679c

ζῆλος, ου, ὁ, later εος, τό, Ep.Phil.3.6 codd. opt.; [dialect] Dor. [full] ζᾶλος IG12 (5).891, etc.:—

A jealousy (= φθόνος), Hes.Op. 195, S.OT 1526: coupled with φθόνος by Democr.191, Lys.2.48, Pl.Phlb. 47e, 50c, Lg. 679c(pl.);

εἰς ζῆλον ἰέναι Id.R. 550e

: more usu. in good sense, eager rivalry, emulation, Id.Mx. 242a, Arist.Rh. 1388a30.

2 c. gen. pers., zeal for one,

ξυναίμων S.OC 943

; κατὰ ζῆλον Ἡρακλέους in emulation of him, Plu.Thes.25;

ζ. πρός τινα Luc.Dem.Enc.57

: abs., passion, PGrenf.1.1.13 (ii B.C.).

3 c. gen. rei, ζῆλον.. γάμων ἔχουσα causing rivalry for my hand, E.Hec. 352;

ζ. ἀζήλων καὶ φόβον ἀφόβων Phld.Oec.p.66J.

; ζ. τῶν ἀρίστων emulous desire for.., opp. φυγὴ τῶν χειρόνων, Luc.Ind.17;

ἀνδραγαθίας Plu.Cor.4

; so

ζ. πρός τι Phld.Rh.2.53S.

, Plu.Per.2;

ζ. περὶ τὰ στρατιωτικά Str.14.2.27

: pl., ambitions, Phld.Rh.2.54S.

4 fervour, zeal, LXX 4 Ki.19.31, al., 1 Ep.Cor.14.1,al.; indignation,

ζ. πυρός Ep.Hebr.10.27

.

5 personified as son of Styx, brother of Βία, Κράτος, Νίκη, Hes.Th. 384.

II pride, honour, glory, S.Aj. 503;

ζ. καὶ χαρά D.18.217

; τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει ζῆλον ὁ στέφανος, ib.120;

ζῆλον καὶ τιμὴν φέρει τῇ πόλει Id.23.64

, cf. 18.273, 60.33.

III spirit,

τῆς πολιτείας Plb.4.27.8

: pl., tastes, interests, τοῖς ἀπὸ διαφόρων ἐπιτηδευμάτων, βίων, ζήλων, ἡλικιῶν, Longin.7.4.

2 esp. in Lit. Crit., style,

τοῦ Ἀσιανοῦ λεγομένου ζήλου Str.14.1.41

, cf. Plu.Ant.2.

ζῶ ([var] contr. fr. ζώω: ζάω only in Gramm., EM410.38), ζῇς (Choerob. in Theod.2.28), ζῇ, ζῆτε (but ζῆς, ζῆ acc. to Anon. ap. EM410.48, Sophronius ap.Choerob.in Theod.2.416); imper.

A

ζῆ S.Fr. 167

, E.IT 699, ζῆθι (as if from ζῆμι, cf. EM l.c.) Pherecr.11 D., Men.Mon. 191, AP10.43,

σύ-ζηθι Philem.

ap. Et.Gen. s.v. ζῆ; opt. ζῴην; inf. ζῆν: [tense] impf.

ἔζων S.El. 323

, Ar.Ra. 1072; ἔζην in most codd. of D.24.7 is a form suggested by ἔζης, ἔζη; [ per.] 3pl.

ἔζων Ar.V. 709

, Pl.Lg. 679c: [tense] fut.

ζήσω Ar.Pl. 263

, Pl.R. 465d, Men.Mon. 186, [Epich.] 267,

ζήσομαι Hp.Nat.Puer.30

, D.25.82, Arist.Pol. 1327b5: [tense] aor. 1

ἔζησα Hp. Prog.1

, AP7.470 (Mel.), Plu.2.786a, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἔζηκα Arist.Metaph. 1048b25

, D.H.5.68, etc.: but in [dialect] Att. [tense] aor. and [tense] pf. are mostly supplied from βιόω.- Exc. part. ζῶντος, Il.1.88, Hom. always uses the [dialect] Ep. [dialect] Ion. Lyr. [tense] pres. [full] ζώω (also in Pi.O.2.25, Hdt.7.46, al., Diog.Apoll.4, Herod.2.29, IG12(8).600.9 ([place name] Thasos), and Trag. (in lyr.), S.El. 157, OC 1213, cf. BCH47.95 ([place name] Cavalla), Bull.Soc.Arch.Bulg.7.13 ([place name] Macedonia); subj.

