-
81 arroyo
a'rrɔjom1) Bach m2) ( acequia) Rinnstein m3) (fig) Gosse fsustantivo masculino3. (locución)arroyoarroyo [a'rro59FE3E77ɟ59FE3E77o]num2num (cuneta) Rinnstein masculino; plantar a alguien en el arroyo (figurativo) jdn vor die Tür setzen; salir del arroyo (figurativo) aus der Gosse herauskommen -
82 cauce
'kaɐθem1) ( de río) Flussbett n2) (fig: rumbo) Richtung fsustantivo masculino2. [de riego] Bewässerungskanal der3. [procedimiento] Vorgehensweise die4. (locución)caucecauce ['ka403584BEu403584BEθe]num3num (camino) Bahn femenino; cauce jurídico [ oder legal] jurisdicción/derecho Rechtsweg masculino; cauce reglamentario Dienstweg masculino -
83 ladronera
-
84 presa
'presaf1) Wegnahme f, Fangen n2) ( caza) Beute f, Fang m3) ( embalse) Stauwehr n4)ser presa de — Opfer n, Fang m
sustantivo femenino→ link=preso preso{presapresa ['presa]num1num (acción) (Ein)fangen neutro; las llamas hicieron presa en la casa das Haus wurde ein Opfer der Flammennum2num (objeto, de caza) Beute femenino; hacer una presa Beute machen; (un ave) Beute schlagen; ser presa del terror von Panik ergriffen werden -
85 cauce
m.1 channel (agriculture) (& figurative).2 river-bed.volver a su cauce to return to normal3 river bed, bed of a stream of water, riverbed, runway.4 gully, deep channel, gulley, ditch.* * *1 (de río) bed2 (conducto descubierto) ditch, trench* * *SM1) (=lecho) [de río, arroyo] riverbed; [de canal] bed; (=curso) coursedesviaron el cauce del río — they changed o diverted the course of the river
tras las riadas, las aguas han vuelto a su cauce — the river has returned to its normal level after the floods
2) (=medio) channel, meanspor cauces legales — through legal channels o means
tras el encuentro, las negociaciones volvieron a su cauce — following that encounter, negotiations returned to their normal course
dar cauce a algo —
este juego da cauce a la imaginación de los niños — this game provides a channel o outlet for children's imagination
3) (Agr) irrigation channel* * *a) (Geog) bedb) (rumbo, vía)* * *= riverbed [river bed], channel.Ex. The author discusses the hydrodynamic reasons why a riverbed meanders through a plain.Ex. The water, that trickles from it in a rivulet, leaves a white incrustation along its channel, in appearance exactly like soap suds.----* aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.* * *a) (Geog) bedb) (rumbo, vía)* * *= riverbed [river bed], channel.Ex: The author discusses the hydrodynamic reasons why a riverbed meanders through a plain.
