευτής m. `instructor, teacher' (Pl.), - ευτικός `belonging to the upbringing' (Pl. etc.), - ευτήριον n. `school' (D. S., Str.). 3. *παιδ-όω in παίδ-ωσις f. `adoption' (Elis), s. Bechtel Gött. Nachr. 1920, 248.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [cf. 842] * peh₂-u- `few, little'
    Etymology: From the disyll. πάϊς (on Hom. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1,29) appears an orig. *παϜ-ι-δ-; on the (dissimilatory?) loss of the F Schwyzer 260 w. lit., on the formation 465 a. 578. The unenlarged stem is still seen in Att. παῦς (vase inscr.) and in the Cypr. gen. Φιλό-παϜ-ος; uncertain Cypr. διπας, = δί-παις ? A parallel enlargement shows παῦρος; s.v. w. further combinations. Outside Greek we can compare first the first element in Lat. pau-per, if from *pau̯(o)- par-o-s `acquiring little' (basis doubted; s. W.-Hofmann s.v.); IE *pau̯o- is supposed also in Germ., e.g. Goth. faw-ai pl. `few'. -- Beside pau- (IE *ph₂u̯-?) stands perh. with lengthened grade πῶλος (s.v.) [hardly possible]; with zero grade Lat. puer (innovation after gener, socer; Risch Μνήμης χάριν 2, 109 ff.), thus, with old tlo-suffix, Ital., e.g. Osc. puklum `filium', Skt. putrá-, Av. puʮra-'son'. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 75f. (partly dated), Pok. 842 f., W.-Hofmann s. puer, pullus and pauper, Mayrhofer s. putráḥ; older lit. also in Bq.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > παῖς

  • 17 παιδός

    παῖς, παιδός
    Grammatical information: m. f.
    Meaning: `child, boy, son, slave, servant', more rarely `girl, daughter' (Il.).
    Other forms: (ep. Lesb. Boeot. also πάϊς).
    Compounds: Many compp., e.g. παιδ-αγωγός m. "child guide", `attendant of children, schoolteacher', ἄ-παις `childless' (IA.).
    Derivatives: A. Subst. Several hypocoristic diminutives, which partly replaced the base word. 1. παιδ-ίον n. (IA.) with - ιότης f. `childhood' (Aq.), - ιώδης `childish' (D.H.). 2. παιδ-ίσκος m., more usu. - ίσκη f. (Att.) with - ισκι-ωρός m. (Sparta) prop. "guard of girls" ?, (s Leumann Hom. Wörter 224, 2d), - ισκάριον n. (hell.), - ισκεῖος (IVa), - ισκεῖον n. `brothel' (Ath.); to παιδίσκη, - ος against παῖς, κόρη, υἱός etc. Wackernagel Glotta 2, 6ff. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 838ff.), 130 a. 315, Immisch ibd. 218f., Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 210 n. 3, Locker Glotta 22, 52f., Le Roy BCH 85, 226f. 3. παιδ-άριον n. (Att.) with - αρίσκος (Hld.), - αρίδιον (gloss.), - αριήματα παιδάρια H., - αρίων H. s. προυνικοί, - αριώδης `childish' (Pl., Arist. etc.), - αρικός `belonging to slaves' (pap. VIp), - αριεύομαι `to behave childishly' (Aristox.). 4. πάϊλλος m. `male child' (Tanagra; on - ιλλος Schwyzer 485; after v. Blumenthal 43 from *παιδ-λος). 5. Here παιδ-ία f. `childhood' (Hp.), - ιά f. `child's play, pleasantry, pastime' (Att.; cf. Koller Mus. Helv. 13, 123 f.); on - ία, - ιά, which cannot always be distinguished, Scheller Oxytonierung 78 ff.; - ιώδης `playful' (Ion Hist., Arist.). 6. παίγνιον, - ίη s. below on παίζω. B. Adj. 1. παιδ-νός `in infancy, infantile' (ep. Od.). 2. παίδ-ειος, - εῖος, -ήϊος `childlike' (Pi., trag., Pl.); τὰ -ήϊα name of a feast (Delph. V--IVa). 