ζώῃ IG12(8).262.12

(Thasos, v B.C.), cf. Schwyzer 339, al. (Delph.), [var] contr.

ζῷ Berl.Sitzb.1927.161

([place name] Cyrene); Cret. [full] δώω Leg.Gort.4.21, al.); inf. ζωέμεναι, -έμεν, Od.7.140,24.436: [tense] impf.

ἔζωον 22.245

, Hes.Op. 112, Hdt.4.112; [dialect] Ion.

ζώεσκον Hes.Op.90

, Bion 1.30: [tense] aor. 1 ἔζωσα ([etym.] ἐπ-) Hdt.1.120; inf.

ζῶσαι IG11(4).1299

([place name] Delos): [tense] pf. part.

ἐζωκότα BMus.Inscr.1009

([place name] Cyzicus); inf.

ζόειν Semon.1.17

: [tense] impf.

ζόεν AP13.21

(Theodorid.). (Root g[uglide]iē-, g[uglide]iō- also in βίος and ὑγιής (q.v.).)

I prop. of animal life, live, Hom. (v. infr.), etc.; also of plants,

τὸ ζῆν κοινὸν εἶναι φαίνεται καὶ τοῖς φυτοῖς Arist.EN 1097b33

; ἐλέγχιστε ζωόντων vilest of living men, Od.10.72;

ζώειν καὶ ὁρᾶν φάος ἠελίοιο Il. 24.558

;

ζῶντος καὶ ἐπὶ χθονὶ δερκομένοιο 1.88

, cf. Od.16.439;

ζῶν καὶ βλέπων A.Ag. 677

;

ζώει τε καὶ ἔστιν Od.24.263

;

ζώντων καὶ ὄντων D. 18.72

;

τοῦ εἶναί τε καὶ ζῆν ἕνεκα Pl.R. 369d

;

ζῶσα πόλις καὶ ἐγρηγορυῖα Id.Lg. 809d

;

ζῶν καὶ ἔμψυχος Id.Phdr. 276a

; ῥεῖα ζώοντες living at ease, of the gods, Il.6.138, al.; ζῶν κατακαυθῆναι to be burnt alive, Hdt.1.86: c. acc. temp.,

ζ. ἤματα πάντα h.Ven. 221

, etc.;

ὀλίγα ἔτεα Hdt.3.22

: c. dat. modi, δμῶες.. ἄλλα τε πολλὰ οἷσίν τ' εὖ ζώουσι whereby men live in comfort, Od.17.423, cf. D.60.5;

κοράκων πονηρίᾳ Ar.Th. 868

; ἐπὶ τοῖς αἰσχίστοις ἔργοις, ἐπὶ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἀγαθοῖς, And.1.100, Isoc.10.18; also ζῆν ἀπό τινος to live on a thing, Thgn. 1156, Hdt.1.216, 2.36,4.22, Ar. Pax 850, etc.;

ἔκ τινος Id.Ec. 591

, D. 57.36, 1 Ep.Cor.9.14: c. part.,

ζῆν συκοφαντῶν And.1.99

;

ἐργαζόμενοι Arist.Pol. 1292b27

: c. dat. commodi, ζῆν ἑαυτῷ for oneself, dub. l. in E. Ion 646, cf. Ar.Pl. 470, Men.507; τὸ ζῆν,= ζωή, A.Pr. 681, Pl. Phd. 77d (without Art.

εἰς ἕτερον ζ. Id.Ax. 365d

);

διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν Ep.Hebr.2.15

; also, a living,

τὸ ζ. οὐκ ἔχομεν OGI515.57

(Mylasa, iii A.D.); ζήτω ὁ βασιλεύς long live the king, LXX 1 Ki.10.24; βασιλεῦ, εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ζῆθι ib.Da.3.9; asseverations, ζῶ ἐγώ, καὶ ζῶν τὸ ὄνομά μου, καί.. ib.Nu.14.21; ζῇ κύριος, εἰ.., ὅτι.. , ib.1 Ki.19.6, 29.6; ζῇ ἡ ψυχή σου, εἰ οἶδα ib.17.55.

2 = βιόω, live, pass one's life, c. acc. cogn.,

ζώεις δ' ἀγαθὸν βίον Od.15.491

;

ζ. βίον μοχθηρόν S.El. 599

, cf. E.Med. 249, Ar.V. 506, etc.;

ζόην τὴν αὐτήν Hdt.4.112

, cf. Pl.R. 344e;

τὸν βίον ἀσφαλῶς Philem.213.5

;

ἥδιστον ἀνθρώπων βίον S.Fr.583.4

;

νυμφίων βίον Ar.Av. 161

; also

ζ. ἀβλαβεῖ βίῳ S.El. 650

, cf.Tr. 168;

εὖ ζῆν Id.Ph. 505

;

κακῶς Id.OC 799

;

ζ. δοῦλος Id.OT 410

; ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων ὧν ἔζης from the other acts of your life, D.21.134; ποιεῖσθαι φθόνον ἐξ ὧν ζῇς ib.196.

