apparently

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

ăd-huc, adv.

Prop., of place, to this place, hitherto, thus far (designating the limit, inclusive of the whole space traversed: hence often joined with usque; cf.

ad, A. 1. B.): conveniunt adhuc utriusque verba,

thus far, to this point, the statements of both agree, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 20:

adhuc ea dixi, causa cur Zenoni non fuisset,

Cic. Fin. 4, 16, 44; cf. Auct. Her. 1, 9, 16:

his oris, quas angulo Baeticae adhuc usque perstrinximus,

Mel. 3, 6, 1.—Hence, in the desig. of measure or degree, so far, to such a degree:

et ipse Caesar erat adhuc impudens, qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu teneret,

Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 4; so Liv. 21, 18, 4; Quint. 2, 19, 2; 8, 5, 20.—More frequently,

Transf.

Of time, until now, hitherto, as yet (designating the limit, together with the period already passed; cf.

ad, 1. B.): res adhuc quidem hercle in tuto est,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 48:

celabitur itidem ut celata adhuc est,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 20:

sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur,

Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 6:

ille vidit non modo, quot fuissent adhuc philosophorum de summo bono, sed quot omnino esse possent sententiae,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16:

haec adhuc (sc. acta sunt): sed ad praeterita revertamur,

id. Att. 5, 20; so ib. 3, 14 fin.; 5, 17, 46; id. Agr. 3, 1, 1:

Britanni, qui adhuc pugnae expertes,

Tac. Agr. 37; so Curt. 7, 7, 8 al.—With usque or semper:

usque adhuc actum est probe,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 107; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 14; Ter. And. 1, 5, 27; id. Ad. 4, 4, 23; 5, 4, 5; id. Hec. 4, 1, 29; Cic. Rep. 2, 20:

quod adhuc semper tacui et tacendum putavi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 119.—With dum in subordinate propositions, for the purpose of more accurate desig. of time:

quae adhuc te carens, dum hic fui, sustentabam,

what I have endured during the whole time that I have been here, until now, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 4:

adhuc dum mihi nullo loco deesse vis, numquam te confirmare potuisti,

Cic. Fam. 16, 4; so ib. 18.—Hence the adverbial expression (occurring once in Plautus): adhuc locorum, until now, hitherto: ut adhuc locorum feci, faciam sedulo, Capt. 2, 3, 25.— Adhuc denotes not merely a limitation of time in the present, but also, though more rarely, like usque eo and ad id tempus, and the Engl. as yet, in the past:

adhuc haec erant, ad reliqua alacri tendebamus animo,

Cic. Div. 2, 2, 4:

Abraham vero adhuc stabat,

Vulg. Gen. 18, 22:

unam adhuc a te epistulam acceperam,

Cic. Att. 7, 2:

cum adhuc sustinuisset multos dies,

Vulg. Act. 18, 18:

scripsi etiam illud quodam in libello... disertos me cognōsse nonnullos, eloquentem adhuc neminem,

id. de Or. 1, 21:

una adhuc victoria Carus Metius censebatur,

Tac. Agr. 45.—

Adhuc non, or neque adhuc, not as yet, not to this time: nihil adhuc, nothing as yet, or not at all as yet: numquam adhuc, never as yet, never yet:

cupidissimi veniendi maximis injuriis affecti, adhuc non venerunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 27, 65:

me adhuc non legisse turpe utrique nostrum est,

id. Fam. 7, 24, 7; so id. 3, 8, 25; 6, 14; 14, 6, 2; Mart. 7, 89, 10:

cui neque fulgor adhuc nec dum sua forma recessit,

Verg. A. 11, 70:

nihil adhuc peccavit etiam,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 78:

nihil adhuc est, quod vereare,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 1:

sed quod quaeris, quando, qua, quo, nihil adhuc scimus,

Cic. Fam. 9, 7, 4; so 9, 17, 7; Caes. B. C. 3, 57; Nep. Milt. 5:

numquam etiam quicquam adhuc verborum est prolocutus perperam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 92; cf. id. Capt. 5, 2, 7.—

For etiam nunc, yet, still; to denote continuance (apparently not used by Cic.):

stertis adhuc?

are you still snoring? Pers. 3, 58;

adhuc tranquilla res est,

it is still quiet, Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 15; so id. Ad. 1, 2, 42:

Ephesi regem est consecutus fluctuantem adhuc animo,

Liv. 33, 49, 7; so 21, 43, 14; Tac. A. 1, 8, 17; id. H. 2, 44, 73; 4, 17; id. Germ. 28; Suet. Aug. 56, 69; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 1; Curt. 8, 6, 18: quinque satis fuerant; nam sex septemve libelli est nimium: quid adhuc ludere, Musa, juvat? why play still, still more, or further? Mart. 8, 3; so id. 4, 91.—

Hence also to denote that a thing is still remaining or existing:

at in veterum comicorum adhuc libris invenio,

I yet find in the old comic poets, Quint. 1, 7, 22:

quippe tres adhuc legiones erant,

were still left, Tac. H. 3, 9; so id. G. 34; id. Ann. 2, 26; Mart. 7, 44, 1.—With vb. omitted:

si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem,

Verg. A. 4, 319.—

To denote that a thing has only reached a certain point, now first, just now: cum adhuc ( now for the first time) naso odos obsecutus es meo, da vicissim meo gutturi gaudium, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 9:

gangraenam vero, si nondum plane tenet, sed adhuc incipit, curare non difficillimum est,

Cels. 5, 26, 34; so Mart. 13, 102.—Hence, with deinde or aliquando following:

quam concedis adhuc artem omnino non esse, sed aliquando,

Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 246:

senatus priusquam edicto convocaretur ad curiam concurrit, obseratisque adhuc foribus, deinde apertis, tantas mortuo gratias agit, etc.,

Suet. Tit. 11; so Tac. A. 11, 23.—

To denote that a thing had reached a certain limit before another thing happened (in prose only after Livy), still, yet, while yet:

inconditam multitudinem adhuc disjecit,

he dispersed the multitude while yet unarranged, Tac. A. 3, 42.—

For etiam, insuper, praeterea, to denote that a thing occurs beside or along with another (belonging perhaps only to popular language, hence once in Plaut., and to the post-Aug. per.), besides, further, moreover:

addam minam adhuc istic postea,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 18:

unam rem adhuc adiciam,

Sen. Q. N. 4, 8:

sunt adhuc aliquae non omittendae in auro differentiae,

Plin. 33, 2, 10, § 37; so Quint. 2, 21, 6; 9, 4, 34; Val. Fl. 8, 429; Tac. A. 1, 17; id. Agr. 29; ib. 33; Flor. 1, 13, 17; Vulg. Amos, 4, 7; ib. Joan. 16, 12; ib. Heb. 11, 32.—

In later Lat. adhuc is used like etiam in the Cic. per., = eti, yet, still, for the sake of emphasis in comparisons; then, if it cnhances the comparative, it stands before it; but follows it, if that which the comp. expresses is added by way of augmentation; as, he has done a still greater thing, and he has still done a greater thing (this is the view of Hand, Turs. I. p. 166):

tum Callicles adhuc concitatior,

Quint. 2, 15, 28:

adhuc difficilior observatio est per tenores,

id. 1, 5, 22:

si marmor illi (Phidiae), si adhuc viliorem materiem obtulisses, fecisset, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 85, 34:

adhuc diligentius,

Plin. 18, 4: cui gloriae amplior [p. 36] adhuc ex opportunitate cumulus accessit, Suet. Tib. 17:

Di faveant, majora adhuc restant,

Curt. 9, 6, 23; so Quint. 10, 1, 99; Tac. G. 19; Suet. Ner. 10.

Adhuc sometimes = adeo, even (in the connection, et adhuc, -que adhuc; v. adeo, II.).

Ita res successit meliusque adhuc, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 18:

Tellurem Nymphasque et adhuc ignota precatur flumina,

Verg. A. 7, 137:

Nil parvum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures,

Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 15; so ib. 2, 2, 114; Liv. 22, 49, 10; Sen. Ep. 49, 4.—

Absol.:

gens non astuta nec callida aperit adhuc secreta pectoris licentiā joci,

Tac. G. 22:

cetera similes Batavis, nisi quod ipso adhuc terrae suae solo et caelo acrius animantur,

ib. 29, 3 (cf.: ipse adeo under adeo, II., and at the end); so Stat. S. 1, 2, 55.—See more upon this word, Hand, Turs. I. pp. 156-167.

a-stringo ( ads-, Ritschl, Baiter, Halm, Jahn, Keil; as-, Fleck., Merk., Kayser), inxi, ictum, 3, v. a., to draw close, to draw, bind, or tie together, to bind, to tighten, contract (syn.: constringo, stringo, alligo, obligo, vincio).

Lit.:

(hunc) adstringite ad columnam fortiter,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 25:

ad statuam astrictus est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

manus,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 9:

vinculorum, id est aptissimum... quod ex se atque de iis, quae adstringit quam maxume, unum efficit,

Cic. Tim. 4 fin.:

astringit vincula motu,

Ov. M. 11, 75:

laqueos,

Sen. Ira, 3, 16:

artius atque hederā procera adstringitur ilex,

is twined around with ivy, Hor. Epod. 15, 5:

adstringi funibus,

Vulg. Ezech. 27, 24:

aliquem adstringere loris,

ib. Act. 22, 25:

pavidum in jus Cervice adstrictā dominum trahat,

with a halter round his neck, Juv. 10, 88 (Jahn, obstrictā): aspice... Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco, not drawn close, loose; poet. for a negligent style of writing, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 174:

Ipse rotam adstringit multo sufflamine consul,

checks, Juv. 8, 148:

balteus haud fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,

Luc. 2, 362:

frontem,

to contract, knit, Mart. 11, 40; Sen. Ep. 106:

labra porriguntur et scinduntur et adstringuntur,

Quint. 11, 3, 81:

frondem ferro,

to cut off, clip, Col. 5, 6, 17 al.; so, alvum, to make costive (opp. solvere, q. v.), Cels. 1, 3; 2, 30.—Of the contraction produced by cold:

nivibus quoque molle rotatis astringi corpus,

Ov. M. 9, 222; so id. Tr. 3, 4, 48; id. P. 3, 3, 26:

ventis glacies astricta pependit,

id. M. 1, 120:

Sic stat iners Scythicas adstringens Bosporus undas,

Luc. 5, 436:

vis frigoris (corpora) ita adstringebat,

Curt. 7, 3, 13; 8, 4, 6.—Hence, also, to make colder, to cool, refresh:

ex quo (puteo) possis rursus adstringere,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 25: corpus astringes brevi Salone, Mart. 1, 49, 11 (acc. to Varr. in a pass. sense in the perf., adstrinxi for adstrictus sum, Varr. L. L. Fragm. ap. Gell. 2, 25, 7).—Of colors, to deaden:

ita permixtis viribus alterum altero excitatur aut adstringitur,

Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 134 (diff. from alligare, which precedes;

v. alligo, I. B.).—Also of an astringent, harsh taste: radix gustu adstringit,

Plin. 27, 10, 60, § 85.—

Trop., to draw together, draw closer, circumscribe; to bind, put under obligation, oblige, necessitate:

ubi adfinitatem inter nos nostram adstrinxeris,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 73: vellem, suscepisses juvenem regendum;

pater enim nimis indulgens, quicquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat,

Cic. Att. 10, 6; so,

mores disciplinae severitate,

Quint. 2, 2, 4 Spald.:

ad adstringendam fidem,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 111:

hac lege tibi meam astringo fidem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 22:

quo (jure jurando) se cuncti astrinxerant,

Suet. Caes. 84:

hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,

to confirm, secure, Cic. Planc. 30 fin. Wund.:

religione devinctum astrictumque,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

disciplina astricta legibus,

id. Brut. 10, 40; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

lege et quaestione,

id. Clu. 155:

suis condicionibus,

id. Quinct. 5:

auditor nullā ejus modi adstrictus necessitate,

id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

orationem numeris astringere,

id. de Or. 3, 44, 173 et saep.:

adstringi sacris,

to be bound to maintain, id. Leg. 2, 19:

inops regio, quae parsimoniā astringeret milites,

Liv. 39, 1:

ad temperantiam,

Plin. Ep. 7, 1:

ad servitutem juris,

Quint. 2, 16, 9:

illa servitus ad certa se verba adstringendi,

id. 7, 3, 16:

milites ad certam stipendiorum formulam,

Suet. Aug. 49; id. Tib. 18:

me astringam verbis in sacra jura tuis,

Ov. H. 16, 320; 20, 28:

magno scelere se astringeret,

Cic. Phil. 4, 4, 9; id. Sest. 50 fin.; so id. Sull. 29, 82; perh. also id. Pis. 39 fin.; instead of this abl. of class. Latin, we sometimes find in comedy apparently the gen.:

et ipsum sese et illum furti adstringeret,

made guilty of, charged himself with, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 34:

Homo furti sese adstringet,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27 (cf.:

Audin tu? hic furti se adligat,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 39; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. § 209, regards this as a vulgar extension of the use of the gen. with verbs of accusing, convicting, etc., but Klotz, s. v. astringo, regards it as really an old dative, furtoi furti; cf. quoi cui).—Of reasoning or discourse, to compress, abridge, bring into short compass:

Stoici breviter adstringere solent argumenta,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13 (cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 22: Haec sic dicuntur a Stoicis, concludunturque contortius); id. Fat. 14, 32:

premere tumentia, luxuriantia adstringere,

Quint. 10, 4, 1 Frotsch., Halm.—Hence, astrictus ( ads-), a, um, P. a., drawn together, tight, narrow, close.

Lit.:

limen astrictum,

shut, Ov. Am. 3, 1, 50:

alvus fusior aut astrictior,

Cels. 1, 3:

corpus astrictum, i. e. alvus dura,

id. 3, 6:

genus morbi astrictum,

costiveness, id. 1 praef.:

gustu adstricto,

of a harsh, astringent taste, Plin. 27, 12, 96, § 121.—

Trop.

Sparing, parsimonious, covetous (not before the Aug. per.):

astrictus pater,

Prop. 3, 17, 18:

adstricti moris auctor,

Tac. A. 3, 55:

parsimonia,

Just. 44, 2.—

Of discourse, compact, brief, concise, short (opp. remissus):

dialectica quasi contracta et astricta eloquentia putanda est,

Cic. Brut. 90, 309:

verborum astricta comprehensio,

id. ib. 95, 327:

est enim finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70; 1, 16, 60.— Sup. not used.— Adv.: astrictē ( ads-), concisely, briefly (only of discourse):

astricte numerosa oratio,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184.— Comp.:

astrictius dicere,

Sen. Ep. 8 fin., and Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 20:

scribere,

id. ib. 3, 18, 10:

ille concludit adstrictius, hic latius,

Quint. 10, 1, 106.— Sup. not used.

Ālĭus (better Ālĕus), a, um, adj., = Elius (v. Alis and Elis), Elian; subst., a native of Elis, a town in Achaia (only a few times in Plaut. Capt.):

postquam belligerant Aetoli cum Aleis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 24; 27; 2, 2, 30.

ălĭus, a, ud, adj. and subst. (old form, alis, alid, after the analogy of quis, quid:

alis rare,

Cat. 66, 28; Sall. ap. Charis, 2, p. 133; Inscr. Orell. 2488:

alid more freq.,

Lucr. 1, 263; 5, 257; 5, 1305; 5, 1456; Cat. 29, 15; cf. Prisc. 13, p. 959.— Gen. sing. masc.: alius, rare, and not used by Tac.; for which alterius is com. used (v. alter); also alii, Cato and Licin. ap. Prisc. 194 P.; Varr. R. R. 1, 2.— Fem. gen.:

aliae,

Lucr. 3, 918; Cic. Div. 2, 13, 30; Liv. 24, 27, 8; Gell. 2, 28, 1; Capito ap. Gell. 4, 10, 8.— Masc. dat.:

ali,

Lucr. 6, 1226:

alio,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 13. — Fem. dat.:

aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 207; Gell. 9, 4, 8) [cf. allos; Osc. allo ( nom. sing. fem.); Goth. alis; Erse, aile; O. H. Germ. alles, elles ( conj.); Engl. else], another, [p. 90] other (i. e. of many, whereas alter is one of two, v. exceptt. under II. G.); freq. with the indef. pronn. aliquis, quis, aliqui, qui, quidam, and the interrog. quis, qui, etc.

A.. In gen.:

eorum sectam sequuntur multi mortales... multi alii ex Troja strenui viri,

Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 16:

alios multos,

Vulg. Matt. 15, 30; ib. Marc. 7, 4:

plures alios,

ib. ib. 12, 5:

cum aliis pluribus,

ib. Act. 15, 35:

an ita dissolvit, ut omnes alii dissolverunt?