3. παιδ-ικός `concerning the child, childlike'; τὰ παιδικά `dear' (B., Att.; Chantraine Études 115 etc.). 4. παιδοῦς, - οῦσσα `having many children, pregnant' (Call., Hp.). C. Verbs. 1. παίζω, aor. παῖσαι, analog. also παῖξαι (Crates. Com., Ctes., hell.), also with ἐν- ( ἐμπαίκ-της, - γ-μός, - γ-μονή LXX, NT), κατα-, συν- a.o., `to behave like a child, to play, to jest' (Od.; on the meaning and use Meerwaldt Mnem. 56, 159 ff.) with παῖγ-μα n. `play, jest' (E. a.o.) and φιλο-παίγμων `fond of play' (ψ 134), - μοσύναι pl. `id.' (Stesich.); also παιγ-νίη f. `play' (Hdt.) with - νιήμων `playful' (Hdt., cf. Schwyzer 522), - νιον (Att.), - χ-νιον (Erinna, Theoc. in Pap. Antin., Call.) n. `play, jest'; prob. orig. for παιδ-ν- with - γν- from - δν-, but early connected with παίζω (s. Schwyzer 208, Lejeune Traité de phon. 68 n. 1, Scheller Oxyton. 80; on παίχνιον Scheidweiler Phil. 100, 43f.); ( συμ-)παίκ-της m. `player, teammate, playfellow' (AP). - τρια f. (Ant. Lib.), besides ( συμ-)παίσ-της m. (Pl. Min., pap.), - τικός `jocular' (Clearch.), - τρη f. `playground' (Herod.); συμπαίκ-τωρ, - παίσ-τωρ m. (X.,AP). 2. παιδ-εύω `to raise, to breed, to educate', also w. ἐκ-, συν- a.o. (IA.), with παιδ-εία f. `upbringing, education, breeding' (A., Democr., Att.; also `childhood, youth', s. Scheller 78 n. 1), - ευσις f. `(system of) upbringing, education' (Pi., trag., Pl.; Holt 129), - ευμα n. `subject, outcome of the upbringing, pupil' (Att.; on the meaning Kerényi Paideuma 1, 157 f., Röttger Substantivbild. 20 f.), - ευτής m. `instructor, teacher' (Pl.), - ευτικός `belonging to the upbringing' (Pl. etc.), - ευτήριον n. `school' (D. S., Str.). 3. *παιδ-όω in παίδ-ωσις f. `adoption' (Elis), s. Bechtel Gött. Nachr. 1920, 248.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [cf. 842] * peh₂-u- `few, little'
    Etymology: From the disyll. πάϊς (on Hom. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1,29) appears an orig. *παϜ-ι-δ-; on the (dissimilatory?) loss of the F Schwyzer 260 w. lit., on the formation 465 a. 578. The unenlarged stem is still seen in Att. παῦς (vase inscr.) and in the Cypr. gen. Φιλό-παϜ-ος; uncertain Cypr. διπας, = δί-παις ? A parallel enlargement shows παῦρος; s.v. w. further combinations. Outside Greek we can compare first the first element in Lat. pau-per, if from *pau̯(o)- par-o-s `acquiring little' (basis doubted; s. W.-Hofmann s.v.); IE *pau̯o- is supposed also in Germ., e.g. Goth. faw-ai pl. `few'. -- Beside pau- (IE *ph₂u̯-?) stands perh. with lengthened grade πῶλος (s.v.) [hardly possible]; with zero grade Lat. puer (innovation after gener, socer; Risch Μνήμης χάριν 2, 109 ff.), thus, with old tlo-suffix, Ital., e.g. Osc. puklum `filium', Skt. putrá-, Av. puʮra-'son'. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 75f. (partly dated), Pok. 842 f., W.-Hofmann s. puer, pullus and pauper, Mayrhofer s. putráḥ; older lit. also in Bq.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > παιδός

  • 18 Tennant, Charles

    [br]
    b. 3 May 1768 Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotland
    d. 1 October 1838 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of bleaching powder.
