confusedly

turbĭdus, a, um, adj. [turba], full of confusion or disorder, wild, confused, disordered (class.; cf.: agitatus, tumultuosus).

Lit.:

turbida tempestas heri fuit,

wild, stormy, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 3:

tempestas,

Lucr. 4, 169; 6, 376; Cic. Inv 1, 3, 4; Caes. B. C. 2, 22; Suet. Calig. 15:

tempestas telorum,

Verg. A. 12, 283:

Auster,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 5:

aequora ponti,

Lucr. 5, 1000:

scaturiges,

Liv. 44, 33, 3:

nubila,

Verg. A. 4, 245:

caelum inmite ac turbidum,

Plin. Ep. 8, 17, 1:

imber,

Verg. A. 12, 685:

caligine atrā Pulvis,

id. ib. 11, 876:

coma,

Ov. H. 10, 16:

freta ventis Turbida,

id. ib. 17 (18), 7.—

In partic., of fluids, troubled, thick, muddy, turbid:

aqua,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 97:

torrentes,

Quint. 12, 10, 19:

turbidus caeno gurges,

Verg. A. 6, 296:

auro turbidus Hermus,

id. G. 2, 137.—

Trop., troubled, disordered, disturbed, perplexed, violent, boisterous, turbulent, vehement:

mens, quae omni turbido motu semper vacet,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80: turbidi animorum, concitatique motus, id. ib. 4, 15, 34:

mores,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 18:

ingenium,

Tac. A. 14, 59:

Venulo adversum se turbidus infert,

Verg. A. 11, 742; 9, 57:

turbidus et clamosus altercator,

Quint. 6, 4, 15:

reduxit in hiberna turbidos et nihil ausos,

mutinous, seditious, Tac. A. 1, 38; so,

civitas,

id. H. 4, 11:

ex oculis se turbidus abstulit Arruns,

frightened, confused, Verg. A. 11, 814; cf.

frons,

Sen. Hippol. 432:

acies oculi,

id. Herc. Fur. 954:

lumen lunae,

id. Hippol. 790:

puella,

Ov. A. A. 3, 246:

C. Caesar turbidus animi,

Tac. H. 4, 48:

turbidus irae,

Sil. 12, 417;

for which: turbidus irā,

Stat. S. 3, 1, 39:

turbidus ausi,

Sil. 13, 214:

res timida aut turbida,

i. e. troubled, dangerous, perilous, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 11; cf.: res turbidas tractare, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag. v. 189 Vahl.):

esse in turbidis rebus,

Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 39:

hoc tum turbido tempore,

Nep. Pelop. 4, 1.— Comp.:

pectora sunt ipso turbidiora mari,

Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 34:

tumultuosius atque turbidius,

Quint. 3, 8, 60.— Sup.:

turbidissimus quisque,

Tac. H. 3, 49:

actiones,

Quint. 1, 10, 28. —

Neutr. absol.: si turbidissima sapienter ferebas, the most perilous or troubled circumstances, Cic. Fam. 6, 14, 3: nisi quod in turbido minus perspicuum fore putent quid agatur, in confused or troubled times, Liv. 3, 40, 10; so,

in turbido,

Sen. Ep. 3, 5; Tac. H. 1, 21; Curt. 4, 3, 18.—Turbidum, adverb.:

mens turbidum Laetatur,

confusedly, Hor. C. 2, 19, 6.—Hence, adv.: turbĭdē, in disorder, confusedly, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 24; Tac. A. 3, 12; Gell. 5, 9, 6.

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

con-fundo, fūdi, fūsum, 3, v. a.

To pour, mingle, or mix together (class. in prose and poetry).

Prop.:

unā multa jura (cocos),

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 120; cf.:

jus confusum sectis herbis,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 67:

(venenum) in poculo, cum ita confusum esset ut secerni nullo modo posset,

Cic. Clu. 62, 173; Dig. 6, 1, 3, § 2:

cum ignis oculorum cum eo igne, qui est ob os offusus, se confudit et contulit,

Cic. Univ. 14:

cumque tuis lacrimis lacrimas confundere nostras,

Ov. H. 2, 95:

confundere crebroque permiscere mel, acetum, oleum,

Plin. 29, 3, 11, § 50:

omnia arenti ramo (Medea),

Ov. M. 7, 278:

(Alpheus) Siculis confunditur undis,

mingles, Verg. A. 3, 696:

mixtum flumini subibat mare,

Curt. 9, 9, 7:

(cornua cervi contrita) pulvereae confusa farinae,

Ov. Med. Fac. 61:

aes auro,

Plin. 34, 2, 3, § 5.—

Meton.

In gen., to mingle, unite, join, combine (rare):

(decorum) totum illud quidem est cum virtute confusum, sed mente cogitatione distinguitur,

Cic. Off. 1, 27, 95; so,

vera cum falsis,

id. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

est id quidem in totam orationem confundendum,

id. de Or. 2, 79, 322:

vis quaedam sentiens quae est toto confusa mundo,

id. Div. 1, 52, 118:

sermones in unum,

Liv. 7, 12, 14; cf. id. 40, 46, 13:

duo populi in unum confusi,

id. 1, 23, 2: diversum confusa genus panthera camelo ( = camelopardalis, the giraffe), Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 195:

rusticus urbano confusus,

id. A. P. 213; cf.:

quinque continuos dactylos,

Quint. 9, 4, 49:

subjecta sibi vocalis in unum sonum coalescere et confundi nequiret,

id. 1, 7, 26.—Of bringing together in speech:

cuperem equidem utrumque (una dijudicare), sed est difficile confundere,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 11, 23; cf. id. Brut. 26, 100.— Poet.:

proelia cum aliquo,

Hor. C. 1, 17, 23 al. —More freq.,

Esp., with the idea of confounding, disarranging, to confound, confuse, jumble together, bring into disorder:

an tu haec ita confundis et perturbas, ut quicumque velit, quod velit, quo modo velit possit dedicare?

Cic. Dom. 49, 127:

omnis corporis atque animi sensus,

Lucr. 2, 946; cf. id. 2, 439:

aëra per multum confundi verba necesse'st Et conturbari vocem,

id. 4, 558: confusa venit vox inque pedita, id. 4, 562 sq.:

censeo omnis in oratione esse quasi permixtos et confusos pedes,

Cic. Or. 57, 195:

particulae primum confusae postea in ordinem adductae a mente divinā,

id. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

signa et ordines peditum atque equitum,

Liv. 9, 27, 10:

jura gentium,

id. 4, 1, 2:

priora,

Quint. 10, 5, 23:

ordinem disciplinae,

Tac. H. 1, 60; cf.:

ordinem militiae,

id. ib. 2, 93:

lusum,

Suet. Claud. 33:

annum (together with conturbare),

id. Aug. 31 et saep.: foedus, to violate (suncheein, Hom. Il. 4, 269), Verg. A. 5, 496; 12, 290:

summa imis,

Curt. 8, 8, 8:

imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum,

mingles together, Ov. M. 4, 472:

jura et nomina,

id. ib. 10, 346:

fasque nefasque,

id. ib. 6, 585:

in chaos,

id. ib. 2, 299:

mare caelo,

Juv. 6, 283 (cf.:

caelum terris miscere,

id. 2, 25):

ora fractis in ossibus,

i. e. to disfigure the features, make them undistinguishable, Ov. M. 5, 58; Sen. Troad. 1117; cf.:

omnia corporis lineamenta,

Petr. 105, 10; Just. 3, 5, 11;

and vultus,

Luc. 2, 191; 3, 758; Stat. Th. 2, 232:

oris notas,

Curt. 8, 3, 13:

si irruptione fluminis fines agri confudit inundatio,

Dig. 19, 2, 31:

ossa Non agnoscendo confusa reliquit in ore,

Ov. M. 12, 251:

vultum Lunae,

to cloud, obscure, id. ib. 14, 367.—Of disordered health:

neque apparet, quod corpus confuderit,

Cels. 3, 5, 3.—

Trop., of intellectual confusion, to disturb, disconcert, confound, perplex (freq. after the Aug. per.;

perh. not in Cic.): audientium animos, etc.,

Liv. 45, 42, 1; 34, 50, 1:

cum confusa memoria esset,

id. 5, 50, 6:

nos (fulmina),

Quint. 8, 3, 5; Plin. Ep. 3, 10, 2:

me gravi dolore (nuntius),

id. ib. 5, 5, 1; Quint. 1, 12, 1:

intellectum,

Plin. 21, 18, 70, § 117:

inmitem animum imagine tristi,

Tac. H. 1, 44:

Alexander pudore confusus,

Curt. 7, 7, 23:

illum ingens confundit honos inopinaque turbat gloria,

Stat. Th. 8, 283; Juv. 7, 68:

diligentiam monitoris confundit multitudo,

Col. 1, 9, 7.—

To diffuse, suffuse, spread over (rare).

Prop.:

cibus in eam venam, quae cava appellatur, confunditur,

diffuses itself, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 137:

vinum in ea (vasa),

Col. 12, 28 fin.:

cruorem in fossam,

Hor. S. 1, 8, 28.—

Poet., to throw in great numbers:

tela per foramina muri,

Sil. 14, 333.—

Trop.:

aliquid in totam orationem,

Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 322:

vim quandam sentientem atque divinam, quae toto confusa mundo sit,

id. Div. 2, 15, 35: rosa ingenuo confusa rubore, suffused with, etc., Col. poët. 10, 260.—Hence, confūsus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 2.), brought into disorder, confused, perplexed, disorderly (class. in prose and poetry):

ruina mundi,

Lucr. 6, 607; cf.

natura,

id. 6, 600:

vox,

id. 4, 562; 4, 613; cf.:

oratio confusa, perturbata,

Cic. de Or. 3, 13, 50:

stilus,

Quint. 1, 1, 28:

verba,

Ov. M. 2, 666; 12, 55; 15, 606:

suffragium,

Liv. 26, 18, 9 Drak. ad loc. (cf.:

confusio suffragiorum,

Cic. Mur. 23, 47):

confusissimus mos,

Suet. Aug. 44:

clamor,

Liv. 30, 6, 2.—With abl.:

ipse confusus animo,

Liv. 6, 6, 7; cf. id. 35, 35, 18:

maerore,

id. 35, 15, 9:

eodem metu,

Quint. 1, 10, 48:

somnio,

Suet. Caes. 7:

irā, pudore,

Curt. 7, 7, 23; cf. Ov. H. 21, 111; id. Tr. 3, 1, 81:

fletu,

Petr. 134, 6:

turbā querelarum,

Just. 32, 2, 3 al.:

ex recenti morsu animi,

Liv. 6, 34, 8.— Absol.:

Masinissa ex praetorio in tabernaculum suum confusus concessit,

Liv. 30, 15, 2:

nunc onusti cibo et vino perturbata et confusa cernimus,

Cic. Div. 1, 29, 60; Petr. 74, 10; 91, 1 al.:

confusus atque incertus animi,

Liv. 1, 7, 6:

rediit confuso voltu,

id. 41, 15, 1; Ov. Tr. 3, 5, 11:

ore confuso,

Curt. 6, 7, 18; cf.:

confusior facies,

Tac. A. 4, 63:

pavor confusior,

Plin. 7, prooem. 1, § 5.— Hence, confūsē, adv., confusedly, without order, disorderly (several times in Cic.; elsewh. rare;

not in Quint.): confuse et permiste dispergere aliquid,

Cic. Inv. 1, 30, 49:

loqui,

id. Fin. 2, 9, 27; cf.:

confuse varieque sententias dicere,

Gell. 14, 2, 17:

agere,

Cic. N. D. 3, 8, 19:

utraque res conjuncte et confuse comparata est, Auct. her. 4, 47, 60: universis mancipiis constitutum pretium,

in the lump, Dig. 21, 1, 36.—

* Comp.:

confusius acta res est,

Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 1.— Sup. not in use.

crassus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. kart-, to spin; cf.: crates, cartilago, etc.]; as opp. to flowing, thin, lean, delicate, etc., solid, thick, dense, fat, gross, etc. (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Lit.:

semina (opp. liquida),

Lucr. 4, 1259; cf.:

crassius semen,

id. 4, 1244:

corpus,

id. 6, 857:

unguentum,

Hor. A. P. 375:

paludes,

Verg. G. 2, 110:

cruor,

id. A. 5, 469:

aquae,

greatly swollen, Ov. Am. 3, 6, 8:

ager,

Varr. R. R. 1, 24, 1; Cic. Fl. 29, 71; cf.:

terga (agri),

Verg. G. 2, 236:

homo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 26:

turdi,

Mart. 2, 40:

toga,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 15; cf.

filum,

Cic. Fam. 9, 12, 2; Ov. H. 9, 77:

restis,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 38:

digiti crassi tres, as a measure,

Cato, R. R. 40, 4.—

Esp., of the atmosphere, thick, dense, heavy:

aër crassus et concretus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; cf.:

crassissimus aër,

id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

caelum Thebis (opp. tenue Athenis),

id. Fat. 4, 7:

Baeotum in crasso jurares aëre natum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 244; Juv. 10, 50: caligo nubis, Lucr. [p. 478] 6, 461; cf.:

caliginis aër Crassior,

id. 4, 350 al.:

vitrum crassiore visu,

less transparent, Plin. 36, 26, 67, § 196.—

Trop. (rare;

not in Cic.): crassum infortunium,

i. e. a sound beating, Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 53: senes, stupid, dull, Varr. ap. Non. p. 86, 24:

Ofellus Rusticus abnormis sapiens crassāque Minervā,

i. e. dull, stolid, Hor. S. 2, 2, 3; cf.:

crassiore ut vocant Musa,

Quint. 1, 10, 28:

turba,

uncultivated, Mart. 9, 23:

neglegentia,

stupid, clumsy, Dig. 22, 6, 6: crassiora nomina, more rude or barbarous, Mart. 12, 18, 12; cf. Gell. 13, 20, 15.—Hence, adv.: crassē (rare; not in Cic.), thickly.

Lit.:

picare vasa,

Col. 12, 44, 5; cf.

oblinere,

Scrib. Comp. 46.—

Grossly, rudely:

crasse illepideve compositum poëma (the figure taken from a coarse web),

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 76.—Of precious stones, not clearly, dimly ( comp.), Plin. 37, 7, 31, § 106; 37, 8, 36, § 114.—Hence of the indistinct understanding of any thing, not clearly, confusedly:

crasse et summatim et obscure intellegere aliquid,

Sen. Ep. 121, 11.

Crassus, i, m., a family name in the gens Licinia. The most distinguished were,

L. Licinius Crassus, a celebrated orator, a contemporary of Cicero, Cic. Brut. 38, 143; id. Off. 1, 30, 108 et saep.; cf. id. Brut. prol. pp. 68-77 Ellendt.—

M. Licinius Crassus, the triumvir.—Hence, Crassĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the triumvir Crassus:

exercitūs clades (in the war with the Parthians),

Vell. 2, 82, 2; cf.:

Crassiana clades,

Plin. 6, 16, 18, § 47; Flor. 4, 9, 7.

crassus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. kart-, to spin; cf.: crates, cartilago, etc.]; as opp. to flowing, thin, lean, delicate, etc., solid, thick, dense, fat, gross, etc. (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Lit.:

semina (opp. liquida),

Lucr. 4, 1259; cf.:

crassius semen,

id. 4, 1244:

corpus,

id. 6, 857:

unguentum,

Hor. A. P. 375:

paludes,

Verg. G. 2, 110:

cruor,

id. A. 5, 469:

aquae,

greatly swollen, Ov. Am. 3, 6, 8:

ager,

Varr. R. R. 1, 24, 1; Cic. Fl. 29, 71; cf.:

terga (agri),

Verg. G. 2, 236:

homo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 26:

turdi,

Mart. 2, 40:

toga,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 15; cf.

filum,

Cic. Fam. 9, 12, 2; Ov. H. 9, 77:

restis,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 38:

digiti crassi tres, as a measure,

Cato, R. R. 40, 4.—

Esp., of the atmosphere, thick, dense, heavy:

aër crassus et concretus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; cf.:

crassissimus aër,

id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

caelum Thebis (opp. tenue Athenis),

id. Fat. 4, 7:

Baeotum in crasso jurares aëre natum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 244; Juv. 10, 50: caligo nubis, Lucr. [p. 478] 6, 461; cf.:

caliginis aër Crassior,

id. 4, 350 al.:

vitrum crassiore visu,

less transparent, Plin. 36, 26, 67, § 196.—

Trop. (rare;

not in Cic.): crassum infortunium,

i. e. a sound beating, Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 53: senes, stupid, dull, Varr. ap. Non. p. 86, 24:

Ofellus Rusticus abnormis sapiens crassāque Minervā,

i. e. dull, stolid, Hor. S. 2, 2, 3; cf.:

crassiore ut vocant Musa,

Quint. 1, 10, 28:

turba,

uncultivated, Mart. 9, 23:

neglegentia,

stupid, clumsy, Dig. 22, 6, 6: crassiora nomina, more rude or barbarous, Mart. 12, 18, 12; cf. Gell. 13, 20, 15.—Hence, adv.: crassē (rare; not in Cic.), thickly.

Lit.:

picare vasa,

Col. 12, 44, 5; cf.

oblinere,

Scrib. Comp. 46.—

Grossly, rudely:

crasse illepideve compositum poëma (the figure taken from a coarse web),

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 76.—Of precious stones, not clearly, dimly ( comp.), Plin. 37, 7, 31, § 106; 37, 8, 36, § 114.—Hence of the indistinct understanding of any thing, not clearly, confusedly:

crasse et summatim et obscure intellegere aliquid,

Sen. Ep. 121, 11.

Crassus, i, m., a family name in the gens Licinia. The most distinguished were,

L. Licinius Crassus, a celebrated orator, a contemporary of Cicero, Cic. Brut. 38, 143; id. Off. 1, 30, 108 et saep.; cf. id. Brut. prol. pp. 68-77 Ellendt.—

M. Licinius Crassus, the triumvir.—Hence, Crassĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the triumvir Crassus:

exercitūs clades (in the war with the Parthians),

Vell. 2, 82, 2; cf.:

Crassiana clades,

Plin. 6, 16, 18, § 47; Flor. 4, 9, 7.

crātis, is ( nom. sing. only Veg. Art. Vet. 1, 56, 5; acc. sing. cratim, Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 65), f. [Sanscr. kart, to spin; cf. crassus], wicker-work, a hurdle.

Lit.

In gen.

Sing. (rare):

flexilis,

Plin. 16, 40, 77, § 209; 10, 44, 61, § 126:

juncea,

id. 21, 14, 49, § 84; Juv. 11, 82.—

Plur. (so most freq.; and by the ancient gram. sometimes regarded as plur. tantum;

v. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 455),

Cato, R. R. 10, 2; 11, 4; Verg. A. 11, 64; Hor. Epod. 2, 45; Col. 12, 15, 1 al.—

Esp.

A harrow; sing., Plin. 18, 16, 43, § 145; 18, 20, 49, § 180; 18, 18, 48, § 173.— Plur., Verg. G. 1, 94.—

A hurdle with which criminals were covered, and on which stones were thrown; sing., Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 65; Liv. 1, 51, 9; 4, 50, 4; Tac. G. 12.—

Milit., fascines, Caes. B. G. 4, 17; 5, 40; Liv. 10, 38, 5; Tac. A. 1, 68 al. —As a covering for besiegers in attacks, Curt. 5, 3, 7.—

The ribs of a shield:

umbonum,

Verg. A. 7, 633; Curt. 10, 2, 23; Sil. 5, 522 sq.—

= testudo, the interlocked shields of a rank of soldiers, Luc. 3, 485.—

Transf., a joint, rib, etc.:

pectoris,

Verg. A. 12, 508:

laterum,

Ov. M. 12, 370; cf.

spinae,

the joints of the backbone, id. ib. 8, 806:

favorum,

honey-comb, Verg. G. 4, 214:

cratem facit vitis,

grows confusedly, Col. 4, 2, 1 al.