3 [tense] aor. 1 ἔζησα, causal, quicken,

ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ σου ζῆσόν με LXXPs.118(119).37

, al.

II live in the fullest sense,

δι' ὧν ζῆν ἐπιστάμεθα X.Mem.3.3.11

, etc.;

βιοὺς μὲν ἔτη τόσα, ζήσας δὲ ἔτη ἑπτά D.C.69.19

; in religious or mystical sense, Ep.Rom.7.9, al., cf. Ramsay Cilies and Bishoprics 2p.565 (Phryg.);

θεὸς ζῶν LXXDe.5.26(23)

, etc.: freq. metaph. of things, to be in full vigour,

ὄλβος ζώει μάσσων Pi.I.3.5

;

ἄτης θύελλαι ζῶσι A.Ag. 819

;

ζῶντι χρώμενος ποδί S.Fr. 790

; [

μαντεῖα] αἰεὶ ζῶντα περιποτᾶται Id.OT 482

; ἀεὶ ζῇ ταῦτα [νόμιμα] Id.Ant. 457; τὰς ξυμφορὰς τῶν βουλευμάτων ζώσας μάλιστα have most living power, Id.OT45;

λόγια ζῶντα Act.Ap.7.38

;

χρόνῳ τῷ ζῶντι καὶ παρόντι S.Tr. 1169

; ζῶσα φλόξ living fire, E.Ba.8; ὕδωρ ζῶν spring water, LXXNu.5.17 (and metaph., Ev.Jo.4.10);

ζώσης φωνῆς Cic.Att.2.12.2

.

φθόνος, ὁ,

A ill-will or malice, esp. envy or jealousy of the good fortune of others (Pl.Def. 416b, Arist.Rh. 1387b22), Pi.O.8.55, etc.;

φθόνῳ

through envy,

Hdt.3.30

, 9.71; opp. εὔνοια, Pl.Lg. 635b; opp. ἔπαινος, Lys.24.1; ἴσχει ὄλβος φθόνον incurs envy, Pi.P.11.29, cf. Isoc.5.68;

φθόνον πρὸς ἀστῶν ἀλφάνουσι E.Med. 297

;

φθόνῳ χρῆσθαι πρὸς τὰ παιδικά Pl.Phdr. 253b

; κρέσσων οἰκτιρμοῦ φθόνος better to be envied than pitied ! Pi.P.1.85, cf. And.2.6;

πρὸς γὰρ τὸν ἔχονθ' ὁ φ. ἕρπει S.Aj. 157

(anap.), cf. OT 382;

ἐς τἀπίσημα δ' ὁ φ. πηδᾶν φιλεῖ E.Fr. 294

; φ. συνεστιώμενος, of wealth, Secund.Sent.9;

φ. [ἐστὶ] τοῖς ζῶσι πρὸς τὸ ἀντίπαλον Th.2.45

;

κατὰ φθόνον A.Eu. 686

, Pl.Grg. 457d;

σὺν φθόνῳ E.Andr. 780

(lyr.);

διὰ φθόνον Ep.Phil.1.15

: c. gen. objecti, envy for, jealousy of,

τῶν πεπραγμένων Lys.2.48

; φθόνον δὲ σωμάτων ἕξει θεός i.e. will grudge, deny, A.Pr. 859: c. gen. subj., envy or jealousy felt by another, Pl.Hp.Ma. 282a; also

φ. ἐφ' ἑτέροις Plu.2.39e

, etc.;

εἴς τινα AP6.257

(Antiphil.);

πρός τινα Luc.Rh.Pr.22

: pl., envyings, jealousies, heartburnings, Isoc. 15.163, Pl.Lg. 679c, 801e, etc.

b a cause for indignation, a reproach,

ἀποκτείνειν φθόνος [ἐστὶ] γυναῖκας E.Hec. 288

.

2 esp. jealousy of the gods (cf.

φθονερός 1.2

),

θεῶν φ. A.Pers. 362

, Ag. 947;

φ. μὴ γένοιτό τις θεῶν E.Alc. 1135

: hence abs.,

τὸν φ. δὲ πρόσκυσον S.Ph. 776

;

εὐλαβούμενος φθόνον D.18.305

.

II refusal from feelings of ill-will or envy, grudging, φθόνος μὲν οὐδεὶς .. A.Pr. 628; οὐδεὶς φ. or φ. οὐδείς, c. inf., said in granting a request willingly,

ἃ τυγχάνω ἀκηκοώς, φ. οὐδεὶς λέγειν Pl.Phd. 61d

;

οὐδεὶς.. φ. αὐτῷ διελθεῖν αὐτά Id.Sph. 217a

, cf. b. Lg. 641d, 664a.

ἅρμα, ατος, τό,

A chariot, esp. war-chariot, Il.5.231, etc.; freq. in pl. for sg.,

ἑσταότ' ἐν θ' ἵπποισι καὶ ἅρμασι 4.366

, etc.;

τὰ Λυδῶν ἄρματα Sapph.Supp.5.19

;

ἵππους ὑφ' ἅρμασι ζευγνύναι A.Pers. 190

, E.Hipp. 111;

ἵππους ὑφ' ἅρματα ἄγειν A.Pr. 465

;

πῶλον.. ζυγέντ' ἐν ἅρμασιν Id.Ch. 795

(lyr.); opp. ἁρμάμαξα (q. v.); also, racing-chariot drawn by horses, opp. ὄχημα (a mule-car), Pi.Fr.106.5;

ἅ. τέλειον IG2.967.45

;

ἁρμάτων ὀχήματα E.Supp. 662

, cf. Ph. 1190; travelling-chariot, Act.Ap.8.28.

2 chariot and horses, yoked chariot, Il.2.384, etc.;

ἅ. τέθριππον Pi.I.1.14

; ἅ. τετράορον, τέτρωρον, Id.P.10.65, E.Alc. 483: metaph., τρίπωλον ἅ. δαιμόνων of three goddesses, E. Andr. 277 (lyr.).

3 team, chariot-horses,

ἅρμασιν ἐνδίδωσι κέντρον Id.HF 881

(lyr.);

ἅρματα.. φυσῶντα καὶ πνέοντα Ar. Pax 902

; ἅρματα τρέφειν keep chariot-horses for racing, X.Hier.11.5; ἅρματος τροφεύς Pl.Lg. 834b.

4 metaph.,

ἅ. θαλάσσης

a ship,

Nonn.D.4.230

, al., Opp.H.1.190.

II a mountain district in Attica, where omens from lightning were watched for: hence prov., ὁπόταν δἰ Ἅρματος ἀστράψη, i.e. seldom or never, Str.9.2.11; δι' Ἅρματος alone, Plu.2.679c.

III Pythag. name for unity, Theol.Ar.6.

ὑπονο-έω,

A suspect, τι Hdt.9.88, E.IA 1132;

μηδὲν εἴς τινα Ar.Pl. 361

;

ὑ. αὐτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν Th.7.73

;

ψεῦδος Pl.Lg. 679c

;

πονηρά Phld. Lib.p.61

O.: c. acc. pers. et inf.,

ὑπονοήσαντες τοὺς Σαμίους τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φρονέειν Hdt.9.99

; ὑ. εἶναί τι θεῖον (v.l. θεόν) Arist.Fr.10: so ὑ. ὅπως.., ὅτι .., X.Cyr.3.3.20, HG4.8.35; τῶν λεγόντων ὑπενοεῖτε.., ὡς λέγουσι you felt suspicious of the speakers, thinking that.., Th.1.68;

ὑ. περί τινος And.3.35

; ὑ. τὰ λεγόμενα watch my words captiously, Id.1.9, Antipho 6.18.

II surmise, conjecture, guess at, Ar.Eq. 652, Lys. 1234;

τὰ τῶν θεῶν And.1.139

: c. acc. et inf.,

ὑ. ὧδ' ἔχειν τι Cratin.Jun.10

: abs.,

ἀλλ' ὑπονόησον σύ μοι Ar. Lys.38

;

ὑπονοοῦντες προαρπάζειν

by conjecture,

Pl.Grg. 454c

;

οὐδεὶς οἶδε.., ἀλλ' ὑπονοοῦμεν πάντες ἢ πιστεύομεν Men.261

; ἐάσας ὑπονοεῖν εἰς τοὔνομα leaving us to guess at.., Alex.267.6.

III simply, suppose, consider,

τινὰ μακαρίως ἐζηκέναι Phld.Mort.36

:—[voice] Pass.,

- νοούμενος ἅπαντα γινώσκειν Id.Piet. 101

.

IV [voice] Med. in signf. 1, ὅτι .. POxy.1680.14 (iii/iv A. D.).

ζῆλος, ου, ὁ and ζῆλος, ους, τό in NT masc. sg. exc. 2 Cor 9:2; Phil 3:6 (both masc. as v.l.); n. gen. only Ac 5:17 v.l.; masc. pl. only Rom 13:13 v.l.; 2 Cor 12:20 v.l.; Gal 5:20 v.l.; in Apost. Fathers most oft. masc., but n. sg. ITr 4:2 and 1 Cl 4:8; 9:1; 11:13; 14:1; 63:2. For LXX usage s. Thackeray 158, 5; cp. ἐν ζήλει PsSol 2:24; 4:3; τὸ ζῆλος TestGad 5:3 (μῖσος v.l.); in Test12Patr ὁ ζῆλος, but w. n. in variants. Pl. ζήλη (GrBar 8:5). S. prec. entry and ζηλόω.

① intense positive interest in someth., zeal, ardor, marked by a sense of dedication (since Soph., Aj. 503; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 11, 1; LXX; TestAsh 4:5) 2 Cor 9:2. W. σπουδή (Dio Chrys. 17 [34], 48) 7:11; κατὰ ζ. as far as zeal is concerned Phil 3:6. W. obj. gen. (Soph., Oed. Col. 943; Strabo 13, 2, 4; Plut., Cor. 215 [4, 3]; Lucian, Adv. Ind. 17; 1 Macc 2:58. Oft. Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 271) ζ. θεοῦ zeal for God (Jdth 9:4; cp. ἐν ζήλῳ κυρίου TestAsh 4:5) Ro 10:2. ζ. τοῦ οἴκου σου zeal for your house J 2:17 (Ps 68:10). In the same sense ὑπέρ τινος: τὸν ὑμῶν ζ. ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ your ardor on my behalf 2 Cor 7:7. ἔχει … ζῆλον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν Col 4:13 v.l. W. gen. of quality θεοῦ ζῆλος an ardor like that of God or divine ardor 2 Cor 11:2 (cp. Is 9:6; Philo, Post. Cai. 183; on the idea FKüchler, ZAW 28, 1908, 42ff; BRenaud, Je suis un Dieu jaloux, ’63). Of the fire of judgment which, with its blazing flames, appears like a living being intent on devouring God’s adversaries πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 (cp. Is 26:11; Zeph 1:18; 3:8; Ps 78:5).

② intense negative feelings over another’s achievements or success, jealousy, envy (Hes., Op. 195; Lysias 2, 48 w. φθόνος; Plut., Thes. 6, 9, Lycurg. 41 [4, 3]; PGrenf I, 1, 13 [II B.C.]; Eccl 4:4; 9:6; Sir 30:24; 40:4 [both w. θυμός]; Test12Patr [exc. TestAsh 4:5]; AscIs 3:30; Jos., Ant. 14, 161; cp. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. 4, 8, 17) 1 Cl 3:2; 4:7ff; 5:2, 4f; 6:1ff; 43:2; 63:2. W. ἔρις Ro 13:13; 1 Cl 5:5; 6:4; cp. 1 Cor 3:3; 2 Cor 12:20; Gal 5:20 (in the three last passages ζῆλος seems to be coördinate with ἔρις in the sense ‘rivalry’ or ‘party-attachment’; cp. GrBar 8:5; 13:4). W. ἐριθεία Js 3:14, 16. W. φθόνος (Democr. Fgm. B191; Lysias 2, 48; Pla., Phlb. 47e; 50c; 1 Macc 8:16) 1 Cl 3:2; 4:7 al. πλησθῆναι ζήλου become filled w. jealousy Ac 5:17; 13:45. ζ. leads to death 1 Cl 9:1; 39:7 (Job 5:2). ζ. ἄδικον καὶ ἀσεβῆ 3:4; μυσερὸν ζ. 14:1; μιαρὸν κ. ἄδικον ζ. 45:4. ἔχειν ζῆλόν τινα ἐν ἀλλήλοις περί τινος be jealous of one another because of someth. Hs 8, 7, 4. The pl. ζῆλοι found as v.l. Ro 13:13 (s. beg. of this entry); 2 Cor 12:20; Gal 5:20 denotes the var. outbreaks of jealousy and the forms it takes (cp. Pla., Leg. 3, 679c ζῆλοί τε καὶ φθόνοι); ζήλη in vice list GrBar 8:5.—BReicke, Diakonie, Festfreude u. Zelos …, ’51, 231–393.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.