    [br]
    After education at the local school, Tennant went to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk. He then went on to Wellmeadow, where he acquired a knowledge of the old bleaching process, which enabled him to establish his own bleachfield at Darnly. The process consisted of boiling the fabric in weak alkali and then laying it flat on the ground to expose it to sun and air for several months. This process, expensive in time and space, would have formed an intolerable bottleneck in the rapidly expanding textile industry, but a new method was on the way. The French chemist Berthollet demonstrated in 1786 the use of chlorine as a bleaching agent and James Watt learned of this while on a visit to Paris. On his return to Glasgow, Watt passed details of the new process on to Tennant, who set about devising his own version of it. First he obtained a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine through a stirred mixture of lime and water. He was granted a patent for this process in 1798, but it was promptly infringed by bleachers in Lancashire. Tennant's efforts to enforce the patent were unsuccessful as it was alleged that others had employed a similar process some years previously. Nevertheless, the Lancashire bleachers had the good grace to present Tennant with a service of plate in recognition of the benefits he had brought to the industry.
    In 1799 Tennant improved on his process by substituting dry slaked lime for the liquid, to form bleaching powder. This was patented the same year and proved to be a vital element in the advance of the textile industry. The following year, Tennant established his chemical plant at St Roll ox, outside Glasgow, to manufacture bleaching powder and alkali substances. The plant prospered and became for a time the largest chemical works in Europe.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.F.Haber, 1958, The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century, London: Oxford University Press.
    F.S.Taylor, 1957, A History of Industrial Chemistry, London: Heinemann.
    Walker, 1862, Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain Living in 1807– 1808, London, p. 186.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Tennant, Charles

  • 19 πνεῦμα

    πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 308ff).
    ① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)
    ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).
    ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).
    ② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen2 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.2 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.
    ③ a part of human personality, spirit
    ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X7 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.
    ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).
    ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.
    ④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).
    ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).
    ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.
    ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.
    ⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.
    ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.
    ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.
    ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).
    β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.
    ⓓ abs.
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).
    β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.
    ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.
    ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.
    ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.
    α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.
    β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.
    γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).
    δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.
    ⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).
    ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.
    ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).
    ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.
    ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
    ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.
    ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.
    ⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.
    ⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen2 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines6 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πνεῦμα

  • 20 πρῶτος

    πρῶτος, η, ον (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.).