Cic. Font. 1; Tac. H. 5, 5:

dum aliud aliquid flagiti conficiat,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 5:

nec nobis praeter med alius quisquam est servos Sosia,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 244:

nec quisquam alius affuit,

id. ib. 1, 1, 269:

panem vel aliud quidquam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 3, 35. utrum hanc actionem habebis an aliam quampiam; Cic. Caecin. 37:

quidquid aliud dare,

Vulg. Lev. 22, 25:

ALIS NE POTESTO,

Inscr. Orell. 2488:

datum Mi esse ab dis aliis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 12:

adulescentulo in alio occupato amore,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:

aut aliae cujus desiderium insideat rei,

Lucr. 3, 918:

ne quam aliam quaerat copiam,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 54:

nisi quid pater ait aliud,

id. And. 5, 4, 47:

si verum est, Q. Fabium Labeonem seu quem alium arbitrum a senatu datum, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 10, 33:

quodcumque alid auget,

Lucr. 5, 257:

Est alius quidam, parasitaster paululus,

Ter. Ad. 5. 2, 4; so Vulg. Luc. 22, 59:

tuo (judicio) stabis, si aliud quoddam est tuum,

Cic. Or. 71, 237:

L. Aemilius alius vir erat,

Liv. 44, 18:

Genus ecce aliud discriminis audi,

Juv. 12, 24:

alius, ne condemnaretur, pecuniam dedit,

Cic. Verr. 5, 117; Tac. Agr. 39:

nemo alius,

Cic. Pis. 94; Vulg. Joan. 15, 24:

alius nemo,

Cic. Quinct. 76:

plus alimenti est in pane quam in ullo alio,

Cels. 2, 18:

aliud esse causae suspicamur,

Cic. Fl. 39:

Anne aliud tunc praefecti?

Juv. 4, 78:

estne viris reliqui aliud,

Sall. Fragm. 187, 19:

aliud auxilii,

Tac. A. 5, 8:

aliud subsidii,

id. ib. 12, 46:

alia honorum,

id. ib. 1, 9:

alia sumptuum,

id. ib. 15, 15:

sunt alia quae magis timeam,

Cic. Phil. 5, 29: Facete is quidem, sicut alia, many other things, id. Fin. 1, 3, 7 Madv.:

haec aliaque,

Tac. H. 3, 51 al. —

Hence, alio die, t. t. of the soothsayer, when he wished the Comitia postponed to another day, on the pretence of unfavorable omens: quid gravius quam rem susceptam dirimi, si unus augur alio die dixerit?

Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 31; id. Phil. 2, 33, 83 and 84 Wernsd. Perh. there is a reference to the same thing in Plaut. Poen. 2, 52: ita res divina mihi fuit: res serias omnes extollo ex hoc die in alium diem.—With aliquis, quisquam, or ullus implied (cf. aliqui, V. B., and aliquis, II. B.):

ut, etiam si aliud melius fuit, tamen legatorum reditum exspectetis,

Cic. Phil. 6, 6:

utar post alio, si invenero melius,

something else, id. Tusc. 1, 7, 14; so,

si in aliud tempus differetur,

Caes. B C. 1, 86:

an alium exspectamus?

Vulg. Matt. 11, 3; ib. Marc. 4, 36:

siti magis quam alia re accenditur,

Sall. J. 89, 5:

neque sex legiones alia de causa missas in Hispaniam,

Caes. B. C. 1, 85:

neque creatura alia poterit nos separare,

Vulg. Rom. 8, 39.

alius:

alius generis bestiae,

Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 123; Varr. L. L. 9, 40, 67 dub.:

alius ingenii,

Liv. 1, 56, 7 Madv. by conj.:

alius ordinis,

Amm. 30, 5, 10:

artificis aliusve,

Front. Controv. Agr. 2, 40, 27:

alius coloris,

Non. p. 450:

nomine vel ejus pro quo... aut alius qui, etc.,

Dig. 39, 2, 24, § 6; v. aliusmodi.—

In comparisons, with atque, ac, or et, more rarely with nisi and quam; with the latter, in good class. authors, only when preceded by a neg. clause, or by an interrog. implying a neg.; cf. Ruhnk. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; instead of quam, the comp. abl. or praeter, and similar words, sometimes appear, other than, different from, etc.

With atque, ac, or et:

illi sunt alio ingenio atque tu,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 35:

alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

Ter. And. 3, 3, 13:

potest non solum aliud mihi ac tibi, sed mihi ipsi aliud alias videri,

Cic. Or. 71, 237:

longe alia nobis ac tu scripseras nuntiantur,

id. Att. 11, 10:

res alio modo est ac putatur,

id. Inv. 2, 6, 21 B. and K.:

qui longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

non alius essem atque nunc sum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9:

longe aliam esse navigationem in concluso mari atque in vastissimo atque apertissimo Oceano perspiciebant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9: aliud (se) esse facturum ac pronunciasset, Nep. Ages. 3, 4:

alia atque antea sentiret,

id. Hann. 2, 2:

lux longe alia est solis et lychnorum,

is very different, Cic. Cael. 28.—

With nisi or quam (the latter is suspicious in Cic.; cf. Ochsn. Eclog. 252; Orell. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75):

amare autem nihil aliud est, nisi eum ipsum diligere, quem ames,

nothing else than, only, Cic. Lael. 27, 100:

neque ulla fuit causa intermissionis epistularum nisi quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 13:

erat historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio,

id. de Or. 2, 12:

Quid est aliud tumultus nisi perturbatio tanta, ut, etc.?

id. Phil. 8, 3:

nihil aliud agerem, nisi eum, qui accusatus esset, defenderem,

id. Sull. 12; id. Att. 5, 10:

quid est aliud Gigantum modo bellare cum dis nisi naturae repugnare?

id. Sen. 2, 5; id. Sex. Rosc. 19, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 13; id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

pinaster nihil aliud est quam pinus silvestris,

Plin. 16, 10; Nep. Arist. 2, 2; id. Paus. 1, 4:

Lysander nihil aliud molitus est quam ut omnes civitates in sua teneret potestate,

id. Lys. 1, 4:

neque aliud huic defuit quam generosa stirps,

id. Eum. 1, 2:

Nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine quam quod Illi marmoreum caput est, etc.,

Juv. 8, 54.—Hence, nihil aliud nisi or quam, = ouden allo ê, followed by finite verb, nothing else than, nothing but, only (after these words, fecit, factum est may be supplied, or the phraseology changed to nulla alia re facta; cf. Matth. Gr. 903; Hoogev. ad Vig. p. 475;

Kuhn. Gr. Gr. II. p. 825): tribunatus P. Sestii nihil aliud nisi meum nomen causamque sustinuit,

Cic. Sest. 6, 13:

ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet,

id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 64; Liv. 2, 8:

et hostes quidem nihil aliud (i. e. nulla alia re facta) quam perfusis vano timore Romanis citato agmine abeunt,

id. 2, 63; 31, 24:

sed ab lictore nihil aliud quam prehendere prohibito, cum conversus in Patres impetus esset,

id. 2, 29:

ut domo abditus nihil aliud quam per edicta obnuntiaret,

Suet. Caes. 20:

mox nihil aliud quam vectabatur et deambulabat,

id. Aug. 83.—So, quid aliud quam? what other thing than? what else than? quibus quid aliud quam admonemus cives nos eorum esse, Liv. 4, 3:

quid aliud quam ad bellum vocabantur?

Flor. 3, 23 med.; so,

Quid Tullius? Anne aliud quam sidus?

Juv. 7, 199.—In affirmative-clauses rare, and only post-Aug.:

te alia omnia, quam quae velis, agere, moleste ferrem,

Plin. Ep. 7, 15, 2:

quod alium quam se cooptassent,

Suet. Ner. 2 al. —So, with the simple interrogative, quis alius? quid aliud? Qui, malum, alii? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 10:

Quid te aliud sollicitat?

id. ib. 1, 2, 82:

Quid aliud tibi vis?

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 90:

Numquid vis aliud?

id. Eun. 1, 2, 111:

Sed quis nunc alius audet praeferre? etc.,

Juv. 12, 48:

Quid enim est aliud Antonius?

Cic. Phil. 2, 70:

Quid est aliud furere?

id. Pis. 47:

Quid est alia sinistra liberalitas?

Cat. 29, 15 al. —

With comp. abl. (cf. in Gr. alla tôn dikaiôn, Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 25):

qui quaerit alia his, malum videtur quaerere,

other than, Plaut. Poen. prol. 22:

quod est aliud melle,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16: nec quidquam aliud libertate communi quaesisse, nothing else but, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 2:

neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 20:

alius Lysippo,

id. ib. 2, 1, 240:

accusator alius Sejano,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 41.—

With praeter:

nec nobis praeter me alius quisquam est servos Sosia,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 249:

nec quidquam aliud est philosophia praeter studium sapientiae,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 5:

non est alius praeter eum,

Vulg. Marc. 12, 32:

rogavit numquid aliud ferret praeter arcam?

Cic. de Or. 2, 69:

Num quid igitur aliud in illis judiciis versatum est praeter hasce insidias?

id. Clu. 62:

nec jam tela alia habebant praeter gladios,

Liv. 38, 21, 5.—

With extra (eccl. Lat.):

neque est alius extra te,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 2. 2; ib. Soph. 2, 15.—

With absque (eccl. Lat.):

non est alius Deus absque te,

Vulg. 1 Par. 17, 20.—

With praeterquam:

cum aliud, praeterquam de quo retulissent, decemviri dicere prohiberent,

Liv. 3, 40.

Esp.

In distributive-clauses repeated even several times, and also interchanged with non nulli, quidam, ceteri, pars, partim, etc., the one... the other; plur., some... others:

quid potes dicere cur alia defendas, alia non cures?

Cic. Phil. 2, 111:

latera tegentes alios, alios praegredientes amicos,

id. ib. 13, 4: cum alii fossas complerent, alii defensores vallo depellerent, Caes. B. G. 3, 25; id. B. C. 1, 55:

alii experimentorum notitiam necessariam esse contendunt, alii non satis potentem usum esse proponunt, Cels. prooem.: quae minus tuta erant, alia fossis, alia vallis, alia turribus muniebat,

Liv. 32, 5; so Vulg. Matt. 13, 5 sqq.; ib. 1 Cor. 12, 10; Cels. 3, 3, enumerating the different kinds of fever, repeats aliae seventeen times:

cum aliis Q. Frater legatus, aliis C. Pomptinus legatus, reliquis M. Anneius legatus etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

proferebant alii purpuram, tus alii, gemmas alii, vina non nulli Graeca,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 56, § 146: alias bestias nantes, alias volucres, serpentes quasdam, quasdam esse gradientes; earum ipsarum partim solivagas, partim congregatas;

immanes alias, quasdam autem cicures, non nullas abditas,

id. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

principes partim interfecerant, alios in exsilium ejecerant,

Nep. Pelop. 1, 4:

nos alii ibimus Afros, pars Scythiam veniemus,

Verg. E. 1, 65:

alii superstantes proeliarentur, pars occulti muros subruerent,

Tac. H. 4, 23.—Sometimes alius is omitted in one clause:

Helvetii ea spe dejecti navibus junctis, alii vadis Rhodani, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8:

Veientes ignari in partem praedae suae vocatos deos, alios votis ex urbe sua evocatos, etc.,

Liv. 5, 21; Plin. 2, 43, 44, § 114:

castra metari placuit, ut opus et alii proelium inciperent,

Tac. A. 1, 63.—Also with aliquis:

alia sunt tamquam sibi nata, ut oculi, ut aures: aliqua etiam ceterorum membrorum usum adjuvant,

Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 63: [putat aliquis esse voluptatem bonum;

alius autem pecuniam],

id. Tusc. 5, 28, 60 B. and K.; cf. Goer. ad Cic. Ac. 2, 10, 20.—Sometimes aliud... aliud designate merely a distinction between two objects contrasted, one thing... another:

Numquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit,

Juv. 14, 321:

Fuit tempus, quo alia adversa, alia secunda principi,

Plin. Pan. 72:

aliud est male dicere, aliud accusare,

Cic. Cael. 3; id. Lig. 16; Quint. 10, 1, 53:

aliud est servum esse, aliud servire,

id. 5, 10, 60 al.:

jam sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris,

Liv. 1, 12; cf. infra, e.—

Alius repeated in another case, or with its derivatives, aliter, alias, alio, alibi, aliunde, etc. (but never with its derivatives in Tac.), in imitation of the Greek (cf. L. and S. s. v. allos, and Ochsn. Eclog. 110): simul alis alid aliunde rumitant inter se, Naev. ap. Fest. pp. 135 and 225; cf.

Bothe, Fragm. Comic. p. 25: alius alium percontamur, cuja est navis?

one another, Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 46:

fallacia alia aliam trudit,

Ter. And. 4, 4, 40:

fecerunt alii quidem alia quam multa,

Cic. Phil. 3, 20, 6:

signa et ornamenta alia alio in loco intuebantur,

some in one place and some in another, id. Verr. 2. 1, 22:

alius in alia est re magis utilis,

id. Sex. Rosc. 111:

alius ex alia parte,

id. Verr. 1, 66:

dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna felicis operum,

Verg. G. 1, 276:

ut ipsi inter se alii aliis prodesse possent,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 22; id. Leg. 1, 12, 33:

ideo multa conjecta sunt, aliud alio tempore,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7:

habes Sardos venales, alium alio nequiorem,

one worse than another, id. Fam. 7, 24: quo facto cum alius alii subsidium ferrent, one to another, Fr., l'un a

l'autre,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26 Herz.:

legiones aliae alia in parte resistunt,

id. ib. 2, 22:

alius alia causa illata,

id. ib. 1, 39:

cum ceteros alii alium alia de causa improbarent,

Suet. Vesp. 6:

alius alii subsidium ferunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

alius alio more viventes,

each in a different way, Sall. C. 6, 2:

alius alii tanti facinoris conscii,

id. ib. 22, 2; so id. ib. 52, 28; id. J. 53, 8; Curt. 10, 5, 16; Just. 15, 2:

alii autem aliud clamabant,

Vulg. Act. 19, 32:

illi alias aliud iisdem de rebus sentiunt,

now this, now that, Cic. de Or. 2, 7 fin.:

aliter ab aliis digeruntur,

id. ib. 2, 19; Vulg. 3 Reg. 22, 20:

equites alii alia dilapsi sunt,

some in this way, some in that, Liv. 44, 43:

cum alii alio mitterentur,

id. 7, 39: Alis alibi stantes, omnes tamen adversis volneribus conciderunt, Sall. ap. Charis. 2, p. 133:

jussit alios alibi fodere,

Liv. 44, 33; Vulg. Sap. 18, 18.—

Alius ex alio, super alium, post alium, one after another; so often of the connection between ideas:

ut aliud ex alio incidit, occurrit, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 37:

aliud ex alio succurrit mihi,

Cic. Fragm. C. 12:

alid ex alio reficit natura,

Lucr. 1, 263; 5, 1305; 5, 1456: sed, [p. 91] ut aliud ex alio, mihi non est dubium, quin, etc., Cic. Att. 16, 14, Plin. Pan. 18, 1:

ex alio in aliud vicissitudo atque mutatio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

alias ex aliis nectendo moras,

Liv. 7, 39:

aliam ex alia prolem,

Verg. G. 3, 65; id. Cir. 364:

nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur,

id. A. 3, 494:

quae impie per biennium alia super alia es ausus,

Liv. 3, 56; 23, 36:

aliud super aliud scelus,

id. 30, 26; Plin. Ep. 7, 8; Suet. Ner. 49:

deinde ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit,

Sall. J. 63, 5.—

Alius atque alius or alius aliusque, the one and the other; now this, now that; different:

eadem res saepe aut probatur aut reicitur, alio atque alio elata verbo,

Cic. Or. 22, 72:

alio atque alio loco requiescere,

in different places, Sall. J. 72, 2:

inchoata res aliis atque aliis de causis dilata erat,

Liv. 8, 23:

aliud ejus subinde atque aliud facientes initium,

Sen. Ep. 32, 2:

cum alia atque alia appetendo loca munirent,

Liv. 1, 8:

milites trans flumen aliis atque aliis locis traiciebant,

id. 2, 2:

luna alio atque alio loco exoritur,

Plin. 2, 10:

febres aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur,

Cels. 3, 3:

cancer aliis aliisque signis discernitur,

id. 5, 26:

aliis atque aliis causis,

Suet. Aug. 97.—In Sall. also alius deinde alius or alius post alius:

saepe tentantes agros alia deinde alia loca petiverant, J. 18, 7: alias deinde alias morae causas facere,

id. ib. 36, 2:

aliis post aliis minitari,

id. ib. 55, 8.—

Of another kind or nature, i. e. different; hence, alium facere, to make different, to change, transform; and alium fleri, to become different, to be wholly changed:

nunc haec dies aliam vitam affert, alios mores postulat,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 18 (aliam vitam pro diversam, contrariam, Don.):

alium nunc censes esse me atque olim cum dabam,

id. ib. 3, 3, 13:

Huic aliud mercedis erit,

Verg. E. 6, 26:

longe alia mihi mens est,

Sall. C. 52, 2:

Vos aliam potatis aquam,

Juv. 5, 52:

lectus non alius cuiquam,

id. 8, 178:

ensesque recondit mors alia,

Stat. Th. 7, 806:

ostensus est in alia effigie,

Vulg. Marc. 16, 12; ib. Rom. 7, 23; ib. Gal. 1, 6; ib. Jac. 2, 25:

alium fecisti me, alius ad te veneram,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 123: alius nunc fieri volo, id. Poen. prol. fin.:

homines alii facti sunt,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12:

mutaberis in virum alium,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 10, 6; cf. supra, II. A. fin. —Hence, in alia omnia ire, transire, or discedere, sc. vota, to differ from the thing proposed; and in gen., to reject or oppose it, to go over to the opposite side: qui hoc censetis, illuc transite;

qui alia omnia, in hanc partem: his verbis praeit ominis videlicet causa, ne dicat: qui non censetis,

Fest. p. 221; Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 19:

frequens eum senatus reliquit et in alia omnia discessit,

Cic. Fam. 10, 12:

de tribus legatis frequentes ierunt in alia omnia,

id. ib. 1, 2 Manut.: cum prima M. Marcelli sententia pronunciata esset, frequens senatus in alia omnia iit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 13:

discessionem faciente Marcello, senatus frequens in alia omnia transiit,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53: aliud or alias res agere, v. ago, II. 7.—

Of that which remains of a whole, = reliquus, ceteri, the rest, the remainder:

Divitiaco ex aliis Gallis maximam fidem habebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41:

inter primos atrox proelium fuit, alia multitudo terga vertit,

Liv. 7, 26:

vulgus aliud trucidatum,

id. 7, 19; 2, 23; so id. 24, 1:

legiones in testudinem glomerabantur et alii tela incutiebant,

Tac. H. 3, 31; id. A. 1, 30; 3, 42:

cum alios incessus hostis clausisset, unum reliquum aestas impediret,

id. ib. 6, 33 al.—

Like alter, one of two, the other of two:

huic fuerunt filii nati duo, alium servus surpuit, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 8; cf. id. ib. arg. 2 and 9: eis genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere;

magnitudo animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii,

Sall. C. 54, 1 Kritz:

duo Romani super alium alius corruerunt,

one upon the other, Liv. 1, 25, 5:

ita duo deinceps reges, alius alia via, civitatem auxerunt,

each in a different way, id. 1, 21, 6; 24, 27:

marique alio Nicopolim ingressus,

Tac. A. 5, 10 ( Ionio, Halm); so,

alias partes fovere,

the other side, id. H. 1, 8.—Also in the enumeration of the parts of any thing:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam Celtae,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1 Herz.:

classium item duo genera sunt: unum liburnarum, aliud lusoriarum,

Veg. 2, 1 (cf. in Gr. meinantes de tautên tên hêmeran, têi allêi eporeuonto, Xen. Anab. 3, 4, 1; and so the Vulg.: Alia die profecti, the next day, Act. 21, 8).—Hence, alius with a proper name used as an appell. (cf. alter):

ne quis alius Ariovistus regno Galliarum potiretur,

a second Ariovistus, Tac. H. 4, 73 fin.:

alius Nero,

Suet. Tit. 7.—

A peculiar enhancement of the idea is produced by alius with a neg. and the comp.:

mulier, qua mulier alia nulla est pulchrior,

than whom no other woman is more beautiful, to whom no other woman is equal in beauty, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 100:

facinus, quo non fortius ausit alis,

Cat. 66, 28:

Fama malum qua non aliud velocius ullum,

Verg. A. 4, 174:

quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura mortalium est,

Sall. J. 2, 4:

quo non aliud atrocius visum,

Tac. A. 6, 24:

(Sulla) neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati,

Sall. J. 96, 3:

neque majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,

id. ib. 1, 2; Liv. 1, 24:

non alia ante Romana pugna atrocior fuit,

id. 1, 27; 2, 31; Tac. A. 6, 7 al.; cf. under aliter, 2. b. z.—Hence the advv.

ălĭō, adv. (an old dat. form, designating direction to a place; cf.: eo, quo), elsewhither (arch.), elsewhere, to another place, person, or thing, allose (class., esp. among poets; but not found in Lucr. or Juv.).

In gen.

Of place:

fortasse tu profectus alio fueras,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 49:

ut ab Norba alio traducerentur,

Liv. 32, 2:

translatos alio maerebis amores,

Hor. Epod. 15, 23:

decurrens alio,

id. S. 2, 1, 32:

nam frustra vitium vitaveris illud, Si te alio pravum detorseris,

id. ib. 2, 2, 55.—With quo:

Arpinumne mihi eundum sit, an quo alio,

to some other place, Cic. Att. 9, 17:

si quando Romam aliove quo mitterent legatos,

Liv. 38, 30. —

Of persons or things (cf. alias, alibi, alicunde, etc.):

illi suum animum alio conferunt,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 10 (cf. Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 62:

ne ad illam me animum adjecisse sentiat): ne quando iratus tu alio conferas,

id. Eun. 3, 1, 60 Don.:

hi narrata ferunt alio,

Ov. M. 12, 57: tamen vocat me alio ( to another subject) jam dudum tacita vestra exspectatio, Cic. Clu. 23, 63; id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139:

sed, si placet, sermonem alio transferamus,

id. de Or. 1, 29, 133:

quoniam alio properare tempus monet,

Sall. J. 19, 2; so Tac. A. 1, 18 al.—

Of purpose or design:

appellet haec desideria naturae: cupiditatis nomen servet alio,

for another purpose, Cic. Fin. 2, 9, 27:

hoc longe alio spectabat,

looked quite elsewhere, had a far different design, Nep. Them. 6, 3.—

a.. Alio... alio, in one way... in another; hither... thither, = huc... illuc:

hic (i. e. in ea re) alio res familiaris, alio ducit humanitas,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89: alio atque alio, in one way and another:

nihil alio atque alio spargitur,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 11, 2.—

Alius alio, each in a different way, one in one way, another in another:

et ceteri quidem alius alio,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 80:

aliud alio dissipavit,

id. Div. 1, 34, 76; so Liv. 2, 54, 9; 7, 39.—So, aliunde alio, from one place to another:

quassatione terrae aliunde alio (aquae) transferuntur,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 11, 1; cf. aliunde.—

Like alius or aliter with a negative and the particles of comparison quam or atque;

in questions with nisi: plebem nusquam alio natam quam ad serviendum,

for nothing but, Liv. 7, 18, 7: non alio datam summam quam in emptionem, etc., * Suet. Aug. 98 Ruhnk.:

quo alio nisi ad nos confugerent?

Liv. 39, 36, 11; cf. Hand, Turs. I. pp. 232-234.—

ălĭā, adv. (sc. via), in another way, in a different manner (in the whole ante-class. and class. per. dub.); for in Plaut. Rud. prol. 10, aliuta has been proposed; in Lucr. 6, 986, Lachm. reads alio; in Liv. 21, 56, 2, Weissenb. alibi; and in id. 44, 43, 2, via may be supplied from the preced. context; certain only in Don. ad Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 5; cf. Hand, Turs. I. p. 219.—

ălĭās, adv. (acc. to Prisc. 1014 P., and Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 769, an acc. form like foras; but acc. to Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 5, 57, and Hab. Syn. 79, old gen. like paterfamili as, Alcmen as, etc. In the ante-class. per. rare; only once in Plaut., twice in Ter., twice in Varro; in the class. per. most freq. in Cic., but only three times in his orations; also in Plin.).

Of time, at a time other than the present, whether it be in the past or (more freq.) in the future.

At another time, at other times, on another occasion (alias: temporis adverbium, quod Graeci allote, aliter allôs, Capitol. Orth. 2242 P.; cf.

Herz. and Hab., as cited above): alias ut uti possim causa hac integra,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 4; so id. And. 3, 2, 49 (alias = alio tempore, Don.):

sed alias jocabimur,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13, 2:

sed plura scribemus alias,

id. ib. 7, 6:

et alias et in consulatus petitione vinci,

id. Planc. 18:

nil oriturum alias,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 17.—In the future, freq. in contrast with nunc, in praesentia, tum, hactenus:

recte secusne, alias viderimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 135:

Hactenus haec: alias justum sit necne poema, Nunc, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 63: sed haec alias pluribus;

nunc, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 2 fin.; Liv. 44, 36 fin.: quare placeat, alias ostendemus; in praesentia, etc., Auct. ad Her. 3, 16, 28.—In the past:

gubernatores alias imperare soliti, tum metu mortis jussa exsequebantur,

Curt. 4, 3, 18:

alias bellare inter se solitos, tunc periculi societas junxerat,

id. 9, 4, 15.—Freq. with advv. of time;

as numquam, umquam, and the like: si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, aut etiam si numquam alias fuimus, tum profecto, etc.,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 2:

consilio numquam alias dato,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 45:

numquam ante alias,

Liv. 2, 22, 7:

non umquam alias ante tantus terror senatum invasit,

id. 2, 9, 5; 1, 28, 4:

si quando umquam ante alias,

id. 32, 5 (where the four advv. of time are to be taken together):

Saturnalibus et si quando alias libuisset, modo munera dividebat,

Suet. Aug. 75.—

Alias... alias, as in Gr. allote... allote; allote men... allote de, at one time... at another; once... another time; sometimes... sometimes; now... now:

Alias me poscit pro illa triginta minas, Alias talentum magnum,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 63; so Varr. L. L. 8, § 76 Mull.; id. R. R. 2, 1, 15; Cic. Verr. 1, 46, 120:

nec potest quisquam alias beatus esse, alias miser,

id. Fin. 2, 27, 87:

contentius alias, alias summissius,

id. de Or. 3, 55, 212:

cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 29; so id. ib. 5, 57 al.; it occurs four times in successive clauses in Cic. Inv. 1, 52, 99.—Sometimes plerumque, saepe, aliquando, interdum stand in corresponding clauses:

nec umquam sine usura reddit (terra), quod accepit, sed alias minore, plerumque majore cum foenore,

Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

geminatio verborum habet interdum vim, leporem alias,

id. de Or. 3, 54, 206:

hoc alias fastidio, alias contumacia, saepius imbecillitate, evenit,

Plin. 16, 32, 58, § 134; 7, 15, 13, § 63.—Sometimes one alias is omitted:

illi eruptione tentata alias cuniculis ad aggerem actis, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 3, 21; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13.—

Alias aliter, alias alius, etc. (cf. alius), at one time in one way... at another in another; now so... now otherwise; now this... now that:

et alias aliter haec in utramque partem causae solent convenire,

Cic. Inv. 2, 13, 45:

alii enim sunt, alias nostrique familiares fere demortui,

id. Att. 16, 11 (Madv. interprets this of time):

illi alias aliud iisdem de rebus judicant,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Or. 59, 200:

(deos) non semper eosdem atque alias alios solemus venerari,

id. Red. in Sen. 30:

ut iidem versus alias in aliam rem posse accommodari viderentur,

id. Div. 2, 54, 111.—

Saepe alias or alias saepe... nunc, nuper, quondam, etc.;

also: cum saepe alias... tum, etc. (very common in Cic.): quod cum saepe alias tum nuper, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 4, 7:

fecimus et alias saepe et nuper in Tusculano,

id. ib. 5, 4, 11:

quibus de rebus et alias saepe... et quondam in Hortensii villa,

id. Ac. 2, 3, 9:

quorum pater et saepe alias et maxime censor saluti rei publicae fuit,

id. de Or. 1, 9, 38:

cum saepe alias, tum apud centumviros,

id. Brut. 39, 144:

cum saepe alias, tum Pyrrhi bello,

id. Off. 3, 22, 86; 3, 11, 47:

neque tum solum, sed saepe alias,

Nep. Hann. 11, 7.—In comparative sentences rare:

nunc tamen libentius quam saepe alias,

Symm. Ep. 1, 90.—So,

Semper alias, always at other times or in other cases (apparently only post-Aug.): et super cenam autem et semper alias communissimus, multa joco transigebat. Suet. Vesp. 22; id. Tib. 18; Gell. 15, 1.—

Raro alias, rarely at other times, on other occasions:

ut raro alias quisquam tanto favore est auditus,

Liv. 45, 20; 3, 69; Tac. H. 1, 89.—

Non alias, at no other time, never, = numquam (a choice poet. expression, often imitated by [p. 92] the histt.):

non alias caelo ceciderunt plura sereno Fulgura,

never at any other time did so much lightning fall from a clear sky, Verg. G. 1, 487:

non alias militi familiarior dux fuit,

Liv. 7, 33; 45, 7:

non alias majore mole concursum,

Tac. A. 2, 46; 4. 69;

11, 31: non sane alias exercitatior Britannia fuit,

id. Agr. 5:

haud alias intentior populus plus vocis permisit,

id. A. 3, 11, and 15, 46; Suet. Tit. 8; Flor. 3, 6.—

Of place, at another place, elsewhere; or in respect of other things, in other circumstances, otherwise (only post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 7):

Idaeus rubus appellatus est, quoniam in Ida, non alias, nascitur,

Plin. 24, 14, 75, § 123 (Jan, alius): nusquam alias tam torrens fretum, * Just. 4, 1, 9:

sicut vir alias doctissimus Cornutus existimat,

Macr. S. 5, 19.—

Alias for alioqui (only post-Aug.), to indicate that something is in a different condition in one instance, not in others, except that, for the rest, otherwise:

in Silaro non virgulta modo immersa, verum et folia lapidescunt, alias salubri potu ejus aquae,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224; so id. 18, 6, 7, § 37; 19, 8, 48, § 163; 25, 2, 6, § 16 al.—

Non alias quam, for no other reason, on no other condition, in no other circumstances than, not other than; and non alias nisi, on no other condition, not otherwise, except (prob. taken from the lang. of common life):

non alias magis indoluisse Caesarem ferunt quam quod, etc.,

Tac. A. 3, 73:

debilitatum vulnere jacuisse non alias quam simulatione mortis tutiorem,

by nothing safer than by feigning death, Curt. 8, 1, 24; 8, 14, 16; Dig. 29, 7, 6, § 2: non alias ( on no other condition) existet heres ex substitutione nisi, etc., ib. 28, 6, 8; 23, 3, 37, 23, 3, 29.—

Alias like aliter, in another manner; flrst in the Lat. of the jurists (cf. Suet. Tib. 71 Oud.; Liv. 21, 56, 2 Drak.; Ter. And. 3, 2, 49 Ruhnk.), Dig. 33, 8, 8, § 8; cf. Hand, Turs. I. pp. 219-227. —

ălĭtĕr, adv. [alis; v. alius init. ], otherwise, in another manner, allôs.

With comparative-clause expressed; constr. both affirm. and neg. without distinction.