Ex: The water, that trickles from it in a rivulet, leaves a white incrustation along its channel, in appearance exactly like soap suds.* aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.* * *1 ( Geog):el río se salió de su cauce the river burst its banksel cauce del río está seco the river bed is dry, the river has dried updesviaron el cauce del arroyo they changed the course of the streamlas aguas volvieron a su cauce the river returned to a safe level2(rumbo, vía): intentó desviar la conversación hacia otros cauces he tried to steer the conversation onto another tackeste acuerdo constituye el cauce para el diálogo this agreement opens the way for talks, this agreement provides an opening for talksno había seguido los cauces establecidos it hadn't gone through the normal channels* * *
cauce sustantivo masculinoa) (Geog) bed;
desviaron el cauce del arroyo they changed the course of the streamb) (rumbo, vía):
seguir los cauces establecidos to go through the normal channels
cauce sustantivo masculino
1 (de un río) bed
2 figurado (canal, vía) channel
cauces oficiales, official channels
' cauce' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
badén
- canal
- rebalsarse
- salir
English:
bed
- channel
- gully
* * *cauce nm1. [de río, canal] bed;seguir el cauce del río to follow the course of the river;el cauce del río no es navegable the river isn't navigable;Figya han vuelto las aguas a su cauce things have returned to normal2. [camino, forma] course;esta solicitud hay que hacerla siguiendo los cauces reglamentarios this application has to be made following the correct procedure;las negociaciones siguen por los cauces habituales the negotiations are continuing on the same course;volver a su cauce to return to normal;abrir nuevos cauces de diálogo to open new channels for talks3. [acequia] channel* * *m riverbed; figchannel;volver a su cauce fig get back to normal* * *cauce nm1) lecho: riverbed2) : means pl, channel* * *cauce n1. (de río) bed / river bed2. (canal) channel / procedure -
86 rasgo
m.1 trait, characteristic.2 act (acto elogiable).3 flourish, stroke (trazo).4 feature, characteristic, features, trait.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: rasgar.* * *2 (facción del rostro) feature3 (peculiaridad) characteristic, feature, trait4 (acto) act, feat\explicar a grandes rasgos to outline, give a general outline of* * *noun m.- rasgos* * *SM1) (Anat) feature2) (=peculiaridad) characteristic, feature3) [con pluma] stroke, flourish4) (=acto)rasgo de generosidad — act of generosity; (=acción noble) noble gesture
rasgo de ingenio — flash of wit, stroke of genius
* * *1)a) ( característica) characteristic, featureb) ( gesto) gesturec) ( de la pluma) stroke; ( en pintura) brushstrokea grandes rasgos — in outline, broadly speaking
* * *= feature, trait, contour, character trait, character.Ex. The features which contribute to UDC's suitability for detailed indexing are particularly valued in special libraries.Ex. The reasonable reader readily sees that most of these traits should be acquired and fostered early in life.Ex. As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.Ex. Personality theory based on genetics is used to trace inherited character traits in European royalty.Ex. Close attention to the role of the computer specialist reveals more of the character of reference activities.----* a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.* correspondencia de rasgos = feature matching.* describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.* rasgo característico = characteristic feature.* rasgo estilístico = stylistic feature.* * *1)a) ( característica) characteristic, featureb) ( gesto) gesturec) ( de la pluma) stroke; ( en pintura) brushstrokea grandes rasgos — in outline, broadly speaking
* * *= feature, trait, contour, character trait, character.Ex: The features which contribute to UDC's suitability for detailed indexing are particularly valued in special libraries.
Ex: The reasonable reader readily sees that most of these traits should be acquired and fostered early in life.Ex: As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.Ex: Personality theory based on genetics is used to trace inherited character traits in European royalty.Ex: Close attention to the role of the computer specialist reveals more of the character of reference activities.* a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.* correspondencia de rasgos = feature matching.* describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.* rasgo característico = characteristic feature.* rasgo estilístico = stylistic feature.* * *A1 (característica) characteristic, feature2 (gesto) gesture3 (de la pluma) stroke; (en pintura) brushstrokea grandes rasgos in outline, broadly speaking* * *
Del verbo rasgar: ( conjugate rasgar)
rasgo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
rasgó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
rasgar
rasgo
rasgar ( conjugate rasgar) verbo transitivo
to tear, rip
rasgarse verbo pronominal