    ① pert. to being first in a sequence, inclusive of time, set (number), or space, first of several, but also when only two persons or things are involved (=πρότερος; exx. in Hdb. on J 1:15; Rdm.2 71f; Thackeray 183; s. also Mlt. 79; 245; B-D-F §62; Rob. 516; 662; and s. Mt 21:31 v.l.).
    ⓐ of time first, earliest, earlier
    α. as adj. ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν Phil 1:5; cp. Ac 20:18 (on the absence of the art. [also Phil 1:5 v.l.] s. B-D-F §256; Rob. 793). ἡ πρώτη ἀπολογία 2 Ti 4:16 (MMeinertz, Worauf bezieht sich die πρώτη ἀπολογία 2 Ti 4:16?: Biblica 4, 1923, 390–94). ἡ πρ. διαθήκη Hb 9:15. τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα Rv 2:5. ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη 20:5f. ἡ πρώτη ὅρασις Hv 3, 10, 3; 3, 11, 2; 4. ἡ ἐκκλησία ἡ πρ. 2 Cl 14:1.—Subst. τὰ πρ. … τὰ ἔσχατα (Job 8:7): γίνεται τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων Mt 12:45; cp. Lk 11:26; 2 Pt 2:20; Hv 1, 4, 2. οἱ πρῶτοι (those who came earlier, as Artem. 2, 9 p. 93, 19 those who appeared earlier) Mt 20:10; cp. vs. 8. ἀπέστειλεν ἄλλους δούλους πλείονας τῶν πρώτων 21:36. Cp. 27:64. πρῶτος ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν the first to rise from the dead Ac 26:23. ὁ πρῶτος the first one J 5:4; 1 Cor 14:30. On the self-designation of the Risen Lord ὁ πρ. καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος Rv 1:17; 2:8; 22:13; s. ἔσχατος 2b (πρ. of God: Is 44:6; 48:12).—As a predicate adj., where an adv. can be used in English (ParJer 1:8 εἰ μὴ ἐγὼ πρῶτος ἀνοίξω τὰς πύλας; B-D-F §243; Rob. 657), as the first one = first ἦλθεν πρῶτος he was the first one to come = he came first J 20:4; cp. vs. 8. πρῶτος Μωϋσῆς λέγει Ro 10:19. Ἀβραὰμ πρῶτος περιτομὴν δούς Abraham was the first to practice circumcision B 9:7. οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πρῶτοι κτισθέντες the angels who were created first Hv 3, 4, 1; Hs 5, 5, 3.—1 Ti 2:13; 1J 4:19; AcPlCor 2:9.—ἐν ἐμοὶ πρώτῳ in me as the first 1 Ti 1:16.—Used w. a gen. of comparison (Ocelus Luc. 3 ἐκεῖνο πρῶτον τοῦ παντός ἐστιν=prior to the All; Manetho 1, 329; Athen. 14, 28 p. 630c codd.) πρῶτός μου ἦν he was earlier than I = before me J 1:15, 30 (PGM 13, 543 σοῦ πρῶτός εἰμι.—Also Ep. 12 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I p. 348, 30 τὸ τῇ τάξει δεύτερον οὐδέποτε τῇ φύσει πρῶτον). So perh. also ἐμὲ πρῶτον ὑμῶν μεμίσηκεν 15:18 (s. β below) and πάντων πρώτη ἐκτίσθη Hv 2, 4, 1.—As a rule the later element is of the same general nature as the one that precedes it. But it can also be someth. quite different, even its exact opposite: τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν 1 Ti 5:12. τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες Rv 2:4.—Used elliptically ἡ πρώτη (i.e. ἡμέρα sim. Polyb. 5, 19, 1; 18, 27, 2 τῇ πρώτῃ) τῶν ἀζύμων Mt 26:17. πρώτῃ σαββάτου on the first day of the week Mk 16:9. In some of the passages mentioned above the idea of sequence could be predom.
    β. the neuter πρῶτον as adv., of time first, in the first place, before, earlier, to begin with (Peripl. Eryth. 4; Chariton 8, 2, 4; ApcEsdr 3:11; Just., D. 2, 4) πρῶτον πάντων first of all Hv 5:5a. ἐπίτρεψόν μοι πρῶτον ἀπελθεῖν καὶ θάψαι let me first go and bury Mt 8:21. συλλέξατε πρῶτον τὰ ζιζάνια gather the weeds first 13:30. Cp. 17:10, 11 v.l.; Mk 7:27; 9:11f; 13:10; Lk 9:59, 61; 12:1 ( first Jesus speaks to his disciples, and only then [vs. 15] to the people. If one prefers to take πρ. w. what follows, as is poss., it has mng. 2a); 14:28, 31; J 7:51; 18:13; Ac 26:20; Ro 15:24 al. in NT; B 15:7; Hv 3, 1, 8; 3, 6, 7; 3, 8, 11; 5:5b. τότε πρῶτον then for the first time Ac 11:26 D. πρῶτον … καὶ τότε first … and then (Sir 11:7; Jos., Ant. 13, 187) Mt 5:24; 7:5; 12:29; Mk 3:27; Lk 6:42; IEph 7:2. τότε is correlative w. πρῶτον without καί J 2:10 v.l. Likew. πρῶτον … εἶτα (εἶτεν) first … then (Just., D. 33, 2 al.; s. εἶτα 1) Mk 4:28; 1 Ti 3:10; B 6:17. πρῶτον … ἔπειτα (ἔπειτα 2) 1 Cor 15:46; 1 Th 4:16. πρῶτον … μετὰ ταῦτα Mk 16:9, s. vs. 12. πρῶτον … εἶτα … μετὰ ταῦτα 1 Cl 23:4; 2 Cl 11:3 (in both cases the same prophetic saying of unknown origin). πρῶτον … ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ Ac 7:12.—Pleonastically πρῶτον πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου Lk 11:38.—W. gen. (Chariton 5, 4, 9 cod. πρῶτον τ. λόγων=before it comes to words) ἐμὲ πρῶτον ὑμῶν μεμίσηκεν it hated me before ( it hated) you J 15:18 (but s. 1aα).—W. the art. τὸ πρῶτον (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 402; 14, 205) the first time J 10:40; 19:39; at first (Diod S 1, 85, 2; Jos., Ant. 2, 340) 12:16; 2 Cl 9:5. τὰ πρῶτα (Hom. et al.; Appian, Syr. 15 §64; Ps.-Phoc. 8) the first time, at first MPol 8:2.
    ⓑ of number or sequence (the area within which this sense is valid cannot be marked off w. certainty from the area 1aα)
    α. as adj. Mt 21:28; 22:25; Mk 12:20; Lk 14:18; 16:5; 19:16; 20:29; J 19:32; Ac 12:10; 13:33 v.l.; Rv 4:7; 8:7; 21:19; Hs 9, 1, 5. τὸ πρῶτον … τὸ δεύτερον (Alex. Aphr., An. p. 28, 9 Br.) Hb 10:9. On πρώτης τῆς μερίδος Μακεδονίας πόλις Ac 16:12 s. μερίς 1 and RAscough, NTS 44, ’98, 93–103.—Since πρῶτος can stand for πρότερος (s. 1 at beg.; also Mlt-Turner 32), it by no means follows from τὸν μὲν πρῶτον λόγον Ac 1:1 that the writer of Luke and of Ac must have planned to write a third book (Zahn, NKZ 28, 1917, 373ff, Comm. 1919, 16ff holds that he planned to write a third volume; against this view s. EGoodspeed, Introd. to the NT ’37, 189; Haenchen, et al.—Athenaeus 15, 701c mentions the first of Clearchus’ two books on proverbs with the words ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ περὶ παροιμιῶν, but 10, 457c with ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ περὶ παροιμιῶν. Diod S 1, 42, 1 the first half of a two-part work is called ἡ πρώτη βίβλος and 3, 1, 1 mentions a division into πρώτη and δευτέρα βίβ. In 13, 103, 3 the designation for the first of two works varies between ἡ πρώτη σύνταξις and ἡ προτέρα ς. See Haenchen on Ac 1:1).—πρῶτος is also used without any thought that the series must continue: τὸν πρῶτον ἰχθύν the very first fish Mt 17:27. αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο Lk 2:2, likewise, does not look forward in the direction of additional censuses, but back to a time when there were none at all (Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 227 D. παράκλησις αὕτη [=challenge to a sea-fight] πρώτη ἐγένετο; for interpolation theory s. JWinandy, RB 104, ’97, 372–77; cp. BPearson, CBQ, ’99, 262--82).—τὰ τείχη τὰ πρῶτα Hs 8, 6, 6 does not contrast the ‘first walls’ w. other walls; rather it distinguishes the only walls in the picture (Hs 8, 7, 3; 8, 8, 3) as one edifice, from the tower as the other edifice.
    β. adv., the neuter πρῶτον of sequence in enumerations (not always clearly distinguished fr. sense 1aβ) first πρῶτον ἀποστόλους, δεύτερον προφήτας, τρίτον … 1 Cor 12:28 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 20 II, 10ff [II A.D.] τὸ πρ. … τὸ δεύτερον … τὸ τρίτον. Without the art. 480, 12ff [II A.D.]; Diod S 36, 7, 3; Tat. 40, 1). See Hb 7:2; Js 3:17.—Not infrequently Paul begins w. πρῶτον μέν without continuing the series, at least in form (B-D-F §447, 4; Rob. 1152. For πρ. without continuation s. Plat., Ep. 7, 337b, Plut., Mor. 87b; Jos., Ant. 1, 182; Ath. 27, 1 πρῶτα μέν) Ro 1:8; 3:2; 1 Cor 11:18. S. also 2 Cl 3:1.
    ⓒ of space outer, anterior σκηνὴ ἡ πρώτη the outer tent, i.e. the holy place Hb 9:2; cp. vss. 6, 8.
    ② pert. to prominence, first, foremost, most important, most prominent
    ⓐ adj.