With atque, ac, quam, and rarely ut, otherwise than, different from what, etc., Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 23:

sed aliter atque ostenderam facio,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3, 4; Ter. Ad. 4, 3, 6:

aliter ac nos vellemus,

Cic. Mil. 9, 23:

de quo tu aliter sentias atque ego,

id. Fin. 4, 22, 60; id. Att. 6, 3:

si aliter nos faciant quam aequum est,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 42:

si aliter quippiam coacti faciant quam libere,

Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 29; id. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 24; id. Inv. 2, 22, 66:

Sed si aliter ut dixi accidisset, qui possem queri?

id. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Non (or haud) aliter, not otherwise (per litoten), = just as; with quam si, ac si, quam cum, quam, exactly, just as if:

Non aliter quam si ruat omnis Karthago,

Verg. A. 4, 669:

dividor haud aliter quam si mea membra relinquam,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 73:

nihil in senatu actum aliter quam si, etc.,

Liv. 23, 4; 21, 63, 9:

illi negabant se aliter ituros quam si, etc.,

id. 3, 51, 12:

nec aliter quam si mihi tradatur, etc., Quint. prooem. 5: ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur,

Tac. A. 1, 6; 1, 49:

Non aliter quam si fecisset Juno maritum Insanum,

Juv. 6, 619; Suet. Aug. 40:

non aliter quam cum, etc.,

Ov. F. 2, 209; so id. M. 2, 623; 4, 348; 6, 516 al.:

nec scripsi aliter ac si, etc.,

Cic. Att. 13, 51; Suet. Oth. 6; Col. 2, 14 (15), 8:

Non aliter quam qui lembum subigit,

Verg. G. 1, 201:

non aliter praeformidat quam qui ferrum medici, priusquam curetur, aspexit,

Quint. 4, 5, 5; so id. 4, 5, 22; 2, 5, 11:

neque aliter quam ii, qui traduntur, etc.,

id. 5, 8, 1:

patere inde aliquid decrescere, non aliter quam Institor hibernae tegetis,

Juv. 7, 220:

successorem non aliter quam indicium mortis accepturum,

Tac. A. 6, 30.—

Aliter ab aliquo (analog. to alius with the abl., and alienus with ab), differently from any one:

cultores regionum multo aliter a ceteris agunt,

Mel. 1, 9, 6.—

Non ali ter nisi, by no other means, on no other condition, not otherwise, except:

qui aliter obsistere fato fatetur se non potuisse, nisi etc.,

Cic. Fat. 20, 48; id. Fam. 1, 9: non pati C. Caesarem consulem aliter fieri, nisi exercitum et provincias tradiderit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14; so Lentulus ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 18; Liv. 35, 39; 45, 11; 38; Tac. Or. 32; Just. 12, 14, 7; Suet. Ner. 36; Dig. 37, 9, 6; 48, 18, 9. —

Non aliter quam ut, on no other condition than that:

neque aliter poterit palos, ad quos perducitur, pertingere, quam ut diffluat,

Col. Arb. 7, 5; so Suet. Tib. 15; 24; id. Galb. 8; Curt. 9, 5, 23.—

Without a comparative clause expressed.

In gen., otherwise, in another manner, in other respects; and in the poets: haud aliter (per litoten), just so:

vale atque salve, etsi aliter ut dicam meres,

though you deserve that I speak differently, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 86 Brix:

tu si aliter existimes, nihil errabis,

Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 16:

ut eadem ab utrisque dicantur, aliter dicuntur,

in a different sense, Plin. Pan. 72, 7:

Si quis aliter docet,

Vulg. 1 Tim. 6, 3:

quae aliter se habent,

ib. ib. 5, 25:

Quippe aliter tunc vivebant homines,

Juv. 6, 11: quod uterque nostrum his etiam ex studiis notus, quibus aliter ignotus est, otherwise, i. e. personally, unknown, Plin. Ep. 9, 23, 3.—With negatives:

non fuit faciendum aliter,

Cic. Att. 6, 9; Tac. A. 15, 68:

Ergo non aliter poterit dormire?

Juv. 3, 281:

aliter haud facile eos ad tantum negotium impelli posse,

Sall. C. 44, 1; Curt. 8, 10, 27:

haud aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuenti Ignescunt irae (the comparison of the wolf precedes),

Verg. A. 9, 65:

haud aliter (i. e. like a wild beast) juvenis medios moriturus in hostes Irruit,

id. ib. 9, 554 al.; Ov. M. 8, 473; 9, 642:

non aliter (i. e. than I) Samio dicunt arsisse Bathyllo Anacreonta Teium,

Hor. Epod. 14, 10:

neque Mordaces aliter (i. e. than by means of wine) diffugiunt sollicitudines,

id. C. 1, 18, 4:

neque exercitum Romanum aliter transmissurum,

Tac. H. 5, 19:

nec aliter expiari potest,

Vulg. Num. 35, 33. —So, fieri aliter non potest or fieri non potest aliter (not fieri non aliter potest): nihil agis;

Fieri aliter non potest,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 13: assentior;

fieri non potuit aliter,

Cic. Att. 6, 6.—

Esp.

Pregn., otherwise, in the contrary manner: Pe. Servos Epidicus dixit mihi. Ph. Quid si servo aliter visum est? i. e. if he does not speak the truth? Plaut. Ep. 4, 2, 29:

verum aliter evenire multo intellegit,

Ter. And. prol. 4 (aliter autem contra significat, Don.):

amplis cornibus et nigris potius quam aliter,

Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 1: ne aliter quid eveniat, providere de cet, otherwise than harmoniously, Sall. J. 10, 7:

dis aliter visum,

Verg. A. 2, 428:

sin aliter tibi videtur,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15: adversi... saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo Scorpion atque aliter ( in the opposite direction) curvantem bracchia Cancrum, Ov. M. 2, 83: aliterque ( and in the opposite course) secante jam pelagus rostro, Luc. 8, 197.—Hence, qui aliter fecerit, who will not do that:

neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat, neve cum populo agat: qui aliter fecerit, etc.,

Sall. C. 51, 43; Just. 6, 6, 1; cf. Brisson. de Form. p. 200, and de Verb. Signif. p. 66.—

Aliter esse, to be of a different nature, differently constituted or disposed:

sed longe aliter est amicus atque amator,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 70: ego hunc esse aliter credidi: iste me fefellit;

ego isti nihilo sum aliter ac fui,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 44; id. Ad. 3, 4, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

For alioqui (q. v. II. C.), otherwise, else, in any other case:

jus enim semper est quaesitum aequabile: neque enim aliter esset jus (and just after: nam aliter justitia non esset),

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 42; 1, 39, 139; id. Lael. 20, 74:

si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, aliter illos numquam in patriam essent recepturi,

Nep. Them. 7 fin.:

aliter sine populi jussu nulli earum rerum consuli jus est,

Sall. C. 29, 3 Kritz:

aliter non viribus ullis Vincere poteris,

Verg. A. 6, 147:

veniam ostentantes, si praesentia sequerentur: aliter nihil spei,

Tac. H. 4, 59:

quoniam aliter non possem,

Vulg. Sap. 8, 21.—

Like alius (q. v. II. A.) repeated even several times in a distributive manner, in one way... in another: sed aliter leges, aliter philosophi tollunt astutias. Cic. Off. 3, 17, 68; so id. ib. 1, 12, 38; id. Lael. 24, 89; id. Fam. 15, 21, 6:

aliter utimur propriis, aliter commodatis,

Tac. Or. 32:

Aliter catuli longe olent, aliter sues,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 2, 9:

aliter Diodoro, aliter Philoni, Chrysippo aliter placet,

id. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

idem illud aliter Caesar, aliter Cicero, aliter Cato suadere debebit,

Quint. 3, 8, 49: Et aliter acutis morbis medendum, aliter vetustis; aliter increscentibus, aliter subsistentibus, aliter jam ad sanitatem inclinatis, Cels. prooem. p. 10.—

With alius or its derivatives, one in one way, another in another (v. alius, II. B.):

quoniam aliter ab aliis digeruntur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; id. Att. 7, 8; Liv. 2, 21; so id. 39, 53:

hoc ex locorum occasione aliter alibi decernitur,

Plin. 18, 5, 6, § 30; so id. 25, 4, 10, § 29.—

Non aliter, analog. to non alius (v. alius, II. H.) with a comp. (only in Plin.):

non aliter utilius id fieri putare quam, etc.,

Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 28:

idque non aliter clarius intellegi potest,

id. 37, 4, 15, § 59; so id. 22, 22, 36, § 78; 24, 11, 50, § 85; 28, 9, 41, § 148; cf. Hand, Turs. I. pp. 267-276.

Ālĭus (better Ālĕus), a, um, adj., = Elius (v. Alis and Elis), Elian; subst., a native of Elis, a town in Achaia (only a few times in Plaut. Capt.):

postquam belligerant Aetoli cum Aleis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 24; 27; 2, 2, 30.

ălĭus, a, ud, adj. and subst. (old form, alis, alid, after the analogy of quis, quid:

alis rare,

Cat. 66, 28; Sall. ap. Charis, 2, p. 133; Inscr. Orell. 2488:

alid more freq.,

Lucr. 1, 263; 5, 257; 5, 1305; 5, 1456; Cat. 29, 15; cf. Prisc. 13, p. 959.— Gen. sing. masc.: alius, rare, and not used by Tac.; for which alterius is com. used (v. alter); also alii, Cato and Licin. ap. Prisc. 194 P.; Varr. R. R. 1, 2.— Fem. gen.:

aliae,

Lucr. 3, 918; Cic. Div. 2, 13, 30; Liv. 24, 27, 8; Gell. 2, 28, 1; Capito ap. Gell. 4, 10, 8.— Masc. dat.:

ali,

Lucr. 6, 1226:

alio,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 13. — Fem. dat.:

aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 207; Gell. 9, 4, 8) [cf. allos; Osc. allo ( nom. sing. fem.); Goth. alis; Erse, aile; O. H. Germ. alles, elles ( conj.); Engl. else], another, [p. 90] other (i. e. of many, whereas alter is one of two, v. exceptt. under II. G.); freq. with the indef. pronn. aliquis, quis, aliqui, qui, quidam, and the interrog. quis, qui, etc.

A.. In gen.:

eorum sectam sequuntur multi mortales... multi alii ex Troja strenui viri,

Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 16:

alios multos,

Vulg. Matt. 15, 30; ib. Marc. 7, 4:

plures alios,

ib. ib. 12, 5:

cum aliis pluribus,

ib. Act. 15, 35:

an ita dissolvit, ut omnes alii dissolverunt?

Cic. Font. 1; Tac. H. 5, 5:

dum aliud aliquid flagiti conficiat,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 5:

nec nobis praeter med alius quisquam est servos Sosia,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 244:

nec quisquam alius affuit,

id. ib. 1, 1, 269:

panem vel aliud quidquam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 3, 35. utrum hanc actionem habebis an aliam quampiam; Cic. Caecin. 37:

quidquid aliud dare,

Vulg. Lev. 22, 25:

ALIS NE POTESTO,

Inscr. Orell. 2488:

datum Mi esse ab dis aliis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 12:

adulescentulo in alio occupato amore,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:

aut aliae cujus desiderium insideat rei,

Lucr. 3, 918:

ne quam aliam quaerat copiam,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 54:

nisi quid pater ait aliud,

id. And. 5, 4, 47:

si verum est, Q. Fabium Labeonem seu quem alium arbitrum a senatu datum, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 10, 33:

quodcumque alid auget,

Lucr. 5, 257:

Est alius quidam, parasitaster paululus,

Ter. Ad. 5. 2, 4; so Vulg. Luc. 22, 59:

tuo (judicio) stabis, si aliud quoddam est tuum,

Cic. Or. 71, 237:

L. Aemilius alius vir erat,

Liv. 44, 18:

Genus ecce aliud discriminis audi,

Juv. 12, 24:

alius, ne condemnaretur, pecuniam dedit,

Cic. Verr. 5, 117; Tac. Agr. 39:

nemo alius,

Cic. Pis. 94; Vulg. Joan. 15, 24:

alius nemo,

Cic. Quinct. 76:

plus alimenti est in pane quam in ullo alio,

Cels. 2, 18:

aliud esse causae suspicamur,

Cic. Fl. 39:

Anne aliud tunc praefecti?

Juv. 4, 78:

estne viris reliqui aliud,

Sall. Fragm. 187, 19:

aliud auxilii,

Tac. A. 5, 8:

aliud subsidii,

id. ib. 12, 46:

alia honorum,

id. ib. 1, 9:

alia sumptuum,

id. ib. 15, 15:

sunt alia quae magis timeam,

Cic. Phil. 5, 29: Facete is quidem, sicut alia, many other things, id. Fin. 1, 3, 7 Madv.:

haec aliaque,

Tac. H. 3, 51 al. —

Hence, alio die, t. t. of the soothsayer, when he wished the Comitia postponed to another day, on the pretence of unfavorable omens: quid gravius quam rem susceptam dirimi, si unus augur alio die dixerit?

Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 31; id. Phil. 2, 33, 83 and 84 Wernsd. Perh. there is a reference to the same thing in Plaut. Poen. 2, 52: ita res divina mihi fuit: res serias omnes extollo ex hoc die in alium diem.—With aliquis, quisquam, or ullus implied (cf. aliqui, V. B., and aliquis, II. B.):

ut, etiam si aliud melius fuit, tamen legatorum reditum exspectetis,

Cic. Phil. 6, 6:

utar post alio, si invenero melius,

something else, id. Tusc. 1, 7, 14; so,

si in aliud tempus differetur,

Caes. B C. 1, 86:

an alium exspectamus?

Vulg. Matt. 11, 3; ib. Marc. 4, 36:

siti magis quam alia re accenditur,

Sall. J. 89, 5:

neque sex legiones alia de causa missas in Hispaniam,

Caes. B. C. 1, 85:

neque creatura alia poterit nos separare,

Vulg. Rom. 8, 39.

alius:

alius generis bestiae,

Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 123; Varr. L. L. 9, 40, 67 dub.:

alius ingenii,

Liv. 1, 56, 7 Madv. by conj.:

alius ordinis,

Amm. 30, 5, 10:

artificis aliusve,

Front. Controv. Agr. 2, 40, 27:

alius coloris,

Non. p. 450:

nomine vel ejus pro quo... aut alius qui, etc.,

Dig. 39, 2, 24, § 6; v. aliusmodi.—

In comparisons, with atque, ac, or et, more rarely with nisi and quam; with the latter, in good class. authors, only when preceded by a neg. clause, or by an interrog. implying a neg.; cf. Ruhnk. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; instead of quam, the comp. abl. or praeter, and similar words, sometimes appear, other than, different from, etc.

With atque, ac, or et:

illi sunt alio ingenio atque tu,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 35:

alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

Ter. And. 3, 3, 13:

potest non solum aliud mihi ac tibi, sed mihi ipsi aliud alias videri,

Cic. Or. 71, 237:

longe alia nobis ac tu scripseras nuntiantur,

id. Att. 11, 10:

res alio modo est ac putatur,

id. Inv. 2, 6, 21 B. and K.:

qui longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

non alius essem atque nunc sum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9:

longe aliam esse navigationem in concluso mari atque in vastissimo atque apertissimo Oceano perspiciebant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9: aliud (se) esse facturum ac pronunciasset, Nep. Ages. 3, 4:

alia atque antea sentiret,

id. Hann. 2, 2:

lux longe alia est solis et lychnorum,

is very different, Cic. Cael. 28.—

With nisi or quam (the latter is suspicious in Cic.; cf. Ochsn. Eclog. 252; Orell. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75):

amare autem nihil aliud est, nisi eum ipsum diligere, quem ames,

nothing else than, only, Cic. Lael. 27, 100:

neque ulla fuit causa intermissionis epistularum nisi quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 13:

erat historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio,

id. de Or. 2, 12:

Quid est aliud tumultus nisi perturbatio tanta, ut, etc.?

id. Phil. 8, 3:

nihil aliud agerem, nisi eum, qui accusatus esset, defenderem,

id. Sull. 12; id. Att. 5, 10:

quid est aliud Gigantum modo bellare cum dis nisi naturae repugnare?

id. Sen. 2, 5; id. Sex. Rosc. 19, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 13; id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

pinaster nihil aliud est quam pinus silvestris,

Plin. 16, 10; Nep. Arist. 2, 2; id. Paus. 1, 4:

Lysander nihil aliud molitus est quam ut omnes civitates in sua teneret potestate,

id. Lys. 1, 4:

neque aliud huic defuit quam generosa stirps,

id. Eum. 1, 2:

Nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine quam quod Illi marmoreum caput est, etc.,

Juv. 8, 54.—Hence, nihil aliud nisi or quam, = ouden allo ê, followed by finite verb, nothing else than, nothing but, only (after these words, fecit, factum est may be supplied, or the phraseology changed to nulla alia re facta; cf. Matth. Gr. 903; Hoogev. ad Vig. p. 475;

Kuhn. Gr. Gr. II. p. 825): tribunatus P. Sestii nihil aliud nisi meum nomen causamque sustinuit,

Cic. Sest. 6, 13:

ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet,

id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 64; Liv. 2, 8:

et hostes quidem nihil aliud (i. e. nulla alia re facta) quam perfusis vano timore Romanis citato agmine abeunt,

id. 2, 63; 31, 24:

sed ab lictore nihil aliud quam prehendere prohibito, cum conversus in Patres impetus esset,

id. 2, 29:

ut domo abditus nihil aliud quam per edicta obnuntiaret,

Suet. Caes. 20:

mox nihil aliud quam vectabatur et deambulabat,

id. Aug. 83.—So, quid aliud quam? what other thing than? what else than? quibus quid aliud quam admonemus cives nos eorum esse, Liv. 4, 3:

quid aliud quam ad bellum vocabantur?

Flor. 3, 23 med.; so,

Quid Tullius? Anne aliud quam sidus?

Juv. 7, 199.—In affirmative-clauses rare, and only post-Aug.:

te alia omnia, quam quae velis, agere, moleste ferrem,

Plin. Ep. 7, 15, 2:

quod alium quam se cooptassent,

Suet. Ner. 2 al. —So, with the simple interrogative, quis alius? quid aliud? Qui, malum, alii? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 10:

Quid te aliud sollicitat?

id. ib. 1, 2, 82:

Quid aliud tibi vis?

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 90:

Numquid vis aliud?

id. Eun. 1, 2, 111:

Sed quis nunc alius audet praeferre? etc.,

Juv. 12, 48:

Quid enim est aliud Antonius?

Cic. Phil. 2, 70:

Quid est aliud furere?

id. Pis. 47:

Quid est alia sinistra liberalitas?

Cat. 29, 15 al. —

With comp. abl. (cf. in Gr. alla tôn dikaiôn, Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 25):

qui quaerit alia his, malum videtur quaerere,

other than, Plaut. Poen. prol. 22:

quod est aliud melle,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16: nec quidquam aliud libertate communi quaesisse, nothing else but, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 2:

neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 20:

alius Lysippo,

id. ib. 2, 1, 240:

accusator alius Sejano,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 41.—

With praeter:

nec nobis praeter me alius quisquam est servos Sosia,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 249:

nec quidquam aliud est philosophia praeter studium sapientiae,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 5:

non est alius praeter eum,

Vulg. Marc. 12, 32:

rogavit numquid aliud ferret praeter arcam?

Cic. de Or. 2, 69:

Num quid igitur aliud in illis judiciis versatum est praeter hasce insidias?

id. Clu. 62:

nec jam tela alia habebant praeter gladios,

Liv. 38, 21, 5.—

With extra (eccl. Lat.):

neque est alius extra te,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 2. 2; ib. Soph. 2, 15.—

With absque (eccl. Lat.):

non est alius Deus absque te,

Vulg. 1 Par. 17, 20.—

With praeterquam:

cum aliud, praeterquam de quo retulissent, decemviri dicere prohiberent,

Liv. 3, 40.

Esp.

In distributive-clauses repeated even several times, and also interchanged with non nulli, quidam, ceteri, pars, partim, etc., the one... the other; plur., some... others:

quid potes dicere cur alia defendas, alia non cures?

Cic. Phil. 2, 111:

latera tegentes alios, alios praegredientes amicos,

id. ib. 13, 4: cum alii fossas complerent, alii defensores vallo depellerent, Caes. B. G. 3, 25; id. B. C. 1, 55:

alii experimentorum notitiam necessariam esse contendunt, alii non satis potentem usum esse proponunt, Cels. prooem.: quae minus tuta erant, alia fossis, alia vallis, alia turribus muniebat,

Liv. 32, 5; so Vulg. Matt. 13, 5 sqq.; ib. 1 Cor. 12, 10; Cels. 3, 3, enumerating the different kinds of fever, repeats aliae seventeen times:

cum aliis Q. Frater legatus, aliis C. Pomptinus legatus, reliquis M. Anneius legatus etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

proferebant alii purpuram, tus alii, gemmas alii, vina non nulli Graeca,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 56, § 146: alias bestias nantes, alias volucres, serpentes quasdam, quasdam esse gradientes; earum ipsarum partim solivagas, partim congregatas;

immanes alias, quasdam autem cicures, non nullas abditas,

id. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

principes partim interfecerant, alios in exsilium ejecerant,

Nep. Pelop. 1, 4:

nos alii ibimus Afros, pars Scythiam veniemus,

Verg. E. 1, 65:

alii superstantes proeliarentur, pars occulti muros subruerent,

Tac. H. 4, 23.—Sometimes alius is omitted in one clause:

Helvetii ea spe dejecti navibus junctis, alii vadis Rhodani, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8:

Veientes ignari in partem praedae suae vocatos deos, alios votis ex urbe sua evocatos, etc.,

Liv. 5, 21; Plin. 2, 43, 44, § 114:

castra metari placuit, ut opus et alii proelium inciperent,

Tac. A. 1, 63.—Also with aliquis:

alia sunt tamquam sibi nata, ut oculi, ut aures: aliqua etiam ceterorum membrorum usum adjuvant,

Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 63: [putat aliquis esse voluptatem bonum;

alius autem pecuniam],

id. Tusc. 5, 28, 60 B. and K.; cf. Goer. ad Cic. Ac. 2, 10, 20.—Sometimes aliud... aliud designate merely a distinction between two objects contrasted, one thing... another:

Numquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit,

Juv. 14, 321:

Fuit tempus, quo alia adversa, alia secunda principi,

Plin. Pan. 72:

aliud est male dicere, aliud accusare,

Cic. Cael. 3; id. Lig. 16; Quint. 10, 1, 53:

aliud est servum esse, aliud servire,

id. 5, 10, 60 al.:

jam sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris,

Liv. 1, 12; cf. infra, e.—

Alius repeated in another case, or with its derivatives, aliter, alias, alio, alibi, aliunde, etc. (but never with its derivatives in Tac.), in imitation of the Greek (cf. L. and S. s. v. allos, and Ochsn. Eclog. 110): simul alis alid aliunde rumitant inter se, Naev. ap. Fest. pp. 135 and 225; cf.

Bothe, Fragm. Comic. p. 25: alius alium percontamur, cuja est navis?

one another, Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 46:

fallacia alia aliam trudit,

Ter. And. 4, 4, 40:

fecerunt alii quidem alia quam multa,

Cic. Phil. 3, 20, 6:

signa et ornamenta alia alio in loco intuebantur,

some in one place and some in another, id. Verr. 2. 1, 22:

alius in alia est re magis utilis,

id. Sex. Rosc. 111:

alius ex alia parte,

id. Verr. 1, 66:

dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna felicis operum,

Verg. G. 1, 276:

ut ipsi inter se alii aliis prodesse possent,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 22; id. Leg. 1, 12, 33:

ideo multa conjecta sunt, aliud alio tempore,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7:

habes Sardos venales, alium alio nequiorem,

one worse than another, id. Fam. 7, 24: quo facto cum alius alii subsidium ferrent, one to another, Fr., l'un a

l'autre,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26 Herz.:

legiones aliae alia in parte resistunt,

id. ib. 2, 22:

alius alia causa illata,

id. ib. 1, 39:

cum ceteros alii alium alia de causa improbarent,

Suet. Vesp. 6:

alius alii subsidium ferunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

alius alio more viventes,

each in a different way, Sall. C. 6, 2:

alius alii tanti facinoris conscii,

id. ib. 22, 2; so id. ib. 52, 28; id. J. 53, 8; Curt. 10, 5, 16; Just. 15, 2:

alii autem aliud clamabant,

Vulg. Act. 19, 32:

illi alias aliud iisdem de rebus sentiunt,

now this, now that, Cic. de Or. 2, 7 fin.:

aliter ab aliis digeruntur,

id. ib. 2, 19; Vulg. 3 Reg. 22, 20:

equites alii alia dilapsi sunt,

some in this way, some in that, Liv. 44, 43:

cum alii alio mitterentur,

id. 7, 39: Alis alibi stantes, omnes tamen adversis volneribus conciderunt, Sall. ap. Charis. 2, p. 133:

jussit alios alibi fodere,

Liv. 44, 33; Vulg. Sap. 18, 18.—

Alius ex alio, super alium, post alium, one after another; so often of the connection between ideas:

ut aliud ex alio incidit, occurrit, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 37:

aliud ex alio succurrit mihi,

Cic. Fragm. C. 12:

alid ex alio reficit natura,

Lucr. 1, 263; 5, 1305; 5, 1456: sed, [p. 91] ut aliud ex alio, mihi non est dubium, quin, etc., Cic. Att. 16, 14, Plin. Pan. 18, 1:

ex alio in aliud vicissitudo atque mutatio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

alias ex aliis nectendo moras,

Liv. 7, 39:

aliam ex alia prolem,

Verg. G. 3, 65; id. Cir. 364:

nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur,

id. A. 3, 494:

quae impie per biennium alia super alia es ausus,

Liv. 3, 56; 23, 36:

aliud super aliud scelus,

id. 30, 26; Plin. Ep. 7, 8; Suet. Ner. 49:

deinde ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit,

Sall. J. 63, 5.—

Alius atque alius or alius aliusque, the one and the other; now this, now that; different:

eadem res saepe aut probatur aut reicitur, alio atque alio elata verbo,

Cic. Or. 22, 72:

alio atque alio loco requiescere,

in different places, Sall. J. 72, 2:

inchoata res aliis atque aliis de causis dilata erat,

Liv. 8, 23:

aliud ejus subinde atque aliud facientes initium,

Sen. Ep. 32, 2:

cum alia atque alia appetendo loca munirent,

Liv. 1, 8:

milites trans flumen aliis atque aliis locis traiciebant,

id. 2, 2:

luna alio atque alio loco exoritur,

Plin. 2, 10:

febres aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur,

Cels. 3, 3:

cancer aliis aliisque signis discernitur,

id. 5, 26:

aliis atque aliis causis,

Suet. Aug. 97.—In Sall. also alius deinde alius or alius post alius:

saepe tentantes agros alia deinde alia loca petiverant, J. 18, 7: alias deinde alias morae causas facere,

id. ib. 36, 2:

aliis post aliis minitari,

id. ib. 55, 8.—

Of another kind or nature, i. e. different; hence, alium facere, to make different, to change, transform; and alium fleri, to become different, to be wholly changed:

nunc haec dies aliam vitam affert, alios mores postulat,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 18 (aliam vitam pro diversam, contrariam, Don.):

alium nunc censes esse me atque olim cum dabam,

id. ib. 3, 3, 13:

Huic aliud mercedis erit,

Verg. E. 6, 26:

longe alia mihi mens est,

Sall. C. 52, 2:

Vos aliam potatis aquam,

Juv. 5, 52:

lectus non alius cuiquam,

id. 8, 178:

ensesque recondit mors alia,

Stat. Th. 7, 806:

ostensus est in alia effigie,

Vulg. Marc. 16, 12; ib. Rom. 7, 23; ib. Gal. 1, 6; ib. Jac. 2, 25:

alium fecisti me, alius ad te veneram,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 123: alius nunc fieri volo, id. Poen. prol. fin.:

homines alii facti sunt,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12:

mutaberis in virum alium,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 10, 6; cf. supra, II. A. fin. —Hence, in alia omnia ire, transire, or discedere, sc. vota, to differ from the thing proposed; and in gen., to reject or oppose it, to go over to the opposite side: qui hoc censetis, illuc transite;

qui alia omnia, in hanc partem: his verbis praeit ominis videlicet causa, ne dicat: qui non censetis,

Fest. p. 221; Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 19:

frequens eum senatus reliquit et in alia omnia discessit,

Cic. Fam. 10, 12:

de tribus legatis frequentes ierunt in alia omnia,

id. ib. 1, 2 Manut.: cum prima M. Marcelli sententia pronunciata esset, frequens senatus in alia omnia iit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 13:

discessionem faciente Marcello, senatus frequens in alia omnia transiit,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53: aliud or alias res agere, v. ago, II. 7.—

Of that which remains of a whole, = reliquus, ceteri, the rest, the remainder:

Divitiaco ex aliis Gallis maximam fidem habebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41:

inter primos atrox proelium fuit, alia multitudo terga vertit,

Liv. 7, 26:

vulgus aliud trucidatum,

id. 7, 19; 2, 23; so id. 24, 1:

legiones in testudinem glomerabantur et alii tela incutiebant,

Tac. H. 3, 31; id. A. 1, 30; 3, 42:

cum alios incessus hostis clausisset, unum reliquum aestas impediret,

id. ib. 6, 33 al.—

Like alter, one of two, the other of two:

huic fuerunt filii nati duo, alium servus surpuit, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 8; cf. id. ib. arg. 2 and 9: eis genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere;

magnitudo animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii,

Sall. C. 54, 1 Kritz:

duo Romani super alium alius corruerunt,

one upon the other, Liv. 1, 25, 5:

ita duo deinceps reges, alius alia via, civitatem auxerunt,

each in a different way, id. 1, 21, 6; 24, 27:

marique alio Nicopolim ingressus,

Tac. A. 5, 10 ( Ionio, Halm); so,

alias partes fovere,

the other side, id. H. 1, 8.—Also in the enumeration of the parts of any thing:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam Celtae,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1 Herz.:

classium item duo genera sunt: unum liburnarum, aliud lusoriarum,

Veg. 2, 1 (cf. in Gr. meinantes de tautên tên hêmeran, têi allêi eporeuonto, Xen. Anab. 3, 4, 1; and so the Vulg.: Alia die profecti, the next day, Act. 21, 8).—Hence, alius with a proper name used as an appell. (cf. alter):

ne quis alius Ariovistus regno Galliarum potiretur,

a second Ariovistus, Tac. H. 4, 73 fin.:

alius Nero,

Suet. Tit. 7.—

A peculiar enhancement of the idea is produced by alius with a neg. and the comp.:

mulier, qua mulier alia nulla est pulchrior,

than whom no other woman is more beautiful, to whom no other woman is equal in beauty, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 100:

facinus, quo non fortius ausit alis,

Cat. 66, 28:

Fama malum qua non aliud velocius ullum,

Verg. A. 4, 174:

quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura mortalium est,

Sall. J. 2, 4:

quo non aliud atrocius visum,

Tac. A. 6, 24:

(Sulla) neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati,

Sall. J. 96, 3:

neque majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,

id. ib. 1, 2; Liv. 1, 24:

non alia ante Romana pugna atrocior fuit,

id. 1, 27; 2, 31; Tac. A. 6, 7 al.; cf. under aliter, 2. b. z.—Hence the advv.

ălĭō, adv. (an old dat. form, designating direction to a place; cf.: eo, quo), elsewhither (arch.), elsewhere, to another place, person, or thing, allose (class., esp. among poets; but not found in Lucr. or Juv.).

In gen.

Of place:

fortasse tu profectus alio fueras,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 49:

ut ab Norba alio traducerentur,

Liv. 32, 2:

translatos alio maerebis amores,

Hor. Epod. 15, 23:

decurrens alio,

id. S. 2, 1, 32:

nam frustra vitium vitaveris illud, Si te alio pravum detorseris,

id. ib. 2, 2, 55.—With quo:

Arpinumne mihi eundum sit, an quo alio,

to some other place, Cic. Att. 9, 17:

si quando Romam aliove quo mitterent legatos,

Liv. 38, 30. —

Of persons or things (cf. alias, alibi, alicunde, etc.):

illi suum animum alio conferunt,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 10 (cf. Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 62:

ne ad illam me animum adjecisse sentiat): ne quando iratus tu alio conferas,

id. Eun. 3, 1, 60 Don.:

hi narrata ferunt alio,

Ov. M. 12, 57: tamen vocat me alio ( to another subject) jam dudum tacita vestra exspectatio, Cic. Clu. 23, 63; id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139:

sed, si placet, sermonem alio transferamus,

id. de Or. 1, 29, 133:

quoniam alio properare tempus monet,

Sall. J. 19, 2; so Tac. A. 1, 18 al.—

Of purpose or design:

appellet haec desideria naturae: cupiditatis nomen servet alio,

for another purpose, Cic. Fin. 2, 9, 27:

hoc longe alio spectabat,

looked quite elsewhere, had a far different design, Nep. Them. 6, 3.—

a.. Alio... alio, in one way... in another; hither... thither, = huc... illuc:

hic (i. e. in ea re) alio res familiaris, alio ducit humanitas,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89: alio atque alio, in one way and another:

nihil alio atque alio spargitur,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 11, 2.—

Alius alio, each in a different way, one in one way, another in another:

et ceteri quidem alius alio,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 80:

aliud alio dissipavit,

id. Div. 1, 34, 76; so Liv. 2, 54, 9; 7, 39.—So, aliunde alio, from one place to another:

quassatione terrae aliunde alio (aquae) transferuntur,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 11, 1; cf. aliunde.—

Like alius or aliter with a negative and the particles of comparison quam or atque;

in questions with nisi: plebem nusquam alio natam quam ad serviendum,

for nothing but, Liv. 7, 18, 7: non alio datam summam quam in emptionem, etc., * Suet. Aug. 98 Ruhnk.:

quo alio nisi ad nos confugerent?

Liv. 39, 36, 11; cf. Hand, Turs. I. pp. 232-234.—

ălĭā, adv. (sc. via), in another way, in a different manner (in the whole ante-class. and class. per. dub.); for in Plaut. Rud. prol. 10, aliuta has been proposed; in Lucr. 6, 986, Lachm. reads alio; in Liv. 21, 56, 2, Weissenb. alibi; and in id. 44, 43, 2, via may be supplied from the preced. context; certain only in Don. ad Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 5; cf. Hand, Turs. I. p. 219.—

ălĭās, adv. (acc. to Prisc. 1014 P., and Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 769, an acc. form like foras; but acc. to Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 5, 57, and Hab. Syn. 79, old gen. like paterfamili as, Alcmen as, etc. In the ante-class. per. rare; only once in Plaut., twice in Ter., twice in Varro; in the class. per. most freq. in Cic., but only three times in his orations; also in Plin.).

Of time, at a time other than the present, whether it be in the past or (more freq.) in the future.

At another time, at other times, on another occasion (alias: temporis adverbium, quod Graeci allote, aliter allôs, Capitol. Orth. 2242 P.; cf.

Herz. and Hab., as cited above): alias ut uti possim causa hac integra,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 4; so id. And. 3, 2, 49 (alias = alio tempore, Don.):

sed alias jocabimur,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13, 2:

sed plura scribemus alias,

id. ib. 7, 6:

et alias et in consulatus petitione vinci,

id. Planc. 18:

nil oriturum alias,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 17.—In the future, freq. in contrast with nunc, in praesentia, tum, hactenus:

recte secusne, alias viderimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 135:

Hactenus haec: alias justum sit necne poema, Nunc, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 63: sed haec alias pluribus;

nunc, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 2 fin.; Liv. 44, 36 fin.: quare placeat, alias ostendemus; in praesentia, etc., Auct. ad Her. 3, 16, 28.—In the past:

gubernatores alias imperare soliti, tum metu mortis jussa exsequebantur,

Curt. 4, 3, 18:

alias bellare inter se solitos, tunc periculi societas junxerat,

id. 9, 4, 15.—Freq. with advv. of time;

as numquam, umquam, and the like: si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, aut etiam si numquam alias fuimus, tum profecto, etc.,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 2:

consilio numquam alias dato,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 45:

numquam ante alias,

Liv. 2, 22, 7:

non umquam alias ante tantus terror senatum invasit,

id. 2, 9, 5; 1, 28, 4:

si quando umquam ante alias,

id. 32, 5 (where the four advv. of time are to be taken together):

Saturnalibus et si quando alias libuisset, modo munera dividebat,

Suet. Aug. 75.—

Alias... alias, as in Gr. allote... allote; allote men... allote de, at one time... at another; once... another time; sometimes... sometimes; now... now:

Alias me poscit pro illa triginta minas, Alias talentum magnum,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 63; so Varr. L. L. 8, § 76 Mull.; id. R. R. 2, 1, 15; Cic. Verr. 1, 46, 120:

nec potest quisquam alias beatus esse, alias miser,

id. Fin. 2, 27, 87:

contentius alias, alias summissius,

id. de Or. 3, 55, 212:

cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 29; so id. ib. 5, 57 al.; it occurs four times in successive clauses in Cic. Inv. 1, 52, 99.—Sometimes plerumque, saepe, aliquando, interdum stand in corresponding clauses:

nec umquam sine usura reddit (terra), quod accepit, sed alias minore, plerumque majore cum foenore,

Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

geminatio verborum habet interdum vim, leporem alias,

id. de Or. 3, 54, 206:

hoc alias fastidio, alias contumacia, saepius imbecillitate, evenit,

Plin. 16, 32, 58, § 134; 7, 15, 13, § 63.—Sometimes one alias is omitted:

illi eruptione tentata alias cuniculis ad aggerem actis, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 3, 21; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13.—

Alias aliter, alias alius, etc. (cf. alius), at one time in one way... at another in another; now so... now otherwise; now this... now that:

et alias aliter haec in utramque partem causae solent convenire,

Cic. Inv. 2, 13, 45:

alii enim sunt, alias nostrique familiares fere demortui,

id. Att. 16, 11 (Madv. interprets this of time):

illi alias aliud iisdem de rebus judicant,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Or. 59, 200:

(deos) non semper eosdem atque alias alios solemus venerari,

id. Red. in Sen. 30:

ut iidem versus alias in aliam rem posse accommodari viderentur,

id. Div. 2, 54, 111.—

Saepe alias or alias saepe... nunc, nuper, quondam, etc.;

also: cum saepe alias... tum, etc. (very common in Cic.): quod cum saepe alias tum nuper, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 4, 7:

fecimus et alias saepe et nuper in Tusculano,

id. ib. 5, 4, 11:

quibus de rebus et alias saepe... et quondam in Hortensii villa,

id. Ac. 2, 3, 9:

quorum pater et saepe alias et maxime censor saluti rei publicae fuit,

id. de Or. 1, 9, 38:

cum saepe alias, tum apud centumviros,

id. Brut. 39, 144:

cum saepe alias, tum Pyrrhi bello,

id. Off. 3, 22, 86; 3, 11, 47:

neque tum solum, sed saepe alias,

Nep. Hann. 11, 7.—In comparative sentences rare:

nunc tamen libentius quam saepe alias,

Symm. Ep. 1, 90.—So,

Semper alias, always at other times or in other cases (apparently only post-Aug.): et super cenam autem et semper alias communissimus, multa joco transigebat. Suet. Vesp. 22; id. Tib. 18; Gell. 15, 1.—

Raro alias, rarely at other times, on other occasions:

ut raro alias quisquam tanto favore est auditus,

Liv. 45, 20; 3, 69; Tac. H. 1, 89.—

Non alias, at no other time, never, = numquam (a choice poet. expression, often imitated by [p. 92] the histt.):

non alias caelo ceciderunt plura sereno Fulgura,

never at any other time did so much lightning fall from a clear sky, Verg. G. 1, 487:

non alias militi familiarior dux fuit,

Liv. 7, 33; 45, 7:

non alias majore mole concursum,

Tac. A. 2, 46; 4. 69;

11, 31: non sane alias exercitatior Britannia fuit,

id. Agr. 5:

haud alias intentior populus plus vocis permisit,

id. A. 3, 11, and 15, 46; Suet. Tit. 8; Flor. 3, 6.—

Of place, at another place, elsewhere; or in respect of other things, in other circumstances, otherwise (only post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 7):

Idaeus rubus appellatus est, quoniam in Ida, non alias, nascitur,

Plin. 24, 14, 75, § 123 (Jan, alius): nusquam alias tam torrens fretum, * Just. 4, 1, 9:

sicut vir alias doctissimus Cornutus existimat,

Macr. S. 5, 19.—

Alias for alioqui (only post-Aug.), to indicate that something is in a different condition in one instance, not in others, except that, for the rest, otherwise:

in Silaro non virgulta modo immersa, verum et folia lapidescunt, alias salubri potu ejus aquae,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224; so id. 18, 6, 7, § 37; 19, 8, 48, § 163; 25, 2, 6, § 16 al.—

Non alias quam, for no other reason, on no other condition, in no other circumstances than, not other than; and non alias nisi, on no other condition, not otherwise, except (prob. taken from the lang. of common life):

non alias magis indoluisse Caesarem ferunt quam quod, etc.,

Tac. A. 3, 73:

debilitatum vulnere jacuisse non alias quam simulatione mortis tutiorem,

by nothing safer than by feigning death, Curt. 8, 1, 24; 8, 14, 16; Dig. 29, 7, 6, § 2: non alias ( on no other condition) existet heres ex substitutione nisi, etc., ib. 28, 6, 8; 23, 3, 37, 23, 3, 29.—

Alias like aliter, in another manner; flrst in the Lat. of the jurists (cf. Suet. Tib. 71 Oud.; Liv. 21, 56, 2 Drak.; Ter. And. 3, 2, 49 Ruhnk.), Dig. 33, 8, 8, § 8; cf. Hand, Turs. I. pp. 219-227. —

ălĭtĕr, adv. [alis; v. alius init. ], otherwise, in another manner, allôs.

With comparative-clause expressed; constr. both affirm. and neg. without distinction.

With atque, ac, quam, and rarely ut, otherwise than, different from what, etc., Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 23:

sed aliter atque ostenderam facio,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3, 4; Ter. Ad. 4, 3, 6:

aliter ac nos vellemus,

Cic. Mil. 9, 23:

de quo tu aliter sentias atque ego,

id. Fin. 4, 22, 60; id. Att. 6, 3:

si aliter nos faciant quam aequum est,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 42:

si aliter quippiam coacti faciant quam libere,

Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 29; id. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 24; id. Inv. 2, 22, 66:

Sed si aliter ut dixi accidisset, qui possem queri?

id. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Non (or haud) aliter, not otherwise (per litoten), = just as; with quam si, ac si, quam cum, quam, exactly, just as if:

Non aliter quam si ruat omnis Karthago,

Verg. A. 4, 669:

dividor haud aliter quam si mea membra relinquam,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 73:

nihil in senatu actum aliter quam si, etc.,

Liv. 23, 4; 21, 63, 9:

illi negabant se aliter ituros quam si, etc.,

id. 3, 51, 12:

nec aliter quam si mihi tradatur, etc., Quint. prooem. 5: ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur,

Tac. A. 1, 6; 1, 49:

Non aliter quam si fecisset Juno maritum Insanum,

Juv. 6, 619; Suet. Aug. 40:

non aliter quam cum, etc.,

Ov. F. 2, 209; so id. M. 2, 623; 4, 348; 6, 516 al.:

nec scripsi aliter ac si, etc.,

Cic. Att. 13, 51; Suet. Oth. 6; Col. 2, 14 (15), 8:

Non aliter quam qui lembum subigit,

Verg. G. 1, 201:

non aliter praeformidat quam qui ferrum medici, priusquam curetur, aspexit,

Quint. 4, 5, 5; so id. 4, 5, 22; 2, 5, 11:

neque aliter quam ii, qui traduntur, etc.,

id. 5, 8, 1:

patere inde aliquid decrescere, non aliter quam Institor hibernae tegetis,

Juv. 7, 220:

successorem non aliter quam indicium mortis accepturum,

Tac. A. 6, 30.—

Aliter ab aliquo (analog. to alius with the abl., and alienus with ab), differently from any one:

cultores regionum multo aliter a ceteris agunt,

Mel. 1, 9, 6.—

Non ali ter nisi, by no other means, on no other condition, not otherwise, except:

qui aliter obsistere fato fatetur se non potuisse, nisi etc.,

Cic. Fat. 20, 48; id. Fam. 1, 9: non pati C. Caesarem consulem aliter fieri, nisi exercitum et provincias tradiderit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14; so Lentulus ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 18; Liv. 35, 39; 45, 11; 38; Tac. Or. 32; Just. 12, 14, 7; Suet. Ner. 36; Dig. 37, 9, 6; 48, 18, 9. —

Non aliter quam ut, on no other condition than that:

neque aliter poterit palos, ad quos perducitur, pertingere, quam ut diffluat,

Col. Arb. 7, 5; so Suet. Tib. 15; 24; id. Galb. 8; Curt. 9, 5, 23.—

Without a comparative clause expressed.

In gen., otherwise, in another manner, in other respects; and in the poets: haud aliter (per litoten), just so:

vale atque salve, etsi aliter ut dicam meres,

though you deserve that I speak differently, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 86 Brix:

tu si aliter existimes, nihil errabis,

Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 16:

ut eadem ab utrisque dicantur, aliter dicuntur,

in a different sense, Plin. Pan. 72, 7:

Si quis aliter docet,

Vulg. 1 Tim. 6, 3:

quae aliter se habent,

ib. ib. 5, 25:

Quippe aliter tunc vivebant homines,

Juv. 6, 11: quod uterque nostrum his etiam ex studiis notus, quibus aliter ignotus est, otherwise, i. e. personally, unknown, Plin. Ep. 9, 23, 3.—With negatives:

non fuit faciendum aliter,

Cic. Att. 6, 9; Tac. A. 15, 68:

Ergo non aliter poterit dormire?

Juv. 3, 281:

aliter haud facile eos ad tantum negotium impelli posse,

Sall. C. 44, 1; Curt. 8, 10, 27:

haud aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuenti Ignescunt irae (the comparison of the wolf precedes),

Verg. A. 9, 65:

haud aliter (i. e. like a wild beast) juvenis medios moriturus in hostes Irruit,

id. ib. 9, 554 al.; Ov. M. 8, 473; 9, 642:

non aliter (i. e. than I) Samio dicunt arsisse Bathyllo Anacreonta Teium,

Hor. Epod. 14, 10:

neque Mordaces aliter (i. e. than by means of wine) diffugiunt sollicitudines,

id. C. 1, 18, 4:

neque exercitum Romanum aliter transmissurum,

Tac. H. 5, 19:

nec aliter expiari potest,

Vulg. Num. 35, 33. —So, fieri aliter non potest or fieri non potest aliter (not fieri non aliter potest): nihil agis;

Fieri aliter non potest,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 13: assentior;

fieri non potuit aliter,

Cic. Att. 6, 6.—

Esp.

Pregn., otherwise, in the contrary manner: Pe. Servos Epidicus dixit mihi. Ph. Quid si servo aliter visum est? i. e. if he does not speak the truth? Plaut. Ep. 4, 2, 29:

verum aliter evenire multo intellegit,

Ter. And. prol. 4 (aliter autem contra significat, Don.):

amplis cornibus et nigris potius quam aliter,

Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 1: ne aliter quid eveniat, providere de cet, otherwise than harmoniously, Sall. J. 10, 7:

dis aliter visum,

Verg. A. 2, 428:

sin aliter tibi videtur,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15: adversi... saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo Scorpion atque aliter ( in the opposite direction) curvantem bracchia Cancrum, Ov. M. 2, 83: aliterque ( and in the opposite course) secante jam pelagus rostro, Luc. 8, 197.—Hence, qui aliter fecerit, who will not do that:

neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat, neve cum populo agat: qui aliter fecerit, etc.,

Sall. C. 51, 43; Just. 6, 6, 1; cf. Brisson. de Form. p. 200, and de Verb. Signif. p. 66.—

Aliter esse, to be of a different nature, differently constituted or disposed:

sed longe aliter est amicus atque amator,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 70: ego hunc esse aliter credidi: iste me fefellit;

ego isti nihilo sum aliter ac fui,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 44; id. Ad. 3, 4, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

For alioqui (q. v. II. C.), otherwise, else, in any other case:

jus enim semper est quaesitum aequabile: neque enim aliter esset jus (and just after: nam aliter justitia non esset),

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 42; 1, 39, 139; id. Lael. 20, 74:

si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, aliter illos numquam in patriam essent recepturi,

Nep. Them. 7 fin.:

aliter sine populi jussu nulli earum rerum consuli jus est,

Sall. C. 29, 3 Kritz:

aliter non viribus ullis Vincere poteris,

Verg. A. 6, 147:

veniam ostentantes, si praesentia sequerentur: aliter nihil spei,

Tac. H. 4, 59:

quoniam aliter non possem,

Vulg. Sap. 8, 21.—

Like alius (q. v. II. A.) repeated even several times in a distributive manner, in one way... in another: sed aliter leges, aliter philosophi tollunt astutias. Cic. Off. 3, 17, 68; so id. ib. 1, 12, 38; id. Lael. 24, 89; id. Fam. 15, 21, 6:

aliter utimur propriis, aliter commodatis,

Tac. Or. 32:

Aliter catuli longe olent, aliter sues,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 2, 9:

aliter Diodoro, aliter Philoni, Chrysippo aliter placet,

id. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

idem illud aliter Caesar, aliter Cicero, aliter Cato suadere debebit,

Quint. 3, 8, 49: Et aliter acutis morbis medendum, aliter vetustis; aliter increscentibus, aliter subsistentibus, aliter jam ad sanitatem inclinatis, Cels. prooem. p. 10.—

With alius or its derivatives, one in one way, another in another (v. alius, II. B.):

quoniam aliter ab aliis digeruntur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; id. Att. 7, 8; Liv. 2, 21; so id. 39, 53:

hoc ex locorum occasione aliter alibi decernitur,

Plin. 18, 5, 6, § 30; so id. 25, 4, 10, § 29.—

Non aliter, analog. to non alius (v. alius, II. H.) with a comp. (only in Plin.):

non aliter utilius id fieri putare quam, etc.,

Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 28:

idque non aliter clarius intellegi potest,

id. 37, 4, 15, § 59; so id. 22, 22, 36, § 78; 24, 11, 50, § 85; 28, 9, 41, § 148; cf. Hand, Turs. I. pp. 267-276.

a-stringo ( ads-, Ritschl, Baiter, Halm, Jahn, Keil; as-, Fleck., Merk., Kayser), inxi, ictum, 3, v. a., to draw close, to draw, bind, or tie together, to bind, to tighten, contract (syn.: constringo, stringo, alligo, obligo, vincio).

Lit.:

(hunc) adstringite ad columnam fortiter,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 25:

ad statuam astrictus est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

manus,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 9:

vinculorum, id est aptissimum... quod ex se atque de iis, quae adstringit quam maxume, unum efficit,

Cic. Tim. 4 fin.:

astringit vincula motu,

Ov. M. 11, 75:

laqueos,

Sen. Ira, 3, 16:

artius atque hederā procera adstringitur ilex,

is twined around with ivy, Hor. Epod. 15, 5:

adstringi funibus,

Vulg. Ezech. 27, 24:

aliquem adstringere loris,

ib. Act. 22, 25:

pavidum in jus Cervice adstrictā dominum trahat,

with a halter round his neck, Juv. 10, 88 (Jahn, obstrictā): aspice... Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco, not drawn close, loose; poet. for a negligent style of writing, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 174:

Ipse rotam adstringit multo sufflamine consul,

checks, Juv. 8, 148:

balteus haud fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,

Luc. 2, 362:

frontem,

to contract, knit, Mart. 11, 40; Sen. Ep. 106:

labra porriguntur et scinduntur et adstringuntur,

Quint. 11, 3, 81:

frondem ferro,

to cut off, clip, Col. 5, 6, 17 al.; so, alvum, to make costive (opp. solvere, q. v.), Cels. 1, 3; 2, 30.—Of the contraction produced by cold:

nivibus quoque molle rotatis astringi corpus,

Ov. M. 9, 222; so id. Tr. 3, 4, 48; id. P. 3, 3, 26:

ventis glacies astricta pependit,

id. M. 1, 120:

Sic stat iners Scythicas adstringens Bosporus undas,

Luc. 5, 436:

vis frigoris (corpora) ita adstringebat,

Curt. 7, 3, 13; 8, 4, 6.—Hence, also, to make colder, to cool, refresh:

ex quo (puteo) possis rursus adstringere,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 25: corpus astringes brevi Salone, Mart. 1, 49, 11 (acc. to Varr. in a pass. sense in the perf., adstrinxi for adstrictus sum, Varr. L. L. Fragm. ap. Gell. 2, 25, 7).—Of colors, to deaden:

ita permixtis viribus alterum altero excitatur aut adstringitur,

Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 134 (diff. from alligare, which precedes;

v. alligo, I. B.).—Also of an astringent, harsh taste: radix gustu adstringit,

Plin. 27, 10, 60, § 85.—

Trop., to draw together, draw closer, circumscribe; to bind, put under obligation, oblige, necessitate:

ubi adfinitatem inter nos nostram adstrinxeris,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 73: vellem, suscepisses juvenem regendum;

pater enim nimis indulgens, quicquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat,

Cic. Att. 10, 6; so,

mores disciplinae severitate,

Quint. 2, 2, 4 Spald.:

ad adstringendam fidem,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 111:

hac lege tibi meam astringo fidem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 22:

quo (jure jurando) se cuncti astrinxerant,

Suet. Caes. 84:

hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,

to confirm, secure, Cic. Planc. 30 fin. Wund.:

religione devinctum astrictumque,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

disciplina astricta legibus,

id. Brut. 10, 40; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

lege et quaestione,

id. Clu. 155:

suis condicionibus,

id. Quinct. 5:

auditor nullā ejus modi adstrictus necessitate,

id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

orationem numeris astringere,

id. de Or. 3, 44, 173 et saep.:

adstringi sacris,

to be bound to maintain, id. Leg. 2, 19:

inops regio, quae parsimoniā astringeret milites,

Liv. 39, 1:

ad temperantiam,

Plin. Ep. 7, 1:

ad servitutem juris,

Quint. 2, 16, 9:

illa servitus ad certa se verba adstringendi,

id. 7, 3, 16:

milites ad certam stipendiorum formulam,

Suet. Aug. 49; id. Tib. 18:

me astringam verbis in sacra jura tuis,

Ov. H. 16, 320; 20, 28:

magno scelere se astringeret,

Cic. Phil. 4, 4, 9; id. Sest. 50 fin.; so id. Sull. 29, 82; perh. also id. Pis. 39 fin.; instead of this abl. of class. Latin, we sometimes find in comedy apparently the gen.:

et ipsum sese et illum furti adstringeret,

made guilty of, charged himself with, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 34:

Homo furti sese adstringet,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27 (cf.:

Audin tu? hic furti se adligat,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 39; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. § 209, regards this as a vulgar extension of the use of the gen. with verbs of accusing, convicting, etc., but Klotz, s. v. astringo, regards it as really an old dative, furtoi furti; cf. quoi cui).—Of reasoning or discourse, to compress, abridge, bring into short compass:

Stoici breviter adstringere solent argumenta,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13 (cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 22: Haec sic dicuntur a Stoicis, concludunturque contortius); id. Fat. 14, 32:

premere tumentia, luxuriantia adstringere,

Quint. 10, 4, 1 Frotsch., Halm.—Hence, astrictus ( ads-), a, um, P. a., drawn together, tight, narrow, close.

Lit.:

limen astrictum,

shut, Ov. Am. 3, 1, 50:

alvus fusior aut astrictior,

Cels. 1, 3:

corpus astrictum, i. e. alvus dura,

id. 3, 6:

genus morbi astrictum,

costiveness, id. 1 praef.:

gustu adstricto,

of a harsh, astringent taste, Plin. 27, 12, 96, § 121.—

Trop.

Sparing, parsimonious, covetous (not before the Aug. per.):

astrictus pater,

Prop. 3, 17, 18:

adstricti moris auctor,

Tac. A. 3, 55:

parsimonia,

Just. 44, 2.—

Of discourse, compact, brief, concise, short (opp. remissus):

dialectica quasi contracta et astricta eloquentia putanda est,

Cic. Brut. 90, 309:

verborum astricta comprehensio,

id. ib. 95, 327:

est enim finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70; 1, 16, 60.— Sup. not used.— Adv.: astrictē ( ads-), concisely, briefly (only of discourse):

astricte numerosa oratio,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184.— Comp.:

astrictius dicere,

Sen. Ep. 8 fin., and Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 20:

scribere,

id. ib. 3, 18, 10:

ille concludit adstrictius, hic latius,

Quint. 10, 1, 106.— Sup. not used.

căpesso ( căpisso, Pac. ap. Non. p. 227, 1), īvi (Sall. H. 3, 68 Dietsch; Tac. A. 15, 49), or ii (Tac. A. 12, 30: capessi, given by Diom. p. 367 P., and by Charis. ap. Prisc. p. 902 ib., but apparently erroneously; cf. Struve, p. 198, and lacesso), ītum (acc. to Prisc. l. l. part. fut. capessiturus, Tac. A. 6, 48), 3, v. desid. a. [capio].

Lit., to seize, take, or catch at eagerly, to snatch at, lay hold of (capesso = desidero capere, Prisc. l. l.;

rare but class.): alia animalia cibum partim oris hiatu et dentibus ipsis capessunt, partim unguium tenacitate adripiunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 122:

pastus,

id. ib.:

arma,

Verg. A. 3, 234; Ov. M. 11, 378.—

Of relations of place, to strive to reach a place or limit, to betake one ' s self to, to go to, to repair or resort to; constr. usu. with acc.; ante-class. [p. 283] also capere se in or ad aliquem locum.

With acc.:

omnes mundi partes undique medium locum capessentes nituntur aequaliter,

Cic. N. D. 2, 45, 115:

superiora capessere,

id. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

Melitam,

id. Att. 10, 9, 1:

Italiam,

Verg. A. 4, 346:

turris,

id. ib. 11, 466:

montem,

Val. Fl. 4, 316:

aethera,

Sil. 4, 480.—

Se in or ad aliquem locum:

quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 6:

nunc pergam... me domum capessere,

id. Am. 1, 1, 106; Titin. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 346.—

With adverb. dat.:

quo nunc capessis te,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 5; id. Rud. 1, 2, 89; 1, 2, 83.—

Trop.

To take hold of any thing with zeal, to take upon one ' s self, take in hand, to undertake, enter upon, engage in, execute, manage (the most usu. signif.; cf. I. A.): Pac. ap. Non. p. 227, 1:

nunc ad senem cursum capessam,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 9:

viam,

Liv. 44, 2, 8:

alicujus imperia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 23:

jussa,

to perform, execute, Verg. A. 1, 77; Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 4; so, capessere rem publicam, to undertake affairs of state, to engage in public affairs, administer (differing, by the idea of zealous co-operation and activity, from accedere ad rem publicam, which designates merely the entering upon a public office or duty), Cic. Sest. 6, 14; id. de Or. 3, 29, 112; id. Att. 1, 17, 10; 16, 7, 7; Sall. C. 52, 5; id. J. 85, 47; Nep. Them. 2, 1; Liv. 3, 69, 5; Tac. A. 1, 24; 12, 41; 16, 26; id. H. 4, 5; 4, 39; Suet. Tib. 25; Quint. 12, 3, 1:

civitatem,

Plin. Pan. 39, 5:

orbem terrae,

Tac. A. 11, 34; 12, 5:

magistratus,

id. Agr. 6:

imperium,

id. A. 13, 4; 14, 26:

vigintiviratum,

id. ib. 3, 29:

provincias,

id. ib. 6, 27:

officia in republică,

id. ib. 6, 14 Halm:

curas imperii,

Plin. Pan. 66, 2:

laborem cum honoribus,

Sall. H. 1, 48, 9 Dietsch:

bellum,

Liv. 26, 25, 5:

pugnam,

to commence, id. 2, 6, 8; 10, 5, 4; Tac. A. 12, 30; id. H. 3, 16; 5, 17:

proelium,

Just. 2, 12:

partem belli,

Liv. 31, 28, 4:

partem pugnae,

id. 26, 5, 15:

fugam,

to take to flight, id. 1, 25, 7:

principium facinoris,

Tac. A. 15, 49:

inimicitias,

id. ib. 5, 11:

noctem in castris tutam et vigilem,

to pass, id. ib. 4, 48:

divorsa,

Sall. H. 3, 68 Dietsch:

tuta et salutaria,

to adopt, Tac. A. 15, 29:

parata,

id. ib. 6, 37:

meliora,

id. ib. 6, 48 et saep.:

libertatem,

Sall. H. 3, 61, 2 Dietsch; Cic. Phil. 10, 9, 19: recta, * Hor. S. 2, 7, 7.—

Esp., to lay hold of with the mind, to comprehend, understand:

in capessendis naturae sensibus,

Gell. 12, 1, 11.—

To betake one ' s self to, enter upon (cf. I. B.):

quam (filius) se ad vitam et quos ad mores praecipitem inscitus capessat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 10, 2.—

With the idea of completed action, to attain to, to reach a person or thing: neque (te) posse corde capessere, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v 44 Vahl.).

caulae or caullae, ārum, f. [apparently contr. from cavile, Varr. L. L. 5, § 20, p. 8 Bip., from cavus; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46].

In gen., an opening, hole, passage (so most freq. in Lucr.), Lucr. 2, 951; 3, 707:

per caulas corporis,

id. 3, 255; 3, 702; 6, 839:

per caulas palati,

id. 4, 620; 4, 660:

per caulas aetheris,

id. 6, 492: intra caulas (aedis Saturni), Lex Corn. XX Quaest. 2, 41; cf.:

caulae (Jani) pace clauduntur,

Macr. S. 1, 9; v. Lucr. 2, p. 374 sq. Lachm. —Hence,

Esp.

A sheepfold or cote, Verg. A. 9, 60 Serv.—

An enclosure, Inscr. Murat. 191, 3.

caulae or caullae, ārum, f. [apparently contr. from cavile, Varr. L. L. 5, § 20, p. 8 Bip., from cavus; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46].

In gen., an opening, hole, passage (so most freq. in Lucr.), Lucr. 2, 951; 3, 707:

per caulas corporis,

id. 3, 255; 3, 702; 6, 839:

per caulas palati,

id. 4, 620; 4, 660:

per caulas aetheris,

id. 6, 492: intra caulas (aedis Saturni), Lex Corn. XX Quaest. 2, 41; cf.:

caulae (Jani) pace clauduntur,

Macr. S. 1, 9; v. Lucr. 2, p. 374 sq. Lachm. —Hence,

Esp.

A sheepfold or cote, Verg. A. 9, 60 Serv.—

An enclosure, Inscr. Murat. 191, 3.

cerno, crēvi, crētum ( part. pass. cretus is apparently used only once:

cineris bene creti,

Pall. 12, 22, 3; but freq. in the compounds of cerno; for the simple part., the orig. form certus also is very rarely used:

certā deinde sorte senatus consultum factum est,

Liv. 36, 2, 2; v. under II. C., and cf. certus), 3, v. a. [root car- for scar-, to separate; cf. krinô; hence, skôr, stercus, screo; cf. cera].

To separate, sift (rare):

per cribrum, Cato. R. R. 107, 1: farinam cribro,

Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 115; cf. id. 33, 5, 26, § 87; Pall. Jun. 1; Veg. 3, 28, 6:

in cribris omnia cerne cavis,

Ov. Med. Fac. 62; cf.:

per densa foramina,

id. ib. 89:

cineris bene creti,

well sifted, Pall. Nov. 22.—Far more freq.,

Trop.

To separate, distinguish by the senses, mostly by the eyes, i. e. to perceive, see, discern (syn.: video, conspicio; class. in prose and poetry; most freq. probably in Lucretius, where it is used about a hundred times); rarely by the ears; v. infra: lumen jubarve in caelo cerno? [p. 319] Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll.;

7, § 76 ib.: sed quis illic est, procul quem video? estne hic Hegio? si satis cerno, is hercle'st,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 85:

tum porro varios rerum sentimus odores, nec tamen ad nareis venienteis cernimus umquam: nec voces cernere suemus,

Lucr. 1, 300; 4, 598:

quod nequeunt oculis rerum primordia cerni,

id. 1, 269; v. also id. 2, 314 sq.; 4, 242; cf. id. 2, 837:

acute,

id. 4, 811; cf.:

cerno acutum,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 26:

altaria exhalare vapore,

Lucr. 3, 432; 2, 928 al.—Hence, sometimes opp. to hearing:

ut non solum auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cerneretur,

Nep. Timol. 2, 2;

or to mental perception: quem ego tam video animo, quam ea, quae oculis cernimus,

Cic. Fam. 6, 3, 2:

nos enim ne nunc quidem oculis cernimus ea, quae videmus,

id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46:

quae cernere et videre non possumus,

id. de Or. 3, 40, 161; cf. id. Rep. 6, 20, 21 sq.:

ego Catuli Cumanum ex hoc loco cerno, Pompeianum non cerno,

id. Ac. 2, 25, 80:

ut ea cernimus quae videmus,

id. Mil. 29, 79:

omnia sic aperiam, ut ea cernere oculis videamini,

id. Clu. 24, 66:

coram aliquid,

to witness, Caes. B. G. 6, 8; Verg. A. 2, 538:

aliquem,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21:

acies a nostris cernebatur,

id. B. C. 3, 69:

in sole sidera ipsa desinunt cerni,

Quint. 8, 5, 29:

simile quiddam facientes aves cernimus,

id. 2, 6, 7:

me miserum, turbā quod non ego cernar in illā,

Ov. P. 4, 4, 43:

Constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda,

id. M. 15, 844; Curt. 8, 13, 16; Tac. A. 1, 59.—With acc. and inf.: sensumque inesse et motum in membris cerno, Canius ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll.:

neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres,

Sall. C. 2, 3: quos ad resistendum concucurrisse cernebat, * Suet. Caes. 15 fin.:

cernis ut insultent Rutuli?

Verg. A. 10, 20:

cerne quam tenui vos parte contingat,

Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

cerneres, quanta audacia fuisset, etc.,

Sall. C. 61, 1.— Impers. with acc. and inf.:

cernebatur, novissimos illorum premi vehementer,

Caes. B. C. 1, 64 Herz. N. cr. — So impers. with rel. -clause:

ut non solum auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cerneretur quem detulisset,

Nep. Timol. 2, 2. —Ante-class., of the hearing: vox illius certe est: idem omnes cernimus, Att. ap. Non. p. 261, 11, and perh. also, Titin. ap. Prisc. p. 898 P.—Hence,

Cerni aliquā re or in aliquā re, to become distinguished or known in something:

fortis animus et magnus duabus rebus maxime cernitur,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 66; so id. Tusc. 5, 8, 22: amicus certus in re incertā cernitur, Enn. ap. Cic. Lael. 17, 64:

atque hae quidem virtutes cernuntur in agendo,

Cic. Part. Or. 23, 78; id. Top. 21, 80 (also in Quint. 3, 5, 18).—

Have before the mind, have respect to, regard any one:

ubi gratus, si non eum ipsi cernunt grati, cui referunt gratiam?

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 49.—

Transf. to intellectual objects, to perceive, comprehend, understand (syn.:

intellego, cognosco, perspicio): neque tanta in rebus obscuritas, ut eas (res) non penitus acri vir ingenio cernat, si modo aspexerit,

Cic. de Or. 3, 31, 124:

jam cernam mene an illam potiorem putes, id. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 20: (antiquitas) hoc melius ea fortasse, quae erant vera, cernebat,

id. ib. 1, 12, 26; id. Fin. 1, 19, 64; id. Top. 5, 27; id. N. D. 1, 19, 49; id. Fam. 5, 12, 2:

quae cum ego non solum suspicarer, sed plane cernerem,

id. Agr. 2, 4, 9; id. de Or. 3, 31, 124:

ut consuetum facile amorem cerneres,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 108.—Hence,

Rarely of future events, to foresee, discern beforehand:

cerno animo sepultā in patriā miseros atque insepultos acervos civium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 11:

cerno jam animo, quanto omnia uberiora atque ornatiora futura sint,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 2.—

To decide something that is contested or doubtful (judicially), to decree, determine (more rare than decernere):

quotcumque senatus creverit populusque jusserit tot sunto,

Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 8:

quodcumque senatus creverit agunto,

id. ib. 3, 3, 8, § 6: jurati cernant. Pac. ap. Non. p. 261, 13:

illum locum tempusque consilio destinatum quid de Armeniā cernerent,

Tac. A. 15, 14:

priusquam id sors cerneret,

Liv. 43, 12, 2:

certā sorte,

after the lot was decided, id. 36, 2, 2.—Hence,

To decide by contending or fighting (more rare than the freq. certare, and even in Seneca's time out of use; cf. Sen. Ep. 58, 3): ferro non auro vitam ( acc. respect = de vitā) cernamus utrique, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; id. ap. Non. p. 261, 19, and ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll.; Pac. ap. Non. p. 261, 21: nisi esset qui armis secum vellet cernere, Att. ap. Non. p. 261, 17:

cernere ferro,

Verg. A. 12, 709 (also ap. Sen. Ep. 58, 3); so,

cernere certamen,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 15; id. Cas. 3, 1, 2; Lucr. 5, 394: pro patriā, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis, * Sall. C. 59, 5 Kritz N. cr. (al. certare):

seu libeat duplicem sejunctim cernere martem,

Tib. 4, 1, 103.—Humorously, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 77.—

In gen., to decide for something, to conclude upon, resolve (syn.: constituo, decerno; also rare): praesidium castris educere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 5:

acribus inter se cum armis confligere,

id. ib. p. 261, 6:

te mihi amicam esse crevi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 1 (crevi valet constitui, Varr. L. L. 7, § 98 Müll.); Cat. 64, 150.—Hence,

In judic. lang. t. t., of inheritances.

To resolve to enter upon an inheritance, Varr. L. L. 7, § 98 Müll.; cf. Tit. 22, 27, and cretio.—

To make known this determination, Tit. 22, 28 and 30; Cic. Att. 11, 2, 1.—

= adire, to enter upon an inheritance, Cic. Agr. 2, 15, 40; Liv. 24, 25, 3; 40, 8, 17; Plin. Ep. 10, 79, 2; Quint. Decl. 261; Fest. p. 41.—

Trop.:

debet etiam fratris Appii amorem erga me cum reliquā hereditate crevisse,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 10; so id. Fam. 9, 14, 4; Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3.—P. a. v. certus.

chĕlys, acc. chelyn, voc. chely (other cases apparently not in use), f., = chelus.

The tortoise, Petr. Fragm. 32, 5.—

As in Greek (cf. Lidd. and Scott in h. v.), a lyre or harp made of its shell, pure Lat. testudo (except Ovid, in post-Aug. poets only;

most freq. in Statius): chelys,

Stat. S. 1, 5, 1; 4, 4, 33; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. praef. 18; id. Cons. Mall. Theod. 313; id. IV. Cons. Hon. 123; Prud. Apoth. 455:

chelyn,

Ov. H. 15, 181; Stat. S. 1, 5, 11; 2, 2, 120; 4, 6, 30; 4, 8, 38; id. Th. 6, 366; Sen. Troad. 325; id. Herc. Oet. 1034; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, praef. 8:

chely,

Stat. S. 4, 3, 119.—

The constellation Lyra, Avien. Arat. 617 and 631.

cĭcur, ŭris, adj. [cf. cacula], tame (cf. mansuetus):

quod a fero discretum id dicitur cicur,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 91 Müll. (syn. mansuetus; opp. ferus, immanis;

apparently not used after Cic.): cicurum vel ferarum bestiarum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99; id. Lael. 21, 81:

bestiae immanes, cicures,

id. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

apes (opp. ferae),

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 19.—

Trop., mild: ingenium, Auct. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 91 Müll.: concilium, i. e. sapiens, Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. incicorem, p. 108, 3 ib.

Clōthō (apparently used only in nom. and acc.), = Klôthô, the spinner, among the three Parcœ, Ov. F. 6, 757; id. Ib. 241; Juv. 9, 135:

ferrea,

Stat. Th. 3, 556.—

Trop. = vita, life:

longa,

Sil. 5, 404.

coepto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. and n. [coepio] (mostly poet., and in Tac.; in Cic. in prose only once, apparently for a change with coepit and incipit).

Act., to begin eagerly, to begin, undertake, attempt.

With inf.:

diffidere dictis,

Lucr. 1, 267:

oculi coeptant non posse tueri,

id. 4, 113; 4, 405; 6, 255:

contingere portus,

Cic. Arat. 131:

appetere ea, quae, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 9, 24 (v. the passage in connection):

coercere seditionem,

Tac. H. 2, 29:

loqui,

id. ib. 3, 10; 3, 81; 5, 10: discedere et abire, * Suet. Oth. 11; Sil. 15, 696.—

With acc.:

quid coeptas, Thraso?

Ter. Eun. 5, 7, 1; id. Phorm. 4, 3, 21; and (acc. to Bentley's correction) id. Heaut. 4, 4, 12:

seditionem,

Tac. A. 1, 38; 1, 45; 2, 81:

defectionem,

id. ib. 4, 24:

fugam,

id. H. 3, 73:

pontem,

id. A. 1, 56:

coeptata libertas,

id. H. 4, 44.—

Intr., to begin, commence, make a beginning (only post-Aug. and rare):

coeptantem conjurationem disjecit,

Tac. A. 4, 27; id. H. 3, 4:

Olympiade septimā coeptante,

Sol. 1:

nocte coeptante,

Amm. 20, 4, 14.

cŏlo, colŭi, cultum, 3, v. a. [from the stem KOL, whence boukolos, boukoleô; cf.: colonus, in-cola, agri-cola] (orig. pertaining to agriculture), to cultivate, till, tend, take care of a field, garden, etc. (freq. in all per. and species of composition).

Prop.

With acc.:

fundum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 2:

agrum,

id. ib. 1, 2, 14; Cato, R. R. 61; Col. 1 pr.:

agri non omnes frugiferi sunt qui coluntur,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13; id. Agr. 2, 25, 67:

arva et vineta et oleas et arbustum,

Quint. 1, 12, 7:

praedia,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

rus,

Col. 1, 1:

rura,

Cat. 64, 38; Tib. 1, 5, 21; Verg. G. 2, 413:

hortos,

Ov. M. 14, 624 al.:

jugera,

Col. 1 pr.:

patrios fines,

id. ib.:

solum,

id. 2, 2, 8:

terram,

id. 2, 2, 4:

arbustum,

Quint. 1, 12, 7:

vitem,

Cic. Fin. 4, 14, 38:

arbores,

Hor. C. 2, 14, 22:

arva,

id. ib. 3, 5, 24; Ov. Am. 1, 13, 15:

fructus,

Verg. G. 2, 36:

fruges,

Ov. M. 15, 134:

poma,

id. ib. 14, 687; cf. under P. a.—

Absol., Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 8; Verg. G. 1, 121; Dig. 19, 2, 54, § 1.—

In gen., without reference to economics, to abide, dwell, stay in a place, to inhabit (syn.: incolo, habito; most freq. since the Aug. per.).

With acc.:

hanc domum,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 4:

nemora atque cavos montes silvasque colebant,

Lucr. 5, 955:

regiones Acherunticas,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 21:

colitur ea pars (urbis) et habitatur frequentissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

urbem, urbem, mi Rufe, cole,

id. Fam. 2, 12, 2:

has terras,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 164; Tac. A. 2, 60:

loca Idae,

Cat. 63, 70:

Idalium,

id. 36, 12 sq.; 61, 17:

urbem Trojanam,

Verg. A. 4, 343:

Sicaniam,

Ov. M. 5, 495:

Maeoniam Sipylumque,

id. ib. 6, 149:

Elin Messeniaque arva,

id. ib. 2, 679:

regnum nemorale Dianae,

id. ib. 14, 331:

hoc nemus,

id. ib. 15, 545:

Elysium,

Verg. A. 5, 735:

loca magna,

Ov. M. 14, 681; Liv. 1, 7, 10:

Britanniam,

Tac. Agr. 11:

Rheni ripam,

id. G. 28:

victam ripam,

id. A. 1, 59:

terras,

id. ib. 2, 60; cf. id. H. 5, 2:

insulam,

id. A. 12, 61; id. G. 29:

regionem,

Curt. 7, 7, 4.— Poet., of poets:

me juvat in primā coluisse Helicona juventā,

i. e. to have written poetry in early youth, Prop. 3 (4), 5, 19.—Also of animals:

anguis stagna,

Verg. G. 3, 430; Ov. M. 2, 380.—

Absol.:

hic,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 68:

subdiu colere te usque perpetuom diem,

id. Most. 3, 2, 78; Liv. 42, 67, 9; Curt. 9, 9, 2:

colunt discreti ac diversi,

Tac. G. 16:

proximi Cattis Usipii ac Tencteri colunt,

id. ib. 32:

circa utramque ripam Rhodani,

Liv. 21, 26, 6:

quā Cilices maritimi colunt,

id. 38, 18, 12:

prope Oceanum,

id. 24, 49, 6:

usque ad Albim,

Tac. A. 2, 41:

ultra Borysthenem fluvium,

Gell. 9, 4, 6:

super Bosporum,

Curt. 6, 2, 13:

extra urbem,

App. M. 1, p. 111.—

Trop. (freq. and class.).

To bestow care upon a thing, to care for.

Of the gods: colere aliquem locum, to frequent, cherish, care for, protect, be the guardian of, said of places where they were worshipped, had temples, etc.:

deos deasque veneror, qui hanc urbem colunt,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 1, 19; Cat. 36, 12:

Pallas, quas condidit arces, Ipsa colat,

Verg. E. 2, 62:

ille (Juppiter) colit terras,

id. ib. 3, 61; id. A. 1, 16 Forbig. ad loc.:

undis jura dabat, nymphisque colentibus undas,

Ov. M. 1, 576:

urbem colentes di,

Liv. 31, 30, 9; 5, 21, 3:

vos, Ceres mater ac Proserpina, precor, ceteri superi infernique di, qui hanc urbem colitis,

id. 24, 39, 8:

divi divaeque, qui maria terrasque colitis,

id. 29, 27, 1.—

Rarely with persons as object (syn.:

curo, studeo, observo, obsequor): Juppiter, qui genus colis alisque hominum,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 24; cf.:

(Castor et Pollux) dum terras hominumque colunt genus,

i. e. improve, polish, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7. —

Of the body or its parts, to cultivate, attend to, dress, clothe, adorn, etc.:

formamque augere colendo,

by attire, dress, Ov. M. 10, 534:

corpora,

id. A. A. 3, 107:

tu quoque dum coleris,

id. ib. 3, 225.—With abl.:

lacertos auro,

Curt. 8, 9, 21:

lacertum armillā aureā,

Petr. 32:

capillos,

Tib. 1, 6, 39; 1, 8, 9.—

With abstr. objects, to cultivate, cherish, seek, practise, devote one ' s self to, etc.;

of mental and moral cultivation: aequom et bonum,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 10:

amicitiam,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 27:

fidem rectumque,

Ov. M. 1, 90:

fortitudinem,

Curt. 10, 3, 9:

jus et fas,

Liv. 27, 17 fin.:

memoriam alicujus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

bonos mores,

Sall. C. 9, 1:

suum quaestum colit,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 137:

pietatem,

id. As. 3, 1, 5; Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 33:

virtutem,

Cic. Arch. 7, 16; id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

amicitiam, justitiam, liberalitatem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

virginitatis amorem,

Verg. A. 11, 584:

pacem,

Ov. M. 11, 297; cf. Martem, Sil. [p. 370] 8, 464:

studium philosophiae,

Cic. Brut. 91, 315:

disciplinam,

id. ib. 31, 117:

aequabile et temperatum orationis genus,

id. Off. 1, 1, 3:

patrias artes militiamque,

Ov. F. 2, 508; cf.:

artes liberales,

Suet. Tib. 60:

ingenium singulari rerum militarium prudentiā,

Vell. 2, 29, 5 Kritz.—

Of a period of time or a condition, to live in, experience, live through, pass, spend, etc.:

servitutem apud aliquem,

to be a slave, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 7:

nunc plane nec ego victum, nec vitam illam colere possum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2; and poet. in gen.: vitam or aevum = degere, to take care of life, for to live:

vitam,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 74; id. Cas. 2, 1, 12; id. Rud. 1, 5, 25:

vitam inopem,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 84:

aevum vi,

Lucr. 5, 1144 and 1149.—

Colere aliquem, to regard one with care, i. e. to honor, revere, reverence, worship, etc. (syn.: observo, veneror, diligo).

Most freq. of the reverence and worship of the gods, and the respect paid to objects pertaining thereto, to honor, respect, revere, reverence, worship:

quid est enim cur deos ab hominibus colendos dicas?

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 115:

hos deos et venerari et colere debemus,

id. ib. 2, 28, 71; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 119; id. Agr. 2, 35, 94; Liv. 39, 15, 2; Cat. 61, 48:

Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana... o colendi Semper et culti,

Hor. C. S. 2 and 3; cf. Ov. M. 8, 350:

deos aris, pulvinaribus,

Plin. Pan. 11, 3:

Mercurium,

Caes. B. G. 6, 17:

Apollinem nimiā religione,

Curt. 4, 3, 21:

Cererem secubitu,

Ov. A. 3, 10, 16:

(deam) magis officiis quam probitate,

id. P. 3, 1, 76:

per flamines et sacerdotes,

Tac. A. 1, 10; Suet. Vit. 1:

quo cognomine is deus quādam in parte urbis colebatur,

id. Aug. 70:

deum precibus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 580:

testimoniorum religionem et fidem,

Cic. Fl. 4, 9; cf. id. Font. 10, 21; and:

colebantur religiones pie magis quam magnifice,

Liv. 3, 57, 7; and:

apud quos juxta divinas religiones humana fides colitur,

id. 9, 9, 4:

sacra,

Ov. M. 4, 32; 15, 679:

aras,

id. ib. 3, 733; 6, 208; cf. Liv. 1, 7, 10; Suet. Vit. 2 et saep.:

numina alicujus,

Verg. G. 1, 30:

templum,

id. A. 4, 458; Ov. M. 11, 578:

caerimonias sepulcrorum tantā curà,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

sacrarium summā caerimoniā,

Nep. Th. 8, 4:

simulacrum,

Suet. Galb. 4.—

Of the honor bestowed upon men:

ut Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

quia me colitis et magnificatis,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 23; Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 54:

a quibus diligenter observari videmur et coli,

Cic. Mur. 34, 70; cf. id. Fam. 6, 10, 7; 13, 22, 1; id. Off. 1, 41, 149; Sall. J. 10, 8:

poëtarum nomen,

Cic. Arch. 11, 27:

civitatem,

id. Fl. 22, 52; cf.:

in amicis et diligendis et colendis,

id. Lael. 22, 85 and 82:

semper ego plebem Romanam militiae domique... colo atque colui,

Liv. 7, 32, 16:

colere et ornare,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 2:

me diligentissime,

id. ib. 13, 25 init.:

si te colo, Sexte, non amabo,

Mart. 2, 55:

aliquem donis,

Liv. 31, 43, 7:

litteris,

Nep. Att. 20, 4:

nec illos arte colam, nec opulenter,

Sall. J. 85, 34 Kritz.— Hence,