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101 remember
ri'membə1) (to keep in the mind, or to bring back into the mind after forgetting for a time: I remember you - we met three years ago; I remember watching the first men landing on the moon; Remember to telephone me tonight; I don't remember where I hid it.) recordar, acordarse de2) (to reward or make a present to: He remembered her in his will.) acordarse de alguien3) (to pass (a person's) good wishes (to someone): Remember me to your parents.) dar recuerdos de parte de alguien•remember vb acordarse / recordarI can't remember no me acuerdo / no recuerdotr[rɪ'membəSMALLr/SMALL]1 recordar, acordarse de2 (commemorate) recordar■ on this day we remember the dead of two world wars en este día recordamos los caídos de dos guerras mundiales1 acordarse, recordar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLas far as I remember que yo recuerderemember me to... recuerdos a... de mi parteto remember to do something acordarse de hacer algoremember [ri'mɛmbər] vt1) recollect: acordarse de, recordar2) : no olvidarremember my words: no olvides mis palabrasto remember to: acordarse de3) : dar saludos, dar recuerdosremember me to her: dale saludos de mi parte4) commemorate: recordar, conmemorarv.• acordarse de v.• recordar v.rɪ'membər, rɪ'membə(r)
1.
1) ( recall) acordarse* de, recordar*don't you remember me? — ¿no te acuerdas de mí?
I can't remember if o whether I locked the door — no recuerdo si cerré la puerta con llave
here's a little something to remember me by — toma, un detalle para que te acuerdes de mí
to remember -ING: she remembers leaving her watch on the table se acuerda de or recuerda haber dejado el reloj encima de la mesa; to remember somebody/something -ING: I remember him saying something about a meeting me acuerdo de or recuerdo que dijo algo de una reunión; she remembers the car coming toward her — se acuerda de or recuerda cuando el coche se le vino encima
2)a) (be mindful of, not forget)I'll remember you if anything comes up — te tendré presente or me acordaré de ti si surge algo
to remember to + INF — acordarse* de + inf
b) ( commemorate) \<\<dead\>\> recordar*c) ( send regards)to remember somebody TO somebody: remember me to your mother dale recuerdos or saludos a tu madre (de mi parte); Peter asked to be remembered (to you) — Peter te manda recuerdos or saludos
2.
via) ( recall) acordarse*, recordar*as far as I remember — que yo recuerde, por lo que recuerdo
if I remember correctly o right(ly) — si mal no recuerdo
try to remember! — haz memoria!
b) (be mindful, not forget) no olvidarse[rɪ'membǝ(r)]1. VT1) (=recall) [+ person, fact, promise] acordarse de, recordardon't you remember me? — ¿no se acuerda usted de mí?, ¿no me recuerda?
I can never remember phone numbers — tengo muy mala memoria para los números de teléfono, soy incapaz de recordar números de teléfono
I remember seeing it, I remember having seen it — me acuerdo de or recuerdo haberlo visto, me acuerdo de or recuerdo que lo vi
I seem to remember (that) you used to do the same — si mal no recuerdo, tú hacías lo mismo
I don't remember what he looks like — no me acuerdo de or no recuerdo cómo es
•
I remember him as tall and slim — lo recuerdo alto y delgado•
give me something to remember you by — dame algún recuerdo tuyoso I gave him sth to remember me by — (fig) así que le di algo para que no me olvidara or para que se acordara de mí
•
she will be remembered for her wonderful sense of humour — se la recordará por su maravilloso sentido del humor•
it was a night to remember — fue una noche memorable or inolvidable2) (=bear in mind) recordar, tener presenteremember that he carries a gun — recuerda or ten presente que lleva una pistola
•
that's worth remembering — eso merece la pena recordarloit is worth remembering that... — merece la pena recordar que...
3) (=not forget) acordarse dehave you remembered your passport? — ¿te has acordado del pasaporte or de traer el pasaporte?
remember what happened before — no te olvides or acuérdate de lo que pasó antes
4) (=commemorate) recordartoday we remember those who gave their lives in the war — hoy recordamos a aquellos que dieron sus vidas en la guerra
•
she asks to be remembered to you all — manda recuerdos a todosremember me to your family — dale recuerdos a tu familia, saluda a tu familia de mi parte
2. VI1) (=recall) acordarse, recordardo you remember? — ¿te acuerdas?, ¿recuerdas?
try to remember! — ¡haz memoria!, ¡intenta acordarte!
I don't or can't remember — no me acuerdo, no recuerdo
•
as I remember, you said you would pay — que yo recuerde or si mal no recuerdo, tú dijiste que pagaríasit was a cold day, as you will remember — era un día de frío, como recordarás
•
as far as I (can) remember — que yo recuerde•
if I remember right(ly) — si mal no recuerdo, si la memoria no me falla2) (=not forget) acordarseI asked you to get some stamps, did you remember? — te pedí que compraras sellos, ¿te acordaste?
REMEMBERI'll try to remember — intentaré acordarme, intentaré no olvidarme or que no se me olvide
"acordarse de" or "recordar"?
► Both aco rdarse de and recordar can be used to translate to remember (used transitively), provided the object of remember is not another verb. Recordar is becoming less common, however, in everyday informal contexts:
Do you remember where he lives? ¿Te acuerdas de dónde vive? ¿Recuerdas dónde vive? ► Use aco rdarse de + ((infinitive)) to translate to remember to + ((verb)):
Did you remember to close the door? ¿Te acordaste de cerrar la puerta? NOTE: Don't use r ecordar for remembering to do sth.
► Use rec ordar + ((perfect infinitive/clause)) or acordarse de + ((clause)) to translate to remember + ((-ing)):
I remember closing the door Recuerdo haber cerrado or Recuerdo que cerré or Me acuerdo de que cerré la puerta
R ecordar also translates remind:
I must remind Richard to pay the rent Tengo que recordarle a Richard que pague el alquiler For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[rɪ'membər, rɪ'membə(r)]
1.
1) ( recall) acordarse* de, recordar*don't you remember me? — ¿no te acuerdas de mí?
I can't remember if o whether I locked the door — no recuerdo si cerré la puerta con llave
here's a little something to remember me by — toma, un detalle para que te acuerdes de mí
to remember -ING: she remembers leaving her watch on the table se acuerda de or recuerda haber dejado el reloj encima de la mesa; to remember somebody/something -ING: I remember him saying something about a meeting me acuerdo de or recuerdo que dijo algo de una reunión; she remembers the car coming toward her — se acuerda de or recuerda cuando el coche se le vino encima
2)a) (be mindful of, not forget)I'll remember you if anything comes up — te tendré presente or me acordaré de ti si surge algo
to remember to + INF — acordarse* de + inf
b) ( commemorate) \<\<dead\>\> recordar*c) ( send regards)to remember somebody TO somebody: remember me to your mother dale recuerdos or saludos a tu madre (de mi parte); Peter asked to be remembered (to you) — Peter te manda recuerdos or saludos
2.
via) ( recall) acordarse*, recordar*as far as I remember — que yo recuerde, por lo que recuerdo
if I remember correctly o right(ly) — si mal no recuerdo
try to remember! — haz memoria!
b) (be mindful, not forget) no olvidarse -
102 sad
sæd(unhappy or causing unhappiness: She's sad because her son is ill; a sad face.) triste, melancólico- sadness- sadden
- sadly
sad adj tristetr[sæd]1 (unhappy) triste2 (deplorable) lamentable\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLsad to say por desgracia, desgraciadamenteto make somebody sad entristecer a alguien, dar pena a alguien♦ sadly advadj.• cabizbajo, -a adj.• doliente adj.• funesto, -a adj.• lagrimoso, -a adj.• lamentable adj.• lloroso, -a adj.• lutoso, -a adj.• triste adj.mass noun (= seasonal affective disorder) TAE m[sæd]1. ADJ(compar sadder) (superl saddest)1) (=unhappy) [person, eyes, smile] tristeI'm sad that I won't be able to play football any more — estoy triste porque no voy a poder volver a jugar al fútbol, me entristece no poder volver a jugar al fútbol
•
we were sad about or at the news of her illness — nos entristeció or nos apenó enterarnos de su enfermedad•
to become sad — entristecerse, ponerse triste•
to feel sad — sentirse triste, estar triste•
to grow sad — entristecerse, ponerse triste•
to be sad at heart — estar profundamente triste, tener el corazón oprimido•
to make sb sad — entristecer or poner triste a algn•
he left a sadder and a wiser man — cuando se marchó era un hombre escarmentado2) (=distressing) [story, occasion, loss] triste; [news] malo, triste•
it is my sad duty to inform you that... — tengo el penoso deber de informarle de que...•
how sad! — ¡qué triste!, ¡qué pena!•
it is sad to see such expertise wasted — es lamentable or da pena ver tanta pericia echada a perder3) (=deplorable) [situation, state of affairs] lamentable, penoso4) * (=pathetic) [performance, attempt, joke] penoso•
what sad people they must be if they have to complain about a little innocent fun — si se quejan de que la gente lo pase bien un rato es realmente como para tenerles pena2.CPDsad case * N (=socially inadequate person) —
he's a real sad case — es un tipo patético * or penoso
SADsad sack * N — (US) inútil * mf
Position of "triste"
You should generally put t riste after the noun when translating sad in the sense of "unhappy", and before the noun in the sense of "distressing":
He always seemed a sad little boy Siempre pareció un niño triste
... the sad reality...... la triste realidad... For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *mass noun (= seasonal affective disorder) TAE m -
103 to
1. tə,tu preposition1) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) a, hacia2) (as far as: His story is a lie from beginning to end.) a, hasta3) (until: Did you stay to the end of the concert?) hasta4) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) con, a5) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) a, para6) (into a particular state or condition: She tore the letter to pieces.) en7) (used in expressing comparison or proportion: He's junior to me; Your skill is superior to mine; We won the match by 5 goals to 2.) a8) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) en; para9) (tə used before an infinitive eg after various verbs and adjectives, or in other constructions: I want to go!; He asked me to come; He worked hard to (= in order to) earn a lot of money; These buildings were designed to (= so as to) resist earthquakes; She opened her eyes to find him standing beside her; I arrived too late to see him.) para10) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) (hacerlo)
2. tu: adverb1) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) hasta cerrar2) (used in phrasal verbs and compounds: He came to (= regained consciousness).) a•to prep1. a2. a / hastashe works from nine to five trabaja de nueve a cinco / trabaja desde las nueve hasta las cinco3. menos4. paratotr[tʊ, ʊnstressed tə]1 (with place) a■ did you go to the bank? ¿fuiste al banco?■ A is to the north/south/east/west of B A está al norte/sur/este/oeste de B2 (towards) hacia3 (as far as, until) a, hasta■ I like all music, from Abba to ZZTop me gusta toda la música, desde Abba hasta ZZTop4 (of time) menos6 (for) de■ what's the answer to question 4? ¿cuál es la respuesta a la pregunta número 4?7 (attitude, behaviour) con, para con8 (in honour of) a9 (touching) a, contra10 (accompanied by) acompañado,-a de11 (causing something) para■ to my surprise, it was empty para mi sorpresa, estaba vacío12 (as seen by) por lo que respecta■ to a foreigner, it must seem awful para un extranjero, debe parecer terrible■ to some people he was a hero, to others a traitor para algunos era un héroe, para otros era un traidor14 (ratio) a15 (per, equivalent) a, en■ how much does your car do to the gallon? ≈ ¿cuánto gasta tu coche a los cien kilómetros?16 (according to) según■ is it to your taste? ¿es de su agrado?17 (result) a18 (in order to) para, a fin de■ would you like to dance? --I'd love to ¿te gustaría bailar? --me encantaría■ she didn't want to go, but she had to no quería ir, pero no le quedaba más remedio1 (of door) ajustada\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto and fro vaivén, ir y venir Table 1SMALLNOTA/SMALL Cuando se usa con la raíz del verbo para formar el infinitivo no se traduce/Table 1 ■ I want to help you quiero ayudarteto ['tu:] adv1) : a un estado conscienteto come to: volver en sí2)to and fro : de aquí para allá, de un lado para otroto prepto go to the doctor: ir al médicoI'm going to John's: voy a la casa de John2) toward: a, haciatwo miles to the south: dos millas hacia el sur3) on: en, sobreapply salve to the wound: póngale ungüento a la herida4) up to: hasta, ato a degree: hasta cierto gradofrom head to toe: de pies a cabezait's quarter to seven: son las siete menos cuarto6) until: a, hastafrom May to December: de mayo a diciembrethe key to the lock: la llave del candadodancing to the rhythm: bailando al compásit's similar to mine: es parecido al míothey won 4 to 2: ganaron 4 a 2made to order: hecho a la ordento my knowledge: a mi sabertwenty to the box: veinte por cajato understand: entenderto go away: irse
I tuː, weak form tə1)a) ( indicating destination) awe went to John's — fuimos a casa de John, fuimos a lo de John (RPl), fuimos donde John (esp AmL)
you can wear it to a party/the wedding — puedes ponértelo para una fiesta/la boda
b) ( indicating direction) haciac) ( indicating position) ato the left/right of something — a la izquierda/derecha de algo
2) (against, onto)3)a) ( as far as) hastab) ( until) hastac) ( indicating range)there will be 30 to 35 guests — habrá entre 30 y 35 invitados; see also from 4)
4)a) ( showing indirect object)who did you send/give it to? — ¿a quién se lo mandaste/diste?
