14b

παραιν-ετήρ, ῆρος, ὁ,

A encourager, adviser, Ath.1.14b.

συμμᾰχ-έω, [tense] aor.

A

συνεμάχησα IG22.10A7

(v B.C.): [tense] pf.

συμμεμάχηκα SIG588.61

(Milet., ii B.C.):—to be an ally, to be in alliance, A.Pers. 793, Th.1.35, 7.50, etc.: c. acc. cogn., σ. τὴν μάχην IG l.c.: c. dat., SIG366.8 (Delph., iii B.C.), etc.; οὐ ξ., ἀλλὰ ξυναδικεῖν join not in war but in doing wrong, Th.1.39: generally, help, succour,

σ. τινί S.Ant. 740

, Ph. 1368, Pl.R. 440c, Phlb. 14b, etc.;

τοῖσιν εὖ φρονοῦσι συμμαχεῖ τύχη Critias 21

; σ. ὥστε.. assist towards.., Hdt.1.98:— [voice] Med., [tense] pf. part. συμμεμαχημένος in act. sense, Luc. Tyr.7:—[voice] Pass.,

συμμαχοῦμαι ὑπό τινος Id.Cal.22

. Cf. συμμάχομαι.

τρῐβάρβᾰρος, ον,

A thrice-barbarous, Plu.2.14b.

φῐλονῑκ-έω,

A to be fond of victory, engage in rivalry, be contentious, mostly in bad sense,

φρονήματι φιλονικῶν ἠναντιοῦτο

out of contentiousness, party spirit,

Th.5.43

(- νεικ- codd.), cf. Lys.22.8 (- νεικ- codd.);

φιλονικοῦντας, ἀλλ' οὐ ζητοῦντας τὸ προκείμενον Pl.Grg. 457d

, cf. R. 499e, Lys.33.4 (- νεικ- codd.); οἵτινες.. νενικηκότες ἤδη.. οὕτω φιλονικοῦσιν (v.l. -νεικ-) , ὥστε .. X.HG6.3.16: of the state,

φ. παρὰ τὸ ἐπιεικές Democr.252

;

φ. ἄνευ γνώμης Thrasym.1

.—Constr., abs., v. supr.;

φ. περὶ παιδικῶν πρὸς ἀλλήλους Lys.3.40

(- νεικ- codd.);

πρὸς ἀρετήν Pl.Lg. 731a

; οὐ πρός γε αὐτὸ τοῦτο (ὃ add. codd. opt.) φιλονικοῦμεν, ὅπως .. Id.Phlb. 14b; φ. περὶ πάντων, περὶ κάλλους, Isoc.2.25, 10.48;

ἀριστείων πέρι Pl.Lg. 935c

, cf. D.5.25: simply c. acc., φ. τὸ ἐμὲ εἶναι τὸν ἀποκρινόμενον to be eager that I should be the answerer, Pl.Prt. 360e; the acc. is mostly a neut. Adj., τὰ χείρω φ. to be so obstinate as to choose the worst, Th.5.111 (- νεικ- codd.);

μηδὲν φιλονίκει D.20.144

(- νεικ- codd.); φ. ὅπως .. X.Mem.2.3.17: c. inf.,

φ. ἐπιδεῖξαι Plu.Pomp.31

; ἐφιλονίκησαν (v.l. -νεικ-) αὐτούς is dub. in Arist.Pol. 1306b1.

2 in good sense,

ἁμιλλώμενοι καὶ φ. X. Cyr.1.4.15

;

περὶ καλλίστων φ. Isoc.4.85

; φ. ὅπως .. Id.5.113.

φῐλοτεκν-ία, ἡ,

A love of one's children, LXX 4 Ma.14.13, Vit.Philonid.p.4 C., Plu.2.14b, Poll. 3.14, Hdn.6.5.8.

χᾰρίζω, [tense] fut.

A

χαριῶ Phld.Rh.1.381

S., Gloss.: [tense] aor. imper.

χάρισον PMag.Lond.122.17

:—usu. [voice] Med. [full] χαρίζομαι, [tense] fut.

- ιοῦμαι Th.3.40

, 8.65; χαριῇ (v.l. -εῖ ) also in Hdt.1.90; Cret.

χαριξίομαι GDI5176.16

(found at Teos); also χαρίξομαι ib.5178.17 (ibid.); χαρίηνται is a false [dialect] Aeol. form in Milet.3 No.152.56; later

χαρίσομαι Ep.Rom. 8.32

, Luc.DDeor.22.4: [tense] aor.

ἐχαρισάμην Hdt.1.91

, etc.; opt.

χαρίσαιτο Il.6.49

; [dialect] Aeol. imper.

χάρισσαι Sapph.Supp.16.4

; Cret. inf.

χαρίξασθαι GDI5163b8

([place name] Mylasa):—[voice] Pass. forms, [tense] fut. χαρισθήσομαι in pass. sense, Ep.Philem.22: [tense] aor. ἐχαρίσθην in pass. sense, Act.Ap. 3.14, 1 Ep.Cor.2.12: [tense] pf. κεχάρισμαι in act. sense,

κεχάρισαι Ar.Ec. 1045

,

- ισται Id.Eq.54

; also in pass. sense, imper.

- ίσθω Pl.Phdr. 250c

: [tense] plpf.

ἐκεχάριστο Hdt.8.5

, [dialect] Ep.

κεχάριστο Od.6.23

:— say or do something agreeable to a person, show him favour or kindness, oblige, gratify, c. dat. pers., freq. in part.,

χαριζομένη πόσεϊ ᾧ Il.5.71

, cf. 11.23, 15.449, Od.8.538,13.265; once in Hes.,

ποίησε.. χαριζόμενος Διί Th. 580

;

πᾶσι χαριζοίμην ἄν Hdt.6.130

, cf. Th.3.40;

τοῖς θεοῖς X.Mem.4.3.16

; Καλλίᾳ χαριζόμενος to oblige, humour him, Pl.Prt. 362a, cf. Men. 75b, Ar.Eq. 1368; of a judge, give a partial verdict,

χ. οἷς ἂν δοκῇ αὐτῷ Pl.Ap. 35c

; also

χ. τῷ ἵππῳ X. Eq.10.12

: abs., make oneself agreeable, comply, opp. ἀντία φάσθαι, once in A., Pers. 700 (lyr.);

οἱ ὑπὲρ καιρὸν χαριζόμενοι And.4.7

: c. acc. cogn.,

χάριτας χ. E.Fr.360.1

, Isoc.1.31, D.18.239;

χ. τι καὶ αὐτός Th.3.42

; with part. added,

χαρίζετο ἱερὰ ῥέζων Od. 1.61

, cf. Hdt.1.90, Ar.Ec. 1045, Pl.R. 338a, 426c, etc.: more freq. c. dat. modi, μήτε τί μοι ψεύδεσσι χαρίζεο do not court favour by lies, Od.14.387;

χαριζόμενος φιλότητι 10.43

, etc.;

λόγῳ θωπεῦσαι καὶ ἔργῳ χ. Pl.Tht. 173a

codd.; opp. τὰ βέλτιστα λέγειν, D.9.2, cf. Plu.2.66a.

2 gratify or indulge a humour or passion, once in S.,

θυμῷ χαρίζεσθαι κενά El. 331

, cf. Antipho 4.3.2, X.An. 7.1.25;

ὀργῇ E.Fr.31

;

γλώσσῃ Id.Or. 1514

(troch.);

ἔρωτι Pi.Fr. 127

;

τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ Pl.R. 561c

:

τῷ σώματι X.Mem.1.2.23

; τῇ γαστρί ib.2.1.2, Cyr.4.2.39; τῇ ἡδονῇ ib.4.3.2.

3 in erotic sense, grant favours to a man, Ar.Ec. 629 (anap.), Pl.Smp. 182a, Phdr. 231c, 256a, X.Mem.3.11.12, etc.: hence of Comedy,

ὀλίγοις χαρίσασθαι Ar.Eq. 517

(anap.): c. acc. cogn.,

χ. θήλειαν ἀπόλαυσιν Luc.Am. 27

.

II c. acc. rei, give graciously or cheerfully,

δῶρα Od.24.283

;

ἄποινα Il.6.49

, 10.380;

χαρίζεσθαί τινί τι Hdt.1.91

, Ar.Ach. 437, Eq.54, X.Cyr.1.4.9, etc.;

πωλεῖν καὶ χ. καὶ τέκνοις μεταδιδόναι PGrenf.1.60.45

(vi A. D.); so c. acc. pers.,

χαρίζομαί σε τοῖς ὄχλοις PFlor.61.61

(i A.D.): with a strong oxymoron,

ξείνια δυσμενέσιν λυγρὰ χ. Archil.7

: c. inf. with Art.,

χ. τὸ ποθεῖν Plu.2.609a

;

τὸ ζῆν LXX 2 Ma.3.33

; without the Art., πολλοῖς ἐχαρίσατο βλέπειν (v.l. τὸ β.) Ev.Luc.7.21; χάρισαι [αὐτοῖς] μένειν allow them to remain, Luc.Am.19, cf. AP5.236 (Agath.); so ἆρ' ἄν τί μοι χαρίσαιο τοιόνδε—μή μου καταγελᾶν; Pl.Hp.Mi. 364c.

b χ. τὴν δέησιν grant the request, Luc.Bis Acc.14.

c [voice] Pass., c. acc., to be favoured with,

ἀνάγκᾳ πνεῦμα χαριζόμενος Epigr.Gr.204.18

([place name] Cnidus).

2 c. gen. partit., give freely of a thing,

ἀλλοτρίων χ. Od.17.452

; ταμίη.. χαριζομένη παρεόντων giving freely of such things as were ready, 1.140, etc.;

παντοίων ἀγαθῶν γαστρὶ χαριζόμενοι Thgn.1000

;

γλώσσης μαφιδίοιο χ. παρεοῦσι Theoc.25.188

; προικὸς χαρίζεσθαι, of his bounty, Od.13.15.

3 c. acc. pers., give up as a favour, τῇ μητρὶ χ. Ὀκτάβιον, by dropping a law aimed at him, Plu.CG4; but also, by unjust condemnation, Act.Ap.25.11,16; also τῷ θεῷ με ἐχαρίσω, of a dedication ceremony, PBremen49.14 (ii A. D.).

4 forgive,

τὴν ἀδικίαν τινί 2 Ep.Cor.12.13

, cf. Ep.Col.2.13: abs., 2 Ep.Cor. 2.7, etc.

III [voice] Pass., esp. in [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf., κεχάριστο θυμῷ was dear to her heart, Od.6.23; τοῖσι Εὐβοεῦσι ἐκεχάριστο the pleasure of the Euboeans was done, Hdt.8.5; ταῦτα μὲν οὖν μνήμῃ κεχαρίσθω let a tribute be paid.. Pl.Phdr. 250c; cf.

χάρις A.

V.

2 mostly part. [tense] pf. κεχαρισμένος, η, ον, as Adj., acceptable, welcome,

ἐμῷ κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ Il.5.243

, 826, etc.; κεχαρισμένα δῶρα θεοῖσι δίδωσι, 20.298, cf. Od.16.184, 19.397; κεχαρισμένα θεῖναί τινι to do things pleasing to one, Il.24.661;

ἀνὴρ κεχαρισμένα εἰδώς Od.8.584

;

θεοις κεχαρισμένα ποιεῖν Lys.6.33

; κεχ. τοῖς θεοῖς λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν, Pl.Euthphr. 14b, cf. Phdr. 273e;

δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι καί οἱ κεχαρισμένος ἔλθοι Od.2.54

, cf. Hdt.1.87, 3.119, X.Mem. 1.2.10, etc.;

κεχαρισμένα θύρσῳ E.HF 892

(lyr.);

κεχαρ. χοιρίδιον Ar. Pax 386

(lyr.);

πᾶσιν κεχαρισμένος Pl.Sph. 218a

;

λόγος κεχ. D.14.1

;

σιτίον ἢ ποτόν X.Mem.2.1.24

;

ἐν τοῖς μὴ κεχαρισμένοις.. πρὸς τὴν αἴσθησιν Arist.PA 645a7

; cf. κεχαρισμένως.

3 later, [comp] Comp.

κεχαρισμενώτερος Ael.NA12.7

; [comp] Sup.

- ώτατος Alciphr. 3.65

.—Rare in Trag., but freq. in [dialect] Att. Prose.

ἀκύθηρος, ον,([etym.] Κῠθήρη)

A like ἀναφρόδιτος, without charms, Cic.Fam. 7.32.2;

τὸ ἀ Eun.VSp.457.14B.

Ἑλλησ-ποντιάς, άδος, ἡ, fem. Adj.

A of the Hellespont,

θάλασσα Archestr.Fr.35.14B.

ἔργον, [dialect] Dor. [full] ϝέργον IG4.800 (vi B. C.), Elean [full] ϝάργον SIG9 (vi B.C.), τό: (ἔρδω, OE.

A weorc (neut.) 'work', Avest. var[schwa]za-):— work, Il.2.436, etc.;

ἔ. οὐδὲν ὄνειδος, ἀεργίη δέ τ' ὄνειδος Hes.Op. 311

;

πλεόνων δέ τε ἔ. ἄμεινον Il.12.412

;

ἔ. ἐποίχεσθαι 6.492

;

νῦν ἔπλετο ἔ. ἅπασι 12.271

; esp. in pl.,

ἄλλος ἄλλοισιν..ἐπιτέρπεται ἔργοις Od. 14.228

;

ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο Il.3.422

;

ἔργων παύσασθαι Od.4.683

; τὰ σ' αὐτῆς ἔργα κόμιζε see to thine own tasks, Il.6.490 : esp. in the following relations,

1 in Il. mostly of works or deeds of war,

πολεμήϊα ἔ. Il.2.338

, al., Od.12.116 ;

ἔργον μάχης Il.6.522

; alone,

ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ 4.175

, cf. 539 ;

ὑπέσχετο δὲ μέγα ἔργον 13.366

;

ἐπ' αὐτῷ δ' ἔργον ἐτύχθη ἀργαλέον 4.470

; later,

ἔργον.. Ἄρης κρινεῖ A.Th. 414

; ἐν τῷ ἔ. during the action, Th.2.89, cf.7.71 ;

τὸ ἐν Πλαταιαῖς ἔ. Pl.Mx. 241c

;

τῶν πρότερον ἔ. μέγιστον ἐπράχθη τὸ Μηδικόν Th.1.23

; ἔργου ἔχεσθαι to engage in battle, ib.49.

2 of peaceful contests,

κρατεῖν ἔ. Pi.O.9.85

;

ἔργου ἔχεσθαι Id.P.4.233

; also ἔργα θῆκε κάλλιστ' ἀμφὶ κόμαις placed [the reward of] noble deeds about his hair, Id.O.13.38.

3 of works of industry,

a of tillage, tilled lands,

ἀνδρῶν πίονα ἔ. Il.12.283

, etc. ;

ἔργ' ἀνθρώπων 16.392

, Od.6.259 ;

βροτῶν 10.147

; οὔτε βοῶν οὔτ' ἀνδρῶν φαίνετο ἔργα ib.98 ; ἔργα alone, 16.140, etc.; Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι—the title of Hesiod's work ; πατρώϊα ἔ. their father's lands, Od.2.22 ; οὔτ' ἐπὶ ἔργα..ἴμεν will neither go to our farms, ib. 127, cf. 252 ; Ἰθάκης..ἔργα the tilled lands of Ithaca, 14.344 ; ἀμφὶ.. Τιταρησσὸν ἔργ' ἐνέμοντο inhabited lands, Il.2.751 ;

τὰ τῶν Μυσῶν ἔ. Hdt.1.36

; so later, PBaden 40.5 (ii A.D.) : generally, property, wealth, possessions,

θεὸς δ' ἐπὶ ἔργον ἀέξῃ Od.14.65

, cf. 15.372.

b of women's work, weaving, Il.9.390, etc. ; ἀμύμονα ἔ. ἰδυίας ib. 128 ;

ἔργα ἐργάζεσθαι Od.22.422

, 20.72.

c of other occupations, θαλάσσια ἔ. fishing, 5.67 ; a seaman's life, Il.2.614 : periphr., δαιτὸς..ἔργα works of feasting, 9.228 ;

φιλοτήσια ἔ. Od.11.246

;

ἔργα γάμοιο Il.5.429

;

ἔργα Κυπρογενοῦς Sol.26

;

Ἀφροδίτης h.Ven.1

; also

τέκνων ἐς ἔ. A.Ag. 1207

: abs.,

ἔργον Luc.DDeor.17.1

, AP12.209 (pl., Strat., s.v.l.); also

ἔργα ἰσχύος καὶ τάχους X.Cyr.1.2.12

; φίλα ἔργα μελίσσαις, of flowers, Theoc.22.42 ; of mines, etc.,

ἔ. ἀργυρεῖα X.Vect.4.5

, D.21.167, etc.; ἔργα πίσσια dub. l. in Plu.Cat.Ma.21.