    α. of things (Ocellus [II B.C.] 56 Harder [1926] πρώτη κ. μεγίστη φυλακή; Ael. Aristid. 23, 43 K.=42 p. 783 D.: πόλεις; Ezk 27:22; PsSol 17:43; χρυσίον τὸ πρῶτον τίμιον; JosAs 15:10) ἡ μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη ἐντολή Mt 22:38; cp. Mk 12:29. ἐντολὴ πρώτη πάντων vs. 28 (OLehmann, TU 73, ’59, 557–61 [rabb.]; CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, cites JosAs 15:10; 18:5). Without superl. force ἐντολὴ πρώτη ἐν ἐπαγγελίᾳ a commandment of great importance, with a promise attached Eph 6:2 (the usual transl. ‘first commandment w. a promise’ [NRSV, REB et al.] loses sight of the fact that Ex 20:4–6=Dt 5:8–10 has an implied promise of the same kind as the one in Ex 20:12=Dt 5:16. πρ. here is best taken in the same sense as in Mk 12:29 above). στολὴν τὴν πρώτην the special robe Lk 15:22 (JosAs 15:10).—ἐν πρώτοις among the first = most important things, i.e. as of first importance 1 Cor 15:3 (Pla., Pol. 522c ὸ̔ καὶ παντὶ ἐν πρώτοις ἀνάγκη μανθάνειν; Epict., Ench. 20; Mitt-Wilck I/2, 14 II, 9 ἐν πρώτοις ἐρωτῶ σε; Josh 9:2d).
    β. of persons (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 35 πρ. καὶ μέγιστος θεός; TestAbr B 4 p. 108, 18 [Stone p. 64]; ApcSed 5:2; Jos., Ant. 15, 398; Just., A I, 60, 5 al. τὸν πρῶτον θεόν) ὸ̔ς ἂν θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν εἶναι πρῶτος whoever wishes to be the first among you Mt 20:27; Mk 10:44; cp. 9:35. πρῶτος Σίμων Mt 10:2 is not meant to indicate the position of Simon in the list, since no other numbers follow, but to single him out as the most prominent of the twelve. W. gen. ὧν (=τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν) πρῶτός εἰμι 1 Ti 1:15. Pl. (οἱ) πρῶτοι in contrast to (οἱ) ἔσχατοι Mt 19:30; 20:16; Mk 9:35; 10:31; Lk 13:30; Ox 654, 25f (cp. GTh 4; sim. Sallust. 9 p. 16, 21f τοῖς ἐσχάτοις … τοῖς πρώτοις; s. ἔσχατος 2).—αἱ πρώται prominent women (in the phrase γυναικῶν τε τῶν πρώτων οὐκ ὀλίγαι) Ac 17:4 (s. New Docs 1, 72). οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men w. gen. of place (Jos., Ant. 7, 230 τῆς χώρας) οἱ πρ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας Mk 6:21; cp. Ac 13:50 (in phrasing sim. to πολλὰς μὲν γυναῖκας εὐγενεῖς καὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν ἤισχυναν=‘they dishonored many well-born women as well as men of high station’ Theopomp.: 115 Fgm. 121 Jac. p. 563, 33f), or of a group (Strabo 13, 2, 3 οἱ πρ. τῶν φίλων; Jos., Ant. 20, 180) οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ (Jos., Ant. 11, 141) Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17. On ὁ πρῶτος τῆς νήσου vs. 7 (πρῶτος Μελιταίων IGR I, 512=IG XIV, 601; cp. CB I/2, 642 no. 535 ὁ πρῶτος ἐν τῇ πόλει; p. 660 no. 616; SEG XLI, 1345, 14f; cp. CIL X, 7495, 1; s. Hemer, Acts 153, n. 152; Warnecke, Romfahrt 119ff) s. Πόπλιος.
    ⓑ adv. πρῶτον of degree in the first place, above all, especially (Jos., Ant. 10, 213) ζητεῖτε πρῶτον τὴν βασιλείαν Mt 6:33. Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι Ro 1:16; cp. 2:9f.—Ac 3:26; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3. Of the Macedonian Christians ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν πρῶτον τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἡμῖν they gave themselves first of all to the Lord, and (then) to us 2 Cor 8:5. παρακαλῶ πρῶτον πάντων first of all I urge 1 Ti 2:1.—B. 939. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πρῶτος

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