to tear, rip
rasgo sustantivo masculino
1
( en pintura) brushstroke;
2
rasgar verbo transitivo
1 (una tela, un papel) to tear, rip
2 (una guitarra, etc) to strum
rasgo sustantivo masculino
1 (trazo) stroke, (con pincel) brush-stroke: nos explicó su proyecto a grandes rasgos, he gave us a broad outline of his project
2 (aspecto distintivo) characteristic, feature: la seriedad es uno de los rasgos de su carácter, one of his outstanding characteristics is his seriousness
3 (gesto) gesture: fue un rasgo de valentía, it was a brave gesture
4 (del rostro) feature
(facciones) rasgos, features pl
' rasgo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
nota
- aspecto
- característica
- distintivo
- peculiar
English:
characteristic
- feature
- rip
- trait
- peculiarity
* * *rasgo nm1. [característica] trait, characteristic2. [del rostro] feature;tiene un rostro de rasgos asiáticos he has Asian features3. [acto elogiable] act4. [trazo] flourish, stroke5.explicar algo a grandes rasgos to outline sth* * *m feature;a grandes rasgos broadly speaking* * *rasgo nm1) : stroke (of a pen)a grandes rasgos: in broad outlines2) característica: trait, characteristic3) : gesture, deed4) rasgos nmplfacciones: features* * *rasgo n1. (facción) feature2. (peculiaridad) characteristic -
87 solera
f.1 tradition.2 kerb (British), curb (United States) (of sidewalk). (Chilean Spanish)3 sill.4 flooring.* * *1 (soporte) support, prop2 (de molino) lower millstone3 (de horno) floor4 (del vino) lees plural5 figurado (tradición) tradition\* * *SF1) (=tradición) tradition2) (=objeto) [de apoyo] prop, support; [para saltar] plinth3) [de cuneta] bottom4) (=piedra de molino) lower millstone5) Méx (=baldosa) flagstone6) Cono Sur [de acera] kerb, curb (EEUU)SOLERA Sherry does not have a specific vintage since it is a mixture of the vintages from different years; the solera method is used to ensure uniformity of quality. In the bodega (cellar) the casks are arranged in horizontal rows, with the bottom row, known as the solera, containing the oldest wine. When part of this is bottled, the casks are replenished with wine from the row immediately above, which in turn is refilled with wine from the next row, and so on.See:ver nota culturelle JEREZ in jerez* * *1) (tradición, calidad)una familia con solera — a family with a long pedigree, a long-established family
2) (CS) (Indum) sundress3) (Chi) ( de la acera) curb (AmE), kerb (BrE)4) (Per) ( sábana) undersheet•• Cultural note:A system of blending used in the production of fortified wines such as jerez. Only a quarter of a cask of mature wine is drawn off for bottling at any one time, and the cask is then topped up from a cask of younger wine of the same variety. This second cask is topped up with a third, younger wine, and so on up to the fourth cask* * *----* compañía con solera = mature company.* con solera = well established, long-established.* empresa con solera = established player.* empresa de solera = established player.* * *1) (tradición, calidad)una familia con solera — a family with a long pedigree, a long-established family
2) (CS) (Indum) sundress3) (Chi) ( de la acera) curb (AmE), kerb (BrE)4) (Per) ( sábana) undersheet•• Cultural note:A system of blending used in the production of fortified wines such as jerez. Only a quarter of a cask of mature wine is drawn off for bottling at any one time, and the cask is then topped up from a cask of younger wine of the same variety. This second cask is topped up with a third, younger wine, and so on up to the fourth cask* * ** compañía con solera = mature company.* con solera = well established, long-established.* empresa con solera = established player.* empresa de solera = established player.* * *solera (↑ solera a1)A(tradición, calidad): una ciudad con solera a historic cityestas calles tienen mucha solera these streets have a lot of character o maintain their traditional characteruna familia con solera a family with a long pedigree, a long-established familyB1 (madero) prop, support2 (piedra) plinthC (de una acequia) bottomD ( Vin) old sherryE (CS) ( Indum) sundressA system of blending used in the production of fortified wines such as jerez (↑ jerez a1). Only a quarter of a cask of mature wine is drawn off for bottling at any one time, and the cask is then topped up from a cask of younger wine of the same variety. This second cask is topped up with a third, younger wine, and so on up to the fourth cask.* * *
solera sustantivo femenino
1 (tradición, calidad):
2 (CS) (Indum) sundress
solera sustantivo femenino
1 figurado tradition
2 Arquit girder, prop, support
3 (madre del vino) sediment
' solera' also found in these entries:
English:
sun
* * *solera nf1. [tradición] tradition;una familia/marca de solera a long-established family/brand;un barrio con mucha solera a neighbourhood with a lot of local character2.vino de solera [añejo] vintage wine3. RP [vestido] sun dress* * *f1 tradition;de solera fig traditional2 Chi: de la aceracurb, Brkerb* * *solera nf1) : prop, support2) : tradition -
88 O.
(= oeste) W, West* * *(= oeste) W, West* * *O.(= oeste) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] W, West* * *
O. (
'O.' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abandonarse
- abaratar
- abaratarse
- abasto
- abdicar
- ablandarse
- abogar
- aborregar
- abreviar
- abrigo
- abundar
- abusar
- acalorarse
- acentuarse
- acequia
- acercar
- acervo
- acholada
- acholado
- aclararse
- acobardarse
- acoger
- acojonante
- acostumbrar
- acribillar
- acta
- actual
- acudir
- acuerdo
- adelantar
- adherirse
- adoptiva
- adoptivo
- adorar
- aflojarse
- afuera
- agarrar
- agotarse
- ahí
- alborotarse
- alegrar
- aletear
- algo
- allá
- alquilar
- alquiler
- alrededor
- amargarse
- ámbito
English:
A
- about
- above-board
- absent
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- admit
- affiliated
- afford
- after
- again
- aim
- ale
- alone
- along
- aloud
- alternatively
- amiss
- anathema
- annoyance
- answer
- antisocial
- any
- anyhow
- apologetically
- appreciate
- arguable
- arr
- arrival
- ashore
- associate
- averse
- away
- bake
- baking
- balance
- ball
- bandwagon
- bang
- banking
- base
- bath
- bear
- beg
- begin
- behave
- below
- best
-
89 irrigation ditch or channel
-
90 irrigation channel
acequia, canal nombre masculino de riego -
91 o.
O. ( 'O.' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abandonarse - abaratar - abaratarse - abasto - abdicar - ablandarse - abogar - aborregar - abreviar - abrigo - abundar - abusar - acalorarse - acentuarse - acequia - acercar - acervo - acholada - acholado - aclararse - acobardarse - acoger - acojonante - acostumbrar - acribillar - acta - actual - acudir - acuerdo - adelantar - adherirse - adoptiva - adoptivo - adorar - aflojarse - afuera - agarrar - agotarse - ahí - alborotarse - alegrar - aletear - algo - allá - alquilar - alquiler - alrededor - amargarse - ámbito English: A - about - above-board - absent - account - accustom - actual - actually - admit - affiliated - afford - after - again - aim - ale - alone - along - aloud - alternatively - amiss - anathema - annoyance - answer - antisocial - any - anyhow - apologetically - appreciate - arguable - arr - arrival - ashore - associate - averse - away - bake - baking - balance - ball - bandwagon - bang - banking - base - bath - bear - beg - begin - behave - below - best -
92 toma
Del verbo tomar: ( conjugate tomar) \ \
toma es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: toma tomar
toma sustantivo femenino 1 ( de tierras) seizure 2 (Cin, Fot — imagen) shot; (— acción de filmar) take 3 ( de medicamento) dose 4 ( de datos) gathering; ( de muestras) taking; 5 (AmL) ( acequia) irrigation channel 6a)
tomar ( conjugate tomar) verbo transitivo 1 ( en general) to take; la tomé de la mano I took her by the hand; toma lo que te debo here's what I owe you; ¿lo puedo toma prestado? can I borrow it?; tomó el asunto en sus manos she took charge of the matter; toma precauciones/el tren/una foto to take precautions/the train/a picture; tomale la temperatura a algn to take sb's temperature; toma algo por escrito to write sth down; toma algo/a algn POR algo/algn to take sth/sb for sth/sb; ¿por quién me has tomado? who o what do you take me for?; lo tomó a mal/a broma he took it the wrong way/as a joke; eso toma demasiado tiempo that takes up too much time 2◊ ¿qué vas a toma? what are you going to have?3 (esp AmL) 4 ( apoderarse de) ‹fortaleza/tierras› to seize; ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy 5 ( adquirir) ‹ forma› to take; ‹ aspecto› to take on; ‹velocidad/altura› to gain; ‹ costumbre› to get into 6 ( cobrar):◊ le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl7 ( exponerse a): toma (el) sol to sunbathe; vas a toma frío (CS) you'll get o catch cold verbo intransitivo 1 ( asir):◊ toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras here are your scissors;tome, yo no lo necesito take it, I don't need it 2 (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink 3 (AmL) (ir) to go; toma a la derecha to turn o go right 4 [ injerto] to take tomarse verbo pronominal 1 ‹vacaciones/tiempo› to take; 2 ‹molestia/libertad› to take;◊ tomase la molestia/libertad de hacer algo to take the trouble to do sth/the liberty of doing sth3 ( enf) ‹helado/yogur› to have 4 ‹autobúsen/taxi› to take 5 (Med)b) ( caus):6 ( caus) (esp AmL) ‹ foto› to have … taken 7 ( enf) ( reaccionar frente a) ‹comentario/noticia› to take; 8 (Chi) ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
toma sustantivo femenino
1 (acción de tomar) taking (de datos) gathering (de una ciudad, un edificio) taking, occupation Mil capture
toma de posesión, investiture
2 Cine Fot shot (secuencia) take
3 (dosis) dose
4 Elec toma de corriente, power point, US socket
toma de tierra, earth, US ground
5 toma de conciencia, awareness, realization
tomar verbo transitivo
1 (coger, agarrar) to take: tomó mi mano, he took my hand
toma las llaves, here are the keys
2 (autobús, taxi, etc) to take, catch: tomé el ascensor, I took the lift o elevator
tengo que tomar el próximo tren, I have to catch the next train
3 (alimentos) to have (bebidas) to drink (medicinas) to take
4 (adoptar) to take, adopt: tomaron medidas desesperadas, they took desperate measures
5 (tener cierta reacción) no lo tomes a broma, don't take it as a joke
6 (juzgar) no me tomes por idiota, don't think I'm stupid (confundirse) le tomaron por Robert Redford, they mistook him for Robert Redford
7 (el aire, el fresco, etc) to get
tomar el sol, to sunbathe
8 (en carretera) decidió tomar la autopista, he decided to take the motorway
9 (apuntes, notas) to take
10 (fotos) to take
11 Av tomar tierra, to land, touch down 12 ¡toma! excl (sorpresa) well!, why! (asentimiento) of course! ' toma' also found in these entries: Spanish: confianza - licencia - pachorra - potingue - sana - sano - tierra - tomar - tranquilidad - agarrar - cachondeo - ligero - toma y daca English: assumption - capture - decision making - earth - easy-going - give - give-and-take - here - initiative - intake - laugh off - nightcap - on - outtake - plenty - plug - power point - retake - seizure - shot - so - socket - take - takeover - treat - turn - turn off - any - decision - drink - hammer - hydrant - inaugural - inauguration - note - out - point - power - pride - quits - sit -
93 zanja
Del verbo zanjar: ( conjugate zanjar) \ \
zanja es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: zanja zanjar
zanja sustantivo femenino ( para desagüe) ditch; (para cimientos, tuberías) trench; ( acequia) irrigation channel
zanjar ( conjugate zanjar) verbo transitivo ‹polémica/diferencias› to settle, resolve; ‹ deuda› to settle, pay off
zanja sustantivo femenino ditch, trench
abrir una zanja, to dig a ditch
zanjar vtr (terminar, concluir un asunto) to settle ' zanja' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrir - fosa - foso - cavar - chamba - saltar English: ditch - trench - cutting - deep -
94 arik
сущ. -
95 оросительная канава
-
96 оросительный ров
-
97 ручей
руче́йrivereto, fonto.* * *м.лить слёзы ручьём (в три ручья́) — verter torrentes de lágrimas, llorar a moco tendido
* * *м.лить слёзы ручьём (в три ручья́) — verter torrentes de lágrimas, llorar a moco tendido
* * *n2) amer. quebrada3) eng. pasada (прокатного валка), acanaladuras (валка), calibre (прокатного валка), linea (установки непрерывной разливки)4) Peru. acequia5) ceram.tile. (валка) precorte -
98 acequión
m ( aum de acequia) Вен.руче́й, пото́к -
99 madre
1. f1) tb voc мать; ма́маMadre de Dios — Богоро́дица; Богома́терь
madre de familia — мать семе́йства; хозя́йка до́ма
madre de leche — корми́лица
madre política — см suegro
madre soltera — мать-одино́чка
2) (о животном; растении) ма́тка3) tb voc ( к монахине) мать, ма́тушкаmadre abadesa, superiora — настоя́тельница
4) перен (перво)причи́на; исто́чник5) водя́щий ( в игре)6) оса́док; гу́ща2. adj1) ( о самке) да́вшая припло́д2) гла́вный; основно́йacequia madre — гла́вный ороси́тельный кана́л
3) исхо́дный; нача́льныйlengua madre — язы́к-осно́ва
••- ¡madre mía!como su madre lo | echó al mundo | parió — в чём мать родила́
- sacar de madre
- salir de madre -
100 CUEACXOLHUIA
cueacxolhuia > cueacxolhuih.*\CUEACXOLHUIA v.t. tla-., franchir un ruisseau, une flaque.Esp., saltar el arroyo o acequia de agua, o cosa semejante (M).saltar allende de algo. (Molina I 107r.)Cf. cuecxolhuia, cueicxolhuia, cuehcholhuia et cuencholhuia.
См. также в других словарях:
Acequia — ist der Name mehrerer Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Acequia (Colorado) Acequia (Idaho) des Weiteren steht Acequia für Acequia (Bewässerungskanal), einen Bewässerungskanal Diese Seite ist eine Begriffsklärung zur Un … Deutsch Wikipedia
Acequia — Acequia, ID U.S. city in Idaho Population (2000): 144 Housing Units (2000): 51 Land area (2000): 0.308283 sq. miles (0.798448 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.308283 sq. miles (0.798448 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Acequia, ID — U.S. city in Idaho Population (2000): 144 Housing Units (2000): 51 Land area (2000): 0.308283 sq. miles (0.798448 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.308283 sq. miles (0.798448 sq. km) FIPS code:… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
acequia — sustantivo femenino 1. Zanja o canal pequeño por donde va el agua, generalmente para el riego: Utilizan el agua de la acequia para regar. No pases cerca de la acequia que está llena de mosquitos … Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española
Acequia — A*ce qui*a ([aum]*s[=a] k[ e]*[.a]; Sp. [aum]*th[=a] k[ e]*[aum]), n. [Sp.] A canal or trench for irrigating land. [Sp. Amer.] [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
acéquia — s. f. 1. Canal estreito artificial para as águas correntes. 2. Regueira, açude, azenha … Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa
acequia — (Del ár. hisp. assáqya, y este del ár. clás. sāqiyah, irrigadora). f. Zanja o canal por donde se conducen las aguas para regar y para otros fines … Diccionario de la lengua española
acequia — ☆ acequia [ə sā′kē ə ] n. [Sp < Ar as sāqiya < al sāqiya, fem. prp. of saqā, to give to drink, irrigate] in the Southwest, an irrigation canal … English World dictionary
Acequia — An acequia is a community operated waterway used in Spain and former Spanish colonies in the Americas for irrigation. Particularly in the Andes, northern Mexico, and the modern day American Southwest, acequias are usually historically engineered… … Wikipedia
Acequia — Para otros usos de este término, véase canal de riego. Acequia Una acequia (del ár. hisp. assáqya, y este del ár. clás. sāqiyah, irrigadora) es un canal por donde se conducen las aguas para regar. De origen árabe, estas construcciones, a pesar de … Wikipedia Español
Acequia — (Del ár. as saqiya < saqa, regar.) ► sustantivo femenino CONSTRUCCIÓN Canal o presa por el que se conduce el agua para regar o para otros fines: ■ el agua del aljibe corría por las acequias de manera controlada. TAMBIÉN cequia SINÓNIMO cacera… … Enciclopedia Universal