4 deed, action,

ἔργ' ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε Od.1.338

;

θέσκελα ἔ. Τρώων Il.3.130

;

ἀήσυλα ἔ. 5.876

; καρτερά, ἀεικέα ἔ., ib. 872,22.395; παλίντιτα, ἄντιτα ἔ., Od.1.379, 17.51 ;

ἔργα ἀποδέκνυσθαι Hdt.1.16

, cf. Pl.Alc.1.119e, D.C.37.52 ; opp. ἔπος, deed, not word (v.

ἔπος 11.1

) ; opp. μῦθος, Il. 9.443, 19.242, A.Pr. 1080 (anap.), etc.; opp. λόγος, S.El. 358, E.Alc. 339 ; ἔργῳ, opp. λόγῳ, freq. in [dialect] Att., etc., Th.2.65, etc.: so in pl.,

λόγῳ μὲν..τοῖσι δ' ἔργοισιν S.OC 782

, cf. E.Fr.360.13 ;

λόγοισιν εἴτ' ἔργοισιν S.OT 517

; opp. ῥήματα, Id.OC 873 ; opp. ὄνομα, E.IA 128 (anap.), Th.8.78,89 ; in many phrases,

πέπρακται τοὔργον A.Pr.75

, cf. Ag. 1346 ;

χωρῶ πρὸς ἔργον S.Aj. 116

; τὸ μὲν ἐνθύμημα χαρίεν.., τὸ δὲ ἔ. ἀδύνατον its execution, X.An.3.5.12 ; ἐν ἔργῳ χέρνιβες ξίφος τε ready for action, E.IT 1190 ;

ἡ κατάρα ὑπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος εἰς ἔ. ἤγετο Jul.Or.7.228b

.

II thing, matter, πᾶν ἔ...ὑπείξομαι in every point, Il.1.294 ;

ἃ Ζεὺς μήδετο ἔ. 2.38

, etc.;

πάρος τάδε ἔ. γενέσθαι 6.348

, etc.;

ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔ. 2.252

, Od.17.78, etc. ;

μέμνημαι τόδε ἔ. Il.9.527

;

ἄκουε τοὔργον S.Tr. 1157

, cf. OT 847, Aj. 466 ; in bad sense, mischief, trouble, of disease,

αἰτίη τοῦ ἔ. Aret.SA1.9

; μέγα ἔ. a serious matter, Od.4.663, Th.3.3.

2 μέγα ἔ., like μέγα χρῆμα, χερμάδιον λάβε χειρὶ Τυδεΐδης, μέγα ἔ. a monstrous thing, Il.5.303, cf. 20.286 ; φυλόπιδος μέγα ἔ. a mighty call to arms, 16.208.

III [voice] Pass., that which is wrought or made, work, οἷ' ἐπιεικὲς ἔργ' ἔμεν ἀθανάτων, of the arms of Achilles, Il.19.22 ; ἔ. Ἡφαίστοιο metal-work, Od.4.617 ;

πέπλοι.., ἔργα γυναικῶν Il.6.289

, Od.7.97, cf. 10.223 ;

ὕφασμα, σῆς ἔ. χερός A.Ch. 231

;

κολεόν..λώτινον ἔ. Theoc.24.45

; of a wall, Ar.Av. 1125 ; of a statue, X.Mem.3.10.7 : in pl., of siege-works,

ἔ. καὶ μηχαναί Plb.5.3.6

; of a machine, Apollod.Poliorc.157.4, al., Ath.Mech.15.2, al.; of public buildings, Mon.Anc.Gr.18.20; of an author's works, D.H.Comp.25 ;

τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς ἔργον Ἀριστοτέλους AP11.354.8

(Agath.).

2 result of work, profit or interest, ἔργον [ χρημάτων] interest or profit on money, Is.11.42, cf. D.27.10.

IV special phrases:

1 ἔργον ἐστί,

a c. gen. pers., it is his business, his proper work,

ἀνδρῶν τόδ' ἐστὶν ἔ. A.Ch. 673

;

ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἔ. ἀγαθοῦ πολίτου Pl.Grg. 517c

; of things, φραδέος νόου ἔργα τέτυκται it is a matter (which calls) for a wary mind, Il.24.354 ; function,

ἅπερ νεῶν ἄμεινον πλεουσῶν ἔργα ἐστίν Th.2.89

;

οὐ θερμότητος ἔργον ψύχειν Pl.R. 335d

; τοῦτο ἑκάστου ἔ. ὃ ἂν ἢ μόνον τι ἢ κάλλιστα τῶν ἄλλων ἀπεργάζηται ib. 353a ;

ἔργα τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου

functions,

Gal.16.518

: c. dat. pers.,

οἷς τοῦτο ἔ. ἦν X.Cyr.4.5.36

, cf. 6.3.27: with the possessive Pron., σὸν ἔ. [ἐστί] c. inf., A.Pr. 635 ;

ἐμὸν τόδ' ἔ. κρῖναι Id.Eu. 734

;

σὸν ἔ., θῦε θεοῖς Ar.Av. 862

;

ὑμέτερον ἐντεῦθεν ἔ. Id. Pax 426

: with Art.,

νῦν ἡμέτερον τὸ ἔ. Hdt.5.1

.

b c. gen. rei, there is need of..,

τί δῆτα τόξων ἔ.; E.Alc.39

;

πολλῆς φυλακῆς ἔ. [ἐστί] Pl.R. 537d

: esp. with neg.,

οὐδὲν..ὀδόντων ἔ. ἐστ' Ar. Pax 1310

;

οὐ δόλου νῦν ἔ. Id.Pl. 1158

, cf. E.Hipp. 911 : c. dat. pers.,

ἐπέδρης μὴ εἶναι ἔ. τῇ στρατιῇ Hdt.1.17

: with Art.,

οὐκ ἂν μακρῶν λόγων ἡμῖν τόδ' εἴη τοὔργον S.El. 1373

: with a part. added,

οὐδὲν ἦν ἔ. αὐτοῦ κατατείνοντος Plu.Publ.13

: also c. inf., οὐδὲν ἔ. ἑστάναι there is no use in standing still, Ar.Lys. 424, cf. Av. 1308 ;

οὐδὲν ἔ. ταῦτα θρηνεῖσθαι S. Aj. 852

, cf. 12.

c c. inf., it is hard work, difficult to do,

πολὺ ἔ. ἂν εἴη διεξελθεῖν X.Mem.4.6.1

;

πολὺ ἔ. ἦν τῷ νομοθέτῃ πάντα γράφειν Lys.10.7

;

ἔ. ἐστὶν εἰ ἐροῦμεν D.24.51

;

ἔ. εὑρεῖν πρόφασιν Men.76

; also

μέγα ἔ. ταῖς..ἐπιθυμίαις καλῶς χρῆσθαι Pl.Smp. 187e

;

χαλεπὸν ἔ. διαιρεῖν Ar.Ra. 1100

(lyr.): also in gen.,

πλείονος ἔ. ἐστὶ..μαθεῖν Pl. Euthphr. 14b

: rarely with a part.,

οὐδὲν ἔ. μαχομένῳ Philippid.15.3

; ἔ. [ἐστί] c. acc. et inf., it can scarcely happen that..,

ἔ. ἅμα πάντας ὀργισθῆναι καὶ ἁμαρτεῖν Arist.Pol. 1286a35

.

2 ἔργον παρασχεῖν τινί give one trouble, Ar.Nu. 523, cf. AP9.161 (Marc. Arg., punning on Hesiod's Ἔργα) ; ἔργον ἔχειν take trouble, c. part., X.Cyr.8.4.6 ; c. inf., Id.Mem.2.10.6.

3 ἔ. γίγνεσθαι τῆς νόσου to be its victim, Anon. ap. Suid. s.v. ἄτολμοι ;

κτεινόμενος ὑμέτερον ἔ. εἰμί Plu.Eum. 17

;

τῆς ὑμετέρας γέγονεν ἔ. ὀλιγωρίας Luc.Dem.Enc.29

.

4 ἔ. ποιεῖσθαί τι to make a matter one's business, attend to it, Pl.Phdr. 232a, X.Hier.9.10 ; so

ἐν ἔργῳ τίθεσθαι Ael.VH4.15

.

V = ἐργασία III,

τὸ ἔ. βαφέων CIG3498

([place name] Thyatira).

εὐλογέω impf. ηὐλόγουν and εὐλόγουν (W-S. §12, 5b; Rob. 367); fut. εὐλογήσω; 1 aor. εὐλόγησα (also ηὐ-LXX); pf. εὐλόγηκα. Pass.: 1 fut. pass. εὐλογηθήσομαι; pf. ptc. εὐλογημένος (also ηὐ-Is 61:9) (s. next entry; Trag.+; Ps.-Pla., Min. 320e; Isocr., Archid. 43; Ps.-Aristot., Rhet. ad Alex. 4, 1426a, 3ff; Polyb. 1, 14, 4; Cass. Dio 42, 28; Herm. Wr.; ins; PSI 405, 5 [III B.C.]; LXX, pseudepigr.; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath. 11, 2; Christian pap).

① to say someth. commendatory, speak well of, praise, extol (so quite predom. outside our lit.; cp. ins Pfuhl-Möbius II, 1606, 2 [II A.D.] in sense of ‘speak well of someone’) τὸν θεόν (cp. CIG 4705b, 2 εὐλογῶ τὸν θεόν, i.e. Pan; 4706c, 2 τὴν Εἶσιν. Within Israelite tradition: εὐ. τὸν θεόν OGI 73, 1 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 3050f; LXX; En 106:11; PsSol 2:33; TestSol 7:1 al.; Jos., Ant. 7, 380; SibOr 4, 25; Just., A I, 67, 2) Lk 1:64; 2:28; 24:53 (v.l. αἰνοῦντες); Js 3:9; MPol 14:2f. Christ as object οἱ ἰχθύες … σε εὐλογοῦσιν GJs 3:3; ἡ γῆ … σε εὐλογει MPol 19:2; cp. per me dominum benedic Papias (1:3). τὴν σὴν οἰκονομίαν AcPl Ha 3, 22. Also abs. give thanks and praise (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 8 [Stone p. 12]) Mt 14:19; 26:26; Mk 6:41; 14:22; Lk 24:30; 1 Cor 14:16 (beside εὐχαριστέω as Herm. Wr. 1, 27. S. also the confession ins in FSteinleitner, D. Beicht 1913, 112). ἐπʼ αὐτούς over them Lk 9:16 D.

② to ask for bestowal of special favor, esp. of calling down God’s gracious power, bless (LXX)

ⓐ upon pers. τινά bless someone Mk 10:16 v.l. (for κατευλογέω). Lk 24:50f; Hb 7:1, 6f (cp. Gen 14:19; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 and 19; GJs 12:2, twice). Opp. καταρᾶσθαι (Gen 12:3; EpJer 65; Philo, Fuga 73, Mos. 2, 196; Jos., Bell. 6, 307) 1 Cl 15:3 (Ps 61:5). εὐ. τοὺς καταρωμένους those who curse Lk 6:28; D 1:3. τοὺς διώκοντας ὑμᾶς your persecutors Ro 12:14a. Of paternal blessings by Isaac (Gen 27) and Jacob (Gen 48) Hb 11:20f; B 13:4f. Priestly blessing GJs 7:2; 12:1 (for 6:2 s. 3 below). Abs. (Philo, Migr. Abr. 113 opp. καταρᾶσθαι) λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν when we are reviled we bless 1 Cor 4:12; cp. Ro 12:14b; 1 Pt 3:9 (on kind treatment of the unkind cp. Plut., Mor. 88–89); Dg 5:15.—Of the word of blessing w. which one greets a person or wishes the person well (4 Km 4:29; 1 Ch 16:43) Lk 2:34. Also the acclamation εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου (Ps 117:26) Mt 21:9; 23:39; Mk 11:9; Lk 13:35; J 12:13; cp. Lk 19:38; Mk 11:10.

ⓑ upon things, which are thereby consecrated τὶ bless, consecrate (Ex 23:25; 1 Km 9:13; cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 401) Mk 8:7; Lk 9:16. In the language of the Eucharist 1 Cor 10:16. Probably Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22 also belong here, in which case the obj. is to be supplied fr. the context; likew. Mt 14:19; Mk 6:41 (s. 1 above).

③ to bestow a favor, provide with benefits: w. God or Christ as subj. (Eur., Suppl. 927; PGM 4, 3050a; LXX; En 1:8; TestAbr A 1 p. 77, 15 [Stone p. 2] al.; Just., D. 123, 6) τινά someone Ac 3:26; 1 Cl 10:3 (Gen 12:2); 33:6 (Gen 1:28); ἐκκλησίαν Hv 1, 3, 4. εὐλογῶν εὐλογήσω σε surely I will bless you Hb 6:14 (Gen 22:17). W. God as implied subj. GJs 6:2; εὐλόγησον αὐτὴν ἐσχάτην εὐλογίαν (the infant Mary) with the ultimate/finest blessing ibid. τινὰ ἔν τινι someone with someth. (Ps 28:11; TestJos 18:1 v.l.) ἐν πάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ Eph 1:3 (cp. TestIss 5:6 ἐν εὐλογίαις τῆς γῆς.—On the form cp. BGU βεβαιώσει πάσῃ βεβαιώσει). Pass. Gal 3:9; 1 Cl 31:2; GJs 15:4 (Just.). ἐν τῷ σπέρματί σου εὐλογηθήσονται Ac 3:25 v.l. (Gen 12:3). Pf. ptc. εὐλογημένος blessed (LXX; Ps 5:19; Just., D. 121, 1 al.) 1 Cl 30:5 (Job 11:2), 8. σῶμα … εὐ. AcPlCor 2:27. Of a child (Dt 28:4) Lk 1:42b. εὐλογημένη ἐν γυναιξίν among women vs. 28 v.l.; 42a. GJs 11:1; 12:1; cp. εὐλόγησόν με 2:4 (in Anna’s prayer for a child); 4:4. ἐν πᾶσιν in every respect IEph 2:1. ἐν μεγέθει θεοῦ πατρὸς πληρώματι IEph ins. ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ by the grace of God IMg ins. εὐλογημένοι τοῦ πατρός those blessed by the Father Mt 25:34; τοῖς ηὐλογημένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cl 30:8 (cp. Is 61:9 σπέρμα ηὐλογημένον ὑπὸ θεοῦ).—Lit. on εὐλογέω and εὐλογία in TSchermann, Allg. Kirchenordnung 1914/16 II 640, 4. Also JHempel, D. israel. Ansch. v. Segen u. Fluch im Lichte d. altoriental. Parallelen: ZDMG n.F. 4, 1925, 20–110; EMaass, Segnen, Weihen, Taufen: ARW 21, 1922, 241–81; LBrun, Segen u. Fluch im Urchristentum ’32; JZdevsar, Eulogia u. Eulogein im NT, diss. Rome ’54; AMurtonen, VetusT 9, ’59, 158–77; EKleszmann, Monatsschr. für Past.-Theol., 48, ’59, 26–39. BWestcott, Hebrews, 1889, 203–10.—B. 1479. New Docs 4, 151f. M-M. EDNT. TW.

θεραπεύω impf. ἐθεράπευον; fut. θεραπεύσω; 1 aor. ἐθεράπευσα. Pass.: impf. ἐθεραπευόμην; 1 aor. ἐθεραπεύθην; perf. ptc. τεθεραπευμένος (s. prec. and next entry; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 9:7 P; TestJos 7:2; JosAs 29:4; ApcrEzk P 1 verso 2 [restored]; Philo; apolog. exc. Ar.)

① to render service or homage, serve a divinity (Hes., Hdt.+; Diod S 5, 44, 2 οἱ θεραπεύοντες τοὺς θεοὺς ἱερεῖς; Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 4; OGI 90, 40; SIG 663, 6; 996, 30; 1042, 10; Michel 982, 14; PGiss 20, 20; LXX [Thackeray p. 8]; EpArist 256; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 167; Jos., Bell. 7, 424, Ant. 4, 67; Ath. 16, 1 and 3; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 12, 17) pass. ὑπό τινος: οὐδὲ ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀνθρωπίνων θεραπεύεται nor is he served by human hands Ac 17:25 (Field, Notes 127).