what did you say to him/them? — ¿qué le/les dijiste?
I'll hand you over to Jane — te paso or (Esp tb) te pongo con Jane
I was singing/talking to myself — estaba cantando/hablando solo
to me, he will always be a hero — para mí, siempre será un héroe
he was very kind/rude to me — fue muy amable/grosero conmigo
b) (in toasts, dedications)to Paul with love from Jane — para Paul, con cariño de Jane
5) (indicating proportion, relation)how many ounces are there to the pound? — ¿cuántas onzas hay en una libra?
it does 30 miles to the gallon — da or rinde 30 millas por galón, consume 6.75 litros a los or por cada cien kilómetros
there's a 10 to 1 chance of... — hay una probabilidad de uno en 10 de...
that's nothing to what followed — eso no es nada comparado or en comparación con lo que vino después
6) ( concerning)what do you say to that? — ¿qué dices a eso?, ¿qué te parece (eso)?
there's nothing to it — es muy simple or sencillo
7)a) ( in accordance with)b) ( producing)to my horror/delight... — para mi horror/alegría...
c) ( indicating purpose)8) ( indicating belonging) dethe solution to the problem — la solución al or del problema
it has a nice ring/sound to it — suena bien
9) ( telling time) (BrE)ten to three — las tres menos diez, diez para las tres (AmL exc RPl)
10) ( accompanied by)they sang it to the tune of `Clementine' — lo cantaron con la melodía de `Clementine'
II tə1)a)to sing/fear/leave — cantar/temer/partir
b) ( in order to) parac) ( indicating result)he awoke to find her gone — cuando despertó, ella ya se había ido
I walked 5 miles only to be told they weren't home — caminé 5 millas para que me dijeran que no estaban en casa
d) ( without vb)2) (after adj or n)it's easy/difficult to do — es fácil/difícil de hacer
III tuː [tʊ, tuː, tǝ]1. PREPOSITIONWhen to is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg set to, heave to, look up the phrasal verb. When to is part of a set combination, eg nice to, to my mind, to all appearances, appeal to, look up the other word.1) (destination) aNote: a + el = al
it's 90 kilometres to Lima — de aquí a Lima hay 90 kilómetros, hay 90 kilómetros a Lima
to go to Paris/Spain — ir a París/España
to go to school/university — ir al colegio/a la Universidad
I liked the exhibition, I went to it twice — me gustó la exposición, fui a verla dos veces
we're going to John's/my parents' for Christmas — vamos a casa de John/mis padres por Navidad
•
have you ever been to India? — ¿has estado alguna vez en la India?•
flights to Heathrow — vuelos a or con destino a Heathrowchurch 1., 2)•
the road to Edinburgh — la carretera de Edimburgo2) (=towards) haciamove it to the left/right — muévelo hacia la izquierda/derecha
3) (=as far as) hastafrom here to London — de aquí a or hasta Londres
4) (=up to) hastato some extent — hasta cierto punto, en cierta medida
•
to this day I still don't know what he meant — aún hoy no sé lo que quiso decir•
from Monday to Friday — de lunes a viernesfrom morning to night — de la mañana a la noche, desde la mañana hasta la noche
decimal 1.•
funds to the value of... — fondos por valor de...5) (=located at) a6) (=against) contrait's a quarter to three — son las tres menos cuarto, es or (LAm) falta un cuarto para las tres
the man I sold it to or frm to whom I sold it — el hombre a quien se lo vendí
it belongs to me — me pertenece (a mí), es mío
what is that to me? — ¿y a mí qué me importa eso?
"that's strange," I said to myself — -es raro -me dije para mis adentros
9) (in dedications, greetings)greetings to all our friends! — ¡saludos a todos los amigos!
welcome to you all! — ¡bienvenidos todos!
"to P.R. Lilly" — (in book) "para P.R. Lilly"
here's to you! — ¡va por ti!, ¡por ti!
a monument to the fallen — un monumento a los caídos, un monumento en honor a los caídos
10) (in ratios, proportions) porthe odds against it happening are a million to one — las probabilidades de que eso ocurra son una entre un millón
three to the fourth, three to the power of four — (Math) tres a la cuarta potencia
11) (in comparisons) a12) (=about, concerning)what do you say to that? — ¿qué te parece (eso)?
what would you say to a beer? — ¿te parece que tomemos una cerveza?
"to repairing pipes:..." — (on bill) "reparación de las cañerías:..."
13) (=according to) segúnto my way of thinking — a mi modo de ver, según mi modo de pensar
14) (=to the accompaniment of)it is sung to the tune of "Tipperary" — se canta con la melodía de "Tipperary"
15) (=of, for) de16) (with gerund/noun)•
to look forward to doing sth — tener muchas ganas de hacer algo•
to prefer painting to drawing — preferir pintar a dibujar•
to be used to (doing) sth — estar acostumbrado a (hacer) algo•
to this end — a or con este fin•
to my enormous shame I did nothing — para gran vergüenza mía, no hice nada•
to my great surprise — con gran sorpresa por mi parte, para gran sorpresa mía2. INFINITIVE PARTICLE1) (infinitive)a)A preposition may be required with the Spanish infinitive, depending on what precedes it: look up the verb.•
she refused to listen — se negó a escuchar•
to start to cry — empezar or ponerse a llorar•
to try to do sth — tratar de hacer algo, intentar hacer algo•
to want to do sth — querer hacer algo•
I'd advise you to think this over — te aconsejaría que te pensaras bien esto•
he'd like me to give up work — le gustaría que dejase de trabajar•
we'd prefer him to go to university — preferiríamos que fuese a la universidad•
I want you to do it — quiero que lo hagasc)there was no one for me to ask, there wasn't anyone for me to ask — no había nadie a quien yo pudiese preguntar
he's not the sort or type to do that — no es de los que hacen eso
•
that book is still to be written — ese libro está todavía por escribir•
now is the time to do it — ahora es el momento de hacerlo•
and who is he to criticize? — ¿y quién es él para criticar?3) (purpose, result) paraThe particle to is not translated when it stands for the infinitive:it disappeared, never to be seen again — desapareció para siempre
we didn't want to sell it but we had to — no queríamos venderlo pero tuvimos que hacerlo or no hubo más remedio
"would you like to come to dinner?" - "I'd love to!" — -¿te gustaría venir a cenar? -¡me encantaría!
For combinations like difficult/easy/foolish/ ready/ slow to etc, look up the adjective.you may not want to do it but you ought to for the sake of your education — tal vez no quieres hacerlo pero deberías en aras de tu educación
the first/last to go — el primero/último en irse
See:EASY, DIFFICULT, IMPOSSIBLE in easyand then to be let down like that! — ¡y para que luego te decepcionen así!
and to think he didn't mean a word of it! — ¡y pensar que nada de lo que dijo era de verdad!
7)to see him now one would never think that... — al verlo or viéndolo ahora nadie creería que...
3.ADVERBto pull the door to — tirar de la puerta para cerrarla, cerrar la puerta tirando
to push the door to — empujar la puerta para cerrarla, cerrar la puerta empujando
* * *
I [tuː], weak form [tə]1)a) ( indicating destination) awe went to John's — fuimos a casa de John, fuimos a lo de John (RPl), fuimos donde John (esp AmL)
you can wear it to a party/the wedding — puedes ponértelo para una fiesta/la boda
b) ( indicating direction) haciac) ( indicating position) ato the left/right of something — a la izquierda/derecha de algo
2) (against, onto)3)a) ( as far as) hastab) ( until) hastac) ( indicating range)there will be 30 to 35 guests — habrá entre 30 y 35 invitados; see also from 4)
4)a) ( showing indirect object)who did you send/give it to? — ¿a quién se lo mandaste/diste?
what did you say to him/them? — ¿qué le/les dijiste?
I'll hand you over to Jane — te paso or (Esp tb) te pongo con Jane
I was singing/talking to myself — estaba cantando/hablando solo
to me, he will always be a hero — para mí, siempre será un héroe
he was very kind/rude to me — fue muy amable/grosero conmigo
b) (in toasts, dedications)to Paul with love from Jane — para Paul, con cariño de Jane
5) (indicating proportion, relation)how many ounces are there to the pound? — ¿cuántas onzas hay en una libra?
it does 30 miles to the gallon — da or rinde 30 millas por galón, consume 6.75 litros a los or por cada cien kilómetros
there's a 10 to 1 chance of... — hay una probabilidad de uno en 10 de...
that's nothing to what followed — eso no es nada comparado or en comparación con lo que vino después
6) ( concerning)what do you say to that? — ¿qué dices a eso?, ¿qué te parece (eso)?
there's nothing to it — es muy simple or sencillo
7)a) ( in accordance with)b) ( producing)to my horror/delight... — para mi horror/alegría...
c) ( indicating purpose)8) ( indicating belonging) dethe solution to the problem — la solución al or del problema
it has a nice ring/sound to it — suena bien
9) ( telling time) (BrE)ten to three — las tres menos diez, diez para las tres (AmL exc RPl)
10) ( accompanied by)they sang it to the tune of `Clementine' — lo cantaron con la melodía de `Clementine'
II [tə]1)a)to sing/fear/leave — cantar/temer/partir
b) ( in order to) parac) ( indicating result)he awoke to find her gone — cuando despertó, ella ya se había ido
I walked 5 miles only to be told they weren't home — caminé 5 millas para que me dijeran que no estaban en casa
d) ( without vb)2) (after adj or n)it's easy/difficult to do — es fácil/difícil de hacer
III [tuː] -
104 can
§ (could) შეძლება§ კონსერვი, დაკონსერვება§1 ქილა (შუშისა ან თუნუქისა)2 დაკონსერვება (დააკონსერვებს)3 (could) შეიძლება (შეძლებს)I could not come მოსვლა ვერ შევძელი // ვერ მოვედი4 ცოდნა (იცის)I can’t call it to mind ვერ ვიხსენებhe can't be bought მოუსყიდველი/უანგარო კაციაI can't bend ვერ ვიკუზები // წელში ვერ ვიხრებიI assume that you can do it ვფიქრობ, რომ ამას შეძლებyou can`t appreciate English poetry ინგლისურ პოეზიას ვერ შეაფასებI can’t go anywhere ვერსად ვერ დავდივარI’ll do anything I can რაც შემიძლია, ყველაფერს გავაკეთებanybody can do it ეს ყველას / ნებისმიერ ადამიანს შეუძლიაcan`t see anybody here აქ ვერავის ვხედავI can`t answer for his mistakes მის შეცდომებზე პასუხს ვერ ვაგებyou can't kill people offhandedly ხალხის ასე უცერემონიოდ ხოცვა არ შეიძლებაwhere can I obtain this book? სად შეიძლება ვიშოვო / შევიძინო ეს წიგნი?●●I'll come as soon as I possibly can როგორც კი შევძლებ, მაშინვე მოვალI can't possibly do it ამას მაინცდამაინც ვერ ვიზამ / ვერ გავაკეთებI can't put my feelings into words ჩემს გრძნობებს სიტყვებით ვერ გამოვხატავshe can twist him round her little finger §1 თავის ნებაზე ატარებსshe can twist him round her little finger §2 როგორც უნდა ისე ატრიალებსI can't put up with that ამას მე არ მოვითმენ // ამას ვერ შევურიგდებიyou can't kid me! ვერ მომატყუებ! / ვერ გამაცურებ!it's not a serious mistake, we can let it pass ეს სერიოზული შეცდომა არაა, შეიძლება ყურადღება არ მივაქციოთI can't put this writer on a par with Tolstoy ამ მწერალს ტოლსტოის გვერდით ვერ დავაყენებpending his arrival we can't do anything მის ჩამოსვლამდე ვერაფერს გავაკეთებთI can't place his knowledge higher than mine მის ცოდნას ჩემს ცოდნაზე მაღლა ვერ დავაყენებthat can be remedied ამის გამოსწორება შეიძლება // ამას ეშველებაI can't remember his name მისი სახელი არ მახსენდება / მაგონდებაsome Georgian idioms cannot be rendered into English ზოგი ქართული იდიომი ინგლისურად არ ითარგმნებაhuman beings can't reproduce lost limbs ადამიანს დაკარგული კიდურები არ აღუდგებაlizards can reproduce their tails ხვლიკს დაკარგული ბოლო / კუდი ისევ ეზრდებაI can't risk it ამას ვერ გავბედავ / გავრისკავI can’t reach that branch იმ ტოტს ვერ ვწვდებიwhere can I reach you? სად გნახო? // სად იქნები, რომ გნახო?●●this sentence can be read in different ways ამ წინადადების შინაარსის გაგება სხვადასხვაგვარად შეიძლებაthese two methods can’t be reconciled ამ ორი მეთოდის შეთავსება შეუძლებელია●●can you spare me $10 ათ დოლარს ხომ არ მასესხებ?I can't imagine why! ვერ წარმომიდგენია, რატომ!he can't do it, nor can we ამას ვერც ის აკეთებს და ვერც ჩვენI wonder how you can stand it! მიკვირს, ამას როგორ ითმენ!one can safely say that… შეიძლება დამშვიდებით ითქვას, რომhe can't see beyond the end of his nose თავის ცხვირის იქეთ ვერაფერს ვერ ხედავს●●you can't shift him! მაგას ადგილიდან ვერ დაძრავ! (მისი სიზარმაცის გამო)●●I can't subscribe to that idea ამ იდეას ვერ გავიზიარებhow can you suffer such insolence? ასეთ თავხედობას როგორ იტან? / ითმენ?I can't suffer the pain any longer ამ ტკივილს ვეღარ ვითმენ / ვეღარ ვიტანshe's very strange. I can't make her out უცნაურია, ვერაფერი გავუგეno one can match him in telling lies ტყუილებში ვერავინ სჯობნის // ბადალი არა ჰყავსyou can't mean it! ნუთუ ამას სერიოზულად ამბობ? / აპირებ?can I take a message? რა გადავცე? / ხომ არაფერი გადავცე? (ტელეფონზე საუბრისას)he can go if he is so minded თუ უნდა, წავიდესI can't tolerate heat / his impudence სიცხეს / მის თავხედობას ვერ ვიტანyou can touch him for tax evasion შეგიძლია გადასახადის გადახდისაგან თავის არიდებისათვის უჩივლო / დაასჯევინოwhen I have a cold, I can't taste anything როცა გაციებული ვარ გემოს ვერ ვგრძნობ.you can tell at once he is a teacher აშკარად ეტყობა, რომ მასწავლებელიაI can't tell margarine from butter მარგარინსა და კარაქს ერთმანეთისგან ვერ ვარჩევI can't think where he might be ვერ წარმომიდგენია, სად იქნებაa young teacher can't handle such a large class ახალგაზრდა მასწავლებელი ასეთ დიდ ჯგუფს ვერ მოუვლის / ვერ გაუძლებსwe can hardly ask him უხერხულია, რომ ვთხოვოთyou can have it your own way რაც გინდა, ის გიქნია!I can't help thinking about it ამ აზრს ვერ ვიცილებ // არ შემიძლია ამაზე არ ვიფიქროI can't help if it rains რა ჩემი ბრალია, თუ გაწვიმდა?I go to the picture whenever I can როცა შესაძლებლობა მაქვს კინოში დავდივარ.the question is whether he can be believed საკითხავია, შეიძლება თუ არა მას ადვუჯეროთI don't agree that it can't be solved არ გეთანხმებით, რომ ის გადაუწყვეტელია;this is a man without whom we can't go there ეს ის კაცია, რომლის გარეშეც იქ ვერ წავალთI can't understand why he is late; არ მესმის რატომ იგვიანებს;the trouble with him is you can't rely on him უბედურება ისაა, რომ ვერ ენდობიcan you work this machine? ამ დაზგაზე მუშაობა შეგიძლია // ამ დაზგას ვერ აამუშავებ?you can't go wrong with him მასთან არ დაიკარგები / არ გაგიჭირდებაmy child can't walk yet ჩემი ბავშვი ჯერ ვერ დადის//ჩემს ბავშვს ჯერ ფეხი არ აუდგამს;we can supply all your wants შეგვიძლია ყველა თქვენი მოთხოვნილება დავაკმაყოფილოთ;I can't wash this stain off my shirt ეს ლაქა პერანგს ვერ მოვაცილე;it is more than flesh and blood can stand ამას ადამიანი / მოკვდავი ვერ აიტანსI can't follow when you speak so fast როცა სწრაფად ლაპარაკობ, ვერ ვიგებyou can't smoke in the theater თეატრში თამბაქოს მოწევა არ იქნება / არ შეიძლება / აკრძალულიაyou never can tell what he will do next ვინ იცის, შემდეგ რას იზამსcan't you do it by yourself? ამას მარტო / სხვისი დახმარების გარეშე ვერ გააკეთებ?a man who cannot distinguish between red and green is called colour-blind ადამიანს, რომელიც წითელსა და მწვანეს ვერ არჩევს დალტონიკს უწოდებენnothing can excuse your laziness საკუთარ სიზარმაცეს ვერაფრით გაამართლებ / სიზარმაცეს გამართლება არა აქვსsome people cannot exhibit their emotions ზოგი თავის ემოციებს ვერ ამჟღავნებსyou can depend on him შეგიზლია ენდო / დაეყრდნოa submarine can be detected by radar წყალქვეშა ნავის მიგნება რადარით შეიძლებაearly detection of cancer can save a life კიბოს დროული აღმოჩენით შეიძლება სიცოცხლე შენარჩუნებულ იქნესhe can't differentiate a hen from a rooster კრუხსა და მამალს ერთმანეთისაგან ვერ არჩევსthe fortress can be seen from a distance of 10 kilometers ციხე ათი კილომეტრის მანძილიდან ჩანსI can't go any farther გზას ვეღარ გავაგრძელებ // ამის იქით ვერ წავალI can't say with certainty that... არ შემიძლია დანამდვილებით ვთქვა, რომ…I can't face satsivi any more საცივი ისე მომყირჭდა, ვეღარ ვუყურებso far as I know / can see რამდენადაც ვიცი / გამეგებაit can't be compared with… ვერ შეედრება // შედარება შეუძლებელიაI cannot conceive how he did such a foolish thing ვერ გამიგია / ჩემამდე არ დადის ასეთი სისულელე როგორ მოუვიდაcan't is a contracted form of 'cannot' can't' 'cannot'-ის შემოკლებული ფორმააhow can we gauge his reaction to this fact? ამ ამბავზე მისი რეაქცია როგორ განვსაზღვროთ?only an expert can date this old statue ამ ძველი ქანდაკების დათარღება მხოლოდ ექსპერტს შეუძლიაwe can't get around the law კანონს გვერდს ვერ ავუვლით / ვერ ავუქცევთI can`t abide cats კატებს ვერ ვიტან -
105 way *****
[weɪ]1. nprivate/public way — strada privata/pubblica
across or over the way — di fronte
2) (route) stradato lose one's way — perdere la strada, perdersi
the way in — l'entrata, l'ingresso
don't bother, I'll find my own way out — non si scomodi, troverò l'uscita
on the way — (en route) per strada, (expected) in arrivo
to be on one's way — essere in cammino or sulla strada
all the way (here/home) — per tutta la strada (venendo qui/andando a casa)
to lead the way — fare strada, fig essere all'avanguardia
3) (space sb wants to go through) stradato be or get in the or sb's way — essere d'intralcio or d'impiccio a qn
am I in your way? — (of sb watching sth) ti tolgo la visuale?
to stand in sb's way — intralciare il passaggio a qn, fig essere d'ostacolo a qn
"give way" Brit Auto — "dare la precedenza"
to get out of the or sb's way — lasciare passare qn
to keep out of sb's way — evitare qn, stare alla larga da qn
to push/elbow one's way through the crowd — farsi strada a spinte/gomitate tra la folla
he crawled/limped his way to the gate — andò a carponi/zoppicando verso il cancello
to make way (for sb/sth) — far strada (a qn/qc), fig lasciare il posto or fare largo (a qn/qc)
4) (direction) direzione f, parte fwhich way? — this way — da che parte? — da questa (parte), in quale direzione? — per di qua
this way for... — da questa parte per...
which way do we go from here? — da che parte dobbiamo andare da qui?, fig cosa facciamo adesso?
5)to be under way — (work, project) essere in corso
in no way; not in any way — per nulla
no way! fam — neanche per sogno!
do it this way — fallo in questo modo or così
in this way — così, in questo modo
it was this way... — è stato così...
in some ways — in un certo senso, sotto certi aspetti
foreign ways — abitudini fpl forestiere
to get into/out of the way of doing sth — prendere/perdere l'abitudine di fare qc
8)things are in a bad way — le cose si mettono male9)(with "by")
by the way — a proposito2. adv -
106 No
1. adjective1) (not any) keinshe is no beauty — sie ist keine Schönheit od. nicht gerade eine Schönheit
you are no friend — du bist kein [wahrer] Freund
3) (hardly any)2. adverbit's no distance from our house to the shopping centre — von unserem Haus ist es nicht weit bis zum Einkaufszentrum
1) (by no amount) nichtno less [than] — nicht weniger [als]
it is no different from before — es hat sich nichts geändert
2) (equivalent to negative sentence) neinsay/answer ‘no’ — nein sagen/mit Nein antworten
3. nounI won't take ‘no’ for an answer — ein Nein lasse ich nicht gelten
* * *[nəu] 1. adjective2) (not allowed: No smoking.) verboten2. adverb(not (any): He is no better at golf than swimming; He went as far as the shop and no further.) nicht3. interjection(a word used for denying, disagreeing, refusing etc: `Do you like travelling?' `No, (I don't).'; No, I don't agree; `Will you help me?' `No, I won't.') nein4. noun plural( noes)1) (a refusal: She answered with a definite no.) das Nein2) (a vote against something: The noes have won.) Gegenstimme•- academic.ru/50085/nobody">nobody5. noun(a very unimportant person: She's just a nobody.) der Niemand- no-one- there's no saying
- knowing* * *no[nəʊ, nə, AM noʊ, nə]I. adj1. (not any) kein(e)there's \no butter left es ist keine Butter mehr dathere's \no doubt that he is the person we're looking for es besteht kein Zweifel, dass er die Person ist, die wir suchen\no one keinerin \no time im Nu, in null Komma nichts famto be of \no interest/use unwichtig/zwecklos sein2. (in signs)‘\no parking’ ‚Parken verboten‘3. (not a) keinI'm \no expert ich bin kein Fachmannthere's \no denying es lässt sich nicht leugnenthere's \no knowing/telling [or saying] man kann nicht wissen/sagenII. advthe exam is \no more difficult than... das Examen ist nicht schwieriger als...\no less nicht weniger\no less than sb/sth nicht weniger als jd/etw2. (alternative)or \no ( form) oder nichtwhether you like it or \no ob du es magst oder nicht3. (negation) neinwere there any survivors? — \no gab es Überlebende? — neinand you're not even a little bit jealous? — \no, not at all und du bist noch nicht mal ein kleines bisschen eifersüchtig? — nein, überhaupt nicht\no, I suppose not nein, ich denke [wohl] nicht4. (doubt) nein, wirklich nichtI've never done anything like this before — \no? replied the policeman suspiciously ich habe so etwas noch nie zuvor getan — ach ja? erwiderte der Polizist misstrauisch5. (not) nichtto be \no more nicht mehr sein [o existierenIII. nto not take \no for an answer ein Nein nicht [o kein Nein] akzeptierenthe \noes have it die Mehrheit ist dagegenIV. interj1. (refusal) nein, auf keinen Fall2. (comprehension) natürlich nichtwe shouldn't worry about it — \no wir sollten uns darüber keine Sorgen machen — nein, natürlich nicht3. (correcting oneself) [ach] nein4. (surprise) nein, nicht möglichher husband ran off with the au pair — \no! ihr Mann ist mit dem Au-pair-Mädchen durchgebrannt — nein! fam5. (distress)oh \no! oh nein!* * *I [nəʊ]1. adv1) (negative) neinto answer no (to question) — mit Nein antworten, verneinen; (to request)
she can't say no — sie kann nicht Nein or nein sagen
the answer is no — da muss ich Nein or nein sagen; (as emphatic reply also) nein (und noch mal nein)
2) (= not) nichtwhether he comes or no —
he returned to England in an aircraft carrier no less — er kehrte auf nichts Geringerem als einem Flugzeugträger nach England zurück
no later than Monday —
no longer ago than last week — erst letzte Woche
2. adj1) (= not any also with numerals and "other") keinit's of no interest/importance — das ist belanglos/unwichtig
2)no parking/smoking — Parken/Rauchen verboten3)there's no pleasing him — ihm kann man es auch nie recht machen
4) (emph)he's no genius —
I'm no expert, but... — ich bin ja kein Fachmann, aber...
in no time — im Nu
there is no such thing — so etwas gibt es nicht
it was/we did no such thing — bestimmt nicht, nichts dergleichen
I'll do no such thing — ich werde mich hüten
3. n pl - esNeinnt; (= no vote) NeinstimmefIII won't take no for an answer — ich bestehe darauf, ich lasse nicht locker
1) abbr of north N2) abbr of number Nr.* * *No [nəʊ] pl No s No n (ein altjapanisches Drama)* * *1. adjective1) (not any) kein2) (not a) kein; (quite other than) alles andere alsshe is no beauty — sie ist keine Schönheit od. nicht gerade eine Schönheit
you are no friend — du bist kein [wahrer] Freund
3) (hardly any)2. adverbit's no distance from our house to the shopping centre — von unserem Haus ist es nicht weit bis zum Einkaufszentrum
1) (by no amount) nichtno less [than] — nicht weniger [als]
2) (equivalent to negative sentence) neinsay/answer ‘no’ — nein sagen/mit Nein antworten
3. nounI won't take ‘no’ for an answer — ein Nein lasse ich nicht gelten
* * *expr.Nein ausdr. -
107 no
1. adjective1) (not any) keinshe is no beauty — sie ist keine Schönheit od. nicht gerade eine Schönheit
you are no friend — du bist kein [wahrer] Freund
3) (hardly any)2. adverbit's no distance from our house to the shopping centre — von unserem Haus ist es nicht weit bis zum Einkaufszentrum
1) (by no amount) nichtno less [than] — nicht weniger [als]
it is no different from before — es hat sich nichts geändert
2) (equivalent to negative sentence) neinsay/answer ‘no’ — nein sagen/mit Nein antworten
3. nounI won't take ‘no’ for an answer — ein Nein lasse ich nicht gelten
* * *[nəu] 1. adjective2) (not allowed: No smoking.) verboten2. adverb(not (any): He is no better at golf than swimming; He went as far as the shop and no further.) nicht3. interjection(a word used for denying, disagreeing, refusing etc: `Do you like travelling?' `No, (I don't).'; No, I don't agree; `Will you help me?' `No, I won't.') nein4. noun plural( noes)1) (a refusal: She answered with a definite no.) das Nein2) (a vote against something: The noes have won.) Gegenstimme•- academic.ru/50085/nobody">nobody5. noun(a very unimportant person: She's just a nobody.) der Niemand- no-one- there's no saying
- knowing* * *no[nəʊ, nə, AM noʊ, nə]I. adj1. (not any) kein(e)there's \no butter left es ist keine Butter mehr dathere's \no doubt that he is the person we're looking for es besteht kein Zweifel, dass er die Person ist, die wir suchen\no one keinerin \no time im Nu, in null Komma nichts famto be of \no interest/use unwichtig/zwecklos sein2. (in signs)‘\no parking’ ‚Parken verboten‘3. (not a) keinI'm \no expert ich bin kein Fachmannthere's \no denying es lässt sich nicht leugnenthere's \no knowing/telling [or saying] man kann nicht wissen/sagenII. advthe exam is \no more difficult than... das Examen ist nicht schwieriger als...\no less nicht weniger\no less than sb/sth nicht weniger als jd/etw2. (alternative)or \no ( form) oder nichtwhether you like it or \no ob du es magst oder nicht3. (negation) neinwere there any survivors? — \no gab es Überlebende? — neinand you're not even a little bit jealous? — \no, not at all und du bist noch nicht mal ein kleines bisschen eifersüchtig? — nein, überhaupt nicht\no, I suppose not nein, ich denke [wohl] nicht4. (doubt) nein, wirklich nichtI've never done anything like this before — \no? replied the policeman suspiciously ich habe so etwas noch nie zuvor getan — ach ja? erwiderte der Polizist misstrauisch5. (not) nichtto be \no more nicht mehr sein [o existierenIII. nto not take \no for an answer ein Nein nicht [o kein Nein] akzeptierenthe \noes have it die Mehrheit ist dagegenIV. interj1. (refusal) nein, auf keinen Fall2. (comprehension) natürlich nichtwe shouldn't worry about it — \no wir sollten uns darüber keine Sorgen machen — nein, natürlich nicht3. (correcting oneself) [ach] nein4. (surprise) nein, nicht möglichher husband ran off with the au pair — \no! ihr Mann ist mit dem Au-pair-Mädchen durchgebrannt — nein! fam5. (distress)oh \no! oh nein!* * *I [nəʊ]1. adv1) (negative) neinto answer no (to question) — mit Nein antworten, verneinen; (to request)
she can't say no — sie kann nicht Nein or nein sagen
the answer is no — da muss ich Nein or nein sagen; (as emphatic reply also) nein (und noch mal nein)
2) (= not) nichtwhether he comes or no —
he returned to England in an aircraft carrier no less — er kehrte auf nichts Geringerem als einem Flugzeugträger nach England zurück
no later than Monday —
no longer ago than last week — erst letzte Woche
2. adj1) (= not any also with numerals and "other") keinit's of no interest/importance — das ist belanglos/unwichtig
2)no parking/smoking — Parken/Rauchen verboten3)there's no pleasing him — ihm kann man es auch nie recht machen
4) (emph)he's no genius —
I'm no expert, but... — ich bin ja kein Fachmann, aber...
in no time — im Nu
there is no such thing — so etwas gibt es nicht
it was/we did no such thing — bestimmt nicht, nichts dergleichen
I'll do no such thing — ich werde mich hüten
3. n pl - esNeinnt; (= no vote) NeinstimmefIII won't take no for an answer — ich bestehe darauf, ich lasse nicht locker
1) abbr of north N2) abbr of number Nr.* * *no [nəʊ]A adv1. auch int nein:no! (zu einem Kleinkind od einem Hund) pfui!;answer no Nein sagen;say no to Nein sagen zu;I won’t take no for an answer ein Nein lasse ich nicht geltenwhether or no ob od nicht;permitted or no erlaubt od nicht3. (beim komp) um nichts, nicht:no better a writer kein besserer Schriftsteller;no longer (ago) than yesterday erst gesternB pl noes s1. Nein n, verneinende Antwort, Absage f, Weigerung f:a clear no to ein klares Nein auf (akk) oder zu2. PARL Nein-, Gegenstimme f:the ayes and noes die Stimmen für und wider;the noes have it die Mehrheit ist dagegen, der Antrag ist abgelehntC adj1. kein(e):no success kein Erfolg;no hope keine Hoffnung;no one keiner, niemand;at no time nie;2. kein(e), alles andere als ein(e):he is no Englishman er ist kein (typischer) Engländer3. vor ger:* * *1. adjective1) (not any) kein2) (not a) kein; (quite other than) alles andere alsshe is no beauty — sie ist keine Schönheit od. nicht gerade eine Schönheit
you are no friend — du bist kein [wahrer] Freund
3) (hardly any)2. adverbit's no distance from our house to the shopping centre — von unserem Haus ist es nicht weit bis zum Einkaufszentrum
1) (by no amount) nichtno less [than] — nicht weniger [als]
2) (equivalent to negative sentence) neinsay/answer ‘no’ — nein sagen/mit Nein antworten
3. nounI won't take ‘no’ for an answer — ein Nein lasse ich nicht gelten
* * *expr.Nein ausdr. -
108 scope
noun, no indef. art.1) Bereich, der; (of person's activities) Betätigungsfeld, das; (of person's job) Aufgabenbereich, der; (of department etc.) Zuständigkeitsbereich, der; Zuständigkeit, die; (of discussion, meeting, negotiations, investigations, etc.) Rahmen, derthat is a subject beyond my scope — das fällt nicht in meine Sparte; (beyond my grasp) das ist mir zu hoch
2) (opportunity) Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten Pl.* * *[skəup]1) ((often with for) the opportunity or chance to do, use or develop: There's no scope for originality in this job.) der Raum2) (the area or extent of an activity etc: Few things are beyond the scope of a child's imagination.) der Bereich* * *[skəʊp, AM skoʊp]n no plthe \scope of a law der Anwendungsbereich [o Geltungsbereich] eines Gesetzesthat problem is beyond the \scope of my lecture diese Problematik sprengt den Rahmen meines Vortragswe would now like to broaden the \scope of the enquiry wir würden nun gerne den Rahmen der Befragung erweiternhis study was very narrow in \scope seine Studie war von sehr eingeschränkter Sichtweise\scope for improvement Verbesserungsbereich mconsiderable/limited \scope beachtliche/begrenzte Möglichkeiten* * *[skəʊp]n1) (of topic, idea, investigation) Umfang m; (of law, measures) Reichweite f; (of sb's duties, department, tribunal) Kompetenzbereich msth is within the scope of sth — etw hält sich or bleibt im Rahmen einer Sache (gen)
sth is within the scope of a department etc — etw fällt in den Kompetenzbereich einer Abteilung etc
that's beyond the scope of this department — das geht über den Kompetenzbereich dieser Abteilung hinaus
it's not within the scope of my authority to allow that — es würde meine Kompetenzen überschreiten, dies zu erlauben
this project is more limited in scope — dieses Projekt ist auf einen engeren Rahmen begrenzt
that is beyond my scope or the scope of my understanding —
that job is within his scope — diese Arbeit liegt im Bereich seiner Fähigkeiten
3) (= opportunity) Möglichkeit(en) f(pl); (to develop one's talents) Entfaltungsmöglichkeit f; (to use one's talents) Spielraum mthere is scope for further growth in the tourist industry —
there is little scope for reducing our costs — es gibt wenig Spielraum, um die Kosten zu senken
to give sb scope to do sth — jdm den nötigen Spielraum geben, etw zu tun
the job gave him/his imaginative powers full scope — in diesem Beruf konnten sich seine Fähigkeiten/konnte sich seine Fantasie or Phantasie frei entfalten
4)See:= microscope, periscope etc* * *scope1 [skəʊp] s1. (JUR Anwendungs-)Bereich m, Gebiet n:within the scope of the law im Rahmen des Gesetzes;come within the scope of a law unter ein Gesetz fallen;be within ( outside oder beyond) the scope of sich im Rahmen (gen) halten (den Rahmen gen sprengen);that is within ( outside oder beyond) my scope of duties das fällt (nicht) in meinen Aufgabenbereich;an undertaking of wide scope ein groß angelegtes Unternehmen; → academic.ru/29872/function">function A 12. Ausmaß n, Umfang m, Reichweite f:scope of authority JUR Vollmachtsumfanggive one’s fancy full scope seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen;have free scope freie Hand haben ( for bei)5. Wirkungskreis m, Betätigungsfeld n6. Länge f (eines Kabels etc)7. Schuss-, Reichweite f8. a) Ausdehnung f, Weite fb) (großes) Gebiet, (weiter) Landstrich* * *noun, no indef. art.1) Bereich, der; (of person's activities) Betätigungsfeld, das; (of person's job) Aufgabenbereich, der; (of department etc.) Zuständigkeitsbereich, der; Zuständigkeit, die; (of discussion, meeting, negotiations, investigations, etc.) Rahmen, derthat is a subject beyond my scope — das fällt nicht in meine Sparte; (beyond my grasp) das ist mir zu hoch
2) (opportunity) Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten Pl.* * *n.Bereich -e m.Geltungsbereich m.Gültigkeitsbereich m.Rahmen - m.Reichweite f. -
109 walk
[wɔːk] 1. гл.1)а) идти, ходить ( пешком)We walked from the park to the station. — Мы пошли пешком из парка на станцию.
He walked away from me without saying a word. — Он ушёл от меня, не сказав ни слова.
I had just put the dinner on when Jim walked in unexpectedly. — Я только накрыла на стол к обеду, как неожиданно вошёл Джим.
He had ridden and I had walked before him. — Он ехал верхом, а я шла пешком впереди него.
He carried a stick, but he did not use it to walk with. — Он нёс палку, но не пользовался ею при ходьбе.
He was last seen walking into the Town Hall. — Последний раз его видели, когда он входил в городскую ратушу.
We said goodbye; then he turned and walked off without another word. — Мы попрощались; он повернулся и ушёл, ничего больше не сказав.
Let's walk on a bit further before we stop to eat. — Давайте ещё немного пройдём, прежде чем остановиться перекусить.
I think I'll walk out for a little while, to get a breath of fresh air. — Я думаю, я выйду на немного, чтобы подышать свежим воздухом.
б) гулять, прогуливатьсяIs it safe for the President to walk about without a guard? — Безопасно ли президенту гулять без охраны?
Walking through the forest one day, we found a strange little hut that no one had ever seen before. — Однажды, гуляя по лесу, мы обнаружили необычную маленькую хижину, которую никто никогда до этого не видел.
Syn:2) делать обход (о стороже, путевом обходчике и т. п.)3)а) водить гулять, прогуливать (кого-л.)She walked her dog in the park. — Она выгуливала свою собаку в парке.
в) сопровождать; провожатьг) заставлять идти (подталкивая, волоча под руки); помогать идти ( поддерживая)4) появляться, маячить, бродить (о привидениях, лунатиках)Syn:5) мор. выхаживать ( якорную цепь), ходить на шпилеHe did not deny that the quadrille, as now walked, is ridiculous. — Он и не отрицал, что кадриль, с такими шагами, какие в ней используют сейчас, выглядит странно.
7) уст. вести себя, жить8) уходить, отбывать, уезжатьto walk without any questions — уйти, не сказав ни слова
Syn:9) маршировать, идти процессией10) соблюдать, следовать (чему-л.)He continued to walk the round of his duties. (H. Miller) — Он продолжал выполнять привычный круг обязанностей.
11) расхаживать; ходить взад-вперёд, туда-сюдаThere were just a few people walking about in the town square, but no traffic in the streets. — На улицах совсем не было машин, только редкие прохожие прогуливались по городской площади.
Syn:12) ( walk into) разг. бранить (кого-л.), набрасываться с бранью на (кого-л.)I could hear the director walking into Jim for being late again. — Я слышал, как директор ругал Джима за то, что тот снова опоздал.
13) ( walk into) разг. есть, уплетать (что-л.)That boy walked into the meal as if he hadn't seen food for a week. — Этот парнишка накинулся на еду, как будто целую неделю ничего не ел.
14) ( walk into) разг. натолкнуться, попасть на (что-л.)He walked into the ambush. — Он натолкнулся на засаду.
No one was surprised when she walked into the top position. — Никто не удивился, когда она получила высокую должность.
16) (walk on / over) плохо обращаться с (кем-л.)Why do you let him walk on you like that all the time? — Почему ты позволяешь ему так с тобой обходиться всё время?
She lets those children walk (all) over her. — Она позволяет детям не считаться со своими интересами.
17) ( walk through) театр. репетировать; прогонять ( сцену)Shall we walk through Act One, so that you get used to the movements? — Может быть, ещё раз прогоним первый акт, чтобы ты запомнил движения?
18) ( walk through) легко справляться с (чем-л.)John thought that he would fail his driving test, as usual, but this time, to his own surprise, he walked through it. — Джон думал, что, как обычно, провалится на экзамене на водительские права. Но на этот раз, к своему собственному удивлению, он сдал его.
Syn:19) ( walk through) помочь осуществить (что-л. трудное)She walked me through the procedure. — Она помогла мне уладить все формальности.
•- walk abroad- walk away
- walk in
- walk off
- walk on
- walk out
- walk over
- walk together
- walk up••to walk smb. round — обвести кого-л. вокруг пальца
2. сущ.to walk in golden / silver slippers — купаться в роскоши
1) шаг, ходьбаWe have only ten minutes left for our walk back. — У нас только 10 минут для того, чтобы вернуться назад.
2) расстояниеSyn:3) спорт. спортивная ходьба4) спокойный шаг ( лошади)He did not once let his horse go out of a sober walk. (V. Jacob) — Он ни разу не позволил своей лошади сбиться со спокойного шага.
to go for / take a walk — прогуляться
to take smb. for a walk — совершить прогулку с кем-л.
We took a walk from our house to the center of town. — Мы прошли пешком от нашего дома до центра города.
It's an easy walk from here to school. — Отсюда легко дойти до школы.
6) обход своего района (разносчиком и т. п.)7) диал. церемониальное шествие, процессияSyn:procession 1.8)а) тропа, маршрут для прогулокб) аллеяThere is a long walk of aged elms. — Там есть длинная аллея старых вязов.
Syn:ambulatory 2.г) тропа, тротуар, пешеходная дорожкаSyn:9) уст. выпас ( обычно для овец)10) походка, поступь11) закреплённый участок для обхода, патрулирования12) сфера влияния, подконтрольная территория13) птичник, птичий дворSyn:14) направление, течение, сфера (в каком-л. виде деятельности)Three sisters displayed much talent in pursuing this walk of literature. (W. H. Ireland) — Три сестры продемонстрировали большие способности именно в этой области литературы.
••to win in a walk — амер. легко победить
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110 Comparative degree: adjectives
1) Сравнительная степень прилагательных в английском языке может образовываться синтетически (прибавлением суффикса -er) или аналитически (с помощью конструкции со словом more).а) Синтетически образуют сравнительную степень односложные прилагательные (кроме right и wrong), а также часть двусложных прилагательных: все оканчивающиеся на -y, а также прилагательные clever, narrow, quiet, simpleб) Многие двусложные прилагательные могут образовывать сравнительную степень как синтетически, так и аналитическиcommon (распространенный) — commoner/more common (более распространенный)
polite (вежливый) — politer/more polite (вежливее)
в) Только аналитически образуют сравнительную степень некоторые двусложные прилагательные (в частности, все оканчивающиеся на -ing, -ed, -ful и - less), а также прилагательные, состоящие из трех или более слогов.В случае сомнений способ образования сравнительной степени двусложных прилагательных следует устанавливать по словарю.But what is more striking... — Но более поразительно то, что...
But the British people have a far more reserved nature than Australians. — Но по сравнению с австралийцами, британцы гораздо сдержаннее по характеру.
He grew more cheerful. — Он приободрился.
And now that I'm more helpless than ever, you're going away! — И теперь, когда я так беспомощен, ты уходишь.
Family and friends are more important than money. — Семья и друзья важнее денег.
г) Некоторые прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень нерегулярно или имеют несколько сравнительных форм:far (дальний) — farther (более удаленный)/further (дополнительный)
old (старый) — older (более старый)/elder (старший)
д) Нерегулярно образуют сравнительную форму следующие местоимения-прилагательные.much/many (много) — more (больше)
2) Синтетическая форма сравнительной степени не используется, если сравниваются две возможные характеристики одного и того же предметаShe is more nice than wise — Она скорее мила, чем умна
3) Для обозначения убывающей степени проявления качества вместо местоимения more используется местоимение less4) Прилагательное в сравнительной степени может иметь при себе уточняющие слова much, many (перед more + сущ. во мн.ч.), far, a lot, lots - гораздо, намного, any - сколько-нибудь, no - нисколько не, rather - довольно, a little, a bit - немного, even, all the - еще, any the - еще сколько-нибудь, none the - еще ничуть не. Слова any, no, a bit и a lot, как правило, не используются при прилагательных в сравнительной степени, имеющих при себе существительныеHe's got many more problems these days than ever — У него сейчас гораздо больше проблем, чем когда-либо раньше
This car is a bit more expensive. — Эта машина стоит немного дороже.
Again she had a scene of remonstrance with Tom, all the more severe, in proportion to the greater strength of her present position — Она снова устроила Тому скандал. На этот раз она протестовала еще сильнее, так как позиции ее упрочились.
English-Russian grammar dictionary > Comparative degree: adjectives
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111 too
❢ When too means also it is generally translated by aussi: me too = moi aussi ; can I have some too? = est-ce que je peux en avoir aussi? When too means to an excessive degree ( too high, too dangerous) it is translated by trop: trop haut, trop dangereux. For examples of the above and further usages, see the entry below.1 (also, as well) aussi ; you too could be a winner! vous aussi, vous pourriez réussir! ; ‘I love you’-‘I love you too’ ‘je t'aime’-‘moi aussi, je t'aime’ ; have you been to India too? ( like me) est-ce que toi aussi tu es allé en Inde? ; ( as well as other countries) est-ce que tu es allé en Inde aussi? ; he speaks French, German too il parle français et allemand aussi ; the town has changed, so too have the inhabitants la ville a changé, les habitants aussi ; ‘have a nice evening’-‘you too!’ ‘bonne soirée’-‘toi aussi!’ ; she's kind but she's strict too elle est gentille mais elle est stricte ;2 ( reinforcing an opinion) you should talk to someone-and soon too il faudrait que tu en parles à quelqu'un et sans tarder ; Marie cooked the meal-and very tasty it is too! Marie a préparé le repas-c'est vraiment très bon! ; ‘she was very annoyed and quite right too!’ ‘elle était vraiment agacée et il y avait de quoi!’ ; they sacked him and quite right too! ils l'ont viré et ils ont bien fait! ;3 (expressing indignation, annoyance) ‘they're here’-‘about time too!’ ‘ils sont là’-‘il est bien temps! ’ ; ‘I'm sorry’-‘I should think so too!’ ‘je m'excuse’-‘j'espère bien!’ ; it was such a smart jacket, expensive too c'était une si belle veste, et chère en plus ; …and in front of your mother too! …et devant ta mère en plus or par-dessus le marché! ;4 ( excessively) trop ; the coat is too big for him le manteau est trop grand pour lui ; just too big/nosy bien trop grand/curieux ; it's too early to leave il est trop tôt pour partir ; it's too early for them to leave il est trop tôt pour qu'ils partent ( subj) ; the tray was too heavy for me to carry le plateau était trop lourd pour moi ; it's too easy (for them) to criticize c'est trop facile (pour eux) de critiquer ; I was too shocked to speak j'étais trop choqué pour parler ; it's too hot a day for walking il fait trop chaud pour marcher aujourd'hui ; it's too fast a game for me c'est un jeu trop rapide pour moi ; too many/too few people trop de/trop peu de gens ; too much traffic trop de circulation ; I ate too much j'ai trop mangé ; it's too much of a strain c'est trop stressant ; she's too much of a feminist/a diplomat to do elle est trop féministe/diplomate pour faire ; he was in too much of a hurry to talk il était trop pressé pour parler ; too silly for words d'une bêtise sans nom ; it was too little too late c'était trop peu trop tard ; the measures were too little too late les mesures étaient insuffisantes et avaient été prises trop tard ;5 (emphatic: very) trop ; you're too kind! aussi hum, iron vous êtes trop aimable! ; they'll be only too pleased to help ils seront trop contents or ils seront ravis de rendre service ; he's only too ready to criticize il ne rate pas une occasion de critiquer ; she hasn't been too well recently elle n'est pas vraiment en forme ces temps-ci ; that's too bad! ( a pity) c'est tellement dommage! ; ( tough) tant pis! ; ‘so you're annoyed’-‘too right (I am)!’ ‘alors tu es fâché’-‘et comment!’ ; ⇒ all, only ;6 ( in negatives) trop ; he's not too mad about jazz il n'aime pas trop le jazz ; he didn't do too bad a job il ne s'est pas trop mal débrouillé ; it wasn't too bad [film, trip] ce n'était pas trop mal ; you weren't too bad at all! tu n'étais pas mal du tout! ; he wasn't too bad ( in health) il n'allait pas trop mal ; ( in appearance) il n'était pas trop mal ; ( in his reactions) il n'était pas trop désagréable ; we're not too thrilled on ne peut pas dire que nous soyons ravis ; I'm not too sure about that je n'en suis pas si sûr ; it's not too far removed from blackmail c'est presque du chantage ; ‘they've arrived’-‘none too soon!’ ‘ils sont arrivés’-‘ce n'est pas trop tôt’ ;7 ○ (contradicting: so) ‘you don't know how to swim’-‘I do too!’ ‘tu ne sais pas nager’-‘bien sûr que si je sais!’ ; ‘he didn't pinch you’-‘he did too!’ ‘il ne t'a pas pincé’-‘si d'abord ○ !’ -
112 Lebon, Philippe
SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities[br]b. 29 May 1767 Bruchey, near Joinville, Franced. 2 December 1804 Paris, France[br]French pioneer of gas lighting.[br]Lebon was the son of a court official under Louis XV. He entered the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées and graduated in 1792, by which time he had acquired a considerable reputation as a scientific engineer. He is credited with the invention of the firetube steam boiler and of the superheater, and he also devised an engine to work by gas, but from 1792 until his untimely death he worked mainly on his experiments to produce an inflammable gas for lighting purposes. He submitted a paper on the subject in 1799 to the Institut National and received a patent in the same year. The patent covers the detailed making and application of gas for light, heat and power, and the recovery of by-products. It describes the production of the gas by the carbonization of coal, although Lebon in feet used only wood gas for his experiments and demonstrations. He began demonstrations in a private house in Paris, but these attracted little attention. He achieved wider public interest when he moved to the Hôtel Seignelay, where he started a series of public demonstrations in 1801, but he attracted little profit, and in fact lost his money in his experiments. He then set up a plant near Rouen to manufacture wood tar, but his career was brought to an end by his brutal murder in the Champs Elysées in Paris. William Murdock was working along similar lines in England, although Lebon knew nothing of his experiments. The German entrepreneur F.A. Winsor visited Lebon and managed to discover the essentials of his processes, which he turned to good account in England with the founding of the Gas, Light \& Coke Company.[br]Further ReadingS.T.McCloy, 1952, French Inventors of the Eighteenth Century.A.Fayol, 1943, Philippe Lebon et le gaz d'éclair-age.LRD -
113 Metcalf, John
[br]b. 1717 Knaresborough, Yorkshire, England d. 1810[br]English pioneer road builder.[br]The son of poor working parents, at the age of 6 an attack of smallpox left him blind; however, this did not restrict his future activities, which included swimming and riding. He learned the violin and was much employed as the fiddle-player at country parties. He saved enough money to buy a horse on which he hunted. He took part in bowls, wrestling and boxing, being a robust six foot two inches tall. He rode to Whitby and went thence by boat to London and made other trips to York, Reading and Windsor. In 1740 Colonel Liddell offered him a seat in his coach from London to Harrogate, but he declined and got there more quickly on foot. He set up a one-horse chaise and a four-wheeler for hire in Harrogate, but the local innkeepers set up in competition in the public hire business. He went into the fish business, buying at the coast and selling in Leeds and other towns, but made little profit so he took up his violin again. During the rebellion of 1745 he recruited for Colonel Thornton and served to fight at Hexham, Newcastle and Falkirk, returning home after the Battle of Culloden. He then started travelling between Yorkshire, where be bought cotton and worsted stockings, and Aberdeen, where he sold horses. He set up a twice-weekly service of stage wagons between Knaresborough and York.In 1765 an Act was passed for a turnpike road between Harrogate and Boroughbridge and he offered to build the Master Surveyor, a Mr Ostler, three miles (5 km) of road between Minskip and Fearnly, selling his wagons and his interest in the carrying business. The road was built satisfactorily and on time. He then quoted for a bridge at Boroughbridge and for a turnpike road between Knaresborough and Harrogate. He built many other roads, always doing the survey of the route on his own. The roads crossed bogs on a base of ling and furze. Many of his roads outside Yorkshire were in Lancashire, Cheshire and Derbyshire. In all he built some 180 miles (290 km) of road, for which he was paid some £65,000.He worked for thirty years on road building, retiring in old age to a cotton business in Stockport where he had six spinning jennies and a carding engine; however, he found there was little profit in this so he gave the machinery to his son-in-law. The last road he built was from Haslington to Accrington, but due to the rise in labour costs brought about by the demand from the canal boom, he only made £40 profit on a £3,000 contract; the road was completed in 1792, when he retired to his farm at Spofforth at the age of 75. There he died, leaving a wife, four children, twenty grandchildren and ninety greatgrandchildren. His wife was the daughter of the landlord of the Granby Inn, Knaresborough.[br]Further ReadingS.Smiles, Lives of the Engineers, Metcalfe, Telford: John Murray.IMcN -
114 Muybridge, Eadweard
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 9 April 1830 Kingston upon Thames, Englandd. 8 May 1904 Kingston upon Thames, England[br]English photographer and pioneer of sequence photography of movement.[br]He was born Edward Muggeridge, but later changed his name, taking the Saxon spelling of his first name and altering his surname, first to Muygridge and then to Muybridge. He emigrated to America in 1851, working in New York in bookbinding and selling as a commission agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. Through contact with a New York daguerreotypist, Silas T.Selleck, he acquired an interest in photography that developed after his move to California in 1855. On a visit to England in 1860 he learned the wet-collodion process from a friend, Arthur Brown, and acquired the best photographic equipment available in London before returning to America. In 1867, under his trade pseudonym "Helios", he set out to record the scenery of the Far West with his mobile dark-room, christened "The Flying Studio".His reputation as a photographer of the first rank spread, and he was commissioned to record the survey visit of Major-General Henry W.Halleck to Alaska and also to record the territory through which the Central Pacific Railroad was being constructed. Perhaps because of this latter project, he was approached by the President of the Central Pacific, Leland Stanford, to attempt to photograph a horse trotting at speed. There was a long-standing controversy among racing men as to whether a trotting horse had all four hooves off the ground at any point; Stanford felt that it did, and hoped than an "instantaneous" photograph would settle the matter once and for all. In May 1872 Muybridge photographed the horse "Occident", but without any great success because the current wet-collodion process normally required many seconds, even in a good light, for a good result. In April 1873 he managed to produce some better negatives, in which a recognizable silhouette of the horse showed all four feet above the ground at the same time.Soon after, Muybridge left his young wife, Flora, in San Francisco to go with the army sent to put down the revolt of the Modoc Indians. While he was busy photographing the scenery and the combatants, his wife had an affair with a Major Harry Larkyns. On his return, finding his wife pregnant, he had several confrontations with Larkyns, which culminated in his shooting him dead. At his trial for murder, in February 1875, Muybridge was acquitted by the jury on the grounds of justifiable homicide; he left soon after on a long trip to South America.He again took up his photographic work when he returned to North America and Stanford asked him to take up the action-photography project once more. Using a new shutter design he had developed while on his trip south, and which would operate in as little as 1/1,000 of a second, he obtained more detailed pictures of "Occident" in July 1877. He then devised a new scheme, which Stanford sponsored at his farm at Palo Alto. A 50 ft (15 m) long shed was constructed, containing twelve cameras side by side, and a white background marked off with vertical, numbered lines was set up. Each camera was fitted with Muybridge's highspeed shutter, which was released by an electromagnetic catch. Thin threads stretched across the track were broken by the horse as it moved along, closing spring electrical contacts which released each shutter in turn. Thus, in about half a second, twelve photographs were obtained that showed all the phases of the movement.Although the pictures were still little more than silhouettes, they were very sharp, and sequences published in scientific and photographic journals throughout the world excited considerable attention. By replacing the threads with an electrical commutator device, which allowed the release of the shutters at precise intervals, Muybridge was able to take series of actions by other animals and humans. From 1880 he lectured in America and Europe, projecting his results in motion on the screen with his Zoopraxiscope projector. In August 1883 he received a grant of $40,000 from the University of Pennsylvania to carry on his work there. Using the vastly improved gelatine dry-plate process and new, improved multiple-camera apparatus, during 1884 and 1885 he produced over 100,000 photographs, of which 20,000 were reproduced in Animal Locomotion in 1887. The subjects were animals of all kinds, and human figures, mostly nude, in a wide range of activities. The quality of the photographs was extremely good, and the publication attracted considerable attention and praise.Muybridge returned to England in 1894; his last publications were Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901). His influence on the world of art was enormous, over-turning the conventional representations of action hitherto used by artists. His work in pioneering the use of sequence photography led to the science of chronophotography developed by Marey and others, and stimulated many inventors, notably Thomas Edison to work which led to the introduction of cinematography in the 1890s.[br]Bibliography1887, Animal Locomotion, Philadelphia.1893, Descriptive Zoopraxography, Pennsylvania. 1899, Animals in Motion, London.1901, The Human Figure in Motion, London.Further Reading1973, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, Stanford.G.Hendricks, 1975, Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture, New York. R.Haas, 1976, Muybridge: Man in Motion, California.B.Coe, 1992, Muybridge and the Chromophoto-graphers, London.BC -
115 Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon
[br]b. 13 June 1854 London, Englandd. 11 February 1931 on board Duchess of Richmond, Kingston, Jamaica[br]English eingineer, inventor of the steam turbine and developer of the high-speed electric generator.[br]The youngest son of the Earl of Rosse, he came from a family well known in scientific circles, the six boys growing up in an intellectual atmosphere at Birr Castle, the ancestral home in Ireland, where a forge and large workshop were available to them. Charles, like his brothers, did not go to school but was educated by private tutors of the character of Sir Robert Ball, this type of education being interspersed with overseas holiday trips to France, Holland, Belgium and Spain in the family yacht. In 1871, at the age of 17, he went to Trinity College, Dublin, and after two years he went on to St John's College, Cambridge. This was before the Engineering School had opened, and Parsons studied mechanics and mathematics.In 1877 he was apprenticed to W.G.Armstrong \& Co. of Elswick, where he stayed for four years, developing an epicycloidal engine that he had designed while at Cambridge. He then moved to Kitson \& Co. of Leeds, where he went half shares in a small experimental shop working on rocket propulsion for torpedoes.In 1887 he married Katherine Bethell, who contracted rheumatic fever from early-morning outdoor vigils with her husband to watch his torpedo experiments while on their honeymoon! He then moved to a partnership in Clarke, Chapman \& Co. at Gateshead. There he joined the electrical department, initially working on the development of a small, steam-driven marine lighting set. This involved the development of either a low-speed dynamo, for direct coupling to a reciprocating engine, or a high-speed engine, and it was this requirement that started Parsons on the track of the steam turbine. This entailed many problems such as the running of shafts at speeds of up to 40,000 rpm and the design of a DC generator for 18,000 rpm. He took out patents for both the turbine and the generator on 23 April 1884. In 1888 he dissolved his partnership with Clarke, Chapman \& Co. to set up his own firm in Newcastle, leaving his patents with the company's owners. This denied him the use of the axial-flow turbine, so Parsons then designed a radial-flow layout; he later bought back his patents from Clarke, Chapman \& Co. His original patent had included the use of the steam turbine as a means of marine propulsion, and Parsons now set about realizing this possibility. He experimented with 2 ft (61 cm) and 6 ft (183 cm) long models, towed with a fishing line or, later, driven by a twisted rubber cord, through a single-reduction set of spiral gearing.The first trials of the Turbinia took place in 1894 but were disappointing due to cavitation, a little-understood phenomenon at the time. He used an axial-flow turbine of 2,000 shp running at 2,000 rpm. His work resulted in a far greater understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation than had hitherto existed. Land turbines of up to 350 kW (470 hp) had meanwhile been built. Experiments with the Turbinia culminated in a demonstration which took place at the great Naval Review of 1897 at Spithead, held to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Here, the little Turbinia darted in and out of the lines of heavy warships and destroyers, attaining the unheard of speed of 34.5 knots. The following year the Admiralty placed their first order for a turbine-driven ship, and passenger vessels started operation soon after, the first in 1901. By 1906 the Admiralty had moved over to use turbines exclusively. These early turbines had almost all been direct-coupled to the ship's propeller shaft. For optimum performance of both turbine and propeller, Parsons realized that some form of reduction gearing was necessary, which would have to be extremely accurate because of the speeds involved. Parsons's Creep Mechanism of 1912 ensured that any errors in the master wheel would be distributed evenly around the wheel being cut.Parsons was also involved in optical work and had a controlling interest in the firm of Ross Ltd of London and, later, in Sir Howard Grubb \& Sons. He he was an enlightened employer, originating share schemes and other benefits for his employees.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted. Order of Merit 1927.Further ReadingA.T.Bowden, 1966, "Charles Parsons: Purveyor of power", in E.G.Semler (ed.), The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon
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116 Vitruvius Pollio
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. early first century BCd. c. 25 BC[br]Roman writer on architecture and engineering subjects.[br]Nothing is known of Vitruvius apart from what can be gleaned from his only known work, the treatise De architectura. He seems to have been employed in some capacity by Julius Caesar and continued to serve under his heir, Octavianus, later Emperor Augustus, to whom he dedicated his book. It was written towards the end of his life, after Octavianus became undisputed ruler of the Empire by his victory at Actium in 31 BC, and was based partly on his own experience and partly on earlier, Hellenistic, writers.The De architectura is divided into ten books. The first seven books expound the general principles of architecture and the planning, design and construction of various types of building, public and domestic, including a consideration of techniques and materials. Book 7 deals with interior decoration, including stucco work and painting, while Book 8 treats water supply, from the location of sources to the transport of water by aqueducts, tunnels and pipes. Book 9, after a long and somewhat confused account of the astronomical theories of the day, describes various forms of clock and sundial. Finally, Book 10 deals with mechanical devices for handling building materials and raising and pumping water, for which Vitruvius draws on the earlier Greek authors Ctesibius and Hero.Although this may seem a motley assembly of subjects, to the Roman architect and builder it was a logical compendium of the subjects he was expected to know about. At the time, Vitruvius' rigid rules for the design of buildings such as temples seem to have had little influence, but his accounts of more practical matters of building materials and techniques were widely used. His illustrations to the original work were lost in antiquity, for no later manuscript includes them. Through the Middle Ages, manuscript copies were made in monastic scriptoria, although the architectural style in vogue had little relevance to those in Vitruvius: these came into their own with the Italian Renaissance. Alberti, writing the first great Renaissance treatise on architecture from 1452 to 1467, drew heavily on De architectura; those who sought to revive the styles of antiquity were bound to regard the only surviving text on the subject as authoritative. The appearance of the first printed edition in 1486 only served to extend its influence.During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Vitruvius was used as a handbook for constructing machines and instruments. For the modern historian of technology and architecture the work is a source of prime importance, although it must be remembered that the illustrations in the early printed editions are of contemporary reproductions of ancient devices using the techniques of the time, rather than authentic representations of ancient technology.[br]BibliographyOf the several critical editions of De architectura there are the Teubner edition, 1899. ed. V.Rose, Leipzig; the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1962, ed. F.Granger, London: Heinemann, (with English trans. and notes); and the Collection Guillaume Budé with French trans. and full commentary, 10 vols, Paris (in progress).Further ReadingApart from the notes to the printed editions, see also: H.Plommer, 1973, Vitruvius and Later Roman Building Manuals, London. A.G.Drachmann, 1963, The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity Copenhagen and London.S.L.Gibbs, 1976, Greek and Roman Sundials, New Haven and London.LRD -
117 Wozniak, Stephen G.
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 1950 Sunnyvale, California, USA[br]American computer engineer who with Steven Jobs built the first home computer.[br]Bored by school at Sunnyvale, the young Wozniak became interested in computers and at the age of only 13 years he constructed a transistorized calculator that won a prize at the Bay Area Science Fair. After high school, he went to the University of Colorado, but he left the following year to study at the De Anza College in Cupertino, California, finally dropping out of formal education altogether and working as a programmer for a small computer company. In 1971 he made another attempt at studying for a degree in engineering, this time at the University of California at Berkeley, but he again dropped out and went to work for Hewlett-Packard, where he met 16-year-old Steve Jobs. Joining the Homebrew Computer Club, and with Jobs's help, he built a home computer based on the MOS Technology 8-bit, 6502 microprocessor chip. With 4 K of random access memory (RAM) and the first BASIC interpreter written by Wozniak himself, he demonstrated the computer to Hewlett-Packard management, but they showed little interest in taking it up. With Jobs he therefore founded Apple Company, and with assembly in Jobs's home they found an interested buyer in the shape of Paul Terrill, owner of the newly established Byte Shop chain store, who ordered 100 boards at US$500 each. As a result, with the support of a backer, Mike Markkula, Wozniak in 1976 designed a second computer, the Apple II, which had 16 K of RAM and was offered for sale (without a monitor) at $1195. This was an immediate success and sales rose from $775,000 in 1977 to $335 million in 1981 and $983 million in 1983. In the meantime, however, Wozniak was seriously injured in a plane crash in 1980. He recovered slowly from his injuries and in 1982 returned to college to complete his degree course, after which he spent much of his time with his family. Eventually he became increasingly unhappy with the chaotic management at Apple, and he left the company in 1985, subsequently forming his own computer company, Cloud 9.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFirst National Technology Medal (with Jobs) 1985.Further ReadingM.Moritz, 1984, The Little Kingdom. The Private Story of Apple Computers.J.S.Young, 1988, Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward: Scott Foreman \& Co.KF -
118 поодаль
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119 acquaintance
əˈkweɪntəns сущ.
1) знакомство upon further acquaintance ≈ при более близком знакомстве to make the acquaintance of smb. ≈ познакомиться с кем-л. to renew an acquaintance ≈ возобновить отношения, возобновить знакомство to strike up an acquaintance with ≈ завязать знакомство с кем-л. On closer acquaintance he proved to be a nice person. ≈ При более близком знакомстве он оказался приятным человеком. On first acquaintance she is cool and slightly distant. ≈ При первом знакомстве она производит впечатление холодного и слегка надменного человека. casual acquaintance nodding acquaintance passing acquaintance slight acquaintance superficial acquaintance Syn: association
2) знакомый;
знакомая He exchanged a few words with the proprietor, an old acquaintance of his. ≈ Он обменялся несколькими словами с хозяином - его старым знакомым. Syn: associate
3) (with) осведомленность, знакомство He has some acquaintance with statistics. ≈ Он немного знает статистику. They has little or no acquaintance with Chinesen philosophy or history. ≈ Они очень мало знакомы или вообще не знакомы с китайской философией и историей.знакомство - upon * при более близком знакомстве - to make smb.'s *, to make the * of smb., to make * with smb. познакомиться с кем-л. - to cultivate the * of smb. ценить чью-л. дружбу, поддерживать знакомство с кем-л. - to scrape * with smb. (разговорное) навязывать знакомство кому-л., набиваться на знакомство с кем-л. - to drop an * раззнакомиться( with) знание, осведомленность - I have some * with the language я немного знаю этот язык знакомый;
знакомая - we are but slight *s мы немного знакомы - we have many *s in our town в этом городе у нас много знакомыхacquaintance знакомство;
nodding( или bowing) acquaintance шапочное знакомство;
to make the acquaintance (of smb.), to make (smb.'s) acquaintance познакомиться (с кем-л.) ~ знакомство ~ знакомый ~ знание ~ осведомленностьto cultivate the ~ поддерживать знакомство (of - c)acquaintance знакомство;
nodding (или bowing) acquaintance шапочное знакомство;
to make the acquaintance (of smb.), to make (smb.'s) acquaintance познакомиться (с кем-л.)acquaintance знакомство;
nodding (или bowing) acquaintance шапочное знакомство;
to make the acquaintance (of smb.), to make (smb.'s) acquaintance познакомиться (с кем-л.)acquaintance знакомство;
nodding (или bowing) acquaintance шапочное знакомство;
to make the acquaintance (of smb.), to make (smb.'s) acquaintance познакомиться (с кем-л.)Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > acquaintance
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120 demur
dɪˈmə:
1. сущ.
1) возражение Syn: protest, objection, rejoinder
2) колебание, сомнение в своей правоте After a little demur, he accepted the offer. ≈ Немного поколебавшись, он принял предложение. Syn: qualm
2. гл.
1) уст. колебаться, не решаться;
сомневаться, раздумывать Syn: doubt, have one's doubts, delay
2., hesitate
2) возражать, протестовать (at, to) My host at first demurred but I insisted. ≈ Сначала мой хозяин был против, но я настоял. Syn: object
3) юр. заявлять процессуальный отвод ∙ Syn: balk, boggle, recoil, scruple, shirk, shrink, shy Ant: accede, accept, consent возражение, протест - without * без возражений - no * возражений нет - he made no further * он больше не возражал (книжное) возражать, протестовать (часто с прямой речью) - to * to /at, редк. on) the inference, to * the возражать против заключения /вывода/ - "The question ought to be different", I *red "Следует задавать (совсем) другой вопрос", - возразил я (юридическое) заявлять процессуальный отвод demur возражение;
without demur без возражений;
no demur возражений нет ~ юр. заявлять процессуальный отвод ~ колебание ~ представлять возражения;
to demur to a proposal возражать против предложения;
he demurred at working so late он возражал против того, чтобы работать так поздно ~ сомневаться, колебаться ~ представлять возражения;
to demur to a proposal возражать против предложения;
he demurred at working so late он возражал против того, чтобы работать так поздно ~ представлять возражения;
to demur to a proposal возражать против предложения;
he demurred at working so late он возражал против того, чтобы работать так поздно demur возражение;
without demur без возражений;
no demur возражений нет demur возражение;
without demur без возражений;
no demur возражений нет
См. также в других словарях:
Little Hautbois — is a small hamlet in North Norfolk, England, part of the parish of Lamas. The name is pronounced Hobbis , and can be seen thus spelled on a memorial on the outside of nearby Lamas Church. [Pevsner, Norfolk Churches Site] In the Middle Ages, the… … Wikipedia
further — fur|ther1 W1S1 [ˈfə:ðə US ˈfə:rðər] adv ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(more)¦ 2 take something further 3¦(distance)¦ 4¦(time)¦ 5¦(in addition)¦ 6 further to something 7 nothing could be further from the truth 8 nothing could be/is further from somebody s… … Dictionary of contemporary English
further — fur|ther1 [ fɜrðər ] function word *** Further can be used in the following ways: as an adverb: She walked further up the hill. after the verb to be : From our house to downtown is only six miles, but it s further if you follow the river. as an… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
further — I UK [ˈfɜː(r)ðə(r)] / US [ˈfɜrðər] adjective, adverb *** Summary: Further can be used in the following ways: as an adverb: She walked further up the hill. after the verb to be : From our house to the city centre is only six miles, but it s… … English dictionary
further — 1 adverb 1 MORE if you do something further you do it more, or to a greater degree: I will develop this point further next week. | Things were further complicated by the fact that she did not speak Spanish. (+ into/away etc): Marcus sank further… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
further*/*/*/ — [ˈfɜːðə] grammar word I summary: Further can be: ■ an adverb: She walked further up the hill. ■ used after the verb ‘to be : By road it s only six miles, but it s further if you follow the river. ■ an adjective: Further details are available from … Dictionary for writing and speaking English
Little Rock, Arkansas — Little Rock redirects here. For other uses, see Little Rock (disambiguation). City of Little Rock, Arkansas City … Wikipedia
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