-
1 Berthollet, Claude-Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 9 November 1748 Talloise, near Lake Annecy, Franced. 6 November 1822 Arceuil, France[br]French chemist who made important innovations in textile chemistry.[br]Berthollet qualified as a medical doctor and pursued chemical researches, notably into "muriatic acid" (chlorine), then recently discovered by Scheele. He was one of the first chemists to embrace the new system of chemistry advanced by Lavoisier. Berthollet held several official appointments, among them inspector of dye works (from 1784) and Director of the Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins. These appointments enabled him to continue his researches and embark on a series of publications on the practical applications of chlorine, prussic acid (hydrocyanic acid) and ammonia. He clearly demonstrated the benefits of the French practice of appointing scientists to the state manufactories.There were two practical results of Berthollet's studies of chlorine. First, he produced a powerful explosive by substituting potassium chlorate, formed by the action of chlorine on potash, in place of nitre (potassium nitrate) in gunpowder. Then, mainly from humanitarian motives, he followed up Scheele's observation of the bleaching properties of chlorine water, in order to release for cultivation the considerable areas of land that had hitherto been required by the old bleaching process. The chlorine method greatly speeded up bleaching; this was a vital factor in the revolution in the textile industries.After a visit to Egypt in 1799, Berthollet carried out many experiments on dyeing, seeking to place this ancient craft onto a scientific basis. His work is summed up in his Eléments de l'art de la teinture, Paris, 1791.[br]Bibliography1791, Eléments de Van de la teinture, Paris (covers his work on dyeing).Berthollet published two books of importance in the early history of physical chemistry: 1801, Recherches sur les lois de l'affinité, Paris.1803, Essai de statique chimique, Paris.Annales de Chimie.Further ReadingE.F.Jomard, 1844, Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de Claude-Louis Berthollet, Annecy.E.Farber, 1961, Great Chemists, New York: Interscience, pp. 32–4 (includes a short biographical account).LRDBiographical history of technology > Berthollet, Claude-Louis
-
2 бертоле
-
3 бертоле
-
4 бертолетовкая соль
-
5 бертолетова соль
-
6 prolongement
prolongement [pʀɔlɔ̃ʒmɑ̃]masculine nouna. [de ligne de métro, route, période] extensionb. ( = suite) [d'affaire, politique, rapport] repercussion• dans le prolongement de ce que je disais ce matin following on from what I was saying this morning* * *pʀɔlɔ̃ʒmɑ̃nom masculin1) ( agrandissement) extension2) ( direction)la rue Berthollet se trouve dans le prolongement de la rue de la Glacière — Rue de la Glacière becomes Rue Berthollet
3) ( suite) outcome* * *pʀɔlɔ̃ʒmɑ̃1. nm2. prolongements nmplfig repercussions* * *prolongement nm1 ( agrandissement) extension; le prolongement d'une voie ferrée the extension of a railway;2 ( direction) la rue Berthollet se trouve dans le prolongement de la rue de la Glacière Rue de la Glacière becomes Rue Berthollet;3 ( suite) outcome, consequence; la guerre a été le prolongement logique de la crise war was the inevitable outcome ou consequence of the crisis; une affaire aux prolongements multiples a case with wide-ranging repercussions.[prɔlɔ̃ʒmɑ̃] nom masculin[extension - d'une route] continuation ; [ - d'un mur, d'une période] extension————————prolongements nom masculin plurieldans le prolongement de locution prépositionnelleles deux rues sont dans le prolongement l'une de l'autre the two streets are a continuation of each otherc'est tout à fait dans le prolongement de mes préoccupations actuelles that's along exactly the same lines as what I'm concerned with at the moment -
7 бертолетова соль
1) Engineering: Berthollet's salt, potassium chlorate2) Chemistry: potash chlorate, potassium oxymuriate, sodium chlorate -
8 соль
saline, salt* * *соль ж.
saltазотистоки́слая соль — nitriteбромистоводоро́дная соль — bromideйодистоводоро́дная соль — iodideангли́йская соль — bitter [Epsom] saltбертоле́това соль — Berthollet's salt, potassium chlorateгла́уберова соль — Glauber's salt, sodium sulphate decahydrateго́рькая соль — bitter [Epsom] saltки́слая соль — acid saltнейтра́льная соль — neutral saltосно́вная соль — basic saltпова́ренная соль — table [common, sodium] saltполу́торная соль — sesquisaltсегне́това соль — Seignette's salt, potassium sodium tartrateсре́дняя соль — neutral salt -
9 Tennant, Charles
[br]b. 3 May 1768 Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 1 October 1838 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of bleaching powder.[br]After education at the local school, Tennant went to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk. He then went on to Wellmeadow, where he acquired a knowledge of the old bleaching process, which enabled him to establish his own bleachfield at Darnly. The process consisted of boiling the fabric in weak alkali and then laying it flat on the ground to expose it to sun and air for several months. This process, expensive in time and space, would have formed an intolerable bottleneck in the rapidly expanding textile industry, but a new method was on the way. The French chemist Berthollet demonstrated in 1786 the use of chlorine as a bleaching agent and James Watt learned of this while on a visit to Paris. On his return to Glasgow, Watt passed details of the new process on to Tennant, who set about devising his own version of it. First he obtained a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine through a stirred mixture of lime and water. He was granted a patent for this process in 1798, but it was promptly infringed by bleachers in Lancashire. Tennant's efforts to enforce the patent were unsuccessful as it was alleged that others had employed a similar process some years previously. Nevertheless, the Lancashire bleachers had the good grace to present Tennant with a service of plate in recognition of the benefits he had brought to the industry.In 1799 Tennant improved on his process by substituting dry slaked lime for the liquid, to form bleaching powder. This was patented the same year and proved to be a vital element in the advance of the textile industry. The following year, Tennant established his chemical plant at St Roll ox, outside Glasgow, to manufacture bleaching powder and alkali substances. The plant prospered and became for a time the largest chemical works in Europe.[br]Further ReadingL.F.Haber, 1958, The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century, London: Oxford University Press.F.S.Taylor, 1957, A History of Industrial Chemistry, London: Heinemann.Walker, 1862, Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain Living in 1807– 1808, London, p. 186.LRD -
10 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing
См. также в других словарях:
BERTHOLLET (C. L.) — Berthollet est, après Lavoisier, le chimiste français le plus important de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Il a été à la fois un théoricien et un praticien. On lui doit notamment des ouvrages sur le blanchiment (découverte de l’eau de Javel) et sur la… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Berthollet — [bɛrtɔ lɛ], Claude Louis Graf von (seit 1804), französischer Chemiker, * Talloires (bei Annecy) 9. 12. 1748, ✝ Paris 6. 11. 1822; seit 1794 Professor an der École Polytechnique; von Napoleon I. zum Grafen und Senator ernannt, während der… … Universal-Lexikon
Berthollet — Berthollet, Vorgebirge der NWKüste von Neuholland … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Berthŏllet — (spr. Bertolleh), Claude Louis Comte de B., geb. 1748 in Talloire in Savoyen, studirte Medicin u. wurde Arzt des Herzogs von Orleans u. 1794 Professor der Chemie an der Normalschule zu Paris; 1796 ging er nach Italien, um die erbeuteten… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Berthollet — (spr. lä), Claude Louis, Graf von, Chemiker, geb. 9. Dez. 1748 zu Talloire in Savoyen, gest. 6. Nov. 1822 in Arcueil bei Paris, studierte in Turin, wurde 1794 Professor an der Normalschule in Paris, ging 1796 nach Italien, um die erbeuteten… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Berthollet — (spr. leh), Claude Louis, Graf von, franz. Chemiker, geb. 9. Nov. 1748 in Talloires (Savoyen), 1794 Prof. an der Normalschule in Paris, später Senator und Pair, gest. 6. Nov. 1822 in Arcueil bei Paris; hochverdient um die technische und… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Berthollet — (Berthollä), Claude Louis, Graf von, ausgezeichneter Chemiker. geb. 1748 zu Talloire in Savoyen, studierte in Turin Medicin, wurde 1780 Mitglied der Akademie zu Paris, 1795 Professor der Chemie an der polytechnischen Schule, folgte Bonaparten… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Berthollet — Comte Claude Louis … Scientists
Berthollet — Berthollet, Claude Louis, conde de … Enciclopedia Universal
Berthollet — (comte Claude) (1748 1822) chimiste français. Il inventa l eau de Javel … Encyclopédie Universelle
Berthollet — (izg. bertolȅ), Claude Louis, grof (1748 1822) DEFINICIJA francuski kemičar i fizičar, otkrio mogućnost bijeljenja klorom, čišćenja vode ugljenom i dr … Hrvatski jezični portal