② heal, restore (Athen. 12 p. 522b; SIG 1004, 21; 1168, 126; 1170, 20; 1171, 7; 1172, 5; Tob 12:3; Sir 38:7; JosAs; apolog. exc. Ar.; Hippol., Ref. 4, 44, 2; a ready transference is made to this mng. from the use of θ. in the var. senses of ‘care for, wait upon, treat medically’) τινά someone (Jos., Bell. 1, 272; of Jesus Orig., C. Cels. 2, 64, 17) Mt 4:24; 8:7, 16; 10:8; 12:15, 22; 14:14; 15:30; 17:16, 18; 19:2; 21:14; Mk 1:34; 3:2, 10; 6:13; Lk 4:23 (Horapollo 2, 76 ὑφʼ ἑαυτοῦ θεραπευθείς), 40; 10:9; 13:14b; J 5:10; Ac 4:14; 5:16; 8:7; 28:9; Qua; AcPl Ha 5, 36; 8, 36=AcPl BMM verso 10 (blind). τινὰ ἀπό τινος heal or cure someone from an illness (BGU 956, 2 ἐξορκίζω ὑμᾶς κατὰ τοῦ ἁγίου ὀνόματος θεραπεῦσαι τὸν Διονύσιον ἀπὸ παντὸς ῥίγου [= ῥίγους] καὶ πυρετοῦ) Lk 7:21. Pass. 5:15; 6:18; 8:2 (Tat. 16:3 al.). ἀπό τινος has a different mng. in vs. 43 οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ἀπʼ οὐδενὸς θεραπευθῆναι she could not be healed by anybody.—θ. νόσον καὶ μαλακίαν (cp. Philo, Det. Pot. ins 43; Jos., Ant. 17, 150) Mt 4:23; 9:35; 10:1; (τὰς) νόσους Mk 3:15 v.l.; Lk 9:1 (Just., A I, 48, 1; cp. 54, 10). Of wounds pass. (cp. Iren. 1, 3, 3 [Harv. I 27, 4]) Rv 13:3, 12; wounds healed by a plaster IPol 2:1. AcPl BMM verso 14 θ̣ε̣ρα[πεύων] (because of a lacuna the obj. cannot be determined). Abs. Mt 12:10; Mk 6:5; Lk 6:7; 9:6; 13:14; 14:3; —Fig. in isolated instances (e.g., Vi. Aesopi I c. 98 τὴν ὀργὴν ὁ λόγος θεραπεύσει): of God (Wsd 16:12) ὁ θεραπεύων θεός God, who can heal 2 Cl 9:7 (ὁ θεός, ὁ θεραπεύων καὶ ζωοποιῶν Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [p. 72, 17]; of Christ Did., Gen. 105, 16; cp. Shmone Esre 8 רוֹפֵא … אֵל).—JHempel, Heilung als Symbol u. Wirklichkeit ’58; JDewey, Jesus’ Healings of Women, BTB 24, ’94, 122–31; JCarroll, Sickness and Healing in the NT Gospels: Int 49, ’95, 130–42.—On medical practice in the Gr-Rom. world, s. ANRW II/37/1–3, ’93–96. B. 306. DELG s.v. θεράπων. M-M. EDNT. TRE XIV 763–68. TW.

κατά (Hom.+) prep. (s. the lit. s.v. ἀνά beg., also LfgrE s.v. κατά 1346; with the gen. 74 times in NT; w. acc. 391 times in NT).

A. w. the gen.

① marker of extension or orientation in space or specific area

ⓐ of location that is relatively lower, down from someth. (Hom. et al.; LXX; Ath. 1, 4 κ. κόρρης προπηλακίζειν=to smack on one side of the head) ὁρμᾶν κ. τοῦ κρημνοῦ rush down (from) the bank (cp. Polyb. 38, 16, 7 κ. τῶν κρημνῶν ῥίπτειν; Jos., Bell. 1, 313) Mt 8:32; Mk 5:13; Lk 8:33. κ. κεφαλῆς ἔχειν have someth. on one’s head (lit. hanging down fr. the head, as a veil. Cp. Plut., Mor. 200f ἐβάδιζε κ. τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔχων τὸ ἱμάτιον.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 499, 5 of a mummy ἔχων τάβλαν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου) 1 Cor 11:4.

ⓑ of position relatively deep, into someth. (Od. 9, 330 κ. σπείους ‘into the depths of the cave’; Hdt. 7, 235; X., An. 7, 1, 30) ἡ κ. βάθους πτωχεία extreme (lit. ‘reaching down into the depths’; cp. Strabo 9, 3, 5 [419] ἄντρον κοῖλον κ. βάθους) or abysmal poverty 2 Cor 8:2. This may perh. be the mng. of πλήσσειν τινὰ κ. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν strike someone deep into the eyes ApcPt 11:26 (cp. Demosth. 19, 197 ξαίνει κ. τοῦ νώτου; PPetr II, 18 [2b], 15 [246 B.C.] ἔτυπτεν αὐτὸν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου).—κ. γαστρός Just., D. 78, 3 for ἐν γαστρί Mt 1:18 (cp. Ath. 35, 2 τὸ κ. γαστρὸς ζῶον εἶναι).

ⓒ extension in various directions within an area, throughout (so in Luke’s writings; Polyb. 3, 19, 7 κ. τῆς νήσου διεσπάρησαν; PGiss 48, 8 κ. κυριακῆς γῆς; Jos., Ant. 8, 297; SibOr 3, 222; 4, 24; 5, 305) γνωστὸν γενέσθαι καθʼ ὅλης Ἰόππης become known throughout all Joppa Ac 9:42. καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας 9:31; 10:37; Lk 23:5. φήμη ἐξῆλθεν καθʼ ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου 4:14.

② down upon, toward, against someone or someth, fig. ext. of 1.

ⓐ w. verbs of swearing, to denote what one swears by (Thu. 5, 47, 8; Lysias 32, 13; Isaeus 7, 28; Demosth. 21, 119; 29, 26; SIG 526, 4ff; 685, 25; UPZ 110, 39 [164 B.C.]; BGU 248, 13; Jdth 1:12; Is 45:23; 2 Ch 36:13) by ἐξορκίζειν (q.v.) Mt 26:63. ὀμνύναι (q.v.) Hb 6:13, 16. ὁρκίζειν (q.v.) Hs 9, 10, 5. Sim. ἐρωτᾶν κ. τινος request, entreat by someone Hv 3, 2, 3.

ⓑ in a hostile sense, against

α. after verbs that express hostile action, etc. διχάζειν Mt 10:35. ἐπαίρεσθαι 2 Cor 10:5. ἰσχύειν Ac 19:16. κακοῦν 14:2. στρατεύεσθαι 1 Pt 2:11. φυσιοῦσθαι 1 Cor 4:6

β. after words and expressions that designate hostile speech, esp. an accusation ἔχειν (τι) κ. τινος have or hold someth. against someone Rv 2:4, 14, 20. φέρειν J 18:29. ἐγκαλεῖν Ro 8:33. ἐντυγχάνειν τινὶ κ. τινος 11:2 (TestJob 17:5). κατηγορεῖν Lk 23:14. ποιεῖν κρίσιν Jd 15a. τὸ κ. ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον the bond that stands against us Col 2:14. ἐμφανίζειν Ac 24:1; 25:2. αἰτεῖσθαί τι 25:3, 15. αἱ κ. τινος αἰτίαι vs. 27. εἰπεῖν πονηρόν Mt 5:11 (cp. Soph., Phil. 65 κακὰ λέγειν κ. τινος. X., Hell. 1, 5, 2; Isocr., C. Nic. 13; Plut., Mor. 2a λέγειν κ.; SIG 1180, 1 λέγειν κ. τινος; Just., A I, 23, 3; 49, 6 κ. τῶν … ὁμολογούντων). λαλεῖν ῥήματα Ac 6:13; cp. Jd 15b (TestDan 4:3; JosAs 23:15). μαρτυρεῖν κ. τ. θεοῦ give testimony in contradiction to God 1 Cor 15:15. ζητεῖν μαρτυρίαν κ. τινος testimony against someone Mk 14:55. ψευδομαρτυρεῖν 14:56f. ψευδομαρτυρία Mt 26:59. γογγύζειν 20:11. στενάζειν Js 5:9. διδάσκειν Ac 21:28. συμβούλιον διδόναι (ποιεῖν v.l.) Mk 3:6; ς. λαβεῖν Mt 27:1. ψεύδεσθαι Js 3:14 (Lysias 22, 7; X., Ap. 13; Ath. 35, 1 καθʼ ἡμῶν … κατεψεύσατο).

γ. after expressions that designate such a position or state of mind in a different way εἶναι κ. τινος be against someone (opp. ὑπέρ) Mk 9:40 (WNestle, ZNW 13, 1912, 84–87; AFridrichsen, ibid., 273–80); Ro 8:31; (opp. μετά) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23. δύνασθαί τι κ. τινος be able to do someth. against someone 2 Cor 13:8. ἔχειν τι κ. τινος have someth. against someone (in one’s heart) Mt 5:23; Mk 11:25; Hs 9, 24, 2; cp. ibid. 23, 2, where the acc. is to be supplied. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν J 19:11. ἐπιθυμεῖν Gal 5:17. μερίζεσθαι καθʼ ἑαυτῆς Mt 12:25. Cp. 1 Cl 39:4 (Job 4:18).—κατά prob. means against also in ἔβαλεν κατʼ αὐτῆς ἄνεμος Ac 27:14. ἐτελείωσαν κ. τ. κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα they completed the full measure of sins against their own head GPt 5:17.

B. w. acc. (so in the NT 399 times [besides καθʼ εἷς and κατὰ εἷς])

① marker of spatial aspect

ⓐ of extension in space, along, over, through, in, upon (Hom. et al.; OGI 90, 7 ἐκ τῶν κ. τ. χώραν ἱερῶν; PHib 82, 19; PTebt 5, 188; LXX; Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 5) Ac 24:12. καθʼ ὅλην τ. πόλιν throughout the city Lk 8:39 (cp. Diod S 4, 10, 6 καθʼ ὅλην τὴν Ἐλλάδα). ἐγένετο λιμὸς κ. τὴν χώραν ἐκείνην 15:14. κ. τὰς κώμας 9:6. κ. πόλεις καὶ κώμας 13:22 (Appian., Maced. 9 §1 and 4 κ. πόλεις; Just., A I, 67, 3 κ. πόλεις ἢ ἀγρούς).—κ. τόπους in place after place Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:11 (Theophr., περὶ σημ. 1, 4 p. 389 W.; Cat. Cod. Astr. III 28, 11 ἐν μέρει τ. ἀνατολῆς κ. τόπους, VIII/3, 186, 1 λιμὸς καὶ λοιμὸς καὶ σφαγαὶ κ. τόπους). οἱ ὄντες κ. τὴν Ἰουδαίαν those throughout Judea or living in Judea Ac 11:1. διασπαρῆναι κ. τὰς χώρας τῆς Ἰουδαίας be scattered over the regions of Judea 8:1. κ. τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν in the congregation there 13:1. τοῖς κ. τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν καὶ Συρίαν καὶ Κιλικίαν ἀδελφοῖς 15:23. τοὺς κ. τὰ ἔθνη Ἰουδαίους the Judeans (dispersed) throughout the nations 21:21. τοῖς κ. τὸν νόμον γεγραμμένοις throughout the law = in the law 24:14b. κ. τὴν ὁδόν along or on the way (Lucian, Catapl. 4; Jos., Ant. 8, 404) Lk 10:4; Ac 25:3; 26:13. τὸ κ. Κιλικίαν καὶ Παμφυλίαν πέλαγος the sea along the coast of Cilicia and Pamphylia 27:5; but the geographical designation τὰ μέρη τ. Λιβύης τῆς κ. Κυρήνην 2:10 prob. belongs to b: the parts of Libya toward Cyrene.

ⓑ of extension toward, toward, to, up to ἐλθεῖν (γίνεσθαι v.l.) κ. τὸν τόπον come up to the place (Jos., Vi. 283) Lk 10:32. ἐλθόντες κ. τὴν Μυσίαν to Mysia Ac 16:7; cp. 27:7. πορεύεσθαι κ. μεσημβρίαν (s. μεσημβρία 2) toward the south 8:26 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 505). κ. σκοπὸν διώκειν run (over the course) toward the goal Phil 3:14. λιμὴν βλέπων κ. λίβα καὶ κ. χῶρον a harbor open to the southwest and northwest Ac 27:12 (s. βλέπω 8).—κ. πρόσωπον to the face (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 205) Gal 2:11. ἔχειν τινὰ κ. πρόσωπον meet someone face to face (Thieme 19 has reff. for the use of κατὰ πρόσωπον as a legal formula) Ac 25:16. κ. πρόσωπον ταπεινός humble when personally present 2 Cor 10:1. κ. πρόσωπόν τινος in the presence of someone Lk 2:31; Ac 3:13. τὰ κ. πρόσωπον what lies before one’s eyes, i.e. is obvious 2 Cor 10:7. κ. ὀφθαλμοὺς προγράφειν portray before one’s eyes Gal 3:1.

ⓒ of isolation or separateness, by (Thu. 1, 138, 6 οἱ καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς Ἕλληνες ‘the Greeks by themselves’; Polyb. 1, 24, 4; 5, 78, 3; 11, 17, 6; Diod S 13, 72, 8; Gen 30:40; 43:32; 2 Macc 13:13; Philo, Migr. Abr. 87; 90; Just., D. 4, 5 αὐτὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν γενομένη; Tat. 13, 1 ἡ ψυχὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν; Ath. 15, 2 ὁ πηλὸς καθʼ ἑαυτόν) ἔχειν τι καθʼ ἑαυτόν keep someth. to oneself Ro 14:22 (cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 255; Heliod. 7, 16, 1). καθʼ ἑαυτὸν μένειν live by oneself of the private dwelling of Paul in Rome Ac 28:16. πίστις νεκρὰ καθʼ ἑαυτήν faith by itself is dead Js 2:17 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 3, 43 τὸ σῶμα καθʼ αὑτὸ νεκρόν ἐστιν). ἡ κατʼ οἶκον ἐκκλησία the congregation in the house Ro 16:5; 1 Cor 16:19. κατʼ ἰδίαν s. ἴδιος 5. κ. μόνας (Thu. 1, 32, 5; Menand., Epitr. 988 S. [658 Kö.], Fgm. 146 Kö. [158 Kock]; Polyb. 4, 15, 11; Diod S 4, 51, 16; BGU 813, 15 [s. APF 2, 1903, 97]; LXX) alone, by oneself Mk 4:10; Lk 9:18; Hm 11:8 (here, as well as BGU loc. cit. and LXX, written as one word καταμόνας).

ⓓ of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc., x by x (Arrian., Anab. 4, 21, 10 κ. σκηνήν=tent by tent) or from x to x: κατʼ οἶκον from house to house (PLond III, 904, 20 p. 125 [104 A.D.] ἡ κατʼ οἰκίαν ἀπογραφή) Ac 2:46b; 5:42 (both in ref. to various house assemblies or congregations; w. less probability NRSV ‘at home’); cp. 20:20. Likew. the pl. κ. τοὺς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος 8:3. κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19. κ. πόλιν (Jos., Ant. 6, 73) from city to city IRo 9:3, but in every (single) city Ac 15:21; 20:23; Tit 1:5. Also κ. πόλιν πᾶσαν (cp. Herodian 1, 14, 9) Ac 15:36; κ. πᾶσαν πόλιν 20:23 D. κ. πόλιν καὶ κώμην Lk 8:1; cp. vs. 4.

② marker of temporal aspect (Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, apolog.)

ⓐ in definite indications of time: at, on, during (Hdt. 8, 17; Polemon Soph. B 43 Reader κατʼ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν ‘in the course of that day’) κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beginning (cp. ἀρχή 1b) Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26). κ. τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ in the day of trial 3:8 (Ps 94:8.—Cp. Antig. Car. 173 κ. τὸν σπόρου καιρόν). νεκροῦ … ἀνάστασιν κατʼ αὐτὸν γεγονυῖαν ἱστορεῖ (Papias) reports that a resurrection from the dead occurred in his time Papias (2, 9; so, with personal names, Hdt.; Just., D. 23, 1 τοῦ θεοῦ … τοῦ κ. τὸν Ἐνώχ; Tat. 31, 2 Θεαγένης … κ. Καμβύσην γεγονώς). Of the future: κ. τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον at that time, then Ro 9:9 (Gen 18:10). Of the past: κ. ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρόν at that time, then (2 Macc 3:5; TestJos 12:1; Jos., Ant. 8, 266; cp. κατʼ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ καιροῦ Konon: 26 Fgm. 3 p. 191, 25 Jac.; Just., A I, 17, 2; 26, 3 al.) Ac 12:1; 19:23. κ. καιρόν at that time, then Ro 5:6 (Just., D. 132, 1; cp. OGI 90, 28 καθʼ ὸ̔ν καιρόν), unless καιρός here means the right time (s. καιρός 1b end). κατʼ ὄναρ (as καθʼ ὕπνον Gen 20:6; Just., D 60, 5 κ. τοὺς ὕπνους) during a dream, in a dream Mt 1:20; 2:12 (s. s.v. ὄναρ for ins).

ⓑ with indefinite indications of time: toward, about κ. τὸ μεσονύκτιον about midnight Ac 16:25; cp. 27:27.—8:26 (s. μεσημβρία 1).

ⓒ distributively (cp. 1d): x period by x period: κατʼ ἔτος every year (s. ἔτος) Lk 2:41. Also κατʼ ἐνιαυτόν (s. ἐνιαυτός 1) Hb 9:25; 10:1, 3. καθʼ ἡμέραν daily, every day (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Mt 26:55; Mk 14:49; Lk 16:19; 22:53; Ac 2:46f; 3:2; 16:5; 17:11; 19:9; 1 Cor 15:31; Hb 7:27; 10:11. Also τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Lk 11:3; 19:47; Ac 17:11 v.l. ἡ ἐπίστασις ἡ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἐπίστασις) 2 Cor 11:28. κ. πᾶσαν ἡμέραν every day (Jos., Ant. 6, 49) Ac 17:7. Also καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Hb 3:13. κ. μίαν σαββάτου on the first day of every week 1 Cor 16:2. κ. πᾶν σάββατον every Sabbath Ac 13:27; 15:21b; 18:4. κ. μῆνα ἕκαστον each month Rv 22:2 (κ. μῆνα as SIG 153, 65; POxy 275, 18; 2 Macc 6:7). κ. ἑορτήν at each festival Mt 27:15; Mk 15:6.

③ marker of division of a greater whole into individual parts, at a time, in detail, distributive use apart from indications of place (s. above 1d) and time (s. 2c)

ⓐ w. numerals: κ. δύο ἢ τὸ πλεῖστον τρεῖς two or, at the most, three at a time (i.e. in any one meeting, cp. ἀνὰ μέρος) 1 Cor 14:27 (Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 42 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς; Jos., Ant. 3, 142 κ. ἕξ; 5, 172 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς). καθʼ ἕνα (on this and the foll. s. εἷς 5e) singly, one after the other vs. 31. κ. ἕνα λίθον each individual stone Hs 9, 3, 5; καθʼ ἕνα λίθον 9, 6, 3. κ. ἓν ἕκαστον one by one, in detail Ac 21:19; 1 Cl 32:1 (Ath. 28, 4 καθʼ ἕκαστον). εἷς καθʼ εἷς Mk 14:19; J 8:9; cp. Ro 12:5 (B-D-F §305; Rob. 460). κ. ἑκατὸν καὶ κ. πεντήκοντα in hundreds and in fifties Mk 6:40.

ⓑ περί τινος λέγειν κ. μέρος speak of someth. in detail Hb 9:5 (s. μέρος 1c). κατʼ ὄνομα (each one) by name (ἀσπάζομαι … τοὺς ἐνοίκους πάντες κα[τʼ] ὄνομα PTebt [III A.D.] 422, 11–16; Jos., Vi. 86) J 10:3; 3J 15 (cp. BGU 27, 18); ISm 13:2.

④ marker of intention or goal, for the purpose of, for, to (Thu. 6, 31, 1 κ. θέαν ἥκειν=to look at something; cp. Sb 7263, 6 [254 B.C.]; X., An. 3, 5, 2 καθʼ ἁρπαγὴν ἐσκεδασμένοι; Arrian, Anab. 1, 17, 12; 4, 5, 1; 21, 9; 6, 17, 6; 26, 2; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 29; Anton. Lib., Fab. 24, 1 Δημήτηρ ἐπῄει γῆν ἅπασαν κ. ζήτησιν τῆς θυγατρός; 38; Jdth 11:19) κ. τὸν καθαρισμὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων for the Jewish ceremonial purification J 2:6. κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω to my shame 2 Cor 11:21 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 268 κ. τιμὴν τ. θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν). ἀπόστολος … κ. πίστιν … καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν an apostle … for the faith … and the knowledge Tit 1:1 (but the mng. ‘in accordance with’ is also prob.).

⑤ marker of norm of similarity or homogeneity, according to, in accordance with, in conformity with, according to

ⓐ to introduce the norm which governs someth.

α. the norm of the law, etc. (OGI 56, 33; Mitt-Wilck., I/2, 352, 11 κ. τὰ κελευσθέντα [as Just., D. 78, 7]; POxy 37 II, 8) κ. τὸν νόμον (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51; Just., D. 10, 1 al.; Ath. 31, 1; κ. τοὺς νόμους Ἀρεοπαγείτης, letter of MAurelius: ZPE 8, ’71, 169, ln. 27) Lk 2:22; J 18:31; 19:7; Hb 7:5. τὰ κ. τ. νόμον what is to be done according to the law Lk 2:39 (cp. EpArist 32). κ. τὸ ὡρισμένον in accordance w. what has been determined 22:22. Cp. 1:9; 2:24, 27, 42; Ac 17:2; 22:3. κ. τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου Ro 2:16; 16:25a; 2 Ti 2:8. κ. τὸ εἰρημένον Ro 4:18 (cp. Ath. 28, 1 κ. τὰ προειρημένα). κ. τὰς γραφάς (Just., D. 82, 4; cp. Paus. 6, 21, 10 κ. τὰ ἔπη=according to the epic poems; Just., A I, 32, 14 κ. τὸ λόγιον, D. 67, 1 κ. τὴν προφητείαν ταύτην) 1 Cor 15:3; cp. Js 2:8. κ. τὴν παράδοσιν Mk 7:5 (Tat. 39, 1 κ. τὴν Ἑλλήνων παράδοσιν).—κ. λόγον as one wishes (exx. in Dssm., B 209 [not in BS]; also PEleph 13, 1; 3 Macc 3:14) Ac 18:14 (though 5bβ below is also prob.).—It can also stand simply w. the acc. of the pers. according to whose will, pleasure, or manner someth. occurs κ. θεόν (cp. Socrat., Ep. 14, 5 κ. θεόν; 26, 2; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 1 Jac. and Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 84 §352 κ. δαίμονα; Jos., Ant. 4, 143 ὁ κ. τοῦτον[=θεόν] βίος; Just., D. 5, 1 κ. τινας … Πλατωνικούς; Tat. 1, 3 κ. … τὸν κωμικόν) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9–11; κ. Χριστὸν Ἰ. Ro 15:5. κ. κύριον 2 Cor 11:17. Cp. 1 Pt 1:15. κ. τ. Ἕλληνας in the manner of the Greeks, i.e. polytheists PtK 2, p. 14, 1; 7. κ. Ἰουδαίους ln. 25.

β. the norm according to which a judgment is rendered, or rewards or punishments are given ἀποδοῦναι τινι κ. τ. πρᾶξιν or ἔργα αὐτοῦ (Ps 61:13; Pr 24:12; Just., A I, 12, 1; 17, 4 al.; κατʼ ἀξίαν τῶν πράξεων) Mt 16:27; Ro 2:6; 2 Ti 4:14; Rv 2:23. μισθὸν λήμψεται κ. τ. ἴδιον κόπον 1 Cor 3:8. κρίνειν κ. τι J 7:24; 8:15; 1 Pt 1:17; cp. Ro 2:2.

γ. of a standard of any other kind κ. τ. χρόνον ὸ̔ν ἠκρίβωσεν in accordance w. the time which he had ascertained Mt 2:16. κ. τ. πίστιν ὑμῶν acc. to your faith 9:29. κ. τ. δύναμιν acc. to his capability 25:15 (Just., D. 139, 4; Tat. 12, 3; cp. Just., A II, 13, 6 κ. δύναμιν). Cp. Lk 1:38; 2:29; Ro 8:4; 10:2; Eph 4:7. ἀνὴρ κ. τ. καρδίαν μου Ac 13:22 (καρδία 1bε).

δ. Oft. the norm is at the same time the reason, so that in accordance with and because of are merged: οἱ κ. πρόθεσιν κλητοί Ro 8:28. κατʼ ἐπιταγὴν θεοῦ 16:26; 1 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Eph 3:3 (Just., D. 78, 2). οἱ καθʼ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ Ro 2:7. κατʼ ἐκλογήν 11:5 (Just., D. 49, 1). Cp. κ. τὴν βουλήν Eph 1:11 (Just., A I, 63, 16 al.); 2 Th 2:9; Hb 7:16. κ. τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what shall I know this? (cp. Gen 15:8) Lk 1:18.—Instead of ‘in accordance w.’ κ. can mean simply because of, as a result of, on the basis of (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 219 D.: κ. τοὺς νόμους; Jos., Ant. 1, 259; 278; Just., A I, 54, 1 κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τῶν φαύλων δαιμόνων; Ath. 7, 1 κ. συμπάθειαν τῆς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ πνοῆς; 32, 1 κ. χρησμόν). κ. πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any and every reason (αἰτία 1) Mt 19:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Gal 2:2. Cp. Ro 2:5; 1 Cor 12:8 (κ. τ. πνεῦμα = διὰ τοῦ πν.); Eph 1:5; 4:22b; Phil 4:11; 1 Ti 5:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; κ. ἀνάγκην Phlm 14 (Ar. 1, 2; 4, 2 al.; Just., A I, 30, 1; 61, 10; Ath. 24, 2); IPol 1:3. ὁ κ. τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς 1 Pt 1:3.—καθʼ ὅσον (Thu. 4, 18, 4) in so far as, inasmuch as Hb 3:3. καθʼ ὅσον …, κ. τοσοῦτο in so far as …, just so far (Lysias 31, 8; Galen, De Dignosc. Puls. 3, 2, VIII 892 K.) 7:20, 22.

ⓑ as a periphrasis to express equality, similarity, or example in accordance with, just as, similar(ly) to (TestJob 32:6 τίς γὰρ κ. σε ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τέκνων σου; Tat. 25, 1 κ. … τὸν Πρωτέα like Proteus; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 50: sheep are not burden-bearers κ. τοὺς ὄνους=as donkeys are).

α. κ. τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν μὴ ποιεῖτε do not do as they do Mt 23:3. κ. Ἰσαάκ just as Isaac Gal 4:28. κ. θεὸν κτισθείς Eph 4:24 (Synes., Prov. 2, 2 p. 118c κ. θεόν=just as a god). Cp. Col 3:10. κ. τὸν τύπον Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40; Mel., P. 58, 424 [νόμον v.l.]). Cp. 5:6 (Ps 109:4); 8:9 (Jer 38: 32); Js 3:9.—κ. τὰ αὐτά in (just) the same way (OGI 56, 66; PEleph 2, 6; 1 Macc 8:27; 12:2; Just., D. 1, 2; 3, 5; 113, 3) Lk 6:23, 26; 17:30; Dg 3:1. On the other hand, the sing. κ. τὸ αὐτό Ac 14:1 means together (marriage contract PEleph 1, 5 [IV B.C.] εἶναι ἡμᾶς κ. ταὐτό; 1 Km 11:11). καθʼ ὸ̔ν τρόπον just as (2 Macc 6:20; 4 Macc 14:17) Ac 15:11; 27:25. καθʼ ὅσον …, οὕτως (just) as …, so Hb 9:27. κ. πάντα τρόπον in every way (PSI 520, 16 [250 B.C.]; PCairZen 631, 2; 3 Macc 3:24) Ro 3:2. κ. μηδένα τρόπον (PMagd 14, 9 [221 B.C.]; PRein 7, 31; 3 Macc 4:13; 4 Macc 4:24; Just., D. 35, 7; s. Reader, Polemo 262) 2 Th 2:3. Cp. Johannessohn, Kasus, 1910, 82. κατά w. acc. serves in general

β. to indicate the nature, kind, peculiarity or characteristics of a thing (freq. as a periphrasis for the adv.; e.g. Antiochus of Syracuse [V B.C.]: 555 Fgm. 12 Jac. κ. μῖσος=out of hate, filled with hate) κατʼ ἐξουσίαν with authority or power Mk 1:27. κ. συγκυρίαν by chance Lk 10:31. κ. ἄγνοιαν without knowing Ac 3:17 (s. ἄγνοια 2a). κ. ἄνθρωπον 1 Cor 3:3 al. (s. Straub 15; Aeschyl., Th. 425; ἄνθρωπος 2b). κ. κράτος powerfully, Ac 19:20 (κράτος 1a). κ. λόγον reasonably, rightly (Pla.; Polyb. 1, 62, 4; 5; 5, 110, 10; Jos., Ant. 13, 195; PYale 42, 24 [12 Jan., 229 B.C.]) 18:14 (but s. above 5aα). λέγειν τι κ. συγγνώμην οὐ κατʼ ἐπιταγήν say someth. as a concession, not as a command 1 Cor 7:6; cp. 2 Cor 8:8. κ. τάξιν in (an) order(ly manner) 1 Cor 14:40 (τάξις 2). κατʼ ὀφθαλμοδουλίαν with eye-service Eph 6:6. μηδὲν κατʼ ἐριθείαν μηδὲ κ. κενοδοξίαν Phil 2:3. κ. ζῆλος zealously 3:6a, unless this pass. belongs under 6 below, in its entirety. κ. σάρκα on the physical plane Ro 8:12f; 2 Cor 1:17; also 5:16ab, if here κ. ς. belongs w. οἴδαμεν or ἐγνώκαμεν (as Bachmann, JWeiss, H-D Wendland, Sickenberger take it; s. 7a below). καθʼ ὑπερβολήν (PTebt 42, 5f [c. 114 B.C.] ἠδικημένος καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὸ, Ἁρμιύσιος; 4 Macc 3:18) beyond measure, beyond comparison Ro 7:13; 1 Cor 12:31; 2 Cor 4:17. καθʼ ὁμοιότητα (Aristot.; Gen 1:12; Philo, Fug. 51; Tat. 12, 4 κ. τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτῇ) in a similar manner Hb 4:15b. κ. μικρόν in brief B 1:5 (μικρός 1eγ).

⑥ denoting relationship to someth., with respect to, in relation to κ. σάρκα w. respect to the flesh, physically of human descent Ro 1:3; 4:1; 9:3, 5 (Ar. 15, 7 κ. σάρκα … κ. ψυχήν; Just., D. 43, 7 ἐν τῷ γένει τῷ κ. σάρκα τοῦ Ἀβραάμ al.). κ. τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 7:22 (cp. POxy 904, 6 πληγαῖς κατακοπτόμενον κ. τὸ σῶμα). Cp. Ro 1:4; 11:28; Phil 3:5, 6b (for vs. 6a s. 5bβ above); Hb 9:9b. τὰ κ. τινα (Hdt. 7, 148; Diod S 1, 10, 73; Aelian, VH 2, 20; PEleph 13, 3; POxy 120, 14; Tob 10:9; 1 Esdr 9:17; 2 Macc 3:40; 9:3 al.) someone’s case, circumstances Ac 24:22 (cp. PEleph 13, 3 τὰ κ. σε; Just., A I, 61, 13 τὰ κ. τὸν Ἰησοῦν πάντα, D. 102, 2 τὰ κ. αὐτόν; Ath. 24, 4 τὸ κ. τοὺς ἀγγέλους); 25:14; Eph 6:21; Phil 1:12; Col 4:7. κ. πάντα in all respects (since Thu. 4, 81, 3; Sb 4324, 3; 5761, 22; SIG 834, 7; Gen 24:1; Wsd 19:22; 2 Macc 1:17; 3 Macc 5:42; JosAs 1:7; Just., A II, 4, 4, D. 35, 8 al.); Ac 17:22; Col 3:20, 22a; Hb 2:17 (Artem. 1, 13 αὐτῷ ὅμοιον κ. π.); 4:15a.

⑦ Somet. the κατά phrase, which would sound cumbersome in the rendering ‘such-and-such’, ‘in line with’, or ‘in accordance with’, is best rendered as an adj., a possessive pron., or with a genitival construction to express the perspective from which something is perceived or to be understood. In translation it thus functions as

ⓐ an adj. (Synes., Kingdom 4 p. 4d τὰ κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἔργα i.e. the deeds that are commensurate with that which is exceptional = virtuous deeds; PHib 27, 42 ταῖς κ. σελήνην ἡμέραις; 4 Macc 5:18 κ. ἀλήθειαν=ἀληθής; Just., A I, 2, 1 τοὺς κ. ἀλήθειαν εὐσεβεῖς; Tat. 26, 2 τῆς κ. ἀλήθειαν σοφίας) οἱ κ. φύσιν κλάδοι the natural branches Ro 11:21. ἡ κατʼ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλία 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Tit 1:1b. οἱ κ. σάρκα κύριοι the earthly masters (in wordplay, anticipating the κύριος who is in the heavens, vs. 9) Eph 6:5. Cp. 2 Cor 5:16b, in case (s. 5bβ above) κ. ς. belongs w. Χριστόν (as the majority, incl. Ltzm., take it): a physical Christ, a Christ in the flesh, in his earthly relationships (σάρξ 5). Correspondingly in vs. 16a κ. ς. would be taken w. οὐδένα: no one simply as a physical being.—JMartyn, JKnox Festschr., ’67, 269–87.

ⓑ a possessive pron., but with limiting force (Demosth. 2, 27 τὰ καθʼ ὑμᾶς ἐλλείμματα [i.e. in contrast to the activities of others: ‘your own’]; Aelian, VH 2, 42 ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἀρετή; 3, 36; OGI 168, 17 παραγεγονότες εἰς τοὺς καθʼ ὑμᾶς τόπους; SIG 646, 6; 807, 15 al.; UPZ 20, 9 [II B.C.] ἐπὶ τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς λειτουργίας; PTebt 24, 64; 2 Macc 4:21; Tat. 42, 1 τίς ὁ θεὸς καὶ τίς ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ποίησις; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7 ἡ καθʼ ἡμᾶς φιλοσοφία) τῶν καθʼ ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν τινες some of your (own) poets Ac 17:28. ἡ καθʼ ὑμᾶς πίστις Eph 1:15. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς νόμος Ac 18:15. τὸ κατʼ ἐμὲ πρόθυμον my eagerness Ro 1:15.

ⓒ a gen. w. a noun (Polyb. 3, 113, 1 ἡ κ. τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατολή; 2, 48, 2; 3, 8, 1 al.; Diod S 14, 12 ἡ κ. τὸν τύραννον ὠμότης; Dionys. Hal. 2, 1; SIG 873, 5 τῆς κ. τ. μυστήρια τελετῆς; 569, 22; 783, 20; PTebt 5, 25; PLond III, 1164k, 20 p. 167 [212 A.D.] ὑπὸ τοῦ κ. πατέρα μου ἀνεψιοῦ) τὰ κ. Ἰουδαίους ἔθη the customs of the Judeans Ac 26:3 (Tat. 12, 5 τῇ κ. Βαβυλωνίους προγνωστικῇ; 34, 2 ἡ κ. τὸν Ἀριστόδημον πλαστική). Cp. 27:2. ἡ κ. πίστιν δικαιοσύνη the righteousness of faith Hb 11:7. ἡ κατʼ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις purpose of election Ro 9:11.—Here also belong the titles of the gospels εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ματθαῖον etc., where κατά is likew. periphrasis for a gen. (cp. JLydus, De Mag. 3, 46 p. 136, 10 Wünsch τῆς κ. Λουκανὸν συγγραφῆς; Herodian 2, 9, 4 of an autobiography ἐν τῷ καθʼ αὑτὸν βίῳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 18 τ. καθʼ αὐτὸν ἱστορίαν; 2 Macc 2:13. Cp. B-D-F §163; 224, 2; Zahn, Einleitung §49; BBacon, Why ‘According to Mt’? Exp., 8th ser., 16, 1920, 289–310).—On the periphrasis of the gen. by κατά s. Rudberg (ἀνά beg.) w. many exx. fr. Pla. on. But it occurs as early as Thu. 6, 16, 5 ἐν τῷ κατʼ αὐτοὺς βίῳ.—M-M. DELG. EDNT. TW.

① a state of discomfort or distress, trouble, difficulty, a transferred sense of κόπος=‘beating’ (s. κόπτω; Trag.; pap; Ps 106:12; Sir 22:13; 1 Macc 10:15; ParJer 5:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 257; Just., D. 68, 2) κόπους (κόπον) παρέχειν τινί (cause) trouble (for) someone, bother someone (κόπους παρέχειν τινί PTebt 21, 10 [115 B.C.]; BGU 844, 12; PGissUniv 27, 13f [IIIA.D.]; PGM 14b, 4f; κόπον παρ. τινί Sir 29:4) Mt 26:10; Mk 14:6; Lk 11:7; 18:5; Gal 6:17; Hv 3, 3, 2; AcPlCor 2:34. πολλοὺς κόπους ἠντληκώς after he had endured many hardships Hs 5, 6, 2a (cp. Did.. Gen. 105, 9). W. other terms relating to a peristasis (FDanker, 2 Cor [Augsburg Comm.], ’89, 85–91; 180–86) 2 Cor 6:5 and 11:23; on 10:15 s. 2 below.

② to engage in activity that is burdensome, work, labor, toil (Eur., Aristoph.; SIG 761, 6 [I B.C.]; PAmh 133, 11; POxy 1482, 6; LXX; En; TestIss 3:5; Apc4Esdr Fgm. a; ApcSed 14:2; Jos., Ant. 3, 25; 8, 244; Iren.1, 13, 5 [Harv I 122, 3]; Did., Gen. 104, 7.) sing. κ. τῆς ἀγάπης labor of love, i.e. loving service 1 Th 1:3. W. ἔργα Rv 2:2. W. ἱδρώς B 10:4. W. μόχθος (q.v.) 2 Cor 11:27; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8; Hs 5, 6, 2b. ὁ κ. ὑμῶν οὐκ ἔστιν κενός your labor is not in vain 1 Cor 15:58. μήπως εἰς κενὸν γένηται ὁ κ. ἡμῶν that our work may not be fruitless 1 Th 3:5. Fig. of work at harvest time εἰς τὸν κ. τινὸς εἰσέρχεσθαι enter into someone’s labor i.e. reap the rewards of another person’s work J 4:38; τὸν μισθὸν λαμβάνειν κατὰ τὸν κ. receive pay in accordance w. the work done 1 Cor 3:8. ὅπου πλείων κ., πολὺ κέρδος the greater the toil, the richer the gain IPol 1:3.—Pl., of individual acts (En 7:3) 2 Cor 10:15 (6:5 and 11:23 appear to fit best under 1 above); Rv 14:13. Also abstr. for concr. reward for labor (Sir 14:15) Hm 2:4; Hs 9, 24, 2f.—AvHarnack, Κόπος (κοπιᾶν, οἱ κοπιῶντες) im frühchristl. Sprachgebr.: ZNW 27, 1928, 1–10; HKuist, Bibl. Review 16, ’31, 245–49. B. 540.—DELG s.v. κόπτω. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

κόσμος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)

① that which serves to beautify through decoration, adornment, adorning (Hom.+; Diod S 20, 4, 5 τῶν γυναικῶν τὸν κόσμον; OGI 531, 13; SIG 850, 10; IMaronIsis 41; PEleph 1, 4; PSI 240, 12 γυναικεῖον κόσμον; LXX; TestJud 12:1; JosAs 2:6 al.; Philo, Migr. Abr. 97 γυναικῶν κ.; Jos., Ant. 1, 250; 15, 5; Just., A II, 11, 4f) of women’s attire, etc. ὁ ἔξωθεν … κόσμος external adorning 1 Pt 3:3 (Vi. Hom. 4 of the inward adornment of a woman, beside σωφροσύνη; Crates, Ep. 9; Pythag., Ep. 11, 1; Plut., Mor. 141e; on the topic of external adornment cp. SIG 736, 15–26).

② condition of orderliness, orderly arrangement, order (Hom. et al.; s. HDiller, Die vorphilosophische Gebrauch von κ. und κοσμεῖν: BSnell Festschr., ’56, 47–60) μετὰ κόσμου in order Dg 12:9 (text uncertain; s. μετακόσμιος).

③ the sum total of everything here and now, the world, the (orderly) universe, in philosophical usage (so, acc. to Plut., Mor. 886b, as early as Pythagoras; certainly Heraclitus, Fgm. 66; Pla., Gorg. 508a, Phdr. 246c; Chrysipp., Fgm. 527 v. Arnim κόσμος σύστημα ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς καὶ τῶν ἐν τούτοις περιεχομένων φύσεων. Likew. Posidonius in Diog. L. 7, 138; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2 p. 391b, 9ff; 2 and 4 Macc; Wsd; EpArist 254; Philo, Aet. M. 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 21; Test12Patr; SibOr 7, 123; AssMos Fgm. b Denis [=Tromp p. 272]; Just., A I, 20, 2 al.; Ath. 19, 2 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 68, 14; Did., Gen. 36, 7; 137, 13.—The other philosoph. usage, in which κ. denotes the heaven in contrast to the earth, is prob. without mng. for our lit. [unless perh. Phil 2:15 κ.=‘sky’?]). ἡ ἀέναος τοῦ κ. σύστασις the everlasting constitution of the universe 1 Cl 60:1 (cp. OGI 56, 48 εἰς τὸν ἀέναον κ.). Sustained by four elements Hv 3, 13, 3. πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κ. εἶναι before the world existed J 17:5. ἀπὸ καταβολῆς [κόσμου] from the beginning of the world Mt 13:35; 25:34; Lk 11:50; Hb 4:3; 9:26; Rv 13:8; 17:8. Also ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς κ. Mt 24:21 or ἀπὸ κτίσεως κ. Ro 1:20.—B 5:5 ἀπὸ καταβ. κ. evidently means at the foundation of the world (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.). πρὸ καταβολῆς κ. before the foundation of the world J 17:24; Eph 1:4; 1 Pt 1:20 (on the uses w. καταβολή s. that word, 1). οὐδὲν εἴδωλον ἐν κ. no idol has any real existence in the universe (Twentieth Century NT) 1 Cor 8:4. Of the creation in its entirety 3:22. ὁ κόσμος ὅλος = πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις (Sallust. 21 p. 36, 13; TestSol 5:7; TestJob 33:4) Hs 9, 2, 1; 9, 14, 5. φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ stars in the universe Phil 2:15 (s. above). Esp. of the universe as created by God (Epict 4, 7, 6 ὁ θεὸς πάντα πεποίηκεν, τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον; Wsd 9:9; 2 Macc 7:23 ὁ τοῦ κ. κτίστης; 4 Macc 5:25; Just., A I, 59, 1 al.; Ath. 8, 2 al.) ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κ. who has made the world Ac 17:24. ὁ κτίστης τοῦ σύμπαντος κ. 1 Cl 19:2; ὁ κτίσας τὸν κ. Hv 1, 3, 4; cp. m 12, 4, 2. ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κ. κυριεύων B 21:5. οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15. Christ is called παντὸς τοῦ κ. κύριος 5:5; and the κ. owes its origin to his agency J 1:10b. The world was created for the sake of the church Hv 2, 4, 1.—The universe, as the greatest space conceivable, is not able to contain someth. (Philo, Ebr. 32) J 21:25.

④ the sum total of all beings above the level of the animals, the world, as θέατρον ἐγενήθημεν (i.e. οἱ ἀπόστολοι) τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ ἀγγέλοις καὶ ἀνθρώποις 1 Cor 4:9. Here the world is divided into angels and humans (cp. the Stoic definition of the κόσμος in Stob., Ecl. I p. 184, 8 τὸ ἐκ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων σύστημα; likew. Epict 1, 9, 4.—Acc. to Ocellus Luc. 37, end, the κ. consists of the sphere of the divine beyond the moon and the sphere of the earthly on this side of the moon).

⑤ planet earth as a place of inhabitation, the world (SIG 814, 31 [67 A.D.] Nero, ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου κύριος; the meaning of the birthday of Augustus for the world OGI 458, 40 [=IPriene 105]; 2 Macc 3:12; Jos., Ant. 9, 241; 10, 205; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 68)

ⓐ gener. Mk 16:15. τὰς βασιλείας τοῦ κ. Mt 4:8; ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κ. 26:13. Cp. 13:38 (cp. Hs 5, 5, 2); Mk 14:9; Hs 9, 25, 2. τὸ φῶς τοῦ κ. τούτου the light of this world (the sun) J 11:9. In rhetorical exaggeration ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται ἐν ὅλῳ τ. κόσμῳ Ro 1:8 (cp. the Egypt. grave ins APF 5, 1913, 169 no. 24, 8 ὧν ἡ σωφροσύνη κατὰ τὸν κ. λελάληται). Abraham as κληρονόμος κόσμου heir of the world 4:13.—Cp. 1 Cor 14:10; Col 1:6. ἡ ἐν τῷ κ. ἀδελφότης the brotherhood in the (whole) world 1 Pt 5:9. ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κ. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν our Lord has assumed the sovereignty of the world Rv 11:15. τὰ ἔθνη τοῦ κ. (not LXX, but prob. rabbinic אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם=humankind apart fr. Israel; Billerb. II 191; Dalman, Worte 144f) the unconverted in the world Lk 12:30. In this line of development, κόσμος alone serves to designate the polytheistic unconverted world Ro 11:12, 15.—Other worlds (lands) beyond the ocean 1 Cl 20:8.—Many of these pass. bear the connotation of

ⓑ the world as the habitation of humanity (as SibOr 1, 160). So also Hs 9, 17, 1f. εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν κ. of entrance into the world by being born 1 Cl 38:3. ἐκ τοῦ κ. ἐξελθεῖν leave this present world (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 5 ἔξω τ. κόσμου φεύγειν; s. ἐξέρχομαι 5; cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 16, 7) 1 Cor 5:10b; 2 Cl 8:3. γεννηθῆναι εἰς τὸν κ. be born into the world J 16:21. ἕως ἐσμὲν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ κ. 2 Cl 8:2. οὐδὲν εἰσφέρειν εἰς τὸν κ. (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 294 τὸν μηδὲν εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσενηνοχότα) 1 Ti 6:7 (Pol 4:1). πολλοὶ πλάνοι ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸν κ. 2J 7.—ἐν τῷ κόσμω τούτῳ J 12:25 (κ. need not here be understood as an entity hostile to God, but the transition to the nuance in 7b, below, is signalled by the term that follows: ζωὴν αἰώνιον). ἵνα εἰς κόσμον προέλθῃ AcPlCor 2:6.

ⓒ earth, world in contrast to heaven (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 59; Iren., 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 35, 5]; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 15, 24) ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τούτῳ 2 Cl 19:3.—Esp. when mention is made of the preexistent Christ, who came fr. another world into the κόσμος. So, above all, in John (Bultmann, index I κόσμος) ἔρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν κ. (τοῦτον) J 6:14; 9:39; 11:27; 16:28a; 18:37; specif. also come into the world as light 12:46; cp. 1:9; 3:19. Sending of Jesus into the world 3:17a; 10:36; 17:18; 1J 4:9. His εἶναι ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ J 1:10a; 9:5a; 17:12 v.l. Leaving the world and returning to the Father 13:1a; 16:28b. Cp. 14:19; 17:11a. His kingship is not ἐκ τοῦ κ. τούτου of this world i.e. not derived from the world or conditioned by its terms and evaluations 18:36ab.—Also Χρ. Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν εἰς τ. κόσμον 1 Ti 1:15; cp. ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ (opp. ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ) 3:16.—εἰσερχόμενος εἰς τὸν κ. Hb 10:5.

ⓓ the world outside in contrast to one’s home PtK 3 p. 15, 13; 19.

⑥ humanity in general, the world (TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 11 [Stone p. 74]; ApcEsdr 3:6 p. 27, 14; SibOr 1, 189; Just., A I, 39, 3 al.)

ⓐ gener. οὐαὶ τῷ κ. ἀπὸ τῶν σκανδάλων woe to humankind because of the things that cause people to sin Mt 18:7; τὸ φῶς τοῦ κ. the light for humanity 5:14; cp. J 8:12; 9:5. ὁ σωτὴρ τοῦ κ. 4:42; 1J 4:14 (this designation is found in inscriptions, esp. oft. of Hadrian [WWeber, Untersuchungen z. Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrianus 1907, 225; 226; 229]).—J 1:29; 3:17b; 17:6.—κρίνειν τὸν κ. (SibOr 4, 184; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]; ApcMos 37) of God, Christ J 12:47a; Ro 3:6; B 4:12; cp. Ro 3:19. Of believers 1 Cor 6:2ab (cp. Sallust. 21 p. 36, 13 the souls of the virtuous, together w. the gods, will rule the whole κόσμος). Of Noah διʼ ἧς (sc. πίστεως) κατέκρινεν τὸν κ. Hb 11:7. ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κ. εἰσῆλθεν Ro 5:12; likew. θάνατος εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν κ. 1 Cl 3:4 (Wsd 2:24; 14:14). Cp. Ro 5:13; 1 Cor 1:27f. περικαθάρματα τοῦ κ. the refuse of humanity 4:13. Of persons before conversion ἄθεοι ἐν τῷ κ. Eph 2:12.—2 Cor 1:12; 5:19; Js 2:5; 1J 2:2; 4:1, 3. ἀρχαῖος κόσμος the people of the ancient world 2 Pt 2:5a; cp. vs. 5b; 3:6. Of pers. of exceptional merit: ὧν οὐκ ἦν ἄξιος ὁ κ. of whom the world was not worthy Hb 11:38.—ὅλος ὁ κ. all the world, everybody Ac 2:47 D; 1 Cl 5:7; cp. ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κ. 59:2; εἰς ὅλον τὸν κ. Hs 8, 3, 2. Likew. ὁ κόσμος (cp. Philo, De Prov. in Eus., PE 8, 14, 58) ὁ κ. ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ἀπῆλθεν J 12:19. ταῦτα λαλῶ εἰς τὸν κ. 8:26; ἐν τῷ κ. 17:13; ἐγὼ παρρησίᾳ λελάληκα τῷ κ. 18:20; cp. 7:4; 14:22. ἵνα γνῷ ὁ κ. 14:31; cp. 17:23; ἵνα ὁ κ. πιστεύῃ 17:21.

ⓑ of all humanity, but especially of believers, as the object of God’s love J 3:16, 17c; 6:33, 51; 12:47b.

⑦ the system of human existence in its many aspects, the world

ⓐ as scene of earthly joys, possessions, cares, sufferings (cp. 4 Macc 8:23) τὸν κ. ὅλον κερδῆσαι gain the whole world Mt 16:26; Mk 8:36; Lk 9:25; 2 Cl 6:2 (cp. Procop. Soph., Ep. 137 the whole οἰκουμένη is an unimportant possession compared to ἀρετή). τὰ τερπνὰ τοῦ κ. the delightful things in the world IRo 6:1. οἱ χρώμενοι τὸν κ. ὡς μὴ καταχρώμενοι those who use the world as though they had no use of it or those who deal with the world as having made no deals with it 1 Cor 7:31a. ἔχειν τὸν βίον τοῦ κ. possess worldly goods 1J 3:17. τὰ τοῦ κόσμου the affairs of the world 1 Cor 7:33f; cp. 1J 2:15f. The latter pass. forms an easy transition to the large number of exprs. (esp. in Paul and John) in which

ⓑ the world, and everything that belongs to it, appears as that which is hostile to God, i.e. lost in sin, wholly at odds w. anything divine, ruined and depraved (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 [the κόσμος is τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς κακίας]; 13, 1 [ἡ τοῦ κ. ἀπάτη], in Stob. p. 428, 24 Sc.; En 48:7; TestIss 4:6; AscIs 3:25; Hdb., exc. on J 1:10; Bultmann ad loc.—cp. Sotades Maronita [III B.C.] 11 Diehl: the κόσμος is unjust and hostile to great men) IMg 5:2; IRo 2:2. ὁ κόσμος οὗτος this world (in contrast to the heavenly realm) J 8:23; 12:25, 31a; 13:1; 16:11; 18:36; 1J 4:17; 1 Cor 3:19; 5:10a; 7:31b; Hv 4, 3, 2ff; D 10:6; 2 Cl 5:1, 5; (opp. ὁ ἅγιος αἰών) B 10:11. ‘This world’ is ruled by the ἄρχων τοῦ κ. τούτου the prince of this world, the devil J 12:31b; 16:11; without τούτου 14:30. Cp. ὁ κ. ὅλος ἐν τῷ πονηρῷ κεῖται the whole world lies in the power of the evil one 1J 5:19; cp. 4:4; also ὁ αἰὼν τοῦ κ. τούτου Eph 2:2 (s. αἰών 4).—Christians must have nothing to do with this world of sin and separation fr. God: instead of desiring it IRo 7:1, one is to ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κ. keep oneself untainted by the world Js 1:27. ἀποφεύγειν τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κ. 2 Pt 2:20; cp. 1:4 (s. ἀποφεύγω 1).—Pol 5:3. ἡ φιλία τοῦ κ. ἔχθρα τ. θεοῦ ἐστιν Js 4:4a; cp. vs. 4b. When such an attitude is taken Christians are naturally hated by the world IRo 3:3; J 15:18, 19ad; 17:14a; 1J 3:13, as their Lord was hated J 7:7; 15:18; cp. 1:10c; 14:17; 16:20.—Also in Paul: God and world in opposition τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ κ. and τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκ θεοῦ the spirit of the world and the spirit that comes fr. God 1 Cor 2:12; σοφία τοῦ κ. and σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ 1:20f. ἡ κατὰ θεὸν λύπη and ἡ τοῦ κ. λύπη godly grief and worldly grief 2 Cor 7:10. The world is condemned by God 1 Cor 11:32; yet also the object of the divine plan of salvation 2 Cor 5:19; cp. 1 Cl 7:4; 9:4. A Christian is dead as far as this world is concerned: διʼ οὗ (i.e. Ἰ. Χρ.) ἐμοὶ κ. ἐσταύρωται κἀγὼ κόσμῳ through Christ the world has been crucified for me, and I have been (crucified) to the world Gal 6:14; cp. the question τί ὡς ζῶντες ἐν κ. δογματίζεσθε; Col 2:20b. For στοιχεῖα τοῦ κ. Gal 4:3; Col 2:8, 20a s. στοιχεῖον.—The use of κ. in this sense is even further developed in John. The κ. stands in opposition to God 1J 2:15f and hence is incapable of knowing God J 17:25; cp. 1J 4:5, and excluded fr. Christ’s intercession J 17:9; its views refuted by the Paraclete 16:8. Neither Christ himself 17:14c, 16b; 14:27, nor his own 15:19b; 17:14b, 16a; 1J 3:1 belong in any way to the ‘world’. Rather Christ has chosen them ‘out of the world’ J 15:19c, even though for the present they must still live ‘in the world’ 17:11b; cp. 13:1b; 17:15, 18b. All the trouble that they must undergo because of this, 16:33a, means nothing compared w. the victorious conviction that Christ (and the believers w. him) has overcome ‘the world’ vs. 33b; 1J 5:4f, and that it is doomed to pass away 2:17 (TestJob 33:4; Kephal. I 154, 21: the κόσμος τῆς σαρκός will pass away).

⑧ collective aspect of an entity, totality, sum total (SIG 850, 10 τὸν κόσμον τῶν ἔργων (but s. 1 above); Pr 17:6a) ὁ κ. τῆς ἀδικίας ἡ γλῶσσα καθίσταται the tongue becomes (or proves to be) the sum total of iniquity Js 3:6 (so, approx., Meinertz; FHauck.—MDibelius, Windisch and ASchlatter find mng. 7b here, whereas ACarr, Exp. 7th ser., 8, 1909, 318ff thinks of mng. 1). Χρ. τὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου τῶν σῳζομένων σωτηρίας παθόντα Christ, who suffered or died (s. πάσχω 3aα) for the salvation of the sum total of those who are saved MPol 17:2.—FBytomski, D. genet. Entwicklung des Begriffes κόσμος in d. Hl. Schrift: Jahrb. für Philos. und spekul. Theol. 25, 1911, 180–201; 389–413 (only the OT); CSchneider, Pls u. d. Welt: Αγγελος IV ’32, 11–47; EvSchrenck, Der Kosmos-Begriff bei Joh.: Mitteilungen u. Nachrichten f. d. evang. Kirche in Russland 51, 1895, 1–29; RLöwe, Kosmos u. Aion ’35; RBultmann, D. Verständnis v. Welt u. Mensch im NT u. im Griechentum: ThBl 19, ’40, 1–14; GBornkamm, Christus u. die Welt in der urchr. Botschaft: ZTK 47, ’50, 212–26; ALesky, Kosmos ’63; RVölkl, Christ u. Welt nach dem NT ’61; GJohnston, οἰκουμένη and κ. in the NT: NTS 10, ’64, 352–60; NCassem, ibid. 19, ’72/73, 81–91; RBratcher, BT 31, ’80, 430–34.—B. 13; 440. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).

① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, word

ⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.

α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl³ μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).

β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).

γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).

δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.

ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).

ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.

② computation, reckoning

ⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.

ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.

ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.

ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).

ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.

ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).

③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG³ I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT⁴ ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 2⁴ 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (² ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.³ 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW.

μανθάνω fut. μαθήσομαι LXX; 2 aor. ἔμαθον; impv. pl. μάθετε, ptc. μαθών; perf. 3 sg. μεμάθηκεν Jer 9:4, ptc. pl. μεμαθηκότες Jer 13:23; inf. μεμαθηκέναι Ps 118:7 (Hom.+)

① to gain knowledge or skill by instruction, learn abs. 1 Cor 14:31; 1 Ti 2:11; 2 Ti 3:7. παρά τινος learn from someone as teacher (X., Cyr. 2, 2, 6; Appian, Iber. 23 §89 παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ μ.; Sextus 353 μ. παρὰ θεοῦ; Philo, Deus Imm. 4; Just., D. 32, 5; 78, 1; Ath. 7:2) vs. 14b; be someone’s disciple (μαθητής) EpilMosq 2. ἀπό τινος from someone (Theognis 1, 28f: Theognis teaches what ‘I myself as a παῖς ἔμαθον ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν’; 1, 35; Jos., Ant. 8, 317) Mt 11:29; Col 1:7. W. acc. of the thing learned τὶ someth. 1 Cor 14:35. ταῦτα AcPl Ha 1, 26. πάντα Hs 9, 1, 3 v.l. Teaching Ro 16:17. τὴν θεοσέβειαν τ. Χριστιανῶν Dg 1; cp. 11:2. τὰ δικαιώματα τ. κυρίου the ordinances of the Lord 21:1. τὸν Χριστόν=Christian teaching Eph 4:20 (Chion, Ep. 16, 8 θεὸν ἔμαθες=you have learned to know God; Tat. 2:2 ἕνα τὸν ἀπλανῆ δεσπότην μεμαθήκαμεν). W. attraction of a relative μένε ἐν οἷς (=ἐν τούτοις ἃ) ἔμαθες stick to what you have learned 2 Ti 3:14a. W. obj. to be supplied fr. the context (γράμματα) J 7:15 (Goodsp., Probs. 102–4). μ. τι ἀπό τινος learn someth. from someone 9:9. μ. περὶ πάντων receive instruction concerning all things vs. 7 (περί τινος as Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 42; Just., D. 87, 1; Ath. 7, 2). μ. τι ἔν τινι learn fr. someone’s example 1 Cor 4:6 (B-D-F §220, 2; Rob. 587).—μ. τι ἀπό τινος learn someth. fr. someth.: ἀπὸ τ. συκῆς μάθετε τ. παραβολήν Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28.—W. ὅτι foll. (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 51) 9:8. W. inf. foll. (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 96 αὐλεῖν) 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:17); 57:2. W. indirect question foll. (Just., A I, 40, 5 and D. 32, 2 al.; Mel., P. 46, 328) 1 Cl 21:8. τί ἐστιν what this means Mt 9:13. W. the question preceding (Just., A I, 56, 1) B 5:5; 6:9; 14:4; 16:2, 7; Dg 4:6. Used w. other verbs: ἀκούειν κ. μ. (Pla., Ap. 33b, 7, Ep. 344d; Theocr. 5, 39; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 33 D. p. 40; cp. Polyb. 3, 32, 9 ὅσῳ διαφέρει τὸ μαθεῖν τοῦ μόνον ἀκούειν, τοσούτῳ …) J 6:45. μ. καὶ παραλαμβάνειν Phil 4:9. οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο μαθεῖν τ. ᾠδήν no one was able to learn the song (so e.g. Bousset; Allo; REB; NRSV) Rv 14:3; others prefer the related sense understand (as Lysias 10, 15; Pla., Meno 84d, Tht. 174b, Euthyd. 277e); for mng. hear, s. 4 below.

② make the acquaintance of someth., learn

ⓐ learn about, come to know τὸν τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λόγον Christian teaching MPol 10:1. τὶ παρά τινος someth. fr. someone (Sir 8:8f; EpArist 198; Philo, Fuga 8, Leg. All. 3, 194; Jos., Vi. 62; Just., D. 2, 2; 78, 10; Tat. 36, 2) Dg 4:1; Papias (2:3). Take note τὶ of someth. MPol 20:1.

ⓑ find out, ascertain (Trag., X.; PRyl 77, 42; POxy 1067, 6; 1671, 20; LXX) τὶ ἀπό τινος find someth. out fr. someone Gal 3:2. W. ὅτι foll. (Arrian, Anab. 2, 5, 7; Esth 1:1n; Jos., Ant. 12, 208) Ac 23:27. Abs. 16:8.

③ to come to a realization, with implication of taking place less through instruction than through experience or practice, learn, appropriate to oneself: ἔμαθεν ἀφʼ ὧν ἔπαθεν τὴν ὑπακοήν he learned obedience through what he suffered = he realized obedience through suffering Hb 5:8 (for the consonance cp. Aeschyl., Agam. 177 τῷ πάθει μάθος; Hdt. 1, 207, 1 τὰ δέ μοι παθήματα … μαθήματα; schol. on Pla. 222b ἐὰν μὴ πάθῃς, οὐ μὴ μάθῃς; Philo, Fuga 138 ἔμαθον μὲν ὸ̔ ἔπαθον. Further exx. in HWindisch ad loc. and CSpicq, RB 56, ’49, 551.—A similar play on words in Theognis 369f μωμεῖσθαι … μιμεῖσθαι=[they can] find fault [with me, but not] do as I do]).—W. inf. foll. (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 6; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 14, 2; Dt 14:23; Is 2:4; Just., D 15, 1; Ath. 1, 4) τ. ἴδιον οἶκον εὐσεβεῖν 1 Ti 5:4; cp. Tit 3:14. μ. κατὰ Χριστιανισμὸν ζῆν IMg 10:1, cp. IRo 4:3. ἔμαθον ἐν οἷς εἰμὶ αὐτάρκης εἶναι I have learned, in whatever state I am, to be content (s. αὐτάρκης) Phil 4:11. ἀργαὶ μανθάνουσιν περιερχόμεναι τὰς οἰκίας 1 Ti 5:13 presents many difficulties fr. a linguistic point of view. Perh. εἶναι or ζῆν is to be inserted after ἀργαί (X., An. 3, 2, 25 ἂν ἅπαξ μάθωμεν ἀργοὶ ζῆν; so B-D-F §416, 2; Mlt. 229; Dibelius, Hdb./Hermeneia ad loc.). Others substitute λανθάνουσιν by conjecture (e.g. PSchmiedel, ThBl 1, 1922, 222, Zürcher Bibelübers. ’31, appendix to NT, note 12).

④ hear οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο μαθεῖν τ. ᾠδήν Rv 14:3 according to some this means no one was able to hear the song (Boll 18ff; Lohmeyer; Behm). But s. 1 end.—B. 1222. M-M. TW. Sv.

μέσος, η, ον (Hom.+). The distinction between ‘middle’ and ‘among’ for μ. is sometimes rather fluid, and some of the passages here cited may fit equally well under 1 or 2.

① pert. to a middle position spatially or temporally, middle, in the middle.

ⓐ as adj. (of intermediate terms: Pla., Rep. 330b, Pol. 303a) ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν ἀνήρ the man in their midst, apparently surrounded by them Hs 9, 12, 7. μέσης νυκτός at midnight (3 Km 3:20.—B-D-F §270, 2; Rob. 495; Lobeck, Phryn. p. 53; 54; 465) Mt 25:6. ἡμέρας μέσης at midday (Jos., Bell. 1, 651, Ant. 17, 155) Ac 26:13. εἰς μέσην τὴν οἰκοδομήν into the middle of the building Hs 9, 7, 5; cp. 9, 8, 2; 4; 6 (cp. Philo, Fuga 49 εἰς μέσον τὸν ποταμόν; Jos., Ant. 4, 80 εἰς μέσον τὸ πῦρ). ἐσταύρωσαν … μέσον τὸν Ἰησοῦν they crucified Jesus between (them) J 19:18. ἐσχίσθη τὸ καταπέτασμα μέσον the curtain was torn in two Lk 23:45 (cp. Artem. 4, 30 τὸ ἱμάτιον μέσον ἐρρωγέναι). ἐλάκησεν μέσος Ac 1:18 (cp. Aristoph., Ran. 955). ἐν μέσοις τοῖς ὀργάνοις τοῦ διαβόλου in the midst of the tools of the devil 2 Cl 18:2 (for the syntax cp. Gen 2:9 ἐν μέσῳ τῷ παραδείσῳ).

ⓑ as subst. neut. τὸ μ. the middle (on the absence of the art. s. B-D-F §264, 4; cp. Rob. 792) ἀνὰ μέσον τινός (s. ἀνά 1) ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ὁρίων within or through the region Mk 7:31. ἀνὰ μ. αὐτῶν between them GPt 4:10; Hs 9, 2, 3; 9, 15, 2. ἀνὰ μ. ἐκκλησίας ἁγίων B 6:16; 4:10; διακρῖναι ἀνὰ μ. τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ between one (congregation) member and another 1 Cor 6:5 (s. ἀνά 1b. Perh. μέσος prompted a shortening of the sentence tending to obscurity; cp. the Stoic expr. μέσα καθήκοντα = καθήκοντα ἃ ἐν μέσῳ ἐστὶ κατορθωμάτων κ. ἁμαρτημάτων: MPohlenz, D. Stoa II ’49, 73f). τὸ ἀρνίον τὸ ἀ. μ. τοῦ θρόνου the lamb who is (seated) on the center of the throne Rv 7:17. ἀνὰ μ. τῆς ὁδοῦ (they made) half their journey GJs 17:3.—διὰ μέσου αὐτῶν through the midst of them (X., An. 1, 4, 4; Aesop. Fab. 147 P.=247 H./201a Ch./152 [I, II] H-H.; Am 5:17; Jer 44:4; Jdth 11:19; 1 Macc 5:46; Ath. 18, 3 ‘between’) Lk 4:30; J 8:59 v.l. διὰ μέσον Σαμαρείας καὶ Γαλιλαίας Lk 17:11 prob. can only mean through Samaria and Galilee; but this raises a practical difficulty, since we should expect to find the provinces mentioned in the opposite order. Perh. the text is damaged (cp. the vv.ll. διὰ μέσου and μέσον; s. B-D-F §222; Rob. 648; JBlinzler, AWikenhauser Festschr. ’54, 46ff. If the v.l. διὰ μέσου Σ. καὶ Γ. should be correct, we could compare Maximus Tyr. 28, 4a διὰ μέσου πίστεως κ. ἀπιστίας=throughout between). For the view that μέσον signifies the area betw. S. and G. s. the comm. Cp. δια B1.—εἰς τὸ μέσον into the middle or center (X., Cyr. 3, 1, 6; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 24; 3 Km 6:8; Jos., Ant. 9, 149) Mk 3:3; Lk 4:35; 5:19; 6:8; J 20:19, 26 (ἔστη εἰς τὸ μέσον as Vi. Aesopi G 82 P.); Hs 9, 8, 5; also in the middle 9, 6, 1. W. gen. (X., An. 1, 5; 14a; Jer 21:4; 48:7; Sb 6270, 13) εἰς τὸ μ. αὐτῶν in the midst of them 9, 11, 7. Without the art. (LXX; Jos., Vi. 334; SibOr 3, 674) εἰς μ. τοῦ πεδίου in the middle of the plain Hs 9, 2, 1 (εἰς μ.=‘in the middle’, as Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 30 p. 44, 21 Lag.). τί … τὸ ἔριον εἰς μ. τῶν ἀκανθῶν τιθέασιν; Why do they place the wool in the middle of the thorns? 7:11. ἀναστὰς εἰς μ. he arose (and came) forward Mk 14:60 (cp. Theocr. 22, 82 ἐς μέσον=into the middle; Himerius, Or. 63 [=Or. 17], 2 εἰς μέσον ἔρχεσθαι=come into the open; X., Cyr. 4, 1, 1 στὰς εἰς τὸ μ.).—ἐν τῷ μ. among, before (more closely defined by the context, or = in public [so Clearch., Fgm. 45 οἴκοι καὶ μὴ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ; Appian, Liby. 15 §63]) Mt 14:6 (Dio Chrys. 30 [79], 39 ὀρχεῖσθαι ἐν τῷ μέσω; Lucian, Pereg. 8) and into the middle, before (them) (Vi. Aesopi W c. 86 στὰς ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ἔφη) Ac 4:7. Without the art. (LXX) ἐν μέσῳ (on the spelling ἐμ μέσῳ, which occurs several times as v.l., s. B-D-F §19, 1; Mlt-H. 105) abs. into the middle, before (someone) (Appian, Hann. 16 §67, Liby. 14 §59; Jos., Ant. 7, 278) J 8:3; MPol 18:1 and in the middle (Pla., Rep. 558a; Herm. Wr. 4, 3; PLille 1 recto, 5 [259 B.C.]; GrBar 13:4) J 8:9. W. gen. of place (Aeneas Tact. 1529; 1532; TestAbr A 12 p. 90, 21 [Stone p. 28], B 8 p. 113, 3 [St. p. 74]; ParJer 1:2; GrBar 10:2) τῆς θαλάσσης (En 97:7) in the middle of the lake Mk 6:47. τῆς πλατείας through the middle of the street Rv 22:2. ἐν μ. τῆς αὐλῆς in the middle of the courtyard Lk 22:55a; τοῦ τάφου GPt 13:55. ἐν μ. αὐτῆς within it (the city of Jerusalem) Lk 21:21; cp. Dg 12:3; MPol 12:1; 12:2(?). ἐν μ. τοῦ θρόνου καὶ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων on the center of the throne and among the four living creatures Rv 5:6a (w. double gen. also between: Appian, Hann. 14 §60, Bell. Civ. 5, 23 §92; Arrian, Anab. 1, 20, 2; 3, 28, 8 al.; Lucian, Fugit. 10 ἐν μ. ἀλαζονείας κ. φιλοσοφίας). ἐν μέσῳ τ. θρόνου around (on every side of) the throne 4:6 (but between the throne and a more remote point: RBrewer, JBL 71, ’52, 227–31).—ἐν μέσῳ ἐκκλησίας Hb 2:12 (Ps 21:23); cp. Ac 17:22. κατὰ μέσον (Jos., Bell. 5, 207; SibOr 3, 802 κατὰ μέσσον=‘in the middle’ [of the day]) κατὰ μ. τῆς νυκτός about midnight Ac 16:25 D; 27:27.

ⓒ The neut. μέσον serves as adv. (e.g., Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 43 §175 μ.=meanwhile) ἦν μέσον ὡς he was in the center of it as MPol 15:2; and is used as prep. w. gen. (B-D-F §215, 3; Rob. 644. Cp. Hdt. 9, 107, 2; Polyb. 8, 25, 1; Epict. 2, 22, 10; LXX, TestSol; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 31 [Stone p. 8]; JosAs 24:21; Jos., Ant. 6, 65; SibOr 3, 319) μ. τῆς θαλάσσης in the middle of the lake Mt 14:24 v.l.; μ. γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς in the midst of a crooked generation Phil 2:15 (cp. Maximus Tyr. 36, 5a ἐν μέσῳ τῷ σιδηρῷ τούτῳ γένει).

② pert. to a position within a group, without focus on mediate position, among.

ⓐ as adj. ἐκάθητο ὁ Πέτρος μέσος αὐτῶν Peter was sitting among them Lk 22:55 (the point being not as center of attention but inconspicuously in the group; cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 107). μέσος ὑμῶν ἕστηκεν J 1:26 (Jos., Ant. 14, 23). τοῦ πύργου μέσου Hs 9, 8, 2. εἶδον … μέσον αὐτῶν τὸν Παῦλον AcPl Ha 11, 14.

ⓑ as subst. neuter ἀνὰ μέσον τινός (s. ἀνά 1) among someth. Mt 13:25. W. gen. pl. (TestJob 32:6 ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τέκνων σου) in the midst of, among in answer to the questions where and whither (B-D-F §215, 3 app.) Mt 18:2, 20; Mk 9:36; Lk 2:46; 24:36; Ac 1:15; 2:22; 6:15 D; 27:21; Rv 5:6b; cp. 6:6. Of close personal relationship ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν among you = in communion with you Lk 22:27; 1 Th 2:7.—ἐν μ. λύκων among wolves Mt 10:16; Lk 10:3; 2 Cl 5:2.—W. gen. pl. of things (Alciphron 3, 24, 3) Lk 8:7; Rv 1:13; 2:1. ἐκ (τοῦ) μ. from among (X., An. 1, 5, 14b; oracular response in Diod S 9, 3, 2; LXX=מִתּוֹךְ): αἴρειν τι (or τινά) ἐκ (τοῦ) μέσου (τινῶν) Col 2:14; 1 Cor 5:2 (s. αἴρω 3). ἁρπάσαι αὐτὸν ἐκ μ. αὐτῶν Ac 23:10 (s. ἁρπάζω 2a). ἀφορίζειν τοὺς πονηροὺς ἐκ μ. τῶν δικαίων Mt 13:49 (s. ἀφορίζω 1). γίνεσθαι ἐκ μ. 2 Th 2:7 (s. γίνομαι 6b). ἐξέρχεσθαι ἐκ μ. αὐτῶν from among them Ac 17:33; cp. 2 Cor 6:17 (cp. Is 52:11). κύριος λαμβάνει ἑαυτῷ ἔθνος ἐκ μ. ἐθνῶν 1 Cl 29:3 (cp. Dt 4:34).—B. 864. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

νεφέλη, ης, ἡ (Hom.+; Kaibel 375; pap, LXX, En, TestAbr; TestJob 42:3; TestLevi 18:5; ApcEsdr 5:7 p. 29, 32 Tdf.; Philo, Joseph., Just., Mel.) cloud ν. λευκή Rv 14:14a. Clouds fr. the west bringing rain Lk 12:54. νεφέλαι σκότους dark clouds as a comparison for a swarm of worms ApcPt 10:25. ν. σκοτεινή GJs 19:2, foll. by ἡ ν. ὑπεστέλλετο the cloud disappeared. ν. ἄνυδροι waterless clouds, that yield no rain Jd 12; cp. 2 Pt 2:17 v.l. Jesus at the Transfiguration was overshadowed by a νεφέλη φωτεινή bright cloud (ν. as a sign of God’s presence: Jos., Ant. 3, 290; 310) Mt 17:5; cp. Mk 9:7; Lk 9:34f (HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 130–45). περιβεβλημένος νεφέλην (Lucian, Jupp. Trag. 16) clothed in a cloud Rv 10:1. Christ ascending in a cloud Ac 1:9 (cp. Dosiadis [III B.C.]: 458 Fgm. 5 Jac. of Ganymede: νέφος ἥρπασεν αὐτὸν εἰς οὐρανόν; Ps.-Apollod. 2, 7, 7, 12 of Heracles). Likew. the believers 1 Th 4:17 (cp. PGM 5, 277 τὸν περιεχόμενον … ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ ἀέρος νεφέλης); cp. Rv 11:12. Clouds as the vehicle of Christ at his second coming ἐρχόμενον ἐπὶ τῶν ν. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (cp. Da 7:13) Mt 24:30; 26:64. ἐν νεφέλαις Mk 13:26. ἐν νεφέλῃ Lk 21:27. μετὰ τῶν ν. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (Da 7:13 Theod.) Mk 14:62; cp. Rv 1:7. ἐπάνω τῶν ν. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ D 16:8; καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῆς ν. Rv 14:15f; ἐπὶ τὴν ν. vs. 14b. ὑπὸ τὴν ν. εἶναι be under the cloud 1 Cor 10:1 (for the idea cp. Ex 14:19ff; Num 14:14; Ps 104:39; Wsd 10:17; 19:7). πάντες ἐβαπτίσθησαν (v.l. ἐβαπτίσαντο; B-D-F §317; Rob. 808) ἐν τῇ νεφέλῃ they were all baptized in (by) the cloud vs. 2 is meant to establish a baptism for those who were in the desert, even though neither the OT nor Jewish tradition views the cloud as a source of moisture.—On the function of clouds in apocalyptic scenarios s. JReeves, Heralds of That Good Realm ’96, 169f.—DELG s.v. νεφέλη I. M-M. TW.

παρέχω impf. παρεῖχον, also 3 pl. παρεῖχαν Ac 28:2 v.l. (H. Gk.; s. B-D-F §82; Mlt-H. 194); fut. παρέξω; 2 aor. παρέσχον; pf. παρέσχηκα. Mid.: impf. παρειχόμην; fut. 1 sg. παρέξομαι (ApcPt Rainer), 2 sg. παρέξῃ, 1 pl. παρεξόμεθα Esth 8:12h; 2 aor. impv. 2 sg. παράσχου Ps 29:8, inf. παρασχέσθαι 4 Macc 3:2. Pass.: aor. subj. 3 sg. παρασχεθῇ (Just., A I, 68, 7) (Hom.+).

① to make available, give up, offer, present (schol. on Nicander, Alexiph. 204 παρέχειν πίνειν=offer to drink) τί τινι someth. to someone τὴν σιαγόνα Lk 6:29. τὸ πλοῦτος Hs 2:7.

② to cause to experience someth., grant, show

ⓐ act. grant, show τινί τι someth. to someone (Vi. Aesopi G 124 P. οὐδὲν αὐτῷ παρεῖχον; Aesop, Fab. 396 P.=170 H.; Jos., Ant. 2, 329; 11, 2) Dg 12:1. ἀγάπην 1 Cl 21:7. φιλανθρωπίαν Ac 28:2. Of God (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 65 §265 ἢν οἱ θεοὶ παρέχωσιν εὐπραγεῖν; Alex. Aphr., Quaest. 1, 14 Bruns) ἡμῖν πάντα 1 Ti 6:17; cp. Dg 8:11. ὅσα … αὐτοῖς παρέσχεν AcPl Ha 8, 16/Ox 1602, 18/BMM recto 20 (cp. Just., A I, 10, 1 θεὸν … παρέχοντα πάντα) ὧν (attraction of the rel. fr. ἅ) τοῖς οἰομένοις διδόναι παρέχει αὐτός which he himself supplies to those who think they are giving Dg 3:4. πίστιν παρασχὼν πᾶσιν Ac 17:31 (s. πίστις 1c).—Without a dat. (Pind., Paeanes 4, 24 Sch.=OxfT 4, 21 μοῖσαν; Just., D. 3, 6 τὴν ἐπιστήμην) νοῦν grant understanding Dg 11:5. ἡσυχίαν Ac 22:2 (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 235). δεῖγμά τινος Dg 3:3 (s. δεῖγμα 2 and 1).—Without the acc., which is to be supplied fr. the context Dg 3:5; ISm 11:3.—W. dat. and inf. foll. MPol 18:2.

ⓑ mid. (B-D-F §316, 3; Rob. 810) ἑαυτόν τι show oneself to be someth. (X., Cyr. 8, 1, 39; SIG 333, 10f [306 B.C.]; 442, 8f; 620, 5f; 748, 31f; 1068, 6f; 1104, 18f; UPZ 144, 15 [164/163 B.C.]; POxy 281, 13; CPR 27, 14.—Dssm., NB 81f [BS 254]; Thieme 24; Rouffiac 52. In earlier Gk., e.g. Antiphon, Pla. et al., the act. would be used, as it is Jos., C. Ap. 2, 156) σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος τύπον Tit 2:7.

③ to cause to happen or be brought about, cause, make happen

ⓐ act. cause, bring about τινί τι someth. for someone (Hdt. 1, 177 πόνον; Socrat., Ep. 14, 1 κακά; Arrian, Anab. 2, 21, 3 φόβον; EpArist 96 ἔκπληξιν ἡμῖν π.; Jos., Ant. 18, 175 ὄχλον [=annoyance] μοι π.; Just., A I, 4, 7 ἀφορμάς, A II, 4, 1 πράγματα) κόπους cause trouble (s. κόπος 1) Mt 26:10; Mk 14:6; Lk 11:7; 18:5 (κόπον, as Sir 29:4); Gal 6:17; AcPlCor 2:34 (κόπους μοι μηδεὶς παρεχέτω in connection w. PGM 14b [ἐάν μοι ὁ δεῖνα κόπους παράσχῃ] is taken as a formula of adjuration by Dssm., B 262ff [BS 352–60], LO 256 [LAE 301]); Hv 3, 3, 2 (περί τινος about someth.). χαρὰν ἡμῖν π. give us joy 1 Cl 63:2. ἐργασίαν πολλήν bring great gain Ac 16:16 (Jos., Ant. 15, 332 πλείστην ἐργασίαν παρασχόν).—Without the dat. (s. ref. to Hdt. above.—Sir 29:4 v.l.) Hm 11:20. ξενισμόν cause astonishment IEph 19:2. ἐκζητήσεις give rise to speculations 1 Ti 1:4.

ⓑ mid. (B-D-F §316, 3; Rob. 810) grant τινί τι someth. to someone (Diod S 20, 62, 1 παρείχετο τοῖς ἐμπόροις τὴν ἀσφάλειαν; Jos., Ant. 9, 255; cp. τὰ ἑαυτῶν δίκαια παρέσχοντο=they submitted their claims: letter of MAurelius ln. 33 in ZPE 8, ’71, 170f) τοῖς τεχνίταις ἐργασίαν business to the artisans Ac 19:24. τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὴν ἰσότητα what is just and fair Col 4:1. ἄξιός ἐστιν ᾧ παρέξῃ τοῦτο he deserves that you grant him this Lk 7:4. τὸ πλοῦτος π. τῷ πένητι Hs 2, 7. πλέον more IRo 2:2. παρέξομαι τοῖς κλητοῖς μου καὶ ἐκλέκτοις μου ὸ̔ν ἐὰν αἰτήσωνταί με ἐκ τῆς κολάσεως to all my called and elect ones who petition me, I will grant release of the sinner of their choice from torment ApcPt Rainer (as emended by James; cp. SibOr 2, 330–33). Offer 1 Cl 20:10.—Larfeld I 501f. M-M.

πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ (Hom.+) acc. somet. πατέραν (ApcEsdr 2:6 p. 25, 26 Tdf.); voc. πάτερ; for this the nom. w. the art. ὁ πατήρ Mt 11:26; Mk 14:36; Lk 10:21b; Ro 8:15; Gal 4:6.—The vv.ll. πατήρ without the art. for the voc., in J 17:11, 21, 24, and 25 is regarded by B-D-F §147, 3 as a scribal error (but as early as II A.D. BGU 423, 11 has κύριέ μου πατήρ. Perh. even PPar 51, 36 [159 B.C.]). S. also W-S. §29, 4b and Mlt-H. 136; ‘father’.

① the immediate biological ancestor, parent

ⓐ male, father (of Noah Did., Gen. 165, 6) Mt 2:22; 4:21f; 8:21; 10:21; Mk 5:40; 15:21; Lk 1:17 (after Mal 3:23); J 4:53; Ac 7:14; 1 Cor 5:1; B 13:5 al. οἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρες our physical fathers Hb 12:9a.

ⓑ male and female together as parents οἱ πατέρες parents (Pla., Leg. 6, 772b; Dionys. Hal. 2, 26; Diod S 21, 17, 2; X. Eph. 1, 11; 3, 3; Kaibel 227) Hb 11:23.—Eph 6:4; Col 3:21 (Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1089 of parents who are inclined to become λίην δύσζηλοι toward their children).

② one from whom one is descended and generally at least several generations removed, forefather, ancestor, progenitor, forebear: of Abraham (Jos., Ant. 14, 255 Ἀ., πάντων Ἑβραίων πατήρ; Just., D. 100, 3) Mt 3:9; Lk 1:73; 16:24; J 8:39, 53, 56; Ac 7:2b. Of Isaac Ro 9:10. Jacob J 4:12 (JosAs 22:5). David Mk 11:10; Lk 1:32. Pl. οἱ πατέρες the forefathers, ancestors (Hom. et al.; oft. LXX; En 99:14; PsSol 9:10; ParJer 4:10; Jos., Ant. 13, 297; Just., D. 57, 2 and 136, 3; Mel., P. 87, 654) Mt 23:30, 32; Lk 1:55; 6:23, 26; 11:47f; J 4:20; 6:31; Ac 3:13, 25; Hb 1:1; 8:9 (Jer 38:32); B 2:7 (Jer 7:22); 5:7; 14:1; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 (Jer 38:32).

③ one who provides moral and intellectual upbringing, father

ⓐ in a positive sense (Epict. 3, 22, 81f: the Cynic superintends the upbringing of all pers. as their πατήρ; Procop. Soph., Ep. 13; Ael. Aristid. 47 p. 425 D.: Pla. as τῶν ῥητόρων π. καὶ διδάσκαλος; Aristoxenus, Fgm. 18: Epaminondas is the ἀκροατής of the Pythagorean Lysis and calls him πατήρ; Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 1, 8 p. 10, 4 the διδάσκαλος as πατήρ) ἐὰν μυρίους παιδαγωγοὺς ἔχητε ἐν Χριστῷ, ἀλλʼ οὐ πολλοὺς πατέρας 1 Cor 4:15 (cp. GrBar 13:4 εἰς πνευματικοὺς πατέρας; on the subject matter ADieterich, Mithraslit. 1903, 52; 146f; 151; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 40: ‘he [the “mystes”] by these teachings becomes the parent of the novice. We find undoubted examples of πατήρ as a title in the Isis cult in Delos, in the Phrygian mystery communities, in the Mithras cult, in the worshipers of the θεὸς ὕψιστος and elsewh.’). Of Jesus ὡς πατὴρ υἱοὺς ἡμᾶς προσηγόρευσεν as a father he called us (his) sons 2 Cl 1:4 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 19; ὁ Χριστὸς π. τῶν πιστευόντων ὑπάρχει Did., Gen. 106, 6.—ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ὁ π. [=founder] τῆς τοιαύτης διδασκαλίας Orig., C. Cels. 2, 44, 32).

ⓑ in a neg. sense of the devil (for patristic trad. s. Lampe s.v. πατήρ D)

α. as father of a group of Judeans J 8:44ab, as verdict on the sin of the opposition to God’s purpose in Jesus, not on the person (cp. descriptions of dissidents at Qumran, esp. 1QS and 1QH, w. focus on aspect of deception).

β. as father of lies (Celsus 2, 47 as π. τῆς κακίας) vs. 44c (on πατήρ in the sense of ‘originator’ cp. Caecil. Calact., Fgm. 127 ὁ π. τοῦ λόγου=the author of the book). On the view that in 44a and c there might be a statement about the father of the devil s. Hdb.³ ad loc. (NDahl, EHaenchen Festschr. ’64, 70–84 [Cain]).—LDürr, Geistige Vaterrschaft in: Herwegen Festschr. ’38, 1–30.

④ a title of respectful address, father

ⓐ as an honorary title (Diod S 21, 12, 2; 5; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 14, 2 πάτερ; 4 Km 2:12; 6:21; 13:14; Test Abr B 2 p. 106, 3 [Stone p. 60] καλὲ πάτερ; Jos., Ant. 12, 148; 13, 127; Just., D. 3, 7. Also PGen 52, 1; 5 κυρίῳ καὶ πατρὶ Ἀμινναίῳ Ἀλύπιος; UPZ 65, 3 [154 B.C.]; 70, 2; BGU 164, 2; POxy 1296, 15; 18; 1592, 3; 5; 1665, 2) Mt 23:9a; specif. in addressing the members of the High Council Ac 7:2a; cp. 22:1 (of Job in TestJob 53:3 ὁ πατὴρ τῶν ὀρφανῶν).

ⓑ as a designation of the older male members of a church (as respectful address by younger people to their elders Hom. et al. S. also a.) 1J 2:13, 14b.

⑤ revered deceased persons with whom one shares beliefs or traditions, fathers, ancestors

ⓐ generation(s) of deceased Christians 2 Pt 3:4; 1 Cl 23:3=2 Cl 11:2 (an apocryphal saying, at any rate interpreted in this way by the Christian writers). Christians of an earlier generation could also be meant in 1 Cl 30:7; 60:4; 62:2; 2 Cl 19:4. Yet it is poss. that these refer to

ⓑ the illustrious religious heroes of the OT, who are ‘ancestors’ even to gentile Christians, who are validated as Israelites (Just., D. 101, 1). In 1 Cor 10:1 Paul calls the desert generation of Israelites οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν (the ‘philosophers’ of earlier times are so called in Cleopatra 114f). Likew. Ro 4:12b Abraham ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν (on this s. c below). The latter is also so referred to Js 2:21; 1 Cl 31:2; likew. the patriarch Jacob 4:8.

ⓒ the ‘fatherhood’ can also consist in the fact that the one who is called ‘father’ is the prototype of a group or the founder of a class of persons (cp. Pla., Menex. 240e οὐ μόνον τῶν σωμάτων τῶν ἡμετέρων πατέρας ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας; 1 Macc 2:54). Abraham who, when he was still uncircumcised, received the promise because of his faith, and then received circumcision to seal it, became thereby πατὴρ πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων διʼ ἀκροβυστίας father of all those who believe, though they are uncircumcised Ro 4:11 and likew. πατὴρ περιτομῆς father of those who are circumcised vs. 12a, insofar as they are not only circumcised physically, but are like the patriarch in faith as well. Cp. 4:16, 17 (Gen 17:5).

⑥ the supreme deity, who is responsible for the origin and care of all that exists, Father, Parent (Just., A II, 6, 2 τὸ δὲ πατὴρ καὶ θεὸς καὶ κτίστης καὶ κύριος καὶ δεσπότης οὐκ ὀνόματά ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ … προσφήσεις ‘the terms, father, god, founder, lord, and master are not names but … modes of address [in recognition of benefits and deeds])

ⓐ as the originator and ruler (Pind., O. 2, 17 Χρόνος ὁ πάντων π.; Pla., Tim. 28c; 37c; Stoa: Epict. 1, 3, 1; Diog. L. 7, 147; Maximus Tyr. 2, 10a; Galen XIX p. 179 K. ὁ τῶν ὅλων πατὴρ ἐν θεοῖς; Job 38:28; Mal 2:10; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 96 τῷ τοῦ κόσμου πατρί; 2, 6 τὸν ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα τῶν ὅλων, Ebr. 30; 81, Virt. 34; 64; 179; 214; Jos., Ant. 1, 20 πάντων πατήρ; 230; 2, 152; 7, 380 πατέρα τε καὶ γένεσιν τῶν ὅλων; Herm. Wr. 1, 21 ὁ πατὴρ ὅλων … ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ; 30 al., also p. 476, 23 Sc. δεσπότης καὶ πατὴρ καὶ ποιητής; PGM 4, 1170; 1182; Just., A I, 45, 1 ὁ π. τῶν πάντων θεός; D. 95, 2 ὁ πατὴρ τῶν ὅλων; Ath. 27, 2; Iren.; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 34; Hippolyt.; π. δὲ δὶα τὸ εἶναι πρὸ τῶν ὅλων Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 8]) ὁ πατὴρ τῶν φώτων the father of the heavenly bodies Js 1:17 (cp. ApcMos 36 v.l. [MCeriani, Monumenta Sacra et Profana V/1, 1868] ἐνώπιον τοῦ φωτὸς τῶν ὅλων, τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν φώτων; 38).

ⓑ as ὁ πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9b (cp. Num 16:22; 27:16 and in En the fixed phrase ‘Lord of the spirits’).—SeePKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, p. 33, 1.

ⓒ as father of humankind (since Hom. Ζεύς is called πατήρ or πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε; Diod S 5, 72, 2 πατέρα δὲ [αὐτὸν προσαγορευθῆναι] διὰ τὴν φροντίδα καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τὴν εἰς ἅπαντας, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ὥσπερ ἀρχηγὸν εἶναι τοῦ γένους τῶν ἀνθρώπων=‘[Zeus is called] father because of his thoughtfulness and goodwill toward all humanity, and because, moreover, he is thought of as originator of the human race’, cp. 3, 61, 4; 5, 56, 4; Dio Chrys. 36 [53], 12 Zeus as π. τῶν ἀνθρώπων, not only because of his position as ruler, but also because of his love and care [ἀγαπῶν κ. προνοῶν]. Cp. Plut., Mor. 167d; Jos., Ant. 4, 262 πατὴρ τοῦ παντὸς ἀνθρώπων γένους. In the OT God is called ‘Father’ in the first place to indicate a caring relationship to the Israelite nation as a whole, or to the king as the embodiment of the nation. Only in late writers is God called the Father of the pious Israelite as an individual: Sir 23:1, 4; Tob 13:4; Wsd 2:16; 14:3; 3 Macc 5:7.—Bousset, Rel.³ 377ff; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 384–92; RGyllenberg, Gott d. Vater im AT u. in d. Predigt Jesu: Studia Orient. I 1925, 51–60; JLeipoldt, D. Gotteserlebnis Jesu 1927; AWilliams, ‘My Father’ in Jewish Thought of the First Century: JTS 31, 1930, 42–47; TManson, The Teaching of Jesus, ’55, 89–115; HMontefiore, NTS 3, ’56/57, 31–46 [synoptics]; BIersel, ‘D. Sohn’ in den synopt. Ev., ’61, 92–116).

α. as a saying of Jesus ὁ πατήρ σου Mt 6:4, 6b, 18b. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν Mt 6:15; 10:20, 29; 23:9b; Lk 6:36; 12:30, 32; J 20:17c. ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν (=τῶν δικαίων) Mt 13:43. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ ἐν (τοῖς) οὐρανοῖς (the synagogue also spoke of God as ‘Father in Heaven’; Bousset, Rel.³ 378) Mt 5:16, 45; 6:1; 7:11; Mk 11:25. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος Mt 5:48; 6:14, 26, 32. Cp. 23:9b. ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ Lk 11:13. ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (or κρυφαίῳ) Mt 6:6a, 18a.—For the evangelist the words πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Mt 6:9 refer only to the relation betw. God and humans, though Jesus perh. included himself in this part of the prayer. The same is true of πάτερ ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου Lk 11:2 (for invocation in prayer cp. Simonides, Fgm. 13, 20 Ζεῦ πάτερ).—ELohmeyer, D. Vaterunser erkl. ’46 (Eng. tr. JBowden, ’65); TManson, The Sayings of Jesus, ’54, 165–71; EGraesser, Das Problem der Parusieverzögerung in den synopt. Ev. usw., Beih. ZNW 22, ’57, 95–113; AHamman, La Prière I, Le NT, ’59, 94–134; JJeremias, Das Vaterunser im Lichte der neueren Forschung, ’62 (Eng. tr., The Lord’s Prayer, JReumann, ’64); WMarchel, Abba, Père! La Prière ’63; also bibl. in JCharlesworth, ed., The Lord’s Prayer and Other Prayer Texts fr. the Greco-Roman Era ’94, 186–201.

β. as said by Christians (Sextus 59=222; 225 God as π. of the pious. The servant of Sarapis addresses God in this way: Sb 1046; 3731, 7) in introductions of letters ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν: Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3, cp. vs. 4; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; Phlm 3; 2 Th 1:2 (v.l. without ἡμῶν); without ἡμῶν 1 Ti 1:2 (v.l. with ἡμῶν); 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; 2J 3a (here vs 3b shows plainly that it is not ‘our’ father, but the Father of Jesus Christ who is meant).—πατὴρ ἡμῶν also Phil 4:20; 1 Th 1:3; 3:11, 13; 2 Th 2:16; D 8:2; 9:2f. τὸν ἐπιεικῆ καὶ εὔσπλαγχνον πατέρα ἡμῶν 1 Cl 29:1. Likew. we have the Father of the believers Ro 8:15 (w. αββα, s. JBarr, Abba Isn’t Daddy: JTS 39, ’88, 28–47; s. also JFitzmyer, Ro [AB] ad loc.); 2 Cor 1:3b (ὁ πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν; s. οἰκτιρμός); 6:18 (cp. 2 Km 7:14); Gal 4:6; Eph 4:6 (πατὴρ πάντων, as Herm. Wr. 5, 10); 1 Pt 1:17. ὁ οἰκτίρμων καὶ εὐεργετικὸς πατήρ 1 Cl 23:1. Cp. 8:3 (perh. fr. an unknown apocryphal book). πάτερ ἅγιε D 10:2 (cp. 8:2; 9:2f).

γ. as said by Judeans ἕνα πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν θεόν J 8:41b. Cp. vs. 42.

ⓓ as Father of Jesus Christ

α. in Jesus’ witness concerning himself ὁ πατήρ μου Mt 11:27a; 20:23; 25:34; 26:29, 39, 42, 53; Lk 2:49 (see ὁ 2g and Goodsp., Probs. 81–83); 10:22a; 22:29; 24:49; J 2:16; 5:17, 43; 6:40 and oft. in J; Rv 2:28; 3:5, 21. ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ πατρός μου 2 Cl 12:6 in an apocryphal saying of Jesus. ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ ἐν (τοῖς) οὐρανοῖς Mt 7:21; 10:32, 33; 12:50; 16:17; 18:10, 19. ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος 15:13; 18:35 (Just., A I, 15, 8). Jesus calls himself the Human One (Son of Man), who will come ἐν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 16:27; Mk 8:38. Abs. ὁ πατήρ, πάτερ Mt 11:25, 26; Mk 14:36 (s. GSchelbert, FZPhT 40, ’93, 259–81; response ERuckstuhl, ibid. 41, ’94, 515–25; response Schelbert, ibid. 526–31); Lk 10:21ab; 22:42; 23:34, 46 (all voc.); J 4:21, 23ab; 5:36ab, 37, 45; 6:27, 37, 45, 46a, 65 and oft. in J. Father and Son stand side by side or in contrast Mt 11:27bc; 24:36; 28:19; Mk 13:32; Lk 10:22bc; J 5:19–23, 26; 1J 1:3; 2:22–24; 2J 9; B 12:8. WLofthouse, Vater u. Sohn im J: ThBl 11, ’32, 290–300.

β. in the confession of the Christians π. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ro 15:6; 2 Cor 1:3a; Eph 1:3; Col 1:3; 1 Pt 1:3. π. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 2 Cor 11:31. Cp. 1 Cor 15:24; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14); Rv 1:6; 1 Cl 7:4; IEph 2:1; ITr ins 12:2; MPol 14:1; AcPl Ha 2, 33; 6, 34; AcPlCor 2:7 (cp. Just., D. 30, 3; 129, 1 al.).

ⓔ Oft. God is simply called (ὁ) πατήρ (the) Father (e.g. TestJob 33:9, s. DRahnenführer, ZNW 62, ’71, 77; ApcMos 35 τοῦ ἀοράτου πατρός; Just., D. 76, 3 al. On the presence or absence of the art. s. B-D-F §257, 3; Rob. 795) Eph 2:18; 3:14; 5:20; 6:23; 1J 1:2; 2:1, 15; 3:1; B 14:6; Hv 3, 9, 10; IEph 3:2; 4:2; IMg 13:2; ITr 12:2; 13:3; IRo 2:2; 3:3; 7:2; 8:2; IPhld 9:1; ISm 3:3; 7:1; 8:1; D 1:5; Dg 12:9; 13:1; AcPlCor 2:5, 19; MPol 22:3; EpilMosq 5. θεὸς π. Gal 1:1 (for the formulation Ἰ. Χρ. καὶ θεὸς πατήρ cp. Diod S 4, 11, 1: Heracles must obey τῷ Διὶ καὶ πατρί; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 35, 3 Λοξίας [=Apollo] καὶ Ζεὺς πατήρ); Phil 2:11; Col 3:17; 1 Th 1:1, 2 v.l.; 2 Pt 1:17; Jd 1; IEph ins a; ISm ins; IPol ins; MPol ins. ὁ θεὸς καὶ π. Js 1:27; Col 3:17 v.l.; MPol 22:1; ὁ κύριος καὶ π. Js 3:9.—Attributes are also ascribed to the πατήρ (Zoroaster acc. to Philo Bybl.: 790 Fgm. 4, 52 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 10, 52] God is π. εὐνομίας κ. δικαιοσύνης) ὁ πατὴρ τῆς δόξης Eph 1:17. πατὴρ ὕψιστος IRo ins. ὁ θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ παντοκράτωρ MPol 19:2.—B. 103. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.