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61 fast
I 1. intransitive verb2. noun II 1. adjectivea day of fasting — ein Fast[en]tag
the rope is fast — das Tau ist fest[gemacht]
make [the boat] fast — das Boot festmachen
hard and fast — fest; bindend, verbindlich [Regeln]
2) (not fading) farbecht [Stoff]; echt, beständig [Farbe]3) (rapid) schnellfast train — Schnellzug, der; D-Zug, der
he is a fast worker — (lit. or fig.) er arbeitet schnell; (in amorous activities) er geht mächtig ran (ugs.)
pull a fast one [on somebody] — (coll.) jemanden übers Ohr hauen od. reinlegen (ugs.)
4)2. adverbbe fast [by ten minutes], be [ten minutes] fast — [Uhr:] [zehn Minuten] vorgehen
1) (lit. or fig.) festhold fast to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) festhalten; (fig.) an etwas (Dat.) festhalten
2) (soundly)be fast asleep — fest schlafen; (when one should be awake) fest eingeschlafen sein
3) (quickly) schnellnot so fast! — nicht so hastig!
4)play fast and loose with somebody — mit jemandem ein falsches od. doppeltes Spiel treiben
* * *I 1. adjective1) (quick-moving: a fast car.) schnell2) (quick: a fast worker.) schnell3) ((of a clock, watch etc) showing a time in advance of the correct time: My watch is five minutes fast.) vorgehen2. adverb(quickly: She speaks so fast I can't understand her.) schnell- academic.ru/26562/fastness">fastness- fast foods
- fast food II 1. verb(to go without food, especially for religious or medical reasons: Muslims fast during the festival of Ramadan.) fasten2. noun(a time or act of fasting: She has just finished two days' fast.) das Fasten- fastingIII adjective2) (firm; fixed: She made her end of the rope fast to a tree.) fest•* * *fast1[fɑ:st, AM fæst]I. adj1. (moving quickly) schnellto be a \fast driver/runner schnell fahren/laufen2. (performing quickly) schnellto be a \fast reader/typist/worker schnell lesen/tippen/arbeiten3. (short) schnellcan you tell me the \fastest way to get from here to Gloucester? können Sie mir sagen, wie man von hier am schnellsten nach Gloucester kommt?\fast train Schnellzug m, D-Zug m5. PHOT\fast film lichtempfindlicher Film\fast shutter speed kurze Belichtungszeit▪ to be \fast clock, watch vorgehen▪ to be \fast fest seinto make sth \fast [to sth] etw [an etw dat] festmachen\fast living flottes Leben, lockerer Lebenswandel\fast woman leichtlebige Frau10.▶ to be a \fast worker ( fam) schnell arbeiten, ein Draufgänger/eine Draufgängerin sein fam; see also pullII. adv1. (at speed) schnellit all happened so \fast es ging alles so schnellnot so \fast! nicht so schnell!as \fast as one's legs would carry one so schnell seine Beine ihn trugento be \fast approaching sth rasch auf etw akk zugehenthe time is \fast approaching when... der Zeitpunkt rückt schnell näher, an dem...2. (soon) schnell, baldthe glue had set and my hand was stuck \fast der Leim war getrocknet und meine Hand klebte festto stand \fast ausharren, standhalten4. invto be/lie \fast asleep tief schlafen5.▶ to hold \fast to an idea/a principle an einer Idee/einem Prinzip festhaltenfast2[fɑ:st, AM fæst]I. vi fastenII. n Fastenzeit fto break one's \fast das Fasten brechen* * *I [fAːst]1. adj (+er)1) (= quick) schnellshe's a fast runner/reader — sie kann schnell laufen/lesen
he's a fast worker (lit) — er arbeitet schnell; (fig) er geht mächtig ran (inf)
to pull a fast one (on sb) (inf) — jdn übers Ohr hauen (inf)
fast train (Brit) — D-Zug m
2)to be fast (clock, watch) — vorgehen
3) tennis court, squash ball etc schnell2. adv1) schnell2) (fig)3) (old)IIto follow fast on sth — dicht auf etw (acc) folgen
1. adj1) (= firm, secure) fest2) colour, dye farbecht2. adv1) (= firmly, securely) festto stick fast — festsitzen; (with glue) festkleben
to stand fast by sth — an etw (dat) festhalten
to hold fast to sth — an etw (dat) festhalten
2)III(= soundly)
to be fast asleep — tief or fest schlafen1. vi(= not eat) fasten2. nFasten nt; (= period of fasting) Fastenzeit f* * *fast1 [fɑːst; US fæst]A adj1. schnell, geschwind, rasch:a fast car ein schneller Wagen;fast forward schneller Vorlauf (eines Videorekorders etc);fast train Schnell-, D-Zug m;my watch is (ten minutes) fast meine Uhr geht (10 Minuten) vor;he’s a fast workera) er arbeitet schnell,3. schnell (hohe Geschwindigkeit gestattend):4. fig flott, leichtlebig: → liver25. FOTOa) hochempfindlich (Film)b) lichtstark (Objektiv)B adv1. schnell, geschwind, rasch2. zu schnell:3. live fast ein flottes Leben führen4. obs oder poet nahe:follow fast upon dicht folgen auf (akk)fast2 [fɑːst; US fæst]A adj1. fest, befestigt, sicher, festgemacht, unbeweglich:2. fest (Griff, Knoten etc):fast sleep fester oder tiefer Schlaf;take fast hold of fest packen3. fig fest (Freundschaft etc):fast friends unzertrennliche oder treue Freunde4. (to) widerstandsfähig (gegen), beständig (gegen[über]):fast colo(u)r (wasch)echte Farbe;fast to light lichtechtB adv1. fest:hold fast festhalten;be fast asleep fest oder tief schlafen;a) fest eingeklemmt,b) festgefahren2. stark:it’s raining fastA v/i fastenB s1. Fasten n. break one’s fast das Fasten brechen2. a) Fastenzeit f* * *I 1. intransitive verb2. noun II 1. adjectivea day of fasting — ein Fast[en]tag
1) (fixed, attached) festthe rope is fast — das Tau ist fest[gemacht]
make [the boat] fast — das Boot festmachen
hard and fast — fest; bindend, verbindlich [Regeln]
2) (not fading) farbecht [Stoff]; echt, beständig [Farbe]3) (rapid) schnellfast train — Schnellzug, der; D-Zug, der
he is a fast worker — (lit. or fig.) er arbeitet schnell; (in amorous activities) er geht mächtig ran (ugs.)
pull a fast one [on somebody] — (coll.) jemanden übers Ohr hauen od. reinlegen (ugs.)
4)2. adverbbe fast [by ten minutes], be [ten minutes] fast — [Uhr:] [zehn Minuten] vorgehen
1) (lit. or fig.) festhold fast to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) festhalten; (fig.) an etwas (Dat.) festhalten
2) (soundly)be fast asleep — fest schlafen; (when one should be awake) fest eingeschlafen sein
3) (quickly) schnell4)play fast and loose with somebody — mit jemandem ein falsches od. doppeltes Spiel treiben
* * *adj.fest adj.schnell adj.tüchtig adj. adv.schnell adv. -
62 fast
I 1. [fɑːst] [AE fæst]1) (speedy) veloce, rapidoa fast time — sport un buon tempo
to be a fast walker, reader — camminare, leggere velocemente
2) sport [court, pitch] veloceyou're five minutes fast — il tuo orologio è o sei avanti di cinque minuti
4) spreg. [ person] dissoluto, libertino5) fot. [ film] ad alta sensibilitàto make sth. fast — assicurare, ormeggiare [ boat]
7) (loyal) [ friend] fedele; [ friendship] solido8) (permanent) [ dye] solido2.1) (rapidly) [move, speak] velocemente, rapidamente3.to stand fast — tenere duro, non cedere
nome digiuno m.••II [fɑːst] [AE fæst]to pull a fast one on sb. — giocare un brutto tiro a qcn.
verbo intransitivo digiunare* * *I 1. adjective1) (quick-moving: a fast car.)2) (quick: a fast worker.)3) ((of a clock, watch etc) showing a time in advance of the correct time: My watch is five minutes fast.)2. adverb(quickly: She speaks so fast I can't understand her.)- fastness- fast foods
- fast food II 1. verb(to go without food, especially for religious or medical reasons: Muslims fast during the festival of Ramadan.)2. noun(a time or act of fasting: She has just finished two days' fast.)- fastingIII adjective1) ((of a dye) fixed; that will not come out of a fabric when it is washed.)2) (firm; fixed: She made her end of the rope fast to a tree.)•* * *fast (1) /fɑ:st/n.digiuno; vigilia: fast day, giorno di vigilia● to break one's fast, rompere il digiuno.♦ fast (2) /fɑ:st/A a.1 rapido; veloce; celere: a fast car, un'automobile veloce; fast train, treno rapido; fast growth, crescita rapida; fast music, musica veloce; I'm a fast reader, sono veloce nella lettura; leggo velocemente2 fermo; fisso; saldo; sicuro; solido; stretto: The pole was set fast in the ground, il palo era saldamente conficcato nel terreno; a fast knot, un nodo ben stretto3 che consente alte velocità: (autom.) fast lane, corsia di marcia veloce; corsia di sorpasso; fast road, strada a scorrimento veloce4 ( d'orologio) che è (o va) avanti: My watch is ( half an hour) fast, il mio orologio va avanti (di mezz'ora)9 (antiq.) dissoluto; gaudenteB avv.1 fermamente; saldamente; solidamente; bene: The windows are shut fast, le finestre sono ben chiuse; to hold fast, stringere; trattenere; tenere fermo; fast asleep, profondamente addormentato; Our car was stuck fast in the mud, la nostra auto era piantata nel fango2 in fretta; presto; rapidamente: to walk fast, camminare in fretta; Not so fast!, (più) adagio!; Make it fast!, fa' in fretta!; sbrigati!3 in rapida successione; uno dopo l'altro: The bullets were coming fast, i proiettili piovevano fitti● fast and furious, (avv.) molto rapidamente; (agg.) scatenato, pieno di foga, frenetico, sfrenato □ fast-acting, ad azione rapida □ (fis. nucl.) fast breeder ( reactor), reattore autofertilizzante veloce □ (fam. USA) a fast buck, denaro fatto in fretta; denaro facile □ (fis. nucl.) fast-burst reactor, reattore impulsato □ (poet.) fast by (o fast beside), presso; vicino a □ (GB) fast coloureds, indumenti a colori solidi □ fast food, pasto veloce; cibi (pl.) pronti □ fast food restaurant, fast food ( il locale) □ (tecn.: di registratore, ecc.) fast forward, avanti: fast forward button, tasto che manda avanti veloce □ fast friend, amico intimo; grande amico □ fast-growing, che cresce rapidamente; in rapido aumento; in rapida espansione □ ( USA) fast line service, servizio di consegna rapida ( di pacchi); corriere espresso □ (comm., market.) fast-moving consumer goods ► FMCG □ (fam.) to be fast on the uptake, capire al volo □ (comput.) fast store, memoria rapida □ (in GB) Fast Stream, programma di formazione intensiva ( nell'amministrazione statale) □ (fam., in GB) fast streamer, chi segue il programma di formazione intensiva dell'amministrazione statale; impiegato statale in carriera (fam.) □ ( slang) fast talk, discorso da ciarlatano; chiacchiere imbonitrici □ fast talker, uno che ha una parlantina; imbonitore □ fast track, canale o iter veloce; corsia preferenziale (fig.); attività o settore professionale che garantisce una carriera rapida; (iron.) modo più veloce ( per fare una fine spiacevole): on the fast track, avviato a una carriera rapida □ fast-track, veloce; velocizzato; su una corsia preferenziale; ( di persona) che vuole fare carriera velocemente, ambizioso □ (fam.) fast worker, uno che va dritto allo scopo ( negli approcci); uno che ci prova subito □ life in the fast lane, vita intensa; vita eccitante □ to make fast, assicurare; legare: to make a rope fast to st., assicurare (o legare) una corda a qc.; to make a boat fast, ormeggiare una barca □ to play fast and loose with st., fare a tira e molla con qc.; essere incostante, infido □ (fam.) to pull a fast one on sb., giocare un brutto tiro a q. □ to stand fast, rimanere immobile; star saldo; (fig.) resistere, tener duro.(to) fast /fɑ:st/v. i.digiunare; osservare il digiuno.* * *I 1. [fɑːst] [AE fæst]1) (speedy) veloce, rapidoa fast time — sport un buon tempo
to be a fast walker, reader — camminare, leggere velocemente
2) sport [court, pitch] veloceyou're five minutes fast — il tuo orologio è o sei avanti di cinque minuti
4) spreg. [ person] dissoluto, libertino5) fot. [ film] ad alta sensibilitàto make sth. fast — assicurare, ormeggiare [ boat]
7) (loyal) [ friend] fedele; [ friendship] solido8) (permanent) [ dye] solido2.1) (rapidly) [move, speak] velocemente, rapidamente3.to stand fast — tenere duro, non cedere
nome digiuno m.••II [fɑːst] [AE fæst]to pull a fast one on sb. — giocare un brutto tiro a qcn.
verbo intransitivo digiunare -
63 fix
1. transitive verb1) (place firmly, attach, prevent from moving) befestigen; festmachenfix something to/on something — etwas an/auf etwas (Dat.) befestigen od. festmachen
fix shelves to the wall/a handle on the door — Regale an der Wand/eine Klinke an der Tür anbringen
fix something in one's mind — sich (Dat.) etwas fest einprägen
2) (direct steadily) richten [Blick, Gedanken, Augen] ([up]on auf + Akk.)3) (decide, specify) festsetzen, festlegen [Termin, Preis, Strafe, Grenze]; (settle, agree on) ausmachenit was fixed that... — es wurde beschlossen od. vereinbart, dass...
4) (repair) in Ordnung bringen; reparieren5) (arrange) arrangierenfix a rehearsal for Friday — eine Probe für od. auf Freitag (Akk.) ansetzen
6) (manipulate fraudulently) manipulieren [Rennen, Kampf]the whole thing was fixed — das war eine abgekartete Sache (ugs.)
7) (Amer. coll.): (prepare) machen [Essen, Kaffee, Drink]8) (sl.): (deal with) in Ordnung bringen; regeln2. nounfix somebody — (get even with) es jemandem heimzahlen; (kill) jemanden kaltmachen (salopp)
be in a fix — in der Klemme sein (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/87060/fix_on">fix on- fix up* * *[fiks] 1. verb1) (to make firm or steady: He fixed the post firmly in the ground; He fixed his eyes on the door.) befestigen, heften3) (to mend or repair: He has succeeded in fixing my watch.) in Ordnung bringen4) (to direct (attention, a look etc) at: She fixed all her attention on me.) richten6) (to make (something) permanent by the use of certain chemicals: to fix a photgraphic print.) fixieren7) (to prepare; to get ready: I'll fix dinner tonight.) herrichten2. noun(trouble; a difficulty: I'm in a terrible fix!) die Klemme- fixation- fixed
- fixedly
- fixture
- fix on
- fix someone up with something
- fix up with something
- fix someone up with
- fix up with* * *[fɪks]I. nthis was something of a \fix es war schon ein Dilemmahe's in a real \fix — he's got two meetings booked for three o'clock er steckt in einer echten Zwangslage — er hat zwei Besprechungen für drei Uhr eingetragena \fix of amphetamine eine Ladung Amphetamine fama \fix of cocaine/heroin ein Schuss m Kokain/Heroin sl3. NAUT, AVIAT (position) Position f, Standort m; (determination of position) Standortbestimmung f, Ortung fdo we still have a \fix on that plane? haben wir die Position dieses Flugzeuges noch?to take a \fix on a plane/ship ein Flugzeug/Schiff ortenII. vt1. (fasten)▪ to \fix sth etw festmachen [o befestigen]to \fix sth in one's mind sich dat etw einprägento \fix the blame on sb die Schuld auf jdn schieben2. (decide)▪ to \fix sth etw festlegen [o festsetzen]to \fix a border [or boundary] /a price/a time eine Grenze/einen Preis/eine Zeit festlegenso can we \fix two o'clock tomorrow for the presentation? können wir dann die Präsentation für morgen zwei Uhr ansetzen?the rent is \fixed at £750 a month die Miete wurde auf 750 Pfund pro Monat festgesetzt3. (arrange)▪ to \fix sth etw arrangierento \fix a trip einen Ausflug organisieren4. (repair)to \fix a blowout esp AM eine Reifenpanne beheben, einen Platten [o SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ Patschen] richtento \fix sb's flat BRIT jds Wohnung sauber machento \fix one's hair sich akk frisieren▪ to \fix sth etw zu essen machenshall I \fix you sth? soll ich dir was zu essen machen?to \fix a ballot/a fight/a race eine Wahl/einen Kampf/ein Rennen manipulierento \fix the jury die Geschworenen bestechen10. ART, PHOTto \fix the colour die Farbe fixieren11. BIOL, MED▪ to \fix sth etw präparieren12. (concentrate)to \fix one's eyes/one's thoughts on sth die Augen/seine Gedanken auf etw akk richtenshe could not \fix her thoughts upon anything sie konnte keinen klaren Gedanken fassenhis eyes were \fixed on the distant yacht er hatte den Blick auf die Yacht in der Ferne gerichtet13. (stare at)▪ to \fix sb/sth jdn/etw fixieren [o anstarren]he \fixed me with a stare of disapproval er durchbohrte mich mit missbilligenden Blicken14. MILto \fix the bayonet das Seitengewehr aufpflanzento \fix an animal ein Tier sterilisierenIII. vi* * *[fɪks]1. vt1) (= make firm) befestigen, festmachen (sth to sth etw an/auf etw dat); (= put on, install) new aerial, new dynamo anbringen; (fig) ideas, images verankern, festsetzento fix a stake in the ground — einen Pfahl im Boden verankern
to fix the blame on sb — die Schuld auf jdn schieben, jdm die Schuld geben
this image was firmly fixed in his memory — diese Vorstellung war fest in seinem Gedächtnis verankert
2) eyes, attention richten (on, upon auf +acc); gun, camera, radar richten (on auf +acc)all eyes were/everybody's attention was fixed on her — alle sahen sie wie gebannt an
3) date, price, limit festsetzen, festlegen; (= agree on) ausmachen, beschließennothing has been fixed yet — es liegt noch nichts fest, es ist noch nichts fest (ausgemacht or beschlossen worden)
have you got anything fixed for tonight? —
I fixed it so that he could go to the concert — ich habe es arrangiert, dass er zu dem Konzert gehen kann
5) (= straighten out, sort out) in Ordnung bringen, regelndon't worry, I'll fix things with him — mach dir keine Gedanken, ich regle das mit ihm or ich bringe das in Ordnung
6) (inf= get even with, sort out)
I'll fix him — dem werd ichs besorgenthe Mafia will fix him — den wird sich (dat) die Mafia vornehmen (inf) or vorknöpfen (inf)
8) drink, meal machento fix one's hair/face — sich frisieren/schminken
10) (CHEM, PHOT) fixieren2. vi (US inf= intend) vorhabenI'm fixing to get married soon — ich habe vor, bald zu heiraten
3. nto get oneself into a fix — sich (dat) eine schöne Suppe einbrocken (inf)
to give oneself a fix — sich (dat) einen Schuss setzen (inf), sich (dat) einen Druck verpassen (sl)
4) (inf)the fight/competition was a fix — der Kampf/Wettbewerb war eine abgekartete Sache (inf)
* * *fix [fıks]A v/t1. (to) befestigen, festmachen (an dat), anheften (an akk oder dat), anbringen (an dat, auch akk): → bayonet A2. fig verankern:fix sth in sb’s mind jemandem etwas einprägenat auf akk)5. den Blick, seine Aufmerksamkeit etc richten (on, upon auf akk):fix one’s gaze on sb jemanden anstarren6. jemandes Aufmerksamkeit etc fesseln7. jemanden, etwas fixieren, anstarren:fix sb with an angry stare jemanden wütend anstarren8. FLUG, SCHIFF die Position bestimmen von (oder gen)10. FOTO fixieren11. zur mikroskopischen Untersuchung präparierena) fest stellenb) normieren13. die Schuld etc zuschieben (on, upon dat)14. reparieren, instand setzenfix sb a drink jemandem etwas zu trinken machen;fix one’s face sich schminken;fix one’s hair sich frisieren17. umga) einen Wettkampf etc manipulieren18. umgb) es jemandem heimzahlenfix sb up with sth, fix sth up with sb jemandem etwas besorgena) einen Vertrag abschließen,B v/i1. CHEM fest werden, erstarren2. sich niederlassen oder festsetzen3. fix (up)onb) → A 34. we fixed for the meeting to take place on Monday wir setzten das Treffen auf Montag festto do zu tun):it’s fixing to rain es wird gleich regnenC s1. umg Klemme f, Patsche f:2. umga) abgekartete Sache, Schiebung fb) Bestechung f3. FLUG, SCHIFFa) Standort m, Position fb) Ortung f4. sl Fix m (Drogeninjektion):give o.s. a fix sich einen Schuss setzen* * *1. transitive verb1) (place firmly, attach, prevent from moving) befestigen; festmachenfix something to/on something — etwas an/auf etwas (Dat.) befestigen od. festmachen
fix shelves to the wall/a handle on the door — Regale an der Wand/eine Klinke an der Tür anbringen
fix something in one's mind — sich (Dat.) etwas fest einprägen
2) (direct steadily) richten [Blick, Gedanken, Augen] ([up]on auf + Akk.)3) (decide, specify) festsetzen, festlegen [Termin, Preis, Strafe, Grenze]; (settle, agree on) ausmachenit was fixed that... — es wurde beschlossen od. vereinbart, dass...
4) (repair) in Ordnung bringen; reparieren5) (arrange) arrangierenfix a rehearsal for Friday — eine Probe für od. auf Freitag (Akk.) ansetzen
6) (manipulate fraudulently) manipulieren [Rennen, Kampf]7) (Amer. coll.): (prepare) machen [Essen, Kaffee, Drink]8) (sl.): (deal with) in Ordnung bringen; regeln2. nounfix somebody — (get even with) es jemandem heimzahlen; (kill) jemanden kaltmachen (salopp)
be in a fix — in der Klemme sein (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- fix on- fix up* * *n.Dilemma -s n.Klemme -n f. v.befestigen v.festlegen v.fixen v.fixieren v. -
64 foot
1. noun, pl. feet1) Fuß, derput one's best foot forward — (fig.) (hurry) sich beeilen; (do one's best) sein Bestes tun
feet first — mit den Füßen zuerst od. voran
go into something feet first — (fig.) sich Hals über Kopf (ugs.) in etwas hineinstürzen
have one foot in the grave — (fig.) mit einem Fuß im Grabe stehen
have both [one's] feet on the ground — (fig.) mit beiden Beinen [fest] auf der Erde stehen
on one's/its feet — (lit. or fig.) auf den Beinen
put one's foot down — (fig.) (be firmly insistent or repressive) energisch werden; (accelerate motor vehicle) [Voll]gas geben
put one's foot in it — (fig. coll.) ins Fettnäpfchen treten (ugs.)
put one's feet up — die Beine hochlegen
start [off] or get off on the right/wrong foot — (fig.) einen guten/schlechten Start haben
set foot in/on something — etwas betreten
be rushed off one's feet — (fig.) in Trab gehalten werden (ugs.)
stand on one's own [two] feet — (fig.) auf eigenen Füßen stehen
rise or get to one's feet — sich erheben; aufstehen
never put a foot wrong — (fig.) nie etwas falsch machen
get/have cold feet — kalte Füße kriegen/gekriegt haben (ugs.)
catch somebody on the wrong foot — (fig.) jemanden auf dem falschen Fuß erwischen
have two left feet — (fig.) zwei linke Füße haben (ugs.)
at the foot of the list/page — unten auf der Liste/Seite
2. transitive verb7 foot or feet — 7 Fuß
(pay)* * *[fut]plural - feet; noun1) (the part of the leg on which a person or animal stands or walks: My feet are very sore from walking so far.) der Fuß2) (the lower part of anything: at the foot of the hill.) der Fuß3) ((plural often foot; often abbreviated to ft when written) a measure of length equal to twelve inches (30.48 cm): He is five feet/foot six inches tall; a four-foot wall.) der Fuß (-0,31m)•- academic.ru/28675/footing">footing- football
- foothill
- foothold
- footlight
- footman
- footmark
- footnote
- footpath
- footprint
- footsore
- footstep
- footwear
- follow in someone's footsteps
- foot the bill
- on foot
- put one's foot down
- put one's foot in it* * *[fʊt]I. n<pl feet>[pl fi:t]what size are your feet? welche Schuhgröße haben Sie?to be [back] on one's feet [wieder] auf den Beinen seinsb can barely [or hardly] put one \foot in front of the other jd hat Schwierigkeiten beim Laufento be fast [or quick] on one's feet schnell auf seinen Beinen seinto drag one's feet schlurfento get [or rise] /jump [or leap] to one's feet aufspringento put one's feet up die Füße hochlegento set \foot in sth einen Fuß in etw akk setzenat sb's feet zu jds Füßen2.(length) Fuß m (= 0,3048 Meter)3.<pl feet>(base) Fuß mat the \foot of one's bed am Fußende des Bettsat the \foot of the page am Seitenende4.<pl feet>5.▶ to be [caught] on the back \foot unvorbereitet seinsee, the boot is on the other \foot now siehst du, das Blatt hat sich gewendet▶ to drag one's feet herumtrödeln▶ to fall [or land] on one's feet Glück haben▶ to get off on the right/wrong foot einen guten/schlechten Start haben▶ to get one's feet wet nasse Füße bekommen▶ to have both feet on the ground mit beiden Beinen fest auf der Erde stehen▶ to have a \foot in both camps auf beiden Seiten beteiligt sein▶ to have feet of clay auch nur ein Mensch sein, seine Schwächen haben▶ to have the world at one's feet die Welt in seiner Macht haben▶ to have one \foot in the grave mit einem Bein im Grab stehen▶ to never/not put [or set] a \foot wrong nie einen Fehler machen▶ to think on one's feet eine schnelle Entscheidung treffen▶ to be under sb's feet zwischen jds Füßen herumlaufenII. vt▪ to \foot sth etw bezahlento \foot the bill die Rechnung begleichen [o bezahlento \foot up an account die Spalten eines Kontos addieren* * *[fʊt]1. n pl feet1) Fuß mto help sb back (on)to their feet — jdm wieder auf die Beine helfen
to set foot on dry land — den Fuß auf festen Boden setzen, an Land gehen
I'll never set foot here again! — hier kriegen mich keine zehn Pferde mehr her! (inf)
the first time he set foot in the office — als er das erste Mal das Büro betrat
to put one's feet up (lit) — die Füße hochlegen; (fig) es sich (dat) bequem machen
he never puts a foot wrong (gymnast, dancer) — bei ihm stimmt jeder Schritt; (fig) er macht nie einen Fehler
to catch sb on the wrong foot (Sport) — jdn auf dem falschen Fuß erwischen; (fig) jdn überrumpeln
2) (fig uses)to find one's feet — sich eingewöhnen, sich zurechtfinden
to get/be under sb's feet — jdm im Wege stehen or sein; (children also) jdm vor den Füßen herumlaufen
to get off on the right/wrong foot — einen guten/schlechten Start haben
to have/get one's or a foot in the door — einen Fuß in der Tür haben/in die Tür bekommen
a nice area, my foot! (inf) — und das soll eine schöne Gegend sein!
3 foot or feet wide/long — 3 Fuß breit/lang
he's 6 foot 3 — ≈ er ist 1,90 m
the 15th foot — das 15. Infanterieregiment
2. vtbill bezahlen, begleichen* * *foot [fʊt]A s; pl feet [fiːt]1. Fuß m:feet first mit den Füßen zuerst;at sb’s feet zu jemandes Füßen;be at sb’s feet fig jemandem zu Füßen liegen;she had the world at her feet die Welt lag ihr zu Füßen;on foot zu Fuß;a) im Gange sein,b) in Vorbereitung sein;be on one’s feeta) auf den Beinen sein,b) sich erheben, aufspringen (um zu sprechen);be on one’s feet again wieder auf den Beinen sein (nach einer Krankheit);his speech brought the audience to their feet riss die Zuhörer von den Sitzen;fall asleep on one’s feet im Stehen einschlafen;find one’s feetb) fig sich freischwimmen; lernen, selbstständig zu handeln,c) fig sich eingewöhnen;get a foot in the door fig einen Fuß in die Tür bekommen;get a company back on its feet (again) eine Firma flottmachen umg;have a foot in the door fig einen Fuß in der Tür haben;have feet of clay auch seine Schwächen haben, auch nur ein Mensch sein;have both feet firmly on the ground fig mit beiden Beinen im Leben stehen;he had the crowd on their feet er riss die Zuschauer von den Sitzen;keep one’s feet sich auf den Beinen halten;keep one’s foot down AUTO mit Bleifuß fahren umg;put one’s foot downa) AUTO (Voll)Gas geben,b) fig energisch werden, ein Machtwort sprechen;put one’s best foot forwarda) die Beine unter den Arm nehmen fig,b) sich gewaltig anstrengen (besonders um einen guten Eindruck zu machen);put one’s foot in it, US a. put one’s foot in one’s mouth ins Fettnäpfchen treten, sich in die Nesseln setzen (beide fig);put one foot in front of the other einen Fuß vor den andern setzen;set sb on their feet jemanden auf eigene Beine stellen;set sth on foot etwas in die Wege leiten oder in Gang bringen;shoot o.s. in the foot sich selbst schaden;stand on one’s own (two) feet auf eigenen Beinen stehen;stay on one’s feet sich auf den Beinen halten;step ( oder get) off on the right (wrong) foot die Sache richtig (falsch) anpacken; → cold A 2, drag B 2, grave1 1, spring A 1, sweep A 5, etc6 feet tall 6 Fuß groß oder hoch;a ten-foot pole eine 10 Fuß lange Stange3. (kein pl) MIL besonders Bra) Infanterie f:the 4th Foot das Infanterieregiment Nr. 4,b) HIST Fußvolk n:500 foot 500 Fußsoldaten;4. Gang m, Schritt m6. Fuß m (eines Berges, eines Glases, einer Säule, einer Treppe etc), Fußende n (des Bettes, Tisches etc), unteres Ende:at the foot of the page unten an oder am Fuß der Seite;at the foot of the table SPORT am Tabellenende7. (adv foots) Bodensatz m, Hefe f9. MUS Refrain m10. Stoffdrückerfuß m (einer Nähmaschine)B v/i:C v/ta) marschieren, zu Fuß gehen,b) tanzen2. einen Fuß anstricken an (akk)3. mit den Krallen fassen (Raubvögel)4. meist;foot up bes US zusammenzählen, addierenf. abk4. feminine5. following6. foot8. fromft abk1. foot* * *1. noun, pl. feet1) Fuß, derput one's best foot forward — (fig.) (hurry) sich beeilen; (do one's best) sein Bestes tun
feet first — mit den Füßen zuerst od. voran
go into something feet first — (fig.) sich Hals über Kopf (ugs.) in etwas hineinstürzen
have one foot in the grave — (fig.) mit einem Fuß im Grabe stehen
have both [one's] feet on the ground — (fig.) mit beiden Beinen [fest] auf der Erde stehen
on one's/its feet — (lit. or fig.) auf den Beinen
put one's foot down — (fig.) (be firmly insistent or repressive) energisch werden; (accelerate motor vehicle) [Voll]gas geben
put one's foot in it — (fig. coll.) ins Fettnäpfchen treten (ugs.)
start [off] or get off on the right/wrong foot — (fig.) einen guten/schlechten Start haben
set foot in/on something — etwas betreten
be rushed off one's feet — (fig.) in Trab gehalten werden (ugs.)
stand on one's own [two] feet — (fig.) auf eigenen Füßen stehen
rise or get to one's feet — sich erheben; aufstehen
never put a foot wrong — (fig.) nie etwas falsch machen
get/have cold feet — kalte Füße kriegen/gekriegt haben (ugs.)
catch somebody on the wrong foot — (fig.) jemanden auf dem falschen Fuß erwischen
have two left feet — (fig.) zwei linke Füße haben (ugs.)
at the foot of the list/page — unten auf der Liste/Seite
3) (of stocking etc.) Fuß, der; Füßling, der2. transitive verb7 foot or feet — 7 Fuß
* * *n.(§ pl.: feet)= Basis Basen f.Fuß ¨-e m.Standvorrichtung f. -
65 secure
1. adjective1) (safe) sichersecure against burglars/fire — gegen Einbruch/Feuer geschützt; einbruch-/feuersicher
make something secure from attack/enemies — etwas gegen Angriffe/Feinde sichern
2) (firmly fastened) festbe secure — [Ladung:] gesichert sein; [Riegel, Tür:] fest zu sein; [Tür:] ver- od. zugeriegelt sein; [Schraube:] fest sein od. sitzen
3) (untroubled) sicher, gesichert [Existenz]feel secure — sich sicher od. geborgen fühlen
2. transitive verbsecure in the knowledge that... — in dem sicheren Bewusstsein, dass...
1) (obtain) sichern ( for Dat.); beschaffen [Auftrag] ( for Dat.); (for oneself) sich (Dat.) sichern2) (confine) fesseln [Gefangenen]; (in container) einschließen [Wertsachen]; (fasten firmly) sichern, fest zumachen [Fenster, Tür]; festmachen [Boot] (to an + Dat.)3) (guarantee) absichern [Darlehen]* * *[si'kjuə] 1. adjective1) ((often with against or from) safe; free from danger, loss etc: Is your house secure against burglary?; He went on holiday, secure in the knowledge that he had done well in the exam.) sicher2) (firm, fastened, or fixed: Is that door secure?) fest3) (definite; not likely to be lost: She has had a secure offer of a job; He has a secure job.) gesichert2. verb1) ((with against or from (something bad)) to guarantee or make safe: Keep your jewellery in the bank to secure it against theft.) schützen2) (to fasten or make firm: He secured the boat with a rope.) sichern•- academic.ru/91361/securely">securely- security
- security risk* * *se·cure[sɪˈkjʊəʳ, AM -ˈkjʊr]I. adj<-r, -st or more \secure, the most \secure>\secure job sicherer Arbeitsplatzfinancially \secure finanziell abgesichertto feel \secure sich akk sicher [o geborgen] fühlen\secure against theft diebstahlsicher\secure mental hospital/unit geschlossene psychiatrische Klinik/Abteilungto make sth \secure against attack etw gegen Angriffe sicherncheck that the door is \secure schau nach, ob die Tür auch wirklich zu istto make a boat \secure ein Boot festmachenII. vt1. (obtain)2. (make safe)▪ to \secure sth etw [ab]sichern3. (fasten)to \secure a door/a window eine Tür/ein Fenster fest schließen4. (guarantee repayment of)▪ to \secure sth etw absichernto \secure a loan für einen Kredit Sicherheit stellen* * *[sɪ'kjʊə(r)]1. adj (+er)secure in the knowledge that... — ruhig in dem Bewusstsein, dass...
to be emotionally secure — emotional stabil sein
to make a door/window/rope secure — eine Tür/ein Fenster/ein Seil sichern
2. vt1) (= fasten, make firm) festmachen; (= tie up) befestigen, festmachen; window, door fest zumachen; (with chain, bolt etc) sichern; tile befestigen; (= make safe) sichern (from, against gegen), schützen (from, against vor +dat)2) (= obtain) sich (dat) sichern; majority of votes, order erhalten; profits, higher prices erzielen; share, interest in business erwerben; (= buy) erstehen; cook, employee verpflichtento secure sth for sb, to secure sb sth — jdm etw sichern
their troops have now secured the bridge/the airport — die Truppen haben jetzt die Brücke/den Flugplatz gegen feindliche Angriffe gesichert
* * *secure [sıˈkjʊə(r)]A adj (adv securely)1. sicher:a) geschützt, in Sicherheit ( beide:from, against vor dat):feel secure sich sicher fühlen;a secure hiding place ein sicheres Versteckb) fest (Fundament etc)c) MIL uneinnehmbar (Festung etc)d) gesichert (Existenz etc):be financially secure finanziell abgesichert seine) gewiss:2. ruhig, sorglos (Leben etc)3. in sicherem Gewahrsam (Krimineller etc)B v/tfrom, against vor dat, gegen)2. sichern, garantieren ( beide:sb sth jemandem etwas)secure a seat einen Sitzplatz ergattern umg4. erreichen, erlangen5. JUR ein Patent, Urteil etc erwirkensecure by bolts festschrauben8. Wertgegenstände etc sicherstellen, in Sicherheit bringen9. JUR festnehmen, dingfest machen10. MIL sichern, befestigenon, by durch):secured by mortgage hypothekarisch gesichertb) einem Gläubiger etc Sicherheit bieten12. MED eine Arterie etc abbindenC v/i1. sich Sicherheit verschaffen ( against gegen)2. SCHIFF US wegtreten, Freizeit machen* * *1. adjective1) (safe) sichersecure against burglars/fire — gegen Einbruch/Feuer geschützt; einbruch-/feuersicher
make something secure from attack/enemies — etwas gegen Angriffe/Feinde sichern
2) (firmly fastened) festbe secure — [Ladung:] gesichert sein; [Riegel, Tür:] fest zu sein; [Tür:] ver- od. zugeriegelt sein; [Schraube:] fest sein od. sitzen
3) (untroubled) sicher, gesichert [Existenz]feel secure — sich sicher od. geborgen fühlen
2. transitive verbsecure in the knowledge that... — in dem sicheren Bewusstsein, dass...
1) (obtain) sichern ( for Dat.); beschaffen [Auftrag] ( for Dat.); (for oneself) sich (Dat.) sichern2) (confine) fesseln [Gefangenen]; (in container) einschließen [Wertsachen]; (fasten firmly) sichern, fest zumachen [Fenster, Tür]; festmachen [Boot] (to an + Dat.)3) (guarantee) absichern [Darlehen]* * *adj.sicher adj. v.befestigen v.sicherstellen v. -
66 grasp
1. intransitive verb 2. transitive verb2) (hold firmly) festhaltengrasp somebody in one's arms — jemanden [fest] in den Armen halten
grasp the nettle — (fig.) das Problem beherzt anpacken
3) (understand) verstehen; erfassen [Bedeutung]3. noun1) (firm hold) Griff, derhe had my hand in a firm grasp — er hielt meine Hand mit festem Griff
something is within/beyond somebody's grasp — etwas ist in/außer jemandes Reichweite (Dat.)
2) (mental hold)have a good grasp of something — etwas gut beherrschen
something is beyond/within somebody's grasp — etwas überfordert jemandes [intellektuelle] Fähigkeiten/kann von jemandem verstanden werden
* * *1. verb1) (to take hold of especially by putting one's fingers or arm(s) round: He grasped the rope; He grasped the opportunity to ask for a higher salary.) ergreifen2) (to understand: I can't grasp what he's getting at.) begreifen2. noun1) (a grip with one's hand etc: Have you got a good grasp on that rope?) der Griff2) (the ability to understand: His ideas are quite beyond my grasp.) die Auffassungsgabe•- academic.ru/32156/grasping">grasping* * *[grɑ:sp, AM græsp]he shook my hand with a firm \grasp mit festem Händedruck schüttelte er mir die HandI lost my \grasp on the suitcase der Koffer rutschte mir aus der Handto slip from sb's \grasp jdm entgleiten [o aus den Händen gleiten]to be beyond sb's \grasp für jdn unerreichbar seinto be within sb's \grasp sich akk in jds Reichweite befinden, zum Greifen nahe seinthe presidency at last looked within her \grasp die Präsidentschaft schien für sie endlich in greifbare Nähe gerücktto have a good \grasp of a subject ein Fach gut beherrschento lose one's \grasp on sth etw nicht mehr im Griff habento lose one's \grasp on reality den Bezug zur Wirklichkeit verlierenII. vt▪ to \grasp sth etw [fest] [er]greifen [o fassen] [o packen]to \grasp sb by the arm/hand jdn am Arm/an der Hand fassento \grasp any opportunity to do sth jede Gelegenheit nutzen, um etw zu tun▪ to \grasp sth etw begreifen [o erfassen]the government has failed to \grasp the scale of the problem die Regierung hat das Ausmaß des Problems nicht erkannt3.▶ to \grasp the nettle BRIT, AUS (become active) den Stier bei den Hörnern packen fam; (do sth unpleasant) in den sauren Apfel beißen famIII. vi1. (try to hold)2. ( fig)to \grasp at the chance [or opportunity] die Chance nutzen, die Gelegenheit beim Schopfe packen3.* * *[grAːsp]1. n1) (= hold) Griff mjust when peace/fame was within their grasp — gerade als Frieden/Ruhm greifbar nahe war or in greifbare Nähe gerückt war
2) (fig: understanding) Verständnis ntto have a good grasp of sth —
her grasp of the language/subject is not very good — sie beherrscht die Sprache/das Gebiet nicht sehr gut
2. vt2) (fig: understand) begreifen, erfassen3. vito grasp at sth (lit) — nach etw greifen; (fig) sich auf etw (acc) stürzen; hope sich klammern an (+dat)
See:→ also straw* * *A v/t1. packen, (er)greifen:2. an sich reißen3. fig verstehen, begreifen, (er)fassenB v/ia man who grasps at too much may lose everything jemand, der zu viel haben will, verliert unter Umständen allesC s1. Griff m:keep sth in one’s grasp etwas fest gepackt halten;take a grasp at o.s. fig sich beherrschen2. a) Reichweite fb) fig Macht f, Gewalt f, Zugriff m:within one’s grasp in Reichweite, fig a. greifbar nahe, in greifbarer Nähe;within the grasp of in der Gewalt von (od gen)3. Auffassungsgabe f, Fassungskraft f, Verständnis n:it is beyond his grasp es geht über seinen Verstand;it is within his grasp das kann er begreifen;have a good grasp of a subject ein Fach gut beherrschen* * *1. intransitive verb2. transitive verbgrasp at — (lit. or fig.) ergreifen; sich stürzen auf (+ Akk.) [Angebot]
1) (clutch at, seize) ergreifen (auch fig.)2) (hold firmly) festhaltengrasp somebody in one's arms — jemanden [fest] in den Armen halten
grasp the nettle — (fig.) das Problem beherzt anpacken
3) (understand) verstehen; erfassen [Bedeutung]3. noun1) (firm hold) Griff, dersomething is within/beyond somebody's grasp — etwas ist in/außer jemandes Reichweite (Dat.)
something is beyond/within somebody's grasp — etwas überfordert jemandes [intellektuelle] Fähigkeiten/kann von jemandem verstanden werden
* * *(intellectual) n.Auffassungsgabe f. n.Fassungsgabe f.Griff -e m.Zugriff -e m. v.greifen v.(§ p.,pp.: griff, gegriffen) -
67 rub
1. past tense, past participle - rubbed; verb(to move against the surface of something else, pressing at the same time: He rubbed his eyes; The horse rubbed its head against my shoulder; The back of the shoe is rubbing against my heel.) restregar, frotar
2. noun(an act of rubbing: He gave the teapot a rub with a polishing cloth.) friega, acto de restregar/frotar- rub down- rub it in
- rub out
- rub shoulders with
- rub up
- rub up the wrong way
rub vb frotartr[rʌb]1 friega1 rozar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto rub it in familiar insistirto rub shoulders with codearse conto rub somebody up the wrong way sacar de quicio a alguien1) : frotar, restregarto rub one's hands together: frotarse las manos2) massage: friccionar, masajear3) chafe: rozar4) polish: frotar, pulir5) scrub: fregar6)to rub elbows with : codarse con7)to rub someone the wrong way : sacar de quicio a alguien, caerle mal a alguienrub vito rub against : rozarrub n1) rubbing: frotamiento m, fricción f2) difficulty: problema mn.• fricción s.f.• frotación s.f.• frotamiento s.m.• refregón s.m.• roce s.m.• rozadura s.f.expr.• caerle mal a alguien expr.v.• estregar v.• fregar v.• friccionar v.• frotar v.• limpiar frotando v.• refregar v.• restregar v.• rozar v.• sobar v.
I
1. rʌb- bb- transitive verbto rub one's eye/eyes — restregarse* or refregarse* or (Méx) tallarse el ojo/los ojos
not to have two farthings o halfpennies o pennies to rub together — (BrE) no tener* donde caerse muerto (fam)
to rub somebody the wrong way — (AmE) caerle* mal a alguien
b) ( with a cloth) frotar
2.
vito rub AGAINST/ON something: these shoes rub against o on my heels estos zapatos me rozan los talones; the cat rubbed against my legs — el gato se me restregó contra las piernas
Phrasal Verbs:- rub down- rub in- rub off- rub out- rub up
II
1)a) ( act)b) ( polish)2) ( difficulty)[rʌb]1. N1) (gen)2) (fig)there's the rub — ahí está el problema, esa es la dificultad
the rub is that... — el problema es que...
2.VT (=apply friction) frotar; (hard) restregar, estregar; (Med etc) friccionar; (to clean) limpiar frotando; (=polish) sacar brillo a3.VIto rub against/on sth — rozar algo
- rub away- rub down- rub in- rub off- rub out- rub up* * *
I
1. [rʌb]- bb- transitive verbto rub one's eye/eyes — restregarse* or refregarse* or (Méx) tallarse el ojo/los ojos
not to have two farthings o halfpennies o pennies to rub together — (BrE) no tener* donde caerse muerto (fam)
to rub somebody the wrong way — (AmE) caerle* mal a alguien
b) ( with a cloth) frotar
2.
vito rub AGAINST/ON something: these shoes rub against o on my heels estos zapatos me rozan los talones; the cat rubbed against my legs — el gato se me restregó contra las piernas
Phrasal Verbs:- rub down- rub in- rub off- rub out- rub up
II
1)a) ( act)b) ( polish)2) ( difficulty) -
68 steadily
adverb His work is improving steadily.)steadily adv a un ritmo constantetr['stedɪlɪ]1 (grow, improve, rise) constantemente, a un ritmo constante; (rain, work) sin pararsteadily ['stɛdəli] adv1) constantly: continuamente, sin parar2) firmly: con firmeza3) fixedly: fijamenteadv.• firmemente adv.'stedḷi, 'stedɪlia) (constantly, gradually) <breathe/beat/work> regularmente, a un ritmo constanteher condition is steadily deteriorating — continúa or sigue empeorando
b) ( incessantly) <rain/work> sin cesar, sin parar, continuamentec) ( not shaking) < gaze> fijamente, sin apartar la vista; < walk> con paso seguro['stedɪlɪ]ADV1) (=continuously) [improve, grow, move, advance] a un ritmo constante, de manera or forma continuada, de manera or forma constante; [increase, rise] a un ritmo constante; [work] a un ritmo constante; (without stopping) sin parar; [rain] ininterrumpidamente2) (=regularly) [breathe, beat] regularmente3) (=calmly) [speak] con firmeza; [gaze, look] fijamente, sin pestañear4) (=firmly) [walk] con paso seguro; [hold, grasp] firmemente* * *['stedḷi, 'stedɪli]a) (constantly, gradually) <breathe/beat/work> regularmente, a un ritmo constanteher condition is steadily deteriorating — continúa or sigue empeorando
b) ( incessantly) <rain/work> sin cesar, sin parar, continuamentec) ( not shaking) < gaze> fijamente, sin apartar la vista; < walk> con paso seguro -
69 strongly
adverb fuertementetr['strɒŋlɪ]1 (solidly) sólidamente2 (firmly) firmemente; (completely) totalmente, profundamente; (fervently) con fervor, con ardor; (forcefully) enérgicamente, con insistencia3 (intensely) mucho, muy\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be strongly built ser de complexión fuerteto feel strongly about something tener opiniones muy contundentes acerca de algostrongly ['strɔŋli] adv1) powerfully: fuerte, con fuerza2) sturdily: fuertemente, sólidamente3) intensely: intensamente, profundamente4) wholeheartedly: totalmenteadv.• fuertemente adv.• reciamente adv.• vigorosamente adv.'strɔːŋli, 'strɒŋli1)a) ( powerfully) fuerte, con fuerzab) ( sturdily) <made/welded> sólidamente2)a) (deeply, ardently) totalmentehe feels strongly that... — está totalmente convencido de que...
I strongly believe that... — tengo la certeza or la plena convicción de que...
b) ( forcefully) <protest/criticize> enérgicamentec) ( cogently) <argue/reason> convincentemente3)a) (intensely, greatly) < identify> totalmente, plenamenteit smelled strongly of garlic — despedía un fuerte olor a ajo, olía mucho a ajo
b) ( to a large extent) <decrease/contrast> considerablemente['strɒŋlɪ]ADV1) (=sturdily)strongly built — [person] de constitución fuerte or robusta
strongly constructed or made or built — [furniture, structure] de construcción sólida
2) (=firmly) [recommend, advise] encarecidamente; [believe, suspect] firmementeI feel very strongly that... — creo firmemente que...
strongly recommended — [book, film] muy recomendado
3) (=vehemently)a) (with verb) [criticize] duramente; [oppose, support, protest, react] enérgicamente; [deny] tajantemente, rotundamente; [defend, argue] firmementeb) (with adj, prep)the mood here is still very strongly anti-British — el clima aquí continúa siendo profundamente antibritánico
•
to be strongly against or opposed to sth — estar totalmente en contra de algo, oponerse enérgicamente a algo•
to be strongly critical of sth/sb — criticar duramente algo/a algn•
to be strongly in favour of sth — estar totalmente a favor de algo4) (=powerfully) [indicate] claramente•
she was strongly attracted to him — sentía una fuerte atracción hacia él, se sentía fuertemente atraída hacia él•
if you feel strongly about this issue... — si este tema te parece que es importante...•
his early works were strongly influenced by jazz — sus primeras obras estaban muy influenciadas por el jazz•
he reminds me strongly of his uncle — me recuerda mucho a su tío•
to smell/ taste strongly of sth — tener un fuerte olor/sabor a algo, oler/saber mucho a algo•
I'm strongly tempted to accompany you — me siento muy tentado a acompañarte•
she is strongly tipped to become party leader — es una de las favoritas para convertirse en líder del partido5) (=prominently)two stories feature strongly in today's papers — hay dos noticias que ocupan un lugar destacado or prominente en los periódicos de hoy
fish features strongly in the Japanese diet — el pescado ocupa un lugar destacado or prominente en la dieta japonesa
* * *['strɔːŋli, 'strɒŋli]1)a) ( powerfully) fuerte, con fuerzab) ( sturdily) <made/welded> sólidamente2)a) (deeply, ardently) totalmentehe feels strongly that... — está totalmente convencido de que...
I strongly believe that... — tengo la certeza or la plena convicción de que...
b) ( forcefully) <protest/criticize> enérgicamentec) ( cogently) <argue/reason> convincentemente3)a) (intensely, greatly) < identify> totalmente, plenamenteit smelled strongly of garlic — despedía un fuerte olor a ajo, olía mucho a ajo
b) ( to a large extent) <decrease/contrast> considerablemente -
70 firm
I [fə:m] adjective1) ((fixed) strong and steady: a firm handshake.) fast; solid2) (decided; not changing one's mind: a firm refusal.) fast; urokkelig•- firmlyII [fə:m] noun(a business company: an engineering firm.) firma; virksomhed* * *I [fə:m] adjective1) ((fixed) strong and steady: a firm handshake.) fast; solid2) (decided; not changing one's mind: a firm refusal.) fast; urokkelig•- firmlyII [fə:m] noun(a business company: an engineering firm.) firma; virksomhed -
71 insecure
[insi'kjuə]1) (unsure of oneself or lacking confidence: Whenever he was in a crowd of people he felt anxious and insecure.) usikker; utryg2) (not safe or firmly fixed: This chair-leg is insecure; an insecure lock.) ikke sikker•- insecurity* * *[insi'kjuə]1) (unsure of oneself or lacking confidence: Whenever he was in a crowd of people he felt anxious and insecure.) usikker; utryg2) (not safe or firmly fixed: This chair-leg is insecure; an insecure lock.) ikke sikker•- insecurity -
72 square
[skweə] 1. noun1) (a four-sided two-dimensional figure with all sides equal in length and all angles right angles.) kvadrat2) (something in the shape of this.) firkant3) (an open place in a town, with the buildings round it.) plads; torv4) (the resulting number when a number is multiplied by itself: 3 × 3, or 32 = 9, so 9 is the square of 3.) kvadrattal2. adjective1) (having the shape of a square or right angle: I need a square piece of paper; He has a short, square body / a square chin.) firkantet2) ((of business dealings, scores in games etc) level, even, fairly balanced etc: If I pay you an extra $5 shall we be (all) square?; Their scores are (all) square (= equal).) lige3) (measuring a particular amount on all four sides: This piece of wood is two metres square.) på hver led4) (old-fashioned: square ideas about clothes.) gammeldags3. adverb1) (at right angles, or in a square shape: The carpet is not cut square with the corner.) vinkelret2) (firmly and directly: She hit him square on the point of the chin.) direkte4. verb1) (to give a square shape to or make square.) gøre firkantet2) (to settle, pay etc (an account, debt etc): I must square my account with you.) afregne3) (to (cause to) fit or agree: His story doesn't square with the facts.) stemme4) (to multiply a number by itself: Two squared is four.) opløfte til anden potens•- squared- squarely
- square centimetre
- metre
- square root
- fair and square
- go back to square one
- a square deal* * *[skweə] 1. noun1) (a four-sided two-dimensional figure with all sides equal in length and all angles right angles.) kvadrat2) (something in the shape of this.) firkant3) (an open place in a town, with the buildings round it.) plads; torv4) (the resulting number when a number is multiplied by itself: 3 × 3, or 32 = 9, so 9 is the square of 3.) kvadrattal2. adjective1) (having the shape of a square or right angle: I need a square piece of paper; He has a short, square body / a square chin.) firkantet2) ((of business dealings, scores in games etc) level, even, fairly balanced etc: If I pay you an extra $5 shall we be (all) square?; Their scores are (all) square (= equal).) lige3) (measuring a particular amount on all four sides: This piece of wood is two metres square.) på hver led4) (old-fashioned: square ideas about clothes.) gammeldags3. adverb1) (at right angles, or in a square shape: The carpet is not cut square with the corner.) vinkelret2) (firmly and directly: She hit him square on the point of the chin.) direkte4. verb1) (to give a square shape to or make square.) gøre firkantet2) (to settle, pay etc (an account, debt etc): I must square my account with you.) afregne3) (to (cause to) fit or agree: His story doesn't square with the facts.) stemme4) (to multiply a number by itself: Two squared is four.) opløfte til anden potens•- squared- squarely
- square centimetre
- metre
- square root
- fair and square
- go back to square one
- a square deal -
73 stable
I ['steibl] adjective1) (firm and steady or well-balanced: This chair isn't very stable.) stabil2) (firmly established and likely to last: a stable government.) stabil3) ((of a person or his character) unlikely to become unreasonably upset or hysterical: She's the only stable person in the whole family.) rolig4) ((of a substance) not easily decomposed.) stabil•- stabilize
- stabilise
- stabilization
- stabilisation II ['steibl] noun1) (a building in which horses are kept.) stald2) ((in plural) a horse-keeping establishment: He runs the riding stables.) stutteri* * *I ['steibl] adjective1) (firm and steady or well-balanced: This chair isn't very stable.) stabil2) (firmly established and likely to last: a stable government.) stabil3) ((of a person or his character) unlikely to become unreasonably upset or hysterical: She's the only stable person in the whole family.) rolig4) ((of a substance) not easily decomposed.) stabil•- stabilize
- stabilise
- stabilization
- stabilisation II ['steibl] noun1) (a building in which horses are kept.) stald2) ((in plural) a horse-keeping establishment: He runs the riding stables.) stutteri -
74 uncompromising
(keeping firmly to a particular attitude, policy etc: You should not adopt such an uncompromising attitude.) kompromisløs* * *(keeping firmly to a particular attitude, policy etc: You should not adopt such an uncompromising attitude.) kompromisløs -
75 vice
I noun(a kind of strong tool for holding an object firmly, usually between two metal jaws: The carpenter held the piece of wood in a vice; He has a grip like a vice.) skruestikII noun1) (a serious moral fault: Continual lying is a vice.) uvane2) (a bad habit: Smoking is not one of my vices.) last* * *I noun(a kind of strong tool for holding an object firmly, usually between two metal jaws: The carpenter held the piece of wood in a vice; He has a grip like a vice.) skruestikII noun1) (a serious moral fault: Continual lying is a vice.) uvane2) (a bad habit: Smoking is not one of my vices.) last -
76 persist
intransitive verbpersist in something — an etwas (Dat.) [beharrlich] festhalten
persist in doing something — etwas weiterhin [beharrlich] tun
* * *[pə'sist](to keep doing, thinking etc in spite of opposition or difficulty; to continue asking, persuading etc: It will not be easy but you will succeed if you persist; He didn't want to tell her, but she persisted (in asking).) hartnäckig beharren auf- academic.ru/54735/persistent">persistent- persistently
- persistence* * *per·sist[pəˈsɪst, AM pɚˈ-]vi1. (continue to exist) andauern; cold, heat, rain anhalten; habit, tradition fortbestehen; MED persistieren fachsprto \persist in one's opinion an seiner Meinung festhalten3. (continue)▪ to \persist in doing sth weiterhin etw tun, nicht aufhören, etw zu tun▪ to \persist with sth mit etw dat weitermachen; project, crusade, programme etw unbeirrt fortsetzen* * *[pə'sɪst]vi(= persevere) nicht lockerlassen, unbeirrt fortfahren (with mit); (= be tenacious in belief, demand etc) beharren, bestehen (in auf +dat = last, continue fog, pain etc) anhalten, fortdauernif you persist in misbehaving —
if you persist in coming late — wenn du weiterhin zu spät kommst
if the rumours still persist — falls sich die Gerüchte halten sollten
* * *persist [pə(r)ˈsıst] v/i1. (in) verharren (auf dat, bei), (fest)bleiben (bei), hartnäckig bestehen (auf dat), beharren (auf dat, bei):he persisted in doing so er fuhr (unbeirrt) damit fort;he persists in saying er bleibt bei seiner Behauptung, er behauptet steif und fest umg3. fortdauern, fortbestehen, weiter bestehen, anhalten* * *intransitive verb1) (continue firmly) beharrlich sein Ziel verfolgen; nicht nachgebenpersist in something — an etwas (Dat.) [beharrlich] festhalten
persist in doing something — etwas weiterhin [beharrlich] tun
2) (continue in existence) anhalten* * *v.aufdringlich sein ausdr.beharren v.bihren v.fortdauern v. -
77 tight
1. adjective1) (firm) fest; fest angezogen [Schraube, Mutter]; festsitzend [Deckel, Korken]the drawer/window is tight — die Schublade/das Fenster klemmt
2) (close-fitting) eng [Kleid, Hose, Schuh usw.]this shoe is rather [too] tight or a rather tight fit — dieser Schuh ist etwas zu eng
3) (impermeable)tight seal/joint — dichter Verschluss/dichte Fuge
4) (taut) straffa tight feeling in one's chest — ein Gefühl der Beklemmung od. Enge in der Brust
5) (with little space) knapp; gedrängt [Programm]6) (difficult to negotiate)be in/get oneself into a tight corner or (coll.) spot [over something] — (fig.) [wegen etwas] in der Klemme sein/in die Klemme geraten (ugs.)
7) (strict) streng [Kontrolle, Disziplin]; straff [Organisation]2. adverbget tight — sich voll laufen lassen (salopp)
1) (firmly) festhold tight! — halt dich fest!
2) (so as to leave no space) [ganz] voll3. noun in pl.1) (Brit.)[pair of] tights — Strumpfhose, die
2) (of dancer etc.) Trikothose, die* * *1. adjective1) (fitting very or too closely: I couldn't open the box because the lid was too tight; My trousers are too tight.) fest, eng3) ((of control etc) strict and very careful: She keeps (a) tight control over her emotions.) streng4) (not allowing much time: We hope to finish this next week but the schedule's a bit tight.) dicht2. adverb((also tightly) closely; with no extra room or space: The bags were packed tight / tightly packed.) dicht- academic.ru/114922/-tight">-tight- tighten
- tightness
- tights
- tight-fisted
- tightrope
- a tight corner/spot
- tighten one's belt* * *[taɪt]I. adj1. (firm) fest\tight shoes/trousers enge [o SCHWEIZ a. satt sitzende] Schuhe/Hoseto be a \tight squeeze sehr eng seinin \tight formation in geschlossener Formationin \tight groups in dicht gedrängten Gruppen3. (stretched tautly) gespannt, satt\tight muscles verspannte Muskeln4. (closely integrated) eng verbunden\tight circle enger Kreis\tight bend [or turn] enge Kurve\tight market umsatzschwacher Markt\tight money knappes Geldto keep a \tight hold on sth etw streng kontrollierenthe government are trying to keep a \tight hold on spending die Regierung versucht, die Ausgaben streng unter Kontrolle zu haltento be \tight for money/time wenig Geld/Zeit habento be \tight with one's money knausrig sein\tight schedule gedrängter Terminkalender6. (tense)\tight face angespanntes Gesicht\tight voice angespannte Stimme7. (hard-fought, keenly competitive) knapp\tight finish knapper Zieleinlauf9.▶ to keep a \tight rein over sb jdn fest an die Kandare nehmen▶ to run a \tight ship ein strenges Regime führento screw a nut \tight eine Mutter fest [o SCHWEIZ a. satt] anziehento cling/hang on \tight to sb/sth sich akk an jdm/etw festklammernto close/seal sth \tight etw fest verschließen/versiegeln▶ sleep \tight schlaf gut* * *[taɪt]1. adj (+er)these jeans/shoes are too tight — diese Jeans/Schuhe sind zu eng
2) (= stiff, difficult to move) screw, bolt festsitzend, unbeweglichthe cork/screw/bolt is (too) tight — der Korken/die Schraube/der Bolzen sitzt fest
the drawer/window is a bit tight — die Schublade/das Fenster klemmt ein bisschen or geht schwer auf
3) (= firm) screw fest angezogen; tap, window dicht; lid, embrace fest; control, discipline, security streng; organization straffto be as tight as a drum — straff sein; ( inf
tight curls —
things are getting rather tight in this office — es wird ziemlich eng im Büro
7) (= difficult) situation schwierigthings were tight — die Lage war schwierig
8) (= close) race, match knapp9) (= tense) voice fest; lips zusammengepresst; mouth verkniffen; smile verkrampft; throat zusammengeschnürt; muscle verspannt10) (= constricted) chest, stomach zusammengeschnürt11) (= close, close-knit) eng13) (FIN) budget, money knappto be tight with one's money — geizig mit seinem Geld sein
to get tight — blau werden (inf)
2. adv (+er)hold, shut, screw, fasten fest; stretch straffthe suitcase/train was packed tight with... — der Koffer/Zug war vollgestopft mit...
he kept his mouth shut tight — er schwieg eisern; (at dentist etc) er hielt den Mund fest geschlossen
to hold sb/sth tight — jdn/etw festhalten
to sit tight — sich nicht rühren
3. adj suf- dicht* * *tight [taıt]A adj (adv tightly)1. dicht (nicht leck):2. fest (sitzend) (Stöpsel etc):tight knot fester Knoten;tight screw fest angezogene Schraube3. a) straff (Seil etc), (auch Muskeln) angespannt:4. knapp, eng:tight corner enge Kurve;a) knapper Sitz (eines Kleides etc),b) TECH Feinpassung f, Haftsitz m;tight shoes enge Schuhe;5. a) eng, dicht (gedrängt)6. prall, prallvoll (Beutel etc):tight schedule voller Terminkalender7. SPORTa) ausgeglichen (Spiel etc)b) knapp:8. umg knick(e)rig, geizig9. WIRTSCHa) knapp:b) angespannt (Marktlage):a tight money market eine angespannte Lage auf dem Geldmarkt10. a) verdichtet, komprimiertb) gedrängt, knapp (Stil):tight plot straffe Handlungc) hieb- und stichfest (Argument etc)11. obs schmuck (Mädchen etc)12. sl blau, besoffen:(as) tight as a tick stinkbesoffenB adv1. eng, knapp:mark tight SPORT eng decken;play too tight SPORT zu engmaschig spielenhold tight festhalten;a) sich nicht vom Fleck rühren,b) fig sich nicht beirren lassen,* * *1. adjective1) (firm) fest; fest angezogen [Schraube, Mutter]; festsitzend [Deckel, Korken]the drawer/window is tight — die Schublade/das Fenster klemmt
2) (close-fitting) eng [Kleid, Hose, Schuh usw.]this shoe is rather [too] tight or a rather tight fit — dieser Schuh ist etwas zu eng
tight seal/joint — dichter Verschluss/dichte Fuge
4) (taut) straffa tight feeling in one's chest — ein Gefühl der Beklemmung od. Enge in der Brust
5) (with little space) knapp; gedrängt [Programm]be in/get oneself into a tight corner or (coll.) spot [over something] — (fig.) [wegen etwas] in der Klemme sein/in die Klemme geraten (ugs.)
7) (strict) streng [Kontrolle, Disziplin]; straff [Organisation]2. adverbget tight — sich voll laufen lassen (salopp)
1) (firmly) fest2) (so as to leave no space) [ganz] voll3. noun in pl.1) (Brit.)[pair of] tights — Strumpfhose, die
2) (of dancer etc.) Trikothose, die* * *adj.dicht adj.eng adj.fest adj. n.hautnah adj. -
78 Philosophy
And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive ScienceIn the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- ControlIn his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
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79 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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80 believe
bɪˈli:v гл.
1) верить we soon believe what we desire ≈ мы охотно принимаем желаемое за действительное believe it or not ≈ хотите верьте, хотите нет to believe firmly, sincerely, strongly ≈ свято верить во что-л., быть твердо убежденным в чем-л. mistakenly believe ≈ ошибочно верить чему-л./во что-л. To believe in or on God, expresses not belief only, but that belief resting in God, trusting itself and all its concerns with Him. ≈ Понятие 'верить в Бога' включает в себя не только веру, но и посвящение ему себя и своих помыслов.
2) доверять To believe God is to believe what God says, to be true. ≈ Верить Богу - значит верить в то, что он говорит правду.
3) придавать большое значение I believe in early rising. ≈ Я считаю очень полезным вставать рано.
4) думать, полагать I believe so ≈ кажется, так;
по-моему, так;
да (в ответе) I believe not ≈ думаю, что нет;
едва ли ∙ believe in believe of you'd better believe it амер.;
разг. ≈ можете быть уверены make believe ≈ делать вид, притворятьсяверить;
- to * a rumour поверить слуху;
- I * you я вам верю;
- I made him * it я убедил его в этом;
- you'd better * it (разговорное) можете быть уверены доверять;
- to * smb. implicitly всецело доверять кому-л.;
- to * smb.'s word верить кому-л. на слово;
- a man who deserves to be *d человек, который заслуживает доверия (in, on) (религия) веровать, верить;
- to * in God веровать в бога;
- to * in spiritualism верить в спиритизм (in) верить;
возлагать надежды;
- to * in human nature верить в человека;
- I * in early rising я считаю, что рано вставать полезно;
- I * in getting plenty of exercise я придаю большое значение физкультуре;
- I * in you я верю вам, ч считаю вас честным человеком;
я верю в вас, я возлагаю на вас большие надежды;
- he did not * in women он был нелестного мнения о женщинах думать, полагать, считать;
- I * you are right мне кажется, что вы правы;
people *d the Earth to be flat люди думали, что земля плоская;
- I * so думаю, что так;
правильно, верно;
- will they be ready tomorrow? - I * so Будут они завтра готовы? - Кажется, будут;
- the plan is *d to be realistic план считается реальным;
полагают, что план осуществим;
- I * him to be alive я думаю, что он жив;
он, по всей вероятности, жив;
- he is *d to be in Paris думают, что он в Париже;
- we * him to be the man for the job мы считаем, что для этой работы он очень подходит;
- I'd * absolutely anything of that man от этого человека можно всего ожидать иметь какое-л. мнение;
- to * meanly of smb., smth. (устаревшее) быть плохого мнения о своем ближнем > to make * делать вид, притворяться;
воображать;
> let's make * we're pirates давай играть в пиратовbelieve верить;
we soon believe what we desire мы охотно принимаем желаемое за действительное;
believe it or not хотите верьте, хотите нет ~ верить ~ доверять;
I believe you я вам верю, доверяю;
I believe in you я в вас верю ~ доверять ~ думать, полагать;
I believe so кажется, так;
по-моему, так;
да (в ответе) ;
I believe not думаю, что нет;
едва ли;
you'd better believe it амер. разг. можете быть уверены ~ придавать большое значение;
I believe in early rising я считаю очень полезным вставать раноbelieve верить;
we soon believe what we desire мы охотно принимаем желаемое за действительное;
believe it or not хотите верьте, хотите нет~ придавать большое значение;
I believe in early rising я считаю очень полезным вставать рано~ доверять;
I believe you я вам верю, доверяю;
I believe in you я в вас верю~ думать, полагать;
I believe so кажется, так;
по-моему, так;
да (в ответе) ;
I believe not думаю, что нет;
едва ли;
you'd better believe it амер. разг. можете быть уверены~ думать, полагать;
I believe so кажется, так;
по-моему, так;
да (в ответе) ;
I believe not думаю, что нет;
едва ли;
you'd better believe it амер. разг. можете быть уверены~ доверять;
I believe you я вам верю, доверяю;
I believe in you я в вас верюto make ~ делать вид, притворятьсяbelieve верить;
we soon believe what we desire мы охотно принимаем желаемое за действительное;
believe it or not хотите верьте, хотите нет
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