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'a+brief+history+of+time'

  • 21 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

    [br]
    b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russia
    d. 24 October 1980
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).
    [br]
    Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.
    In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.
    With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.
    The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.
    Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).
    Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).
    E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.
    Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).
    KF / GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

  • 22 ask

    1. transitive verb

    ask [somebody] a question — [jemandem] eine Frage stellen

    ask somebody [something] — jemanden [nach etwas] fragen

    I ask you! — (coll.) ich muss schon sagen!

    if you ask me — (coll.) [also,] wenn du mich fragst

    2) (seek to obtain)

    ask something — um etwas bitten

    3) (invite) einladen
    2. intransitive verb

    you may well ask — du hast allen Grund zu fragen

    ask after somebody/something — nach jemandem/etwas fragen

    ask for something/somebody — etwas/jemanden verlangen

    ask for it — (coll.): (invite trouble) es herausfordern

    * * *
    1) (to put a question: He asked me what the time was; Ask the price of that scarf; Ask her where to go; Ask him about it; If you don't know, ask.) fragen
    2) (to express a wish to someone for something: I asked her to help me; I asked (him) for a day off; He rang and asked for you; Can I ask a favour of you?) bitten
    3) (to invite: He asked her to his house for lunch.) einladen
    •
    - academic.ru/84292/ask_after">ask after
    - ask for
    - for the asking
    * * *
    [ɑ:sk, AM æsk]
    I. vt
    1. (request information)
    ▪ to \ask [sb] sth [or ( form) sth [of sb]] [jdn] etw fragen
    she \asked me about Welsh history sie fragte mich was zur Geschichte von Wales
    \ask him why he did it! frag ihn, warum er es getan hat!
    to \ask a question [about sth] [zu etw dat] eine Frage stellen
    may I \ask you a question? darf ich Sie etwas fragen?
    to \ask sb a riddle jdm ein Rätsel stellen
    ▪ to \ask sth um etw akk bitten
    the solicitor \asked that her client should be allowed to make a telephone call die Anwältin bat darum, dass ihr Klient telefonieren dürfe
    and you're \asking me to believe that?! und das soll ich glauben?!
    to \ask [sb] advice/a favour [jdn] um Rat/einen Gefallen bitten
    to \ask sb's opinion jdn um seine Meinung bitten
    ▪ to \ask sb for sth [or ( form) sth of sb] jdn um etw akk bitten
    she \asked me for help sie bat mich, ihr zu helfen
    ▪ to \ask sb [to sth] jdn [zu etw dat] einladen
    4. (demand a price)
    to \ask £50 [for sth] 50 Pfund [für etw akk] verlangen
    how much are they \asking for the car? was wollen sie für das Auto haben?
    5. (expect)
    to \ask too much of sb zu viel von jdm verlangen
    that's \asking a lot! Sie verlangen eine ganze Menge!
    6.
    ▶ don't \ask me mich brauchst du nicht zu fragen
    ▶ I \ask you! ich bitte dich!
    ▶ if you \ask me wenn du mich fragst
    II. vi
    you may well \ask, well may you \ask BRIT ( hum) gute Frage
    ▪ to \ask about sb/sth nach jdm/etw fragen, sich akk nach jdm/etw erkundigen
    how did the meeting go? — don't \ask! wie war das Treffen? — frag bloß nicht!
    I was only \asking! war ja nur 'ne Frage! fam
    if you need help, don't hesitate to \ask [or you only have to \ask] wenn Sie Hilfe brauchen, sagen Sie es nur
    I \asked to see my accountant ich bat um einen Termin mit meinem Steuerberater
    ▪ to \ask for sth sich dat etw wünschen
    who could \ask for anything more? was kann man sich Besseres wünschen?
    ▪ to be \asking for sth etw geradezu herausfordern
    if you leave your car unlocked, you're simply \asking to have it stolen wenn Sie Ihren Wagen nicht abschließen, laden Sie die Autodiebe ja förmlich ein
    you're \asking for trouble du willst wohl Ärger haben!
    he's always \asking for trouble er macht immer Ärger
    you're \asking for it du willst es ja nicht anders
    5.
    ▶ don't \ask, don't tell policy MIL Politik f des Stillschweigens (über sexuelle Orientierung)
    III. n STOCKEX Angebotskurs m, Ask m, Brief m
    * * *
    [Aːsk]
    1. vt
    1) (= inquire) fragen; question stellen

    to ask sb the way/the time/his opinion — jdn nach dem Weg/der Uhrzeit/seiner Meinung fragen

    to ask if... — (nach)fragen, ob...

    he asked me where I'd been — er fragte mich, wo ich gewesen sei or wäre (inf) or bin (inf)

    don't ask me! (inf) — frag mich nicht, was weiß ich!

    2) (= invite) einladen; (in dancing) auffordern
    3) (= request) bitten (sb for sth jdn um etw); (= require, demand) verlangen (sth of sb etw von jdm)

    to ask sb to do sth — jdn darum bitten, etw zu tun

    all I ask is... — ich will ja nur...

    you don't ask for much, do you? (iro) — sonst noch was? (iro), sonst or weiter nichts? (iro)

    he asked to be excused — er bat, ihn zu entschuldigen, er entschuldigte sich

    4) (COMM) price verlangen, fordern
    2. vi
    1) (= inquire) fragen

    to ask about sb/sth — sich nach jdm/etw erkundigen

    I only asked —

    and what does that mean, may I ask? — und was soll das bedeuten, wenn ich mal fragen darf?

    well may you ask — das fragt man sich mit Recht

    2) (= request) bitten (for sth um etw)

    you just have to ask — du musst nur was sagen (inf), du brauchst nur zu fragen

    it's yours for the asking —

    if you do that you're asking for trouble — wenn du das tust, dann kriegst du Ärger

    that's asking for trouble —

    she was asking for you (Scot) — sie hat sich nach dir erkundigt

    * * *
    ask [ɑːsk; US æsk]
    A v/t
    1. jemanden fragen, jemandem eine Frage stellen:
    if you ask me, … wenn Sie mich fragen, …;
    don’t ask me! keine Ahnung!;
    I ask you! umg ich muss schon sagen!
    2. jemanden fragen nach, sich bei jemandem nach etwas erkundigen:
    ask sb for advice jemanden um Rat fragen;
    ask sb (for) his name jemanden nach seinem Namen fragen;
    ask sb’s opinion jemanden um seine Meinung fragen;
    ask sb a question jemandem eine Frage stellen;
    may I ask you a question? darf ich Sie etwas fragen?;
    ask no questions keine Fragen stellen; → another 2, silly A 1
    3. etwas erfragen:
    ask the time fragen, wie spät es ist;
    ask the way sich nach dem Weg erkundigen;
    might I ask what …? darf ich fragen, was …?
    4. a) bitten um, etwas erbitten:
    ask advice einen Rat erbitten
    b) auch ask for jemanden bitten oder ersuchen oder angehen um:
    ask sb in jemanden hereinbitten;
    ask sb out jemanden ausführen;
    ask sb for advice jemanden um Rat bitten;
    we were asked to believe man wollte uns glauben machen; → favor B 2
    5. verlangen, fordern:
    that’s asking too much das ist zu viel verlangt;
    ask too much of sb zu viel von jemandem verlangen;
    asked (Börse) Brief;
    asked price (Börse) Briefkurs m; → world Bes Redew
    6. fig erfordern
    7. einladen (for, to zu):
    be asked out eingeladen sein
    8. obs das Aufgebot verkünden
    B v/i
    1. fragen, sich erkundigen ( beide:
    for, about, after nach):
    ask around herumfragen, sich umhören;
    tell Tom I was asking for him grüß Tom herzlich von mir;
    you may well ask das ist eine gute Frage;
    I was only asking war ja nur eine Frage;
    why do you ask? warum fragst du?
    2. bitten ( for um):
    he asked for it ( oder for trouble) umg er wollte es ja so haben, er hat es herausgefordert oder selbst heraufbeschworen;
    he’s as good a teacher as you could ask for er ist der beste Lehrer, den man sich vorstellen kann
    3. fig verlangen, erfordern ( beide:
    for akk):
    4. ask for sb jemanden oder nach jemandem verlangen, nach jemandem fragen, jemanden zu sprechen wünschen
    * * *
    1. transitive verb

    ask [somebody] a question — [jemandem] eine Frage stellen

    ask somebody [something] — jemanden [nach etwas] fragen

    I ask you! — (coll.) ich muss schon sagen!

    if you ask me — (coll.) [also,] wenn du mich fragst

    ask somebody to do something — jemanden [darum] bitten, etwas zu tun

    3) (invite) einladen
    2. intransitive verb

    ask after somebody/something — nach jemandem/etwas fragen

    ask for something/somebody — etwas/jemanden verlangen

    ask for it — (coll.): (invite trouble) es herausfordern

    * * *
    (for) v.
    bitten (um) v.
    erfragen v.
    fordern v.
    fragen (nach) v. v.
    auffordern v.
    bitten v.
    (§ p.,pp.: bat, gebeten)
    fragen v.
    verlangen v.

    English-german dictionary > ask

  • 23 período

    m.
    1 period, period of time, length of time, time.
    2 period, epoch, age.
    3 period, menses, menstruation period, menstruation.
    4 period, cycle.
    5 stage in a process, stadium.
    * * *
    1 period
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    periodo masculino
    1)
    a) ( de tiempo) period
    b) (Geol, Mat, Fís) period
    2) ( menstruación) period
    * * *
    periodo masculino
    1)
    a) ( de tiempo) period
    b) (Geol, Mat, Fís) period
    2) ( menstruación) period
    * * *
    período1
    1 = period, phase, stage, term, chapter, interregnum, span, spell, stint, stretch.

    Ex: Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.

    Ex: This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.
    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
    Ex: The board consists of seven members elected by popular ballot for three-year terms.
    Ex: The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex: In American higher education the interregnum between world wars was a time of drift and disappointment.
    Ex: The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex: The outstanding example is Ian Sillitoe, who started writing seriously only after reading undisturbed during a lengthy spell in hospital.
    Ex: Evidence for identification is rarely available, but in a few cases very full printers' records have survived in which individual stints are accounted for.
    Ex: After all, who has not felt dog-tired and drained, sometimes for long stretches, at one time or another?.
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en período de = in the throes of.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un período de = at a time of.
    * en un período de transición = in a period of transition.
    * en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * mujer en período de lactancia = nursing woman.
    * pasar por un período de = go through + a period of.
    * período bajo = dry spell.
    * período culminante = peak period.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de calma = lull.
    * período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.
    * período de cobertura = date of coverage, period of coverage.
    * período de cultivo = growing season.
    * período de descanso = rest time.
    * período de descuento por inscripción anticipada = early bird period.
    * período de entreguerras, el = interwar period, the.
    * período de espera = waiting period.
    * período de estancamiento = plateau [plateaux, -pl.].
    * período de financiación = funding period.
    * periodo de gracia = grace period, time of grace.
    * período de inactividad = doldrums.
    * período de incubación = incubation period.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * período de lluvia = wet spell.
    * periodo de mandato = period of office.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * período de McCarthy, el = McCarthy period, the.
    * período de observación = observation period.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * período de prácticas = work placement, training attachment.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * período de prueba = probationary period, trial period, trial run, probation, period of probation, probation period.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * período de reflexión = cooling-off period.
    * período de sequía = dry spell.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * período de vacaciones = vacation period.
    * período de validez = period of validity.
    * período de vigencia = time span [time-span].
    * período de votación = balloting period.
    * período escolar = school days.
    * período glacial = ice age.
    * periodo histórico = historical period.
    * período medieval = mediaeval period [medieval period, -USA], mediaeval times [medieval times, -USA].
    * período positivo = bonanza.
    * período previo = run-up.
    * período previo a la lectura = prereading.
    * período seco = dry spell.
    * período transitorio = transitional period, transition period.
    * período ventajoso = bonanza.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * préstamo de periodo fijo = fixed date loan period.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.

    período2
    2 = period.

    Ex: The debate on whether or not a woman can get pregnant during her period has been going on for decades now.

    * del período = menstrual.

    * * *
    período, periodo
    A
    1 (de tiempo) period
    un período de prueba de tres meses a three-month trial period
    el período de entreguerras the period o the time o the years between the wars
    2 ( Geol) period
    3 ( Mat) period
    4 ( Fís) period
    Compuestos:
    waiting period
    half-life
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    periodo    
    período
    período,
    ◊ periodo sustantivo masculino

    period
    periodo, período sustantivo masculino
    1 (espacio de tiempo) period
    2 (menstruación) tener el periodo, to have one's period
    periodo, período sustantivo masculino
    1 (espacio de tiempo) period
    2 (menstruación) tener el periodo, to have one's period

    ' período' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alquilar
    - antigüedad
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - confinamiento
    - día
    - durante
    - edad
    - entrada
    - entrado
    - época
    - era
    - espacio
    - glacial
    - mandato
    - mediar
    - momento
    - periodo
    - racha
    - restaurar
    - sementera
    - tarde
    - trienio
    - última
    - último
    - vida
    - abrir
    - ampliación
    - ampliar
    - año
    - aprendizaje
    - atravesar
    - auge
    - convocatoria
    - de
    - detenido
    - dividir
    - entrar
    - entretiempo
    - espera
    - hora
    - infancia
    - ir
    - lactancia
    - reemplazar
    - reemplazo
    - relajar
    - semana
    - siglo
    - temporada
    English:
    age
    - day
    - downtime
    - engagement
    - for
    - lapse
    - lead-up
    - lean
    - live through
    - midterm
    - out
    - pay out
    - period
    - probation
    - residence
    - short
    - solid
    - spell
    - spread
    - stint
    - stretch
    - tenancy
    - term
    - time
    - tour
    - transition
    - trial
    - unbroken
    - grow
    - interim
    - life
    - lull
    - run
    - sabbatical
    * * *
    periodo, período nm
    1. [espacio de tiempo] period;
    el primer periodo [de partido] the first half
    periodo contable accounting period;
    periodo de gestación gestation period;
    Com periodo de gracia days of grace;
    periodo de incubación incubation period;
    periodo de prácticas trial period;
    periodo de prueba trial period;
    Ind periodo de reflexión [en disputa] cooling-off period;
    periodo refractario refractory period;
    periodo de transición transition period
    2. Mat period
    3. Fís period
    4. Geol age
    periodo glacial ice age;
    periodo interglacial interglacial period
    5. [menstruación] period;
    estar con el periodo, tener el periodo to be having one's period
    6. Ling period
    * * *
    m period
    * * *
    : period
    * * *
    período n period

    Spanish-English dictionary > período

  • 24 período1

    1 = period, phase, stage, term, chapter, interregnum, span, spell, stint, stretch.
    Ex. Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.
    Ex. This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.
    Ex. The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
    Ex. The board consists of seven members elected by popular ballot for three-year terms.
    Ex. The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex. In American higher education the interregnum between world wars was a time of drift and disappointment.
    Ex. The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex. The outstanding example is Ian Sillitoe, who started writing seriously only after reading undisturbed during a lengthy spell in hospital.
    Ex. Evidence for identification is rarely available, but in a few cases very full printers' records have survived in which individual stints are accounted for.
    Ex. After all, who has not felt dog-tired and drained, sometimes for long stretches, at one time or another?.
    ----
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en período de = in the throes of.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un período de = at a time of.
    * en un período de transición = in a period of transition.
    * en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * mujer en período de lactancia = nursing woman.
    * pasar por un período de = go through + a period of.
    * período bajo = dry spell.
    * período culminante = peak period.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de calma = lull.
    * período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.
    * período de cobertura = date of coverage, period of coverage.
    * período de cultivo = growing season.
    * período de descanso = rest time.
    * período de descuento por inscripción anticipada = early bird period.
    * período de entreguerras, el = interwar period, the.
    * período de espera = waiting period.
    * período de estancamiento = plateau [plateaux, -pl.].
    * período de financiación = funding period.
    * periodo de gracia = grace period, time of grace.
    * período de inactividad = doldrums.
    * período de incubación = incubation period.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * período de lluvia = wet spell.
    * periodo de mandato = period of office.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * período de McCarthy, el = McCarthy period, the.
    * período de observación = observation period.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * período de prácticas = work placement, training attachment.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * período de prueba = probationary period, trial period, trial run, probation, period of probation, probation period.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * período de reflexión = cooling-off period.
    * período de sequía = dry spell.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * período de vacaciones = vacation period.
    * período de validez = period of validity.
    * período de vigencia = time span [time-span].
    * período de votación = balloting period.
    * período escolar = school days.
    * período glacial = ice age.
    * periodo histórico = historical period.
    * período medieval = mediaeval period [medieval period, -USA], mediaeval times [medieval times, -USA].
    * período positivo = bonanza.
    * período previo = run-up.
    * período previo a la lectura = prereading.
    * período seco = dry spell.
    * período transitorio = transitional period, transition period.
    * período ventajoso = bonanza.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * préstamo de periodo fijo = fixed date loan period.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.

    Spanish-English dictionary > período1

  • 25 from

    preposition
    1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus

    [come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]

    2) (expr. beginning) von

    from the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen

    from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]

    start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten

    3) (expr. lower limit) von

    blouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund

    dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund

    from 4 to 6 eggs — 4 bis 6 Eier

    from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren

    from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind

    4) (expr. distance) von
    5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)
    6) (expr. change) von

    from... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...

    from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen

    7) (expr. source, origin) aus

    buy everything from the same shop — alles im selben Laden kaufen

    where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?

    8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]
    9) (expr. giver, sender) von

    take it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...

    10) (after the model of)

    painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt

    11) (expr. reason, cause)

    she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit

    from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...

    12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]
    13) with prep.

    from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor

    * * *
    [from]
    1) (used before the place, thing, person, time etc that is the point at which an action, journey, period of time etc begins: from Europe to Asia; from Monday to Friday; a letter from her father.) von
    2) (used to indicate that from which something or someone comes: a quotation from Shakespeare.) von
    3) (used to indicate separation: Take it from him.) von
    4) (used to indicate a cause or reason: He is suffering from a cold.) an,von
    * * *
    [frɒm, frəm, AM frɑ:m, frəm]
    1. (off) von + dat
    please get me that letter \from the table gib mir bitte den Brief von dem Tisch; (out of) aus + dat
    he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner Hosentasche
    I'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isst
    2. (as seen from) von dat... [aus]
    you can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)
    she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem
    \from sb's point of view aus jds Sicht
    3. after vb (as starting location) von + dat
    the wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Norden
    a flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafen
    the flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdam
    the water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quelle
    ▪ \from sth to sth (between places) von etw dat nach etw dat
    my dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida; (indicating desultoriness) von etw dat in etw dat
    the woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderen
    4. (as starting time) von + dat
    , ab + dat
    the price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter
    \from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat bis etw dat
    the show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr
    \from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende
    \from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglich
    her strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker
    \from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich
    \from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu
    \from that day [or time] on[wards] von diesem Tag [an], seitdem
    they were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde
    \from now/then on von da an, seither
    as \from... esp BRIT ab... + dat
    as \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Markt
    5. (as starting condition) bei + dat
    prices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfund
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat auf etw dat
    the number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegen
    she translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutsche
    things went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer
    \from strength to strength immer besser
    she has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolg
    tickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen 10 und 45 Dollar
    \from soup to nuts alles zusammen
    the whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet 55 Dollar
    anything \from geography to history alles von A bis Z
    6. after n (at distance to) von + dat
    we're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernt
    a day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatz
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat
    it's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt
    ▪ \from sth aus + dat
    though \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Welt
    my mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus Frankreich
    I'm \from New York ich komme aus New York
    daylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonne
    8. after vb (in temporary location) von + dat
    , aus + dat
    he hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurück
    she called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel an
    they're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommen
    his return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiert
    ▪ sb \from sth von + dat
    they sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitung
    9. after vb (as source) von + dat
    can I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?
    the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof
    ▪ sth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw)
    I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte ist
    this is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich
    ▪ \from sth aus etw dat
    the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Leder
    in America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastik
    11. after vb (removed from) aus + dat
    to extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnen
    they took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weg
    he knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheiden
    sth [subtracted] \from sth MATH etw minus etw dat
    three \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehn
    12. (considering) aufgrund + gen
    , wegen + gen
    to conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dass
    to make a conclusion from sth wegen einer S. gen zu einem Schluss kommen
    information obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern
    \from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen geben
    13. after vb (caused by) an + dat
    he died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungen
    she suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritis
    ▪ to do sth \from sth etw aus etw dat tun
    he did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getan
    ▪ to do sth \from doing sth etw durch etw akk tun
    she made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemacht
    to get sick \from salmonella sich akk mit Salmonellen infizieren
    to reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzieren
    they got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreut
    14. after vb (indicating protection) vor + dat
    to guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützen
    they insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kälte
    they found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturm
    15. after vb (indicating prevention) vor + dat
    the truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehalten
    the bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleite
    he saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Leben
    he has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahren
    ▪ \from doing sth von etw dat
    he boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchen
    16. after vb (indicating distinction) von + dat
    conditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich
    he knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheiden
    his opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen könnten kaum noch unterschiedlicher sein
    17.
    ▶ \from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen
    * * *
    [frɒm]
    prep

    he/the train has come from London — er/der Zug ist von London gekommen

    he/it comes or is from Germany — er/es kommt or ist aus Deutschland

    where have you come from today? — von wo sind Sie heute gekommen?

    where does he come from?, where is he from? — woher kommt or stammt er?

    a representative from the company — ein Vertreter/eine Vertreterin der Firma

    2) (indicating time, in past) seit (+dat); (in future) ab (+dat), von (+dat)... an

    from... on — ab...

    from now on — von jetzt an, ab jetzt

    from then on — von da an; (in past also) seither

    from his childhood — von Kindheit an, von klein auf

    as from the 6th May — vom 6. Mai an, ab (dem) 6. Mai

    3) (indicating distance) von (+dat) (... weg); (from town etc) von (+dat)... (entfernt)
    4) (indicating sender, giver) von (+dat)

    tell him from me —

    "from..." (on envelope, parcel) — "Absender...", "Abs...."

    5) (indicating removal) von (+dat); (= out of from pocket, cupboard etc) aus (+dat)

    to take/grab etc sth from sb — jdm etw wegnehmen/wegreißen etc

    he took it from the top/middle/bottom of the pile — er nahm es oben vom Stapel/aus der Mitte des Stapels/unten vom Stapel weg

    6) (indicating source) von (+dat); (= out of) aus (+dat)

    where did you get that from? — wo hast du das her?, woher hast du das?

    I got it from the supermarket/the library/Kathy — ich habe es aus dem Supermarkt/aus der Bücherei/von Kathy

    to drink from a stream/glass — aus einem Bach/Glas trinken

    quotation from "Hamlet"/the Bible/Shakespeare — Zitat nt aus "Hamlet"/aus der Bibel/nach Shakespeare

    made from... — aus... hergestellt

    7) (= modelled on) nach (+dat)
    8) (indicating lowest amount) ab (+dat)

    from £2/the age of 16 (upwards) — ab £ 2/16 Jahren (aufwärts)

    dresses (ranging) from £60 to £80 — Kleider pl zwischen £ 60 und £ 80

    9)

    (indicating escape) he fled from the enemy — er floh vor dem Feind

    10)

    (indicating change) things went from bad to worse — es wurde immer schlimmer

    11)

    (indicating difference) he is quite different from the others — er ist ganz anders als die andern

    I like all sports, from swimming to wrestling — ich mag alle Sportarten, von Schwimmen bis Ringen

    12)

    (= because of, due to) to act from compassion — aus Mitleid handeln

    13)

    (= on the basis of) from experience — aus Erfahrung

    to judge from recent reports... — nach neueren Berichten zu urteilen...

    to conclude from the information — aus den Informationen einen Schluss ziehen, von den Informationen schließen

    from what I heard —

    from what I can see... — nach dem, was ich sehen kann...

    from the look of things... — (so) wie die Sache aussieht...

    14) (MATH)

    £10 will be deducted from your account — £ 10 werden von Ihrem Konto abgebucht

    15)

    (in set phrases, see also other element) to prevent/stop sb from doing sth — jdn daran hindern/davon zurückhalten, etw zu tun

    he prevented me from coming — er hielt mich davon ab, zu kommen

    16) +adv von

    from inside/underneath — von innen/unten

    17) +prep

    from above or over/across sth — über etw (acc) hinweg

    from out of sth —

    from inside/outside the house — von drinnen/draußen

    * * *
    from [frɒm; unbetont frəm; US frɑm; frəm] präp
    1. von, aus, von … aus oder her, aus … heraus, von oder aus … herab:
    from the well aus dem Brunnen;
    from the sky vom Himmel;
    he is ( oder comes) from London er ist oder kommt aus London;
    from crisis to crisis von einer Krise in die andere
    2. von, von … an, seit:
    from 2 to 4 o’clock von 2 bis 4 Uhr;
    from day to day von Tag zu Tag;
    a month from today heute in einem Monat;
    from Monday (onward[s]) Br, from Monday on US ab Montag
    3. von … an:
    I saw from 10 to 20 boats ich sah 10 bis 20 Boote;
    good wines from £5 gute Weine von 5 Pfund an (aufwärts)
    4. (weg oder entfernt) von:
    ten miles from Rome 10 Meilen von Rom (weg oder entfernt)
    5. von, aus, aus … heraus:
    he took it from me er nahm es mir weg;
    stolen from the shop (the table) aus dem Laden (vom Tisch) gestohlen;
    they released him from prison sie entließen ihn aus dem Gefängnis
    6. von, aus (Wandlung):
    change from red to green von Rot zu Grün übergehen;
    from dishwasher to millionaire vom Tellerwäscher zum Millionär;
    an increase from 5 to 8 per cent eine Steigerung von 5 auf 8 Prozent
    he does not know black from white er kann Schwarz und Weiß nicht auseinanderhalten, er kann Schwarz und oder von Weiß nicht unterscheiden; → academic.ru/637/Adam">Adam, different 2, tell A 8
    8. von, aus, aus … heraus (Quelle):
    draw a conclusion from the evidence einen Schluss aus dem Beweismaterial ziehen;
    from what he said nach dem, was er sagte;
    a quotation from Shakespeare ein Zitat aus Shakespeare;
    four points from four games SPORT vier Punkte aus vier Spielen
    9. von, von … aus (Stellung):
    from his point of view von seinem Standpunkt (aus)
    10. von (Geben etc):
    a gift from his son ein Geschenk seines Sohnes oder von seinem Sohn
    11. nach:
    painted from nature nach der Natur gemalt;
    from a novel by … ( FILM, TV) nach einem Roman von …
    12. aus, vor (dat), wegen (gen), infolge von, an (dat) (Grund):
    he died from fatigue er starb vor Erschöpfung
    13. siehe die Verbindungen mit den einzelnen Verben etc
    f. abk
    1. SCHIFF fathom
    2. feet pl
    3. LING female
    6. foot
    7. PHYS frequency
    8. from
    fm abk
    2. from
    fr. abk
    3. from
    * * *
    preposition
    1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus

    [come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]

    2) (expr. beginning) von

    from the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen

    from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]

    start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten

    3) (expr. lower limit) von

    blouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund

    dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund

    from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren

    from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind

    4) (expr. distance) von
    5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)
    6) (expr. change) von

    from... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...

    from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen

    7) (expr. source, origin) aus

    where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?

    8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]
    9) (expr. giver, sender) von

    take it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...

    painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt

    11) (expr. reason, cause)

    she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit

    from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...

    12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]
    13) with prep.

    from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor

    * * *
    prep.
    aus präp.
    von präp.
    vor präp.

    English-german dictionary > from

  • 26 lesen

    n; -s, kein Pl. reading
    * * *
    das Lesen
    reading
    * * *
    le|sen I ['leːzn] pret las [laːs] ptp gelesen [gə'leːzn]
    1. vti
    1) Geschriebenes to read (AUCH COMPUT); (ECCL ) Messe to say

    hier/in der Zeitung steht or ist zu lésen, dass... — it says here/in the paper that...

    die Schrift ist kaum zu lésen — the writing is scarcely legible

    See:
    2) (= deuten) Gedanken to read

    jdm ( sein Schicksal) aus der Hand lésen — to read sb's palm

    in den Sternen lésen — to read or see in the stars

    aus ihren Zeilen habe ich einen Vorwurf/eine gewisse Unsicherheit gelesen — I could tell from what she had written that she was reproaching me/felt a certain amount of uncertainty

    lésen — to see sth in sb's eyes/from sb's manner

    es war in ihrem Gesicht zu lésen — it was written all over her face, you could see it in her face

    3) (UNIV) to lecture

    er liest Englisch an der Universität — he lectures in English at the university

    2. vr
    (Buch, Bericht etc) to read

    bei diesem Licht liest es sich nicht gut — this light isn't good for reading (in)

    sich in den Schlaf lésen — to read oneself to sleep

    II pret las [laːs] ptp gelesen [gə'leːzn]
    vt
    1) (= sammeln) Trauben, Beeren to pick; (nach der Ernte) Ähren to glean
    2) (= verlesen) Erbsen, Linsen etc to sort; Salat to clean
    * * *
    1) (to look at and understand (printed or written words or other signs): Have you read this letter?; Can your little girl read yet?; Can anyone here read Chinese?; to read music; I can read (= understand without being told) her thoughts/mind.) read
    2) (to learn by reading: I read in the paper today that the government is going to cut taxes again.) read
    3) (to pass one's time by reading books etc for pleasure etc: I don't have much time to read these days.) read
    4) (the act of reading.) reading
    5) (the ability to read: The boy is good at reading.) reading
    6) (the act, or a period, of reading: I like a good read before I go to sleep.) read
    * * *
    le·sen1
    <liest, las, gelesen>
    [ˈle:zn̩]
    I. vt
    ▪ etw \lesen to read sth; s.a. Korrektur, Messe, Note
    ▪ etw \lesen to proofread [or read through [and correct]] sth
    3. (leserlich sein)
    einfach/kaum/nicht/schwer zu \lesen sein to be easy/almost impossible/impossible/difficult to read
    ▪ etw [in etw akk] \lesen to read sth [into sth]
    ▪ etw aus etw dat \lesen to see sth in sth; s.a. Gedanke
    II. vi
    1. (als Lektüre) to read
    ▪ an etw dat \lesen to read sth
    2. SCH (eine Vorlesung halten)
    ▪ über jdn/etw \lesen to lecture on sb/sth
    III. vr
    etw liest sich leicht sth is easy to read [or easy-going]
    etw liest sich nicht leicht sth is quite difficult to read [or heavy-going]
    le·sen2
    <liest, las, gelesen>
    [ˈle:zn̩]
    vt
    1. (sammeln)
    ▪ etw \lesen to pick sth
    Ähren \lesen to glean [[ears of] corn]
    ▪ etw von etw dat \lesen to pick sth off sth
    etw vom Boden \lesen to pick sth up sep off [or from] the floor
    * * *
    I 1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives, intransitives Verb
    1) read

    ein Gesetz [zum ersten Mal] lesen — (Parl.) give a bill a [first] reading

    die/eine Messe lesen — say Mass/a Mass

    2) (fig.)

    Gedanken lesen können — be a mind-reader

    3) (Hochschulw.) lecture (über + Akk. on)
    2. II
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (sammeln, pflücken) pick <grapes, berries, fruit>; gather < firewood>; glean < ears of corn>
    2) (aussondern) pick over
    * * *
    lesen1; liest, las, hat gelesen
    A. v/t
    1. read ( auch COMPUT); (mühsam entziffern) make out;
    falsch lesen misread;
    in i-m Gesicht/in i-n Augen war Enttäuschung zu lesen you could tell from her face/eyes she was disappointed;
    aus ihrem Brief konnte ich lesen, dass … I could tell ( oder see) from her letter that …;
    ein Spiel lesen SPORT analyse (US -ze) ( oder read) a game (and react accordingly); → Gedanke, Korrektur
    2. UNIV:
    lesen lecture on ( ständig: teach) history etc
    3. KIRCHE:
    die Messe lesen say Mass
    4. PARL:
    einen Gesetzentwurf lesen give a bill a reading
    B. v/i
    1. read;
    viel lesen read a lot, do a lot of reading;
    in der Zeitung/in einem Buch lesen read the paper/a book;
    stand zu lesen, dass … it said in the paper that …;
    ich habe drei Wochen an diesem Buch gelesen I have been reading this book for three weeks
    in jemandes Augen lesen gaze into sb’s eyes and read his ( oder her) thoughts;
    aus der Hand lesen read palms; → Zeile
    3. UNIV:
    lesen über (+akk) lecture on ( ständig: teach)
    C. v/r:
    sich gut lesen be very readable, be a good read; (leserlich sein) be easy to read, be very legible; Gedrucktes: read well;
    sich schlecht lesen (auch unleserlich sein) be difficult to read; umg be tough going;
    es liest sich wie ein Roman/Krimi it’s like reading a novel/detective story ( oder who-done-it umg);
    in diesem Licht liest es sich schlecht this light isn’t good for reading
    lesen2 v/t & v/i; liest, las, hat gelesen; (aufsammeln) gather; (pflücken) pick; (Trauben) auch harvest
    * * *
    I 1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives, intransitives Verb
    1) read

    ein Gesetz [zum ersten Mal] lesen — (Parl.) give a bill a [first] reading

    die/eine Messe lesen — say Mass/a Mass

    2) (fig.)
    3) (Hochschulw.) lecture (über + Akk. on)
    2. II
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (sammeln, pflücken) pick <grapes, berries, fruit>; gather < firewood>; glean < ears of corn>
    2) (aussondern) pick over
    * * *
    nur sing. n.
    reading n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > lesen

  • 27 auge

    m.
    1 boom (gen) & (economics).
    estar en (pleno) auge to be booming
    2 prosperity, progress, development.
    3 climax, acme, apex, culmination.
    * * *
    2 (de precios) boost
    3 (de fama etc) peak, summit
    4 (de órbita) apogee
    \
    cobrar auge to gain importance, become important
    estar en auge to be on the increase, be thriving, be booming
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) boom
    2) height, peak
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=apogeo) peak
    2) (=ascendencia)

    el feminismo está en auge — feminism is increasingly successful o influential, feminism is on the up and up *

    3) (Astron) apogee
    * * *
    a) ( punto culminante) peak

    en el auge de su carrera — at the peak o height of his career

    b) ( aumento)
    * * *
    = rise, heyday, boom, bouyancy, elevation.
    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex. The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex. The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.
    Ex. The author outlines the reason for the buoyancy of the book trade and discusses the prospects for exports which appear to be much better.
    Ex. Within the last 40 years, information has undergone remarkable elevation.
    ----
    * alcanzar + Posesivo + auge = reach + Posesivo + height.
    * ciudad en auge = boom town.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en pleno auge = in full cry, at its height.
    * en sus años de auge = in + Posesivo + heyday.
    * estar en auge = go + strong.
    * * *
    a) ( punto culminante) peak

    en el auge de su carrera — at the peak o height of his career

    b) ( aumento)
    * * *
    = rise, heyday, boom, bouyancy, elevation.

    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

    Ex: The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex: The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.
    Ex: The author outlines the reason for the buoyancy of the book trade and discusses the prospects for exports which appear to be much better.
    Ex: Within the last 40 years, information has undergone remarkable elevation.
    * alcanzar + Posesivo + auge = reach + Posesivo + height.
    * ciudad en auge = boom town.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en pleno auge = in full cry, at its height.
    * en sus años de auge = in + Posesivo + heyday.
    * estar en auge = go + strong.

    * * *
    estaba en el auge de su carrera he was at the peak o height of his career
    un artista que alcanzó su auge en los años veinte an artist who reached his peak o had his heyday in the twenties
    2
    (aumento): la comida vegetariana está en auge vegetarian food is on the increase o is enjoying a boom
    el idioma español está tomando un gran auge internacional Spanish is rapidly gaining in importance worldwide
    un período de auge económico a period of economic growth
    * * *

    auge sustantivo masculino

    ◊ en el auge de su carrera at the peak o height of his career

    b) ( aumento):


    un período de auge económico a period of economic growth
    auge sustantivo masculino peak
    Econ boom: el cine cubano está en pleno auge, Cuban cinema is at its very peak
    ' auge' also found in these entries:
    English:
    boom
    - rise
    - booming
    - heyday
    * * *
    auge nm
    1. [apogeo]
    estar en (pleno) auge to be booming;
    una idea que está cobrando auge an idea that is becoming more popular
    2. [ascenso]
    el auge del fascismo en la primera mitad de siglo the rise of fascism during the first half of the century;
    el auge de la economía the growth of the economy
    * * *
    m peak;
    estar en auge aumento be enjoying a boom
    * * *
    auge nm
    1) : peak, height
    2) : boom, upturn

    Spanish-English dictionary > auge

  • 28 Strachey, Christopher

    [br]
    b. 16 November 1916 England
    d. 18 May 1975 Oxford, England
    [br]
    English physicist and computer engineer who proposed time-sharing as a more efficient means of using a mainframe computer.
    [br]
    After education at Gresham's School, London, Strachey went to King's College, Cambridge, where he completed an MA. In 1937 he took up a post as a physicist at the Standard Telephone and Cable Company, then during the Second World War he was involved in radar research. In 1944 he became an assistant master at St Edmunds School, Canterbury, moving to Harrow School in 1948. Another change of career in 1951 saw him working as a Technical Officer with the National Research and Development Corporation, where he was involved in computer software and hardware design. From 1958 until 1962 he was an independent consultant in computer design, and during this time (1959) he realized that as mainframe computers were by then much faster than their human operators, their efficiency could be significantly increased by "time-sharing" the tasks of several operators in rapid succession. Strachey made many contributions to computer technology, being variously involved in the design of the Manchester University MkI, Elliot and Ferranti Pegasus computers. In 1962 he joined Cambridge University Mathematics Laboratory as a senior research fellow at Churchill College and helped to develop the programming language CPL. After a brief period as Visiting Lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he returned to the UK in 1966 as Reader in Computation and Fellow of Wolfeon College, Oxford, to establish a programming research group. He remained there until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society 1972.
    Bibliography
    1961, with M.R.Wilkes, "Some proposals for improving the efficiency of Algol 60", Communications of the ACM 4:488.
    1966, "Systems analysis and programming", Scientific American 25:112. 1976, with R.E.Milne, A Theory of Programming Language Semantics.
    Further Reading
    J.Alton, 1980, Catalogue of the Papers of C. Strachey 1916–1975.
    M.Campbell-Kelly, 1985, "Christopher Strachey 1916–1975. A biographical note", Annals of the History of Computing 7:19.
    M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Strachey, Christopher

  • 29 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

  • 30 موجز

    مُوجَز \ abridged: (of a book) shortened. brief: (of sth. said, written or done) short; lasting a short time: a brief speech; a brief visit. concise: (of writing) short; expressing much in few words: A good report should be concise and exact. outline: a statement of the main facts: an outline of English history.

    Arabic-English dictionary > موجز

  • 31 abridged

    مُوجَز \ abridged: (of a book) shortened. brief: (of sth. said, written or done) short; lasting a short time: a brief speech; a brief visit. concise: (of writing) short; expressing much in few words: A good report should be concise and exact. outline: a statement of the main facts: an outline of English history.

    Arabic-English glossary > abridged

  • 32 concise

    مُوجَز \ abridged: (of a book) shortened. brief: (of sth. said, written or done) short; lasting a short time: a brief speech; a brief visit. concise: (of writing) short; expressing much in few words: A good report should be concise and exact. outline: a statement of the main facts: an outline of English history.

    Arabic-English glossary > concise

  • 33 outline

    مُوجَز \ abridged: (of a book) shortened. brief: (of sth. said, written or done) short; lasting a short time: a brief speech; a brief visit. concise: (of writing) short; expressing much in few words: A good report should be concise and exact. outline: a statement of the main facts: an outline of English history.

    Arabic-English glossary > outline

  • 34 Laval, Carl Gustaf Patrik de

    [br]
    b. 9 May 1845 Orsa, Sweden
    d. 2 February 1913 Stockholm, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish inventor of an advanced cream separator and a steam turbine.
    [br]
    Gustaf de Laval was educated at the Stockholm Technical Institute and Uppsala University. He proved to have an unfailing vigour and variety in his inventive talent, for his interests ranged from electric lighting and electrometallurgy to aerodynamics. In the 1890s he employed over one hundred engineers to develop his inventions, but he was best known for two: the cream separator and a steam turbine. In 1877 he invented the high-speed centrifugal cream separator, which was probably the greatest advance in butter-making up to that time. By 1880 the separators were being successfully marketed all over the world, for they were quickly adopted in larger dairies where they effected enormous savings in labour and space. He followed this with various devices for the dairy industry, including a vacuum milking machine perfected in 1913. In c. 1882, de Laval invented a turbine on the principle of Hero's engine, but he quickly turned his attention to the impulse type, which was like Branca's, with a jet of steam impinging on a set of blades around the periphery of a wheel. He applied for a British patent in 1889. The steam was expanded in a single stage from the initial to the final pressure: to secure economy with the steam issuing at high velocity, the blades also had to rotate at high velocity. An early 5 hp (3.7 kW) turbine rotated at 30,000 rpm, so reduction gearing had to be introduced. Production started in Sweden in 1893 and in other countries at about the same time. In 1892 de Laval proposed employing one of his turbines of 15 hp (11 kW) in an experimental launch, but there is no evidence that it was ever actually installed in a vessel. However, his turbines were popular for powering electric generating sets for lighting textile mills and ships, and by 1900 were available in sizes up to 300 bhp (224 kW).
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1889, British patent no. 7,143 (steam turbine).
    Further Reading
    T.Althin, 1943, Life of de Laval, Stockholm (a full biography).
    T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C. Black (contains a brief biography).
    R.M.Neilson, 1902, The Steam Turbine, London: Longmans, Green \& Co. (fully covers the development of de Laval's steam turbine).
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains a short account of the development of the steam turbine).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains a short account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Laval, Carl Gustaf Patrik de

  • 35 Paul, Robert William

    [br]
    b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, England
    d. 28 March 1943 London, England
    [br]
    English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.
    [br]
    Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.
    In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.
    Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.
    Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.
    Bibliography
    17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).
    1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.
    308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).
    John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.
    BC / GW

    Biographical history of technology > Paul, Robert William

  • 36 do

    I 1. transitive verb,
    neg. coll. don't, pres. t. he does, neg. (coll.) doesn't, p.t. did, neg. (coll.) didn't, pres. p. doing, p.p. done
    1) (perform) machen [Hausaufgaben, Hausarbeit, Examen, Handstand]; vollbringen [Tat]; tun, erfüllen [Pflicht]; tun, verrichten [Arbeit]; ausführen [Malerarbeiten]; vorführen [Trick, Striptease, Nummer, Tanz]; durchführen [Test]; aufführen [Stück]; singen [Lied]; mitmachen [Rennen, Wettbewerb]; spielen [Musikstück, Rolle]; tun [Buße]

    do the shopping/washing up/cleaning — einkaufen [gehen]/abwaschen/sauber machen

    do a lot of reading/walking — etc. viel lesen/spazieren gehen usw.

    do a dance/the foxtrot — tanzen/Foxtrott tanzen

    do something to something/somebody — etwas mit etwas/jemandem machen

    what can I do for you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop) was darf's sein?

    do something about something/somebody — etwas gegen etwas/jemanden unternehmen

    not know what to do with oneself — nicht wissen, was man machen soll

    that's done it — (caused a change for the worse) das hat das Fass zum Überlaufen gebracht; (caused a change for the better) das hätten wir

    that will/should do it — so müsste es gehen; (is enough) das müsste genügen

    do a Garbo — (coll.) es der Garbo (Dat.) gleichtun

    the car does/was doing about 100 m.p.h./does 45 miles to the gallon — das Auto schafft/fuhr mit ungefähr 160 Stundenkilometer/frisst (ugs.) od. braucht sechs Liter pro 100 Kilometer

    2) (spend)
    3) (produce) machen [Übersetzung, Kopie]; anfertigen [Bild, Skulptur]; herstellen [Artikel, Produkte]; schaffen [Pensum]
    4) (provide) haben [Vollpension, Mittagstisch]; (coll.): (offer for sale) führen
    5) (prepare) machen [Bett, Frühstück]; (work on) machen (ugs.), fertig machen [Garten, Hecke]; (clean) sauber machen; putzen [Schuhe, Fenster]; machen (ugs.) [Treppe]; (arrange) [zurecht]machen [Haare]; fertig machen [Korrespondenz, Zimmer]; (make up) schminken [Lippen, Augen, Gesicht]; machen (ugs.) [Nägel]; (cut) schneiden [Nägel]; schneiden [Gras, Hecke]; (paint) machen (ugs.) [Zimmer]; streichen [Haus, Möbel]; (attend to) sich kümmern um [Bücher, Rechnungen, Korrespondenz]; (repair) in Ordnung bringen
    6) (cook) braten

    well done — durch[gebraten]

    7) (solve) lösen [Problem, Rätsel]; machen [Puzzle, Kreuzworträtsel]
    8) (study, work at) machen; haben [Abiturfach]
    9) (sl.): (swindle) reinlegen (ugs.)
    10) (sl.): (defeat, kill) fertig machen (ugs.)
    11) (traverse) schaffen [Entfernung]
    12) (sl.): (undergo) absitzen, (salopp) abreißen [Strafe]
    13) (coll.): (visit) besuchen
    14) (satisfy) zusagen (+ Dat.); (suffice for, