Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

design+features

Толкование Перевод

101 assembly
1. узел оборудования
2. сборочная единица
3. сборка (монтаж)
4. сборка
5. подузел
6. НКУ распределения и управления
7. конструкция
8. клеевое соединение
9. ассемблирование
ассемблирование
Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера.
[ ГОСТ 19781-90]

Тематики
- обеспеч. систем обраб. информ. программное
EN
- assembly
клеевое соединение
Ндп. клеенное соединение
Соединение частей изделия склеиванием.
[ ГОСТ 28780-90]

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
- клеенное соединение
Тематики
- клеи
EN
конструкция
Устройство, взаимное расположение частей и состав машины, механизма или сооружения.
[ http://sl3d.ru/o-slovare.html]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The new valve profile is design to ensure smooth and precise control at low capacities for improved part load performances.
[Lennox]

Вентиль новой конструкции обеспечивает плавное и точное регулирование при низкой производительности холодильного контура, что увеличивает его эффективность при неполной нагрузке.
[Интент]

Тематики
- машиностроение в целом
EN
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
подузел
узел
сборная деталь
собранный узел
блок
агрегат
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
Синонимы
EN
- assembly
сборка
Процесс соединения и закрепления элементов и деталей в готовые узлы, монтажные блоки, конструкции или изделия
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

сборка
Образование соединений составных частей изделия.
Примечания:
1. Примером видов сборки является клепка, сварка заготовок и т.д.
2. Соединение может быть разъемным или неразъемным
[ГОСТ 3.1109-82]

Тематики
- строительные и монтажные работы
- технологические процессы в целом
EN
- assembling
- assembly
DE
- Fügen
- Montage
FR
- assemblage
сборка (монтаж)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
узел оборудования
компоновочный узел
компоновка
ассемблирование
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
EN
- assembly
3.2.10 сборочная единица (assembly): Изделие, которое разлагаемо на множество комплектующих или других сборочных единиц с точки зрения конкретного приложения предметной области;

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 10303-1-99: Системы автоматизации производства и их интеграция. Представление данных об изделии и обмен этими данными. Часть 1. Общие представления и основополагающие принципы оригинал документа

3.3.1 конструкция (assembly) предназначена для того, чтобы:

а) удерживать каскетку на голове;

б) поглощать кинетическую энергию, возникающую при ударе, и распределять усилие по поверхности головы.

Примечание - Внутренняя оснастка может состоять из элементов, указанных в 3.3.2 - 3.3.5.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 12.4.245-2007: Система стандартов безопасности труда. Каскетки защитные. Общие технические требования. Методы испытаний оригинал документа

52. Ассемблирование

Assembly

Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера

Источник: ГОСТ 19781-90: Обеспечение систем обработки информации программное. Термины и определения оригинал документа

39. Сборка

D. Fügen

E. Assembly

F. Assemblage

Источник: ГОСТ 3.1109-82: Единая система технологической документации. Термины и определения основных понятий оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > assembly
102 switchboard
коммутатор
Устройство, обеспечивающее посредством включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей выбор требуемой выходной цепи и соединение с ней входной цепи
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
- commutator
- switchboard
DE
FR
- commutateur
коммутаторная панель
распределительный щит
Устройство, конструктивно объединяющее несколько коммутационных элементов, предназначенных для включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей и каналов связи в ручном режиме.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
Синонимы
- распределительный щит
EN
- switchboard
коммутационный щит
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- switchboard
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
распределительное устройство
Распределительным устройством (РУ) называется электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая сборные и соединительные шины, коммутационные аппараты, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[РД 34.20.185-94]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, предназначенная для приема и распределения электрической энергии на одном напряжении и содержащая коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные шины [секции шин], устройства управления и защиты.
Примечание. К устройствам управления относятся аппараты и связывающие их элементы обеспечивающие контроль, измерение, сигнализацию и выполнение команд.
[ ГОСТ 24291-90]
[ ГОСТ Р 53685-2009]

электрическое распределительное устройство
распределительное устройство
Устройство, предназначенное для приема и распределения электроэнергии на одном напряжении и содержащее коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные соединительные устройства.
Примечание. В состав распределительного устройства дополнительно могут входить устройства защиты и управления
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая коммутационные аппараты, сборные и соединительные шины, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[ПОТ Р М-016-2001]
[РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]

устройство распределительное
Совокупность аппаратов и приборов для приёма и распределения электроэнергии одного напряжения, вырабатываемой электростанцией или преобразуемой подстанцией
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

EN

switching substation
a substation which includes switchgear and usually busbars, but no power transformers
[IEV number 605-01-02]

FR

poste de sectionnement
poste de coupure
poste comprenant des organes de manoeuvre et généralement des jeux de barres, à l'exclusion de transformateurs de puissance
[IEV number 605-01-02]

В качестве РУ 6—10 кВ используется сборка высокого напряжения с однополюсными разъединителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения и одна камера КСО с выключателем нагрузки и предохранителями для подключения трансформатора. Для РУ 0,4 кВ применяются сборки низкого напряжения с предохранителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения.
На ПС применяются открытые (ОРУ), закрытые (ЗРУ) или комплектные (КРУ) распределительные устройства.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ

В общем случае ПС и РУ являются составной частью электроустановок, которые различаются:
- по назначению:
  - генерирующие,
  - преобразовательно-распределительные,
  - потребительские.
    
    Генерирующие электроустановки служат для выработки электроэнергии, преобразовательно-распределительные электроустановки преобразуют электроэнергию в удобный для передачи и потребления вид, передают ее и распределяют между потребителями;
- по роду тока:
  - постоянного тока,
  - переменного тока.
- по напряжению:
  - до 1000 В,
  - выше 1000 В.
Шкала номинальных напряжений ограничена сравнительно небольшим числом стандартных значений, благодаря чему изготавливается небольшое число типоразмеров машин и оборудования, а электросети выполняются более экономичными. В установках трехфазного тока номинальным напряжением принято считать напряжение между фазами (междуфазовое напряжение). Согласно ГОСТ 29322—92 установлена следующая шкала номинальных напряжений:

для электросетей переменного тока частотой 50 Гц междуфазовое напряжение должно быть: 12, 24, 36, 42, 127, 220, 380 В; 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 110, 150, 220, 330, 500, 750 и 1150 кВ;
для электросетей постоянного тока: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 110, 220, 440, 660, 825, 3000 В и выше.
- по способу присоединения к электросети ПС разделяются на:
  - тупиковые (блочные),
  - ответвительные (блочные),
  - проходные (транзитные)
  - узловые.
Тупиковые ПС получают питание по одной или двум тупиковым ВЛ.

Ответвительные ПС присоединяются ответвлением к одной или двум проходящим ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Проходные ПС включаются в рассечку одной или двух проходящих ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Узловые ПС кроме питающих имеют отходящие радиальные или транзитные ВЛ.
- по способу управления ПС могут быть:
  - только с телесигнализацией,
  - телеуправляемыми с телесигнализацией,
  - с телесигнализацией и управлением с общеподстанционного пункта управления (ОПУ).
Подстанции оперативно обслуживаются постоянным дежурным персоналом на щите управления, дежурными на дому или оперативно-выездными бригадами (ОВБ). Ремонт ПС осуществляется специализированными выездными бригадами централизованного ремонта или местным персоналом подстанции.

В РУ напряжением до 1000 В провода, шины, аппараты, приборы и конструкции выбирают как по нормальным условиям работы (напряжению и току), так и по термическим и динамическим воздействиям токов коротких замыканий (КЗ) или предельно допустимой отключаемой мощности.

В РУ и ПС напряжением выше 1000 В расстояния между электрооборудованием, аппаратами, токоведущими частями, изоляторами, ограждениями и конструкциями устанавливаются так, чтобы при нормальном режиме работы электроустановки возникающие физические явления (температура нагрева, электрическая дуга, выброс газов, искрение и др.) не могли привести к повреждению оборудования и КЗ.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:
- By the current rating.
- By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely interrupt)
  - Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents
  - Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents
  - Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very small.
- By voltage class:
  - Low voltage (less than 1,000 volts AC)
  - Medium voltage (1,000–35,000 volts AC)
  - High voltage (more than 35,000 volts AC)
- By insulating medium:
  - Air
  - Gas (SF6 or mixtures)
  - Oil
  - Vacuum
- By construction type:
  - Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type)
  - Outdoor
  - Industrial
  - Utility
  - Marine
  - Draw-out elements (removable without many tools)
  - Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
  - Live-front
  - Dead-front
  - Open
  - Metal-enclosed
  - Metal-clad
  - Metal enclosed & Metal clad
  - Arc-resistant
- By IEC degree of internal separation
  - No Separation (Form 1)
  - Busbars separated from functional units (Form 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from busbars (Form 2b, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from each other (Form 3a, 3b)
  - Functional units separated from each other (Form 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from each other (Form 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit (Form 4b)
- By interrupting device:
- By operating method:
  - Manually operated
  - Motor/stored energy operated
  - Solenoid operated
- By type of current:
  - Alternating current
  - Direct current
- By application:
  - Transmission system
  - Distribution
- By purpose
  - Isolating switches (disconnectors)
  - Load-break switches.
  - Grounding (earthing) switches
A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually operated switches may all exist in the same row of cubicles.

Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.

[Robert W. Smeaton (ed) Switchgear and Control Handbook 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, new York 1997]
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_switchgear]

Тематики
- электрификация, электроснабж. железных дорог
- электроагрегаты генераторные
- электробезопасность
- электроснабжение в целом
Синонимы
- РУ
- электрическое распределительное устройство
EN
DE
- Schaltanlage
- Schaltstation
FR
распределительный щит
Комплектное устройство, содержащее различную коммутационную аппаратуру, соединенное с одной или более отходящими электрическими цепями, питающееся от одной или более входящих цепей, вместе с зажимами для присоединения нейтральных и защитных проводников.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

щит распределительный
Электротехническое устройство, объединяющее коммутационную, регулирующую и защитную аппаратуру, а также контрольно-измерительные и сигнальные приборы
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

распределительный щит
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

EN

distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

FR

tableau de répartition, m
ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Distribution switchboards, including the Main LV Switchboard (MLVS), are critical to the dependability of an electrical installation. They must comply with well-defined standards governing the design and construction of LV switchgear assemblies

A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function. It represents a key link in the dependability chain.

Consequently, the type of distribution switchboard must be perfectly adapted to its application. Its design and construction must comply with applicable standards and working practises.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительные щиты, включая главный распределительный щит низкого напряжения (ГРЩ), играют решающую роль в обеспечении надежности электроустановки. Они должны отвечать требованиям соответствующих стандартов, определяющих конструкцию и порядок изготовления НКУ распределения электроэнергии.

В распределительном щите выполняется прием электроэнергии и ее распределение по отдельным цепям, каждая из которых контролируется и защищается плавкими предохранителями или автоматическими выключателями.
Распределительный щит состоит из функциональных блоков, включающих в себя все электрические и механические элементы, необходимые для выполнения требуемой функции. Распределительный щит представляет собой ключевое звено в цепи обеспечения надежности.

Тип распределительного щита должен соответствовать области применения. Конструкция и изготовление распределительного щита должны удовлетворять требованиям применимых стандартов и учитывать накопленную практику применения.

[Перевод Интент]

Рис. Schneider Electric

With Prisma Plus G you can be sure to build 100% Schneider Electric switchboards that are safe, optimised:

> All components (switchgear, distribution blocks, prefabricated connections, etc.) are perfectly rated and coordinated to work together;

> All switchboard configurations, even the most demanding ones, have been tested.

You can prove that your switchboard meets the current standards, at any time.

You can be sure to build a reliable electrical installation and give your customers full satisfaction in terms of dependability and safety for people and the installation.

Prisma Plus G with its discreet design, blends harmoniously into all tertiary and industrial buildings, including in entrance halls and passageways.

With Prisma Plus G you can build just the right switchboard for your customer, sized precisely to fit costs and needs.

With this complete, prefabricated and tested system, it's easy to upgrade your installation and still maintain the performance levels.

> The wall-mounted and floor-standing enclosures combine easily with switchboards already in service.

> Devices can be replaced or added at any time.

[Schneider Electric]

С помощью оболочек Prisma Plus G можно создавать безопасные распределительные щиты, на 100 % состоящие из изделий Schneider Electric:

> все изделия (коммутационная аппаратура, распределительные блоки, готовые заводские соединения и т. д.) полностью совместимы механически и электрически;

> все варианты компоновки распределительных щитов, в том числе для наиболее ответственных применений, прошли испытания.

В любое время вы можете доказать, что ваши распределительные щиты полностью соответствуют требованиям действующих стандартов.

Вы можете быть полностью уверены в том, что создаете надежные электроустановки, удовлетворяющие всем требованиям безопасности для людей и оборудования

Благодаря строгому дизайну, распределительные щиты Prisma Plus G гармонично сочетаются с интерьером любого общественного или промышленного здания. Они хорошо смотрятся и в вестибюле, и в коридоре.

Применяя оболочки Prisma Plus G можно создавать распределительные щиты, точно соответствующие требованиям заказчика как с точки зрения технических характеристик, так и стоимости.

С помощью данной испытанной системы, содержащей все необходимые компоненты заводского изготовления можно легко модернизировать существующую электроустановку и поддерживать её уровни производительности.

> Навесные и напольные оболочки можно легко присоединить к уже эксплуатируемым распределительным щитам.

> Аппаратуру можно заменять или добавлять в любое время.

[Перевод Интент]

The switchboard, central to the electrical installation.

Both the point of arrival of energy and a device for distribution to the site applications, the LV switchboard is the intelligence of the system, central to the electrical installation.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительный щит – «сердце» электроустановки.

Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения является «сердцем» электроустановки, поскольку именно оно принимает электроэнергию из сети и распределяет её по территориально распределенным нагрузкам.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
EN
DE
- elektrischer Verteiler, m
- Schalttafel
- Verteiler, m
FR
- tableau de distribution
- tableau de répartition, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchboard
103 Ausstattung

f

1. (Ausrüstung) equipment; (Armaturen) fittings Pl.; einer Wohnung: furnishings Pl.; THEAT. sets and costumes Pl.

2. (Gestaltung) design; (Buchausstattung) getup

* * *

die Ausstattung

outfit; configuration; accoutrements; equipment; décor; endowment; environment

* * *
Aus|stat|tung
f -, -en

1) (= Ausrüstung) equipment; (TECH AUCH) fittings pl; (= Kapital) provisions pl; (von Zimmer etc) furnishings pl; (THEAT) décor and costumes pl; (= Mitgift) dowry; (von Buch) presentation

2) (= das Ausstatten) equipping; (= Versorgung) provision; (mit Rechten) vesting; (= das Möblieren) furnishing; (von Buch) production

* * *

die

1) endowment

2) (a collection of the materials etc required to make something: He bought a model aeroplane kit.) kit

3) (a set of clothes, especially for a particular occasion: a wedding outfit.) outfit

* * *

Aus·stat·tung

<-, -en>

f

1. kein pl (Ausrüstung) equipment no pl; (das Ausrüsten) equipping no pl, provision, fitting-out no pl

2. kein pl

▪ jds \Ausstattung mit etw dat the vesting of sb with sth

3. (Einrichtung) furnishings pl

das Haus hatte eine sehr luxuriöse \Ausstattung the house was luxuriously furnished

4. (Aufmachung) features pl, fittings pl

* * *

die; Ausstattung, Ausstattungen

1) (das Ausstatten) s. ausstatten: provision; fitting out; equipping; furnishing; vesting; production

2) (Ausrüstung) equipment; (InnenAusstattung eines Autos) trim

3) (Einrichtung) furnishings pl.

4) (Film, Theater) décor and costumes

5) (Buchw.) design and layout; (typographisch) design

* * *

Ausstattung f

1. (Ausrüstung) equipment; (Armaturen) fittings pl; einer Wohnung: furnishings pl; THEAT sets and costumes pl

2. (Gestaltung) design; (Buchausstattung) getup

* * *

die; Ausstattung, Ausstattungen

1) (das Ausstatten) s. ausstatten: provision; fitting out; equipping; furnishing; vesting; production

2) (Ausrüstung) equipment; (InnenAusstattung eines Autos) trim

3) (Einrichtung) furnishings pl.

4) (Film, Theater) décor and costumes

5) (Buchw.) design and layout; (typographisch) design

* * *

f.

accoutrement n.

configuration n.

endowment n.

environment n.

equipment n.

facilities n.pl.

fittings n.pl.

furnishing n.

furniture n.

layout n.

outfit n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Ausstattung
104 Barnack, Oskar

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 1879 Berlin, Germany

d. January 1936 Wetzlar, Germany

[br]

German camera designer who conceived the first Leica camera and many subsequent models.

[br]

Oskar Barnack was an optical engineer, introspective and in poor health, when in 1910 he was invited through the good offices of his friend the mechanical engineer Emil Mechau, who worked for Ernst Leitz, to join the company at Wetzlar to work on research into microscope design. He was engaged after a week's trial, and on 2 January 1911 he was put in charge of microscope research. He was an enthusiastic photographer, but excursions with his large and heavy plate camera equipment taxed his strength. In 1912, Mechau was working on a revolutionary film projector design and needed film to test it. Barnack suggested that it was not necessary to buy an expensive commercial machine— why not make one? Leitz agreed, and Barnack constructed a 35 mm movie camera, which he used to cover events in and around Wetzlar.

The exposure problems he encountered with the variable sensitivity of the cine film led him to consider the design of a still camera in which short lengths of film could be tested before shooting—a kind of exposure-meter camera. Dissatisfied with the poor picture quality of his first model, which took the standard cine frame of 18×24 mm, he built a new model in which the frame size was doubled to 36×24 mm. It used a simple focal-plane shutter adjustable to 1/500 of a second, and a Zeiss Milar lens of 42 mm focal length. This is what is now known as the UR-Leica. Using his new camera, 1/250 of the weight of his plate equipment, Barnack made many photographs around Wetzlar, giving postcard-sized prints of good quality.

Ernst Leitz Junior was lent the camera for his trip in June 1914 to America, where he was urged to put it into production. Visiting George Eastman in Rochester, Leitz passed on Barnack's requests for film of finer grain and better quality. The First World War put an end to the chances of developing the design at that time. As Germany emerged from the postwar chaos, Leitz Junior, then in charge of the firm, took Barnack off microscope work to design prototypes for a commercial model. Leitz's Chief Optician, Max Berek, designed a new lens, the f3.5 Elmax, for the new camera. They settled on the name Leica, and the first production models went on show at the Leipzig Spring Fair in 1925. By the end of the year, 1,000 cameras had been shipped, despite costing about two months' good wages.

The Leica camera established 35 mm still photography as a practical proposition, and film manufacturers began to create the special fine-grain films that Barnack had longed for. He continued to improve the design, and a succession of new Leica models appeared with new features, such as interchangeable lenses, coupled range-finders, 250 exposures. By the time of his sudden death in 1936, Barnack's life's work had forever transformed the nature of photography.

[br]

Further Reading

J.Borgé and G.Borgé, 1977, Prestige de la, photographie.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Barnack, Oskar
105 feature

1) характерная черта; характеристика, свойство; деталь; форма; вид; особенность ( конструкции), признак

2) показывать, проявлять

•

- structural features
- unique feature
* * *

1. особенность, характер; признак; свойство; техническая характеристика; параметр

2. геод. ориентир; элемент рельефа; элемент содержания карты
- concrete landscape features
- design feature
- natural features
- relief feature
- simulated landscape features
- specific features

Англо-русский строительный словарь > feature
106 boceto

m.

sketch, rough outline.

* * *

boceto

► nombre masculino

1 sketch (proyecto) outline

* * *

noun m.

sketch, outline

* * *

SM (=esquema) sketch, outline; (=diseño) design; (=maqueta) model, mock-up

* * *

masculino ( dibujo) sketch; ( de proyecto) outline

* * *

= sketch, rough draft, study print, rough sketch.

Ex. A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.

Ex. This paper describes the program devised to extract references from the OCLC data base and generate bibliographies in rough draft form.

Ex. For instance, boys would be terribly attracted to find gorgeous study prints on motorcycles.

Ex. Intelligent software that brings rough sketches to life in a virtual world is promising to revolutionise the way children learn and to help engineers.

----

* cuaderno de bocetos = sketchbook [sketch book].

* * *

masculino ( dibujo) sketch; ( de proyecto) outline

* * *

= sketch, rough draft, study print, rough sketch.

Ex: A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.

Ex: This paper describes the program devised to extract references from the OCLC data base and generate bibliographies in rough draft form.

Ex: For instance, boys would be terribly attracted to find gorgeous study prints on motorcycles.

Ex: Intelligent software that brings rough sketches to life in a virtual world is promising to revolutionise the way children learn and to help engineers.

* cuaderno de bocetos = sketchbook [sketch book].

* * *

boceto

masculine

1 (dibujo) sketch

2 (de un proyecto) outline

* * *

boceto sustantivo masculino ( dibujo) sketch;
( de proyecto) outline
boceto m Arte sketch, outline u (borrador) outline, plan
' boceto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dibujar
English:
design

* * *

boceto nm

1. [dibujo] sketch, rough outline

2. [de proyecto] outline

* * *

boceto

m sketch

* * *

boceto nm

: sketch, outline

* * *

boceto n sketch [pl. sketches]

Spanish-English dictionary > boceto
107 entrecortado

adj.

discontinuous, faltering, broken.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: entrecortar.

* * *

entrecortado

► participio pasado

1→ link=entrecortar entrecortar

► adjetivo

1 (voz) faltering, hesitant; (respiración) laboured (US labored), difficult

2 (intermitente) intermittent

* * *

ADJ [respiración] laboured, labored (EEUU), difficult; [habla] faltering, hesitant

con la voz entrecortada — in a faltering voice, in a voice choked with emotion

* * *

- da adjetivo < respiración> difficult, labored*

con la voz entrecortada — in a voice choked with emotion

oía su llanto entrecortado — he could hear her choking sobs

* * *

= faltering, bursty, choppy, clipped, jumpy [jumpier -comp., jumpiest -sup.], breathless, jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].

Ex. In hindsight, it is easy to see a trajectory of inevitability that made MARC, the ISBDs, and AACR2 seem more the result of historical forces than the often faltering and separate steps they were in truth.

Ex. Its design provides on one hand a service in which every node can try to transmit asynchronously in a bursty manner.

Ex. You will find that the choppy keyboard response is easier to tolerate after a few days of use.

Ex. Length is also a function of style and most abstracts, though avoiding clipped telegraphese, have certain stylistic features which help to keep wordage to a minimum.

Ex. This film adaptation is scrappily made and jumpy, and there is nothing here that evokes either the joy of the moment or the death of the soul.

Ex. The stories are told in the breathless voice of a gossip, full of juicy tidbits, and a shrewd understanding of what makes one life connect to another.

Ex. By whipping these tails back and forth the organism can swim about in a brisk, if rather jerky, fashion.

----

* con voz entrecortada = hesitantly, falteringly, haltingly, jerkily.

* * *

- da adjetivo < respiración> difficult, labored*

con la voz entrecortada — in a voice choked with emotion

oía su llanto entrecortado — he could hear her choking sobs

* * *

= faltering, bursty, choppy, clipped, jumpy [jumpier -comp., jumpiest -sup.], breathless, jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].

Ex: In hindsight, it is easy to see a trajectory of inevitability that made MARC, the ISBDs, and AACR2 seem more the result of historical forces than the often faltering and separate steps they were in truth.

Ex: Its design provides on one hand a service in which every node can try to transmit asynchronously in a bursty manner.

Ex: You will find that the choppy keyboard response is easier to tolerate after a few days of use.

Ex: Length is also a function of style and most abstracts, though avoiding clipped telegraphese, have certain stylistic features which help to keep wordage to a minimum.

Ex: This film adaptation is scrappily made and jumpy, and there is nothing here that evokes either the joy of the moment or the death of the soul.

Ex: The stories are told in the breathless voice of a gossip, full of juicy tidbits, and a shrewd understanding of what makes one life connect to another.

Ex: By whipping these tails back and forth the organism can swim about in a brisk, if rather jerky, fashion.

* con voz entrecortada = hesitantly, falteringly, haltingly, jerkily.

* * *

entrecortado -da

adjective

‹respiración› difficult, labored*

con la voz entrecortada in a voice choked with emotion

a través de la pared oyó su llanto entrecortado he could hear her choking sobs through the wall

* * *

entrecortado
◊ -da adjetivo ‹ respiración› difficult, labored^{( conjugate labored)};

con la voz entrecortada por la emoción in a voice choked with emotion
entrecortado,-a adj (voz) faltering

' entrecortado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
entrecortada
English:
broken
- gasp
- jerky

* * *

entrecortado, -a adj
[voz, habla] faltering; [respiración] laboured; [señal, sonido, comunicación] intermittent;
se oía su llanto entrecortado you could hear her choking sobs

* * *

entrecortado

adj respiración difficult, labored; habla halting;

con la voz entrecortada por lágrimas in a voice choked with tears

* * *

entrecortado, -da adj

1) : labored, difficult

respiración entrecortada: shortness of breath

2) : faltering, hesitant

con la voz entrecortada: with a catch in his voice

Spanish-English dictionary > entrecortado
108 envergadura

f.

1 size, extent (importancia).

una reforma de gran envergadura a wide-ranging reform

2 wingspan.

3 importance, reach, significance.

* * *

envergadura

► nombre femenino

1 (de pájaro) spread, span, wingspan

2 MARÍTIMO breadth (of sail)

3 figurado (de avión) span, wingspan

4 figurado (importancia) importance, scope

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

de gran envergadura / de mucha envergadura very important, consequential, far-reaching

de poca envergadura unimportant, inconsequential

* * *

SF

1) (=importancia) importance

el edificio sufrió daños de cierta envergadura — the building suffered considerable o substantial damage

un programa de gran envergadura — a wide-ranging programme, a programme of considerable scope

una operación de cierta envergadura — an operation of some magnitude o size

la obra es de envergadura — the plan is ambitious

2) (=tamaño) scope, magnitude

3) (=extensión) [gen] expanse, spread; (Náut) breadth, beam; (Aer, Orn) wingspan; [de boxeador] reach

* * *

femenino

1) ( importancia) magnitude (frml), importance

de gran/cierta envergadura — of great/some importance

2) (de avión, ave) wingspan

* * *

= comprehensive, comprehensiveness, magnitude, sweep, massiveness, scale.

Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.

Ex. The importance of currency in relation to comprehensiveness and other features of the abstracting publication depends upon the subject area and audience.

Ex. Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

Ex. The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.

Ex. With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.

Ex. I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.

----

* de envergacura = heavy lifting.

* de tal envergadura = of such magnitude, such that.

* envergadura de ala = wingspan.

* * *

femenino

1) ( importancia) magnitude (frml), importance

de gran/cierta envergadura — of great/some importance

2) (de avión, ave) wingspan

* * *

= comprehensive, comprehensiveness, magnitude, sweep, massiveness, scale.

Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.

Ex: The importance of currency in relation to comprehensiveness and other features of the abstracting publication depends upon the subject area and audience.

Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

Ex: The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.

Ex: With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.

Ex: I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.

* de envergacura = heavy lifting.

* de tal envergadura = of such magnitude, such that.

* envergadura de ala = wingspan.

* * *

envergadura

feminine

A (importancia) magnitude ( frml), importance

un proyecto de gran envergadura a project of great importance o magnitude

un político de cierta envergadura a politician of some importance

B

1 (de un avión, ave) wingspan

2 (de una vela) breadth

* * *

envergadura sustantivo femenino ( importancia) magnitude (frml), importance;
◊ de cierta envergadura of some importance

envergadura sustantivo masculino
1 (de un avión, un ave) wingspan
2 (importancia) significance, scope, extent: resolvieron problemas de cierta envergadura, they resolved quite complicated problems

' envergadura' also found in these entries:
English:
large-scale
- size
- small-scale
- span
- spread
- spur
- full
- magnitude
- wingspan

* * *

envergadura nf

1. [importancia] size, extent;
[complejidad] complexity;
para un negocio de esta envergadura se necesita mucho dinero a business of this size needs a lot of money;

una reforma de gran envergadura a large-scale reform;

políticos de poca envergadura minor politicians;

el accidente fue de tal envergadura que hubo que cerrar el aeropuerto the accident was so serious that the airport had to be shut down

2. [de ave, avión] wingspan

3. [de brazos] span

4. [de vela] breadth

* * *

envergadura

f AVIA wingspan; MAR breadth; fig

magnitude, importance;

de gran o

mucha envergadura fig of great importance

* * *

envergadura nf

1) : span, breadth, spread

2) : importance, scope

Spanish-English dictionary > envergadura
109 mejorar

v.

to improve, to get better.

María mejoró la receta Mary improved the recipe.

Ricardo mejoró Richard got better.

Las perspectivas mejoraron The outlook got better.

mejorar una oferta to make a better offer

* * *

mejorar

► verbo transitivo

1 to improve

► verbo intransitivo

1 to improve, get better

► verbo pronominal mejorarse

1 to get better

■ ¡que te mejores! I hope you get better

* * *

verb

1) to improve

2) make better

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ servicio, resultados] to improve; [+ enfermo] to make better; (=realzar) to enhance; [+ oferta] to raise, improve; [+ récord] to break; (Inform) to upgrade

- mejorando lo presente

2)

mejorar a algn — (=ser mejor que) to be better than sb

2. VI

1) [situación] to improve, get better; (Meteo) to improve, clear up; (Econ) to improve, pick up; [enfermo] to get better

han mejorado de actitud/imagen — their attitude/image has improved

los negocios mejoran — business is picking up

está mejorado de sus dolores — the pain has gone away

2) [en subasta] to raise one's bid

3.

See:

mejorarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <condiciones/situación> to improve

este tratamiento te mejorará enseguida — this treatment will make you better right away

intentó mejorar su marca — she tried to improve on o beat her own record

b) < oferta> ( en subastas) to increase

los empresarios mejoraron la propuesta — the management improved their offer o made a better offer
2.
mejorar vi tiempo to improve, get better; resultados/calidad/situación to improve, get better; persona (Med) to get better

ha mejorado de aspecto — he looks a lot better

han mejorado de posición — they've come o gone up in the world
3.
mejorarse v pron

a) enfermo to get better

¿ya te mejoraste de la gripe? — have you got over the flu?

que te mejores — get well soon, I hope you get better soon

b) (Chi fam & euf) ( dar a luz) to give birth

* * *

= ameliorate, boost, cultivate, enhance, improve, optimise [optimize, -USA], scale up, score over, upgrade, give + improvement (in), better, bring + Nombre + up to par, get + better, gain + confidence (with/in), do + a better job, pump up, ease, outdo, jazz up, take + a turn, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better, turn + Nombre + (a)round, polish up, best, trump, buff up, go + one better, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, look up.

Ex. These articles are compared with 34 articles on how similar blood changes might ameliorate Raynaud's disease.

Ex. If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.

Ex. Such familiarity can be cultivated with experience, and will consider the following features of data bases.

Ex. An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.

Ex. Notice that it would be possible to improve recall indefinitely by scanning the entire document collection.

Ex. The DOBIS/Leuven data bases is designed to optimize search and updating procedures, because these functions are critical to the operation of a library.

Ex. After a brief discussion of basic hypertext operations, it considers some of the issues that arise in 'scaling up' hyptertext data base.

Ex. A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.

Ex. Sometimes it will be necessary to upgrade CIP records once the book is published, and this process is undertaken by BLBSD as appropriate.

Ex. There was, it appeared, little point in spending more than four minutes indexing a particular document, for the additional time gave no improvement in results.

Ex. She thumbed the pages slowly, explaining that the study had been conducted to try to ascertain student attitudes toward the media center, why they used it, which facilities they used, and to see if they had suggestions for bettering it.

Ex. The article ' Bringing your golf collection up to par' gives guidelines on selecting library materials on golf.

Ex. Systems will get better and cheaper with the passage of time.

Ex. This assignment was designed to help students gain confidence in using print and computerized sources.

Ex. At the same time librarians need to do a better job communicating information about available research and instructional support.

Ex. The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.

Ex. To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.

Ex. This novel is narrated by William, an underachiever who is constantly outdone by his charming and lovable identical twin brother.

Ex. After jazzing up her appearance with a new blonde hairdo, she turns up in his office and talks him into taking her out for a meal.

Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.

Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.

Ex. His private life, however, took a turn for the better.

Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.

Ex. If we polish up and internalize these pearls of wisdom, especially those which challenge our existing boundaries and beliefs, the payoff can be priceless.

Ex. Back in 2001, the tossed salad they prepared fed some 5,000, which then bested the record held by a community in Utah in the United States.

Ex. If prejudice is allowed to trump the rights that all citizens should enjoy, then everyone's freedoms are ultimately endangered.

Ex. As a general rule, you can ' buff up' your look by making your shoulders seem wider and your waist narrower.

Ex. I think Murray will go one better than Wimbledon, but will lose to Federer again in the final.

Ex. Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.

Ex. Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.

Ex. There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.

Ex. We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.

Ex. David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.

Ex. Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.

Ex. After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.

Ex. Things may be looking up for Blair, but it is still not certain that he will fight the election.

----

* cosas + mejorar = things + get better.

* empezar a mejorar = turn + a corner, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better.

* información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.

* mejorar con respecto a = be an improvement on.

* mejorar considerablemente = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.

* mejorar el pasado = improve on + the past.

* mejorar la autoestima = improve + self-esteem.

* mejorar la calidad = raise + standard, raise + quality.

* mejorar la calidad de vida = improve + living standards, raise + living standards.

* mejorar la eficacia = enhance + effectiveness.

* mejorar la exhaustividad = improve + recall.

* mejorar la pertinencia = improve + precision.

* mejorar la precisión = improve + precision.

* mejorar la productividad = improve + productivity.

* mejorar las destrezas = sharpen + Posesivo + skills.

* mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.

* mejorar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.

* mejorar la suerte = improve + the lot.

* mejorar + Posesivo + apariencia = smarten (up) + Posesivo + appearance.

* mejorar + Posesivo + autoestima = enhance + Posesivo + self-esteem.

* mejorar + Posesivo + calidad de vida = raise + Posesivo + quality of living.

* mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = raise + Posesivo + profile, smarten up + Posesivo + image, enhance + Posesivo + image, buff up + Posesivo + image.

* mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = enhance + Posesivo + identity.

* mejorar + Posesivo + suerte = improve + Posesivo + lot.

* mejorar + Posesivo + vida = improve + Posesivo + life.

* mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.

* que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.

* situación + mejorar = situation + ease.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <condiciones/situación> to improve

este tratamiento te mejorará enseguida — this treatment will make you better right away

intentó mejorar su marca — she tried to improve on o beat her own record

b) < oferta> ( en subastas) to increase

los empresarios mejoraron la propuesta — the management improved their offer o made a better offer
2.
mejorar vi tiempo to improve, get better; resultados/calidad/situación to improve, get better; persona (Med) to get better

ha mejorado de aspecto — he looks a lot better

han mejorado de posición — they've come o gone up in the world
3.
mejorarse v pron

a) enfermo to get better

¿ya te mejoraste de la gripe? — have you got over the flu?

que te mejores — get well soon, I hope you get better soon

b) (Chi fam & euf) ( dar a luz) to give birth

* * *

= ameliorate, boost, cultivate, enhance, improve, optimise [optimize, -USA], scale up, score over, upgrade, give + improvement (in), better, bring + Nombre + up to par, get + better, gain + confidence (with/in), do + a better job, pump up, ease, outdo, jazz up, take + a turn, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better, turn + Nombre + (a)round, polish up, best, trump, buff up, go + one better, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, look up.

Ex: These articles are compared with 34 articles on how similar blood changes might ameliorate Raynaud's disease.

Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.

Ex: Such familiarity can be cultivated with experience, and will consider the following features of data bases.

Ex: An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.

Ex: Notice that it would be possible to improve recall indefinitely by scanning the entire document collection.

Ex: The DOBIS/Leuven data bases is designed to optimize search and updating procedures, because these functions are critical to the operation of a library.

Ex: After a brief discussion of basic hypertext operations, it considers some of the issues that arise in 'scaling up' hyptertext data base.

Ex: A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.

Ex: Sometimes it will be necessary to upgrade CIP records once the book is published, and this process is undertaken by BLBSD as appropriate.

Ex: There was, it appeared, little point in spending more than four minutes indexing a particular document, for the additional time gave no improvement in results.

Ex: She thumbed the pages slowly, explaining that the study had been conducted to try to ascertain student attitudes toward the media center, why they used it, which facilities they used, and to see if they had suggestions for bettering it.

Ex: The article ' Bringing your golf collection up to par' gives guidelines on selecting library materials on golf.

Ex: Systems will get better and cheaper with the passage of time.

Ex: This assignment was designed to help students gain confidence in using print and computerized sources.

Ex: At the same time librarians need to do a better job communicating information about available research and instructional support.

Ex: The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.

Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.

Ex: This novel is narrated by William, an underachiever who is constantly outdone by his charming and lovable identical twin brother.

Ex: After jazzing up her appearance with a new blonde hairdo, she turns up in his office and talks him into taking her out for a meal.

Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.

Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.

Ex: His private life, however, took a turn for the better.

Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.

Ex: If we polish up and internalize these pearls of wisdom, especially those which challenge our existing boundaries and beliefs, the payoff can be priceless.

Ex: Back in 2001, the tossed salad they prepared fed some 5,000, which then bested the record held by a community in Utah in the United States.

Ex: If prejudice is allowed to trump the rights that all citizens should enjoy, then everyone's freedoms are ultimately endangered.

Ex: As a general rule, you can ' buff up' your look by making your shoulders seem wider and your waist narrower.

Ex: I think Murray will go one better than Wimbledon, but will lose to Federer again in the final.

Ex: Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.

Ex: Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.

Ex: There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.

Ex: We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.

Ex: David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.

Ex: Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.

Ex: After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.

Ex: Things may be looking up for Blair, but it is still not certain that he will fight the election.

* cosas + mejorar = things + get better.

* empezar a mejorar = turn + a corner, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better.

* información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.

* mejorar con respecto a = be an improvement on.

* mejorar considerablemente = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.

* mejorar el pasado = improve on + the past.

* mejorar la autoestima = improve + self-esteem.

* mejorar la calidad = raise + standard, raise + quality.

* mejorar la calidad de vida = improve + living standards, raise + living standards.

* mejorar la eficacia = enhance + effectiveness.

* mejorar la exhaustividad = improve + recall.

* mejorar la pertinencia = improve + precision.

* mejorar la precisión = improve + precision.

* mejorar la productividad = improve + productivity.

* mejorar las destrezas = sharpen + Posesivo + skills.

* mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.

* mejorar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.

* mejorar la suerte = improve + the lot.

* mejorar + Posesivo + apariencia = smarten (up) + Posesivo + appearance.

* mejorar + Posesivo + autoestima = enhance + Posesivo + self-esteem.

* mejorar + Posesivo + calidad de vida = raise + Posesivo + quality of living.

* mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = raise + Posesivo + profile, smarten up + Posesivo + image, enhance + Posesivo + image, buff up + Posesivo + image.

* mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = enhance + Posesivo + identity.

* mejorar + Posesivo + suerte = improve + Posesivo + lot.

* mejorar + Posesivo + vida = improve + Posesivo + life.

* mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.

* que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.

* situación + mejorar = situation + ease.

* * *

mejorar [A1 ]

vt

1 ‹condiciones/situación› to improve

este tratamiento te mejorará enseguida this treatment will make you better right away

tienes que mejorar las notas/la letra you must improve your grades/your handwriting

intentó mejorar su marca she tried to improve on o beat her own record

2 ‹oferta› (en subastas) to increase

los empresarios mejoraron la propuesta the management improved their offer o made a better offer

■ mejorar

vi

«tiempo» to improve, get better; «resultados/calidad» to improve, get better; «persona» ( Med) to get better

mi situación económica no ha mejorado nada my financial situation hasn't improved at all o got any better

ha mejorado de aspecto he looks a lot better

tus notas no han mejorado mucho your grades haven't improved much o got(ten) any better

han mejorado de posición they've come o gone up in the world

el paciente sigue mejorando the patient is making a steady improvement

■ mejorarse

v pron

1 «enfermo» to get better

¿ya te mejoraste de la gripe? have you got over the flu?

que te mejores get well soon, I hope you get better soon

2 ( Chi fam euf) (dar a luz) to give birth

* * *

mejorar ( conjugate mejorar) verbo transitivo ‹condiciones/situación/oferta› to improve;
‹ marca› to improve on, beat;
◊ el tratamiento la mejoró the treatment made her a lot better

verbo intransitivo [tiempo/calidad/situación] to improve, get better;

[ persona] (Med) to get better;
◊ ha mejorado de aspecto he looks a lot better

mejorarse verbo pronominal [ enfermo] to get better;
que te mejores get well soon, I hope you get better soon
mejorar
I verbo transitivo
1 to improve: han mejorado la educación, education has been improved
2 Dep (un tiempo, una marca) to break
II verbo intransitivo to improve, get better: espero que el tiempo mejore, I hope the weather gets better
su salud no mejora, his health is not improving

' mejorar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
enriquecer
- ganar
- perfeccionar
- potenciar
- refacción
- superar
English:
ameliorate
- better
- existence
- get along
- improve
- improve on
- improvement
- look up
- pick up
- progress
- raise
- security
- technique
- turn
- upgrade
- brighten
- enhance
- go
- look
- matter
- out
- perk
- pick
- rise
- room
- smarten up
- up

* * *

mejorar

♦ vt

1. [hacer mejor] to improve;

mejoraron las condiciones de trabajo working conditions were improved;

su principal objetivo es mejorar la economía their main aim is to improve the economy's performance

2. [enfermo] to make better;

estas pastillas lo mejorarán these tablets will make him better

3. [superar] to improve;

mejorar una oferta to make a better offer;

mejoró el recórd mundial she beat the world record

♦ vi

1. [ponerse mejor] to improve, to get better;

el paciente está mejorando the patient's condition is improving, the patient is getting better;

necesita mejorar en matemáticas he needs to improve o do better in mathematics

2. [tiempo, clima] to improve, to get better;

tan pronto como mejore, salimos a dar un paseo as soon as the weather improves o gets better we'll go out for a walk;

después de la lluvia el día mejoró after the rain it cleared up

♦ See also the pronominal verb mejorarse

* * *

mejorar

I v/t improve

II v/i improve

* * *

mejorar vt

: to improve, to make better

mejorar vi

: to improve, to get better

♦ See also the reflexive verb mejorarse

* * *

mejorar vb to improve

sus notas han mejorado his marks have improved

mañana mejorará el tiempo the weather will be better tomorrow

Spanish-English dictionary > mejorar
110 mezcla

f.

1 mixture.

una mezcla explosiva an explosive combination (de personalidades, factores)

una mezcla de tabacos a blend of tobaccos

2 mixing.

3 mix (Music).

4 dough, kneading.

5 mortar, plaster.

6 crossbreed, mixing.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: mezclar.

* * *

mezcla

► nombre femenino

1 (acción) mixing, blending

2 (producto) mixture, blend

3 (de película etc) mixing

4 (textil) mixed fibres

■ una falda de mezcla a skirt made from mixed fibres

5 (argamasa) mortar

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

mezcla de razas mixture of races

* * *

noun f.

mix, mixture, blend

* * *

SF

1) (=acción) [de ingredientes, colores] mixing; [de razas, culturas] mixing; [de sonidos] mixing; [de cafés, tabacos, whiskies] blending

la mezcla de lo dulce y lo amargo — mixing sweet and sour flavours
mesa 1)
2) (=resultado) [de ingredientes, colores] mixture; [de razas, culturas] mix; [de cafés, tabacos, whiskies] blend

añade más agua a la mezcla — add some more water to the mixture

sin mezcla — [sustancia] pure; [gasolina] unadulterated

costumbres transmitidas sin mezcla de influencias externas — customs passed on without any external influence

mezcla explosiva — (lit) explosive mixture; (fig) lethal combination

los dos hermanos formaban una mezcla explosiva — the two brothers formed a lethal combination

3) (Mús) mix

4) (Constr) mortar

5) (Cos) blend, mix

* * *

femenino

1) ( proceso)

a) ( de productos) mixing; (de vinos, tabacos, cafés) blending

b) (de razas, culturas) mixing

estos perros son producto de una mezcla — these dogs are crossbreeds

c) (Audio) mixing

2)

a) ( combinación de - productos) mixture; (- vinos, tabacos, cafés) blend; (- tejidos) mix

una mezcla de distintos colores — a combination o mixture of different colors

b) (de razas, culturas) mix

c) (Audio) mix

•

- mezcla explosiva

* * *

= admixture, amalgam, blend, mix, mixing, mixture, alchemy, concoction, combination, potpourri, conflation, cocktail, recombination, bringing together, meld, mishmash, melange.

Ex. No 'bona fide' author will wish to exhibit reduced output efficiency due to admixture with false authorship.

Ex. Nevertheless, modern cataloguing practices often represent some amalgam of the collocative and the direct approaches.

Ex. Thus in index or catalogue or data base design the indexer must choose an appropriate blend of recall and precision for each individual application.

Ex. There are important employment opportunities available to people equipped with the right mix of skills and experience.

Ex. This article describes the architecture and the main features of DOMINO, a multimedia information retrieval system whose data base is a collection of multimedia documents (MDs) constituted of a mixing of texts and images.

Ex. When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.

Ex. This is a specialist service calling for a unique alchemy of librarian and computing skills.

Ex. Statistics show black family life to be an appalling concoction of poverty, shooting and rampant teenage pregnancy.

Ex. The software can search each field or a combination of fields.

Ex. This center holds one of the most significant collections (dare we call it potpourri?) of science, natural history, art, history, and culture in the world = Este centre posee uno de las colecciones (¿o quizás popurrí?) más significativas de la ciencia, historia natural, arte, historia y cultura del mundo.

Ex. It found differences in the abbreviations used and other stylistic matters (mainly due to language differences) but was able to propose a conflation of the descriptions that formed the basis of what became the SBD and later the ISBD.

Ex. He rightly characterizes his book as a ' cocktail of personal and public observations.

Ex. These genomes are inherited in strictly lineal fashion, without recombination.

Ex. I have already mentioned that the bringing together of the various editions is the real problem.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Scholars and media: an unmixable mess of oil and water or a perfect meld of oil and vinegar?'.

Ex. We follow a mishmash of characters as they move through their unfortunate life without felicity.

Ex. There were space cadets, aimless women -- the melange was incredible.

----

* hacer mezcla = mix + cement.

* mezcla de lluvia helada y aguanieve = wint(e)ry mix, wint(e)ry shower.

* mezcla heterogénea = mixed bag.

* que mezcla sensaciones = synesthetic, cross-sensory.

* sin mezcla = unmixed.

* una mezcla de = a mixture of, a blend of, a mix of, a rollup of.

* * *

femenino

1) ( proceso)

a) ( de productos) mixing; (de vinos, tabacos, cafés) blending

b) (de razas, culturas) mixing

estos perros son producto de una mezcla — these dogs are crossbreeds

c) (Audio) mixing

2)

a) ( combinación de - productos) mixture; (- vinos, tabacos, cafés) blend; (- tejidos) mix

una mezcla de distintos colores — a combination o mixture of different colors

b) (de razas, culturas) mix

c) (Audio) mix

•

- mezcla explosiva

* * *

= admixture, amalgam, blend, mix, mixing, mixture, alchemy, concoction, combination, potpourri, conflation, cocktail, recombination, bringing together, meld, mishmash, melange.

Ex: No 'bona fide' author will wish to exhibit reduced output efficiency due to admixture with false authorship.

Ex: Nevertheless, modern cataloguing practices often represent some amalgam of the collocative and the direct approaches.

Ex: Thus in index or catalogue or data base design the indexer must choose an appropriate blend of recall and precision for each individual application.

Ex: There are important employment opportunities available to people equipped with the right mix of skills and experience.

Ex: This article describes the architecture and the main features of DOMINO, a multimedia information retrieval system whose data base is a collection of multimedia documents (MDs) constituted of a mixing of texts and images.

Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.

Ex: This is a specialist service calling for a unique alchemy of librarian and computing skills.

Ex: Statistics show black family life to be an appalling concoction of poverty, shooting and rampant teenage pregnancy.

Ex: The software can search each field or a combination of fields.

Ex: This center holds one of the most significant collections (dare we call it potpourri?) of science, natural history, art, history, and culture in the world = Este centre posee uno de las colecciones (¿o quizás popurrí?) más significativas de la ciencia, historia natural, arte, historia y cultura del mundo.

Ex: It found differences in the abbreviations used and other stylistic matters (mainly due to language differences) but was able to propose a conflation of the descriptions that formed the basis of what became the SBD and later the ISBD.

Ex: He rightly characterizes his book as a ' cocktail of personal and public observations.

Ex: These genomes are inherited in strictly lineal fashion, without recombination.

Ex: I have already mentioned that the bringing together of the various editions is the real problem.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Scholars and media: an unmixable mess of oil and water or a perfect meld of oil and vinegar?'.

Ex: We follow a mishmash of characters as they move through their unfortunate life without felicity.

Ex: There were space cadets, aimless women -- the melange was incredible.

* hacer mezcla = mix + cement.

* mezcla de lluvia helada y aguanieve = wint(e)ry mix, wint(e)ry shower.

* mezcla heterogénea = mixed bag.

* que mezcla sensaciones = synesthetic, cross-sensory.

* sin mezcla = unmixed.

* una mezcla de = a mixture of, a blend of, a mix of, a rollup of.

* * *

mezcla

feminine

A (proceso)

1 (de productos) mixing; (de vinos, tabacos, cafés) blending

2 (de razas, culturas) mixing

estos perros son producto de una mezcla these dogs are crossbreeds

3 ( Audio) mixing

B (combinación)

1 (de productos) mixture; (de vinos, tabacos, cafés) blend; (de tejidos) mix

añadir cuatro cucharadas de azúcar a la mezcla add four spoonfuls of sugar to the mixture

es una mezcla de distintos colores it is a combination o mixture of different colors

no me gusta la mezcla de dulce y salado I don't like mixing sweet and savory things

habla una mezcla de inglés y francés he speaks a mixture of English and French

2 (de razas, culturas) mix

3 ( Audio) mix

4 ( Const) mortar

Compuesto:

mezcla explosiva

( Arm) explosive mixture

este cóctel es una mezcla explosiva ( hum); this is a lethal cocktail ( hum)

* * *

Del verbo mezclar: ( conjugate mezclar)

mezcla es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
mezcla
mezclar
mezcla sustantivo femenino
1 ( proceso)
a) ( en general) mixing

b) (de vinos, tabacos, cafés) blending

2 ( combinación )
a) ( de cosas diversas) mixture;

(de vinos, tabacos, cafés) blend;
( de tejidos) mix;
◊ una mezcla de harina y azúcar a mixture of flour and sugar

b) (de razas, culturas) mix

c) (Audio) mix

mezclar ( conjugate mezclar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ( combinar) to mix;

mezcla algo con algo to mix sth with sth
b) ‹café/vino/tabaco› to blend

2 ‹documentos/ropa› to mix up, get … mixed up;
mezcla algo con algo to get sth mixed up with sth
3 ( involucrar) mezcla a algn en algo to get sb mixed up o involved in sth
mezclarse verbo pronominal
1
a) ( involucrarse) mezclase en algo to get mixed up o involved in sth

b) ( tener trato con) mezclase con algn to mix with sb

2 [razas/culturas] to mix
mezcla sustantivo femenino
1 (acción) mixing, blending
Rad Cine mixing
2 (producto) mixture, blend: me gusta esta mezcla de cafés, I like this blend of coffee
Audio mix
Text mix
una mezcla de seda y lino, a silk/linen mix
mezclar verbo transitivo
1 (combinar, amalgamar) to mix, blend: no me gusta mezclar a los amigos, I don't like to mix my friends
2 (algo ordenado antes) to mix up: mezcló sus cosas con las tuyas, he got his things mixed up with yours
3 (involucrar) to involve, mix up
' mezcla' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
barro
- consistente
- expandirse
- homogeneizar
- spanglish
- consistencia
- contenido
- homogéneo
- mezclilla
- puro
English:
add in
- blend
- cross
- mix
- mixture
- Spanglish
- stand
- medley
- mixed

* * *

mezcla nf

1. [de materiales, productos] [resultado] mixture, combination;
[acción] mixing;
una mezcla de tabacos/whiskys a blend of tobaccos/whiskies;

el verde es resultado de la mezcla del azul y del amarillo green is the result of mixing blue and yellow;

cuando hierva la leche, añádala a la mezcla when the milk boils, add it to the mixture;

es una mezcla de comedia y tragedia it's a mixture of comedy and tragedy

2. [de culturas, pueblos] [resultado] mixture;
[acción] mixing
3. [tejido] mix

4. Mús & TV [resultado] mix;
[acción] mixing;
mesa de mezclas mixing desk, mixer

5. mezcla explosiva explosive mixture;
Fig
la mezcla explosiva de alcohol y drogas the explosive combination of alcohol and drugs

* * *

mezcla

f

1 mixture; de tabaco, café etc blend

2 acto mixing; de tabaco, café etc blending

* * *

mezcla nf

1) : mixing

2) : mixture, blend

3) : mortar (masonry material)

* * *

mezcla n

1. (en general) mixture

2. (de tabaco) blend

3. (de personas) mix

Spanish-English dictionary > mezcla
111 notable

adj.

1 remarkable, outstanding.

2 notable, striking, famous, appreciable.

f.

good mark.

m.

1 (pass with) credit (education).

2 notable, distinguished person (person).

* * *

notable

► adjetivo

1 (apreciable) noticeable; (considerable, marcado) considerable, remarkable

■ la diferencia entre un coche y otro es notable there's a considerable difference between one car and another

2 (digno de mención) noteworthy, notable

3 (ilustre) well-known

► nombre masculino

1 (persona) dignitary, notable

2 (calificación) mark equivalent to between 70% and 80% in the Spanish marking system

* * *

adj.

notable, remarkable

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=destacado) notable

una actuación verdaderamente notable — an outstanding performance, a truly notable performance

un poema notable por su belleza lírica — a poem notable for its lyrical beauty

la exposición reúne a pintores tan notables como... — the exhibition brings together such notable o distinguished painters as...

2) (=considerable) [aumento, mejoría, diferencia] significant, considerable

el enfermo ha experimentado una notable mejoría — the patient has experienced a significant o considerable improvement

la disminución de la contaminación ha sido notable — there has been a significant o considerable reduction in pollution

la obra fue un fracaso notable — the play was a signal failure

2.

SM Esp (=calificación) mark or grade between 7 and 8 out of 10

he sacado un notable — ≈ I got a B

3.

SMPL

los notables — the notables

* * *
I
adjetivo notable

una actuación notable — an outstanding performance

posee una notable inteligencia — she is remarkably o extremely intelligent
II
masculino

a) (Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10

b) ( persona importante) dignitary

* * *

= notable, noticeable, salient, striking, worthy, noteworthy, outstandingly + Adjetivo, noted, marked, acute, of note.

Ex. There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.

Ex. The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.

Ex. There must be instructions explaining salient features of the index.

Ex. A very striking example of this is the fact that in all our rules there is the provision that anonymous publications should be entered under the author when known.

Ex. Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.

Ex. It essays simply to be a list of the more important, rare or otherwise noteworthy books available.

Ex. It is tempting to quote the tremendous successes of outstandingly popular authors such as Harold Robbins, James Herriot, Catherine Cookson and a relatively small number of other household names (to book readers).

Ex. Planning began about 9 months before the exhibition, with the recruitment of a noted Swiss book illustrator to design the stand.

Ex. It hardly needs to be said that the microcomputer is now a fact of life, but its impact upon the world of information retrieval and libraries generally has been less marked than in many other areas.

Ex. In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.

Ex. Another analytical study of note is the one for Columbia University Libraries.

----

* aumento notable = rising tide.

* incremento notable = rising tide.

* notable por = noted for.

* * *
I
adjetivo notable

una actuación notable — an outstanding performance

posee una notable inteligencia — she is remarkably o extremely intelligent
II
masculino

a) (Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10

b) ( persona importante) dignitary

* * *

= notable, noticeable, salient, striking, worthy, noteworthy, outstandingly + Adjetivo, noted, marked, acute, of note.

Ex: There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.

Ex: The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.

Ex: There must be instructions explaining salient features of the index.

Ex: A very striking example of this is the fact that in all our rules there is the provision that anonymous publications should be entered under the author when known.

Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.

Ex: It essays simply to be a list of the more important, rare or otherwise noteworthy books available.

Ex: It is tempting to quote the tremendous successes of outstandingly popular authors such as Harold Robbins, James Herriot, Catherine Cookson and a relatively small number of other household names (to book readers).

Ex: Planning began about 9 months before the exhibition, with the recruitment of a noted Swiss book illustrator to design the stand.

Ex: It hardly needs to be said that the microcomputer is now a fact of life, but its impact upon the world of information retrieval and libraries generally has been less marked than in many other areas.

Ex: In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.

Ex: Another analytical study of note is the one for Columbia University Libraries.

* aumento notable = rising tide.

* incremento notable = rising tide.

* notable por = noted for.

* * *

notable¹

adjective

notable

una actuación notable an outstanding o a notable performance

posee una notable inteligencia she is remarkably o extremely intelligent

éste es uno de los rasgos más notables de su obra this is one of the most notable characteristics of his work

una notable mejoría a marked o notable improvement

uno de los estudios más notables sobre Cervantes one of the most notable o noteworthy studies on Cervantes

notable²

masculine

1 ( Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10

2 (persona importante) dignitary

* * *

notable adjetivo ‹diferencia/mejoría› notable;
◊ una actuación notable an outstanding performance;

posee una notable inteligencia she is remarkably o extremely intelligent
■ sustantivo masculino
a) (Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10

b) ( persona importante) dignitary

notable
I adj (cualidad, mérito) outstanding, remarkable
(distancia, diferencia) noticeable
II m Educ the grade of B: he conseguido un notable en geografía, I got a B in Geography
' notable' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acusada
- acusado
- deterioro
- sensible
- grande
- notorio
- relevante
English:
endurance
- notable
- noticeable
- remarkable
- credit

* * *

notable

♦ adj

remarkable, outstanding;

hay una notable diferencia entre las dos propuestas there's a significant o clear difference between the two proposals;

es un violinista notable he's an outstanding violinist

♦ nm

1. [nota] = mark between 7 and 8.9 out of 10, ≈ (pass with) credit, ≈ B

2. [persona] dignitary

* * *

notable

I adj remarkable, notable

II m

1 EDU B

2

:

notables pl dignitaries

* * *

notable adj

1) : notable, noteworthy

2) : outstanding

* * *

notable¹ adj considerable / remarkable

notable² n very good / B

me han puesto un notable I got a B

Spanish-English dictionary > notable
112 obstaculizar

v.

1 to hinder, to hamper.

2 to obstruct, to encumber, to balk, to block up.

Su tamaño obstaculiza la vista His size obstructs the view.

3 to obstruct the way to, to make it cumbersome to.

María obstaculiza hacer la pared Mary makes it cumbersome to make the wall.

4 to create an obstacle for, to obstruct.

María obstaculiza a Ricardo Mary creates an obstacle for Richard.

* * *

obstaculizar

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo transitivo

1 to obstruct, hinder

* * *

VT [+ negociaciones, progreso] to hinder, hamper; [+ tráfico] to hold up

* * *

verbo transitivo <progreso/trabajo> to hinder, hamper; < tráfico> to hold up

no obstaculice el paso — don't stand in the way

* * *

= encumber, hamper, handicap, hinder, thwart, stand in + the way (of), obstruct, stymie, get in + the way (of), hem + Nombre + in, cramp.

Ex. It is extremely difficult for SLIS to compete with other interests which are less encumbered on equal terms.

Ex. Unfortunately, the inclusion of abstracts in most services tends to hamper currency.

Ex. The database may, as a result of its parentage, be handicapped by features that are not suited to computerized retrieval.

Ex. In practice the application of recall and precision in the evaluation of indexes is hindered by the difficulty of evaluating some of the components in the definition.

Ex. A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.

Ex. It may be objected that a direct experience of the country by visiting it does not ensure a true picture, in fact that it may even stand in the way.

Ex. But the present revision, incorporating ISBD, will literally clutter the entries with obtrusive redundancies and esoterics that will only obscure the content of the entries and obstruct the use of the catalog.

Ex. So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.

Ex. At the end of the day, librarians must 'produce the goods' and prove their worth -- professionalism could get in the way.

Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.

Ex. They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.

----

* no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.

* obstaculizar el paso = block in.

* obstaculizar la labor judicial = pervert + the course of justice.

* sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.

* * *

verbo transitivo <progreso/trabajo> to hinder, hamper; < tráfico> to hold up

no obstaculice el paso — don't stand in the way

* * *

= encumber, hamper, handicap, hinder, thwart, stand in + the way (of), obstruct, stymie, get in + the way (of), hem + Nombre + in, cramp.

Ex: It is extremely difficult for SLIS to compete with other interests which are less encumbered on equal terms.

Ex: Unfortunately, the inclusion of abstracts in most services tends to hamper currency.

Ex: The database may, as a result of its parentage, be handicapped by features that are not suited to computerized retrieval.

Ex: In practice the application of recall and precision in the evaluation of indexes is hindered by the difficulty of evaluating some of the components in the definition.

Ex: A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.

Ex: It may be objected that a direct experience of the country by visiting it does not ensure a true picture, in fact that it may even stand in the way.

Ex: But the present revision, incorporating ISBD, will literally clutter the entries with obtrusive redundancies and esoterics that will only obscure the content of the entries and obstruct the use of the catalog.

Ex: So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.

Ex: At the end of the day, librarians must 'produce the goods' and prove their worth -- professionalism could get in the way.

Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.

Ex: They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.

* no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.

* obstaculizar el paso = block in.

* obstaculizar la labor judicial = pervert + the course of justice.

* sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.

* * *

obstaculizar [A4 ]

vt

‹progreso/trabajo› to hinder, hamper, impede; ‹tráfico› to hold up, obstruct

no obstaculice el paso don't stand in the way

* * *

obstaculizar ( conjugate obstaculizar) verbo transitivo ‹progreso/trabajo› to hinder, hamper;
‹ tráfico› to hold up;
◊ no obstaculice el paso don't stand in the way

obstaculizar verbo transitivo
1 (un propósito, actividad) to hinder
2 (el paso de una persona, animal, etc) to stand in the way of
(de un fluido) to obstruct

' obstaculizar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
estorbar
- interferir
English:
block
- block in
- hamper
- obstruct

* * *

obstaculizar vt
[proceso, relación] to block, to put obstacles in the way of; [salida] to block, to obstruct; [tráfico] to hold up, to obstruct;
obstaculizar el paso to block the way

* * *

obstaculizar

v/t hinder, hamper

* * *

obstaculizar {21} vt

impedir: to obstruct, to hinder

* * *

obstaculizar vb to block

Spanish-English dictionary > obstaculizar
113 ornamento tipográfico

(n.) = typographic ornament

Ex. Special features of the library include a collection of 750,000 books and the Bill Dwiggins collection of type design, calligraphy and typographical ornament.

* * *

(n.) = typographic ornament

Ex: Special features of the library include a collection of 750,000 books and the Bill Dwiggins collection of type design, calligraphy and typographical ornament.

Spanish-English dictionary > ornamento tipográfico
114 parametrización

f.

parametrization.

* * *

= parameterisation [parameterization, -USA].

Ex. Features of the OPAC described include parameterisation for flexibility in screen design, novice and expert searching, the first and current versions and future developments.

* * *

= parameterisation [parameterization, -USA].

Ex: Features of the OPAC described include parameterisation for flexibility in screen design, novice and expert searching, the first and current versions and future developments.

Spanish-English dictionary > parametrización
115 punto de vista

punto de vista

point of view

* * *

( perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view; ( opinión) views

* * *

(n.) = angle, point of view, side, stance, standpoint, view, viewpoint, outlook, eye, world view [worldview/world-view], bent of mind

Ex. References or added entries must supplement the first or main entry and cater for access from other angles.

Ex. Thus, from the searcher's point of view it is important to assess the specific features of the host.

Ex. There are two sides to a number of these issues.

Ex. It is precisely such programme arrangements which seemed, upon examination, to produce an equivocal stance on the question of applying the technology in a user-orientated way.

Ex. So it seems to me you should try to resolve this point of approach, whether you're going to approach it from the standpoint of the user or from the standpoint of the group being listed.

Ex. There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.

Ex. Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.

Ex. In their first review article of children's reference books in 1982, the School Library Journal's Review Committe for children's reference books presents a bleak outlook.

Ex. Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.

Ex. This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.

Ex. Only when students have a scientific bent of mind, will a community and a country grow.

* * *

( perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view; ( opinión) views

* * *

(n.) = angle, point of view, side, stance, standpoint, view, viewpoint, outlook, eye, world view [worldview/world-view], bent of mind

Ex: References or added entries must supplement the first or main entry and cater for access from other angles.

Ex: Thus, from the searcher's point of view it is important to assess the specific features of the host.

Ex: There are two sides to a number of these issues.

Ex: It is precisely such programme arrangements which seemed, upon examination, to produce an equivocal stance on the question of applying the technology in a user-orientated way.

Ex: So it seems to me you should try to resolve this point of approach, whether you're going to approach it from the standpoint of the user or from the standpoint of the group being listed.

Ex: There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.

Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.

Ex: In their first review article of children's reference books in 1982, the School Library Journal's Review Committe for children's reference books presents a bleak outlook.

Ex: Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.

Ex: This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.

Ex: Only when students have a scientific bent of mind, will a community and a country grow.

* * *

punto de vista

point of view

Spanish-English dictionary > punto de vista
116 Bury, Edward

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 22 October 1794 Salford, Lancashire, England

d. 25 November 1858 Scarborough, Yorkshire, England

[br]

English steam locomotive designer and builder.

[br]

Bury was the earliest engineer to build locomotives distinctively different from those developed by Robert Stephenson yet successful in mainline passenger service. A Liverpool sawmill owner, he set up as a locomotive manufacturer while the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway was under construction and, after experiments, completed the four-wheeled locomotive Liverpool in 1831. It included features that were to be typical of his designs: a firebox in the form of a vertical cylinder with a dome-shaped top and the front flattened to receive the tubes, and inside frames built up from wrought-iron bars. In 1838 Bury was appointed to supply and maintain the locomotives for the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR), then under construction by Robert Stephenson, on the grounds that the latter should not also provide its locomotives. For several years the L \& BR used Bury locomotives exclusively, and they were also used on several other early main lines. Following export to the USA, their bar frames became an enduring feature of locomotive design in that country. Bury claimed, with justification, that his locomotives were economical in maintenance and fuel: the shape of the firebox promoted rapid circulation of water. His locomotives were well built, but some of their features precluded enlargement of the design to produce more powerful locomotives and within a few years they were outclassed.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1844.

Bibliography

1840, "On the locomotive engines of the London and Birmingham Railway", Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 3 (4) (provides details of his locomotives and the thinking behind them).

Further Reading

C.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of'Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the Year 1831, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes Bury's early work).

P.J.G.Ransom, 1990, The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved, London: Heinemann, pp. 167–8 and 174–6.

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Bury, Edward
117 feature

feature

n
1. особенность, характер; признак; свойство; техническая характеристика; параметр

2. геод. ориентир; элемент рельефа; элемент содержания карты

- concrete landscape features
- design feature
- natural features
- relief feature
- simulated landscape features
- specific features

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > feature
118 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
119 адаптируемое проектирование
1. adaptable design
адаптируемое проектирование
Адаптируемое проектирование предусматривает определенные фундаментальные характеристики функциональной доступности и позволяет при необходимости впоследствии добавлять другие. Основополагающая философия заключается в том, что уровень доступности, по мере необходимости, может повышаться без существенной реконструкции.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

adaptable design
Adaptable design incorporates certain fundamental accessibility features and paves the way for others to be added later, if needed. The overall philosophy is one of a contingency: if needed, accessibility can be improved without major renovation.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики
- паралимпийские игры
EN
- adaptable design
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > адаптируемое проектирование
120 план

1) General subject: arrangement, blue print, blueprint, book (suit somebody's book - совпадать с чьими-либо планами), chart, contrivance, delineation, design, device, draft, eye, idea, lay out, lay-out, map, modus operandi, ordinance, outline, plan, plane, plat, plot, program (работы и т. п.), program (работы и т.п.), programme, project, projection, projet, proposal, proposition, proposal, rede, schedule, schematic, scheme, skeleton, the format of a conference, syllabus

2) Geology: section plan, surface plan

3) Naval: frame

4) Colloquial: dodge, set-up

5) Sports: playbook

6) Military: bullring, outlay, script

7) Engineering: ground plan, ichnography, layout, survey

8) Bookish: schema

9) Rare: (общий) sketch

10) Construction: prospect, prospectus, skeleton (программы)

11) Mathematics: array (эксперимента), plan view, setting, top view, trend-robust plan

12) Law: contrivance (особ. предательский)

13) Economy: feasible solution, plat ( a map showing actual or planned features and streets)

14) Accounting: budget, draught

15) Linguistics: aspect, level

16) Australian slang: dart

17) Automobile industry: diagram

18) Architecture: layout (чаще всего употребляется в значении "генеральный план"), schedule (в значении "расписание действий")

19) Diplomatic term: counsel, programme (работы и т.п.)

20) Painting: ground

21) Forestry: manuring

22) Psychology: theory

23) Jargon: lay, pitch, rinctum

24) Information technology: flexible manufacturing, schedule (календарный)

25) Oil: game, target

26) Astronautics: drawing, setup

27) Cartography: horizontal plan, planimetry

28) Mechanic engineering: (календарный) schedule

29) Advertising: makeup

30) Patents: program (работ), programme (работ)

31) Drilling: system

32) Sakhalin energy glossary: master plan

33) Automation: hang, many-stage

34) Quality control: design (напр. эксперимента), layout (напр. эксперимента), schedule chart (работ)

35) Robots: manuscript, schedule (календарный)

36) Sakhalin A: plot plan (участка, площадки)

37) Cables: layout (lay-out)

38) Aviation medicine: view

39) Psychoanalysis: shedule

40) Makarov: alignment chart, disposition, floor projection, ichnograph, layout (расположения), layout (стр., обычно генеральный), line, platform, protraction

41) Drugs: cannabis, dope, grass, hash, hashish, joint, marijuana, pot, tea, tobacco

42) General subject: design (эксперимента)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > план

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

Design features of language — The Design Features of Language was a phrase coined in the 1960s by the American linguist Charles Hockett. Hockett believed that there existed 16 features of human language that distinguished human communication from that of animals. Charles… … Wikipedia
Design Features of Language — The Design Features of Language was a phrase coined in the 1960 s by the American linguist Charles Hockett. Hockett believed that there existed 16 features of human language that distinguished human communication from that of animals. Charles… … Wikipedia
Design speed — The design speed is a tool used to determine geometric features of a new road during road design. The design speed chosen for a highway is a major factor in choosing superelevation rates and radii of curves, sight distance, and the lengths of… … Wikipedia
design — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 making drawings of how sth should be made ADJECTIVE ▪ graphic ▪ computer aided ▪ a specialist in computer aided design ▪ architectural, industrial … Collocations dictionary
design — ▪ I. design design 2 verb [intransitive, transitive] 1. MANUFACTURING to make a drawing or plan of something that will be made or built: • The theatre was designed by a local architect. • a well designed office • There w … Financial and business terms
Design for testing — Design for Test (aka Design for Testability or DFT ) is a name for design techniques that add certain testability features to a microelectronic hardware product design. The premise of the added features is that they make it easier to develop and… … Wikipedia
Design For Test — (aka Design for Testability or DFT ) is a name for design techniques that add certain testability features to a microelectronic hardware product design. The premise of the added features is that they make it easier to develop and apply… … Wikipedia
Design rule checking — or Check(s) (DRC) is the area of Electronic Design Automation that determines whether the physical layout of a particular chip layout satisfies a series of recommended parameters called Design Rules. Design rule checking is a major step during… … Wikipedia
Design of a Decade 1986/1996 — Greatest hits album by Janet Jackson Released October 10, 1995 … Wikipedia
Design for manufacturability for CNC machining — Design for manufacturability (DFM) describes the process of designing or engineering a product in order to facilitate the manufacturing process in order to reduce its manufacturing costs. DFM will allow potential problems to be fixed in the… … Wikipedia
Design by contract — (DbC) or Programming by Contract is an approach to designing computer software. It prescribes that software designers should define formal, precise and verifiable interface specifications for software components, which extend the ordinary… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

design+features

Тематики

EN

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Классификация

Действия

Синонимы

Сопутствующие термины

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Классификация

Действия

Синонимы

Сопутствующие термины

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

Тематики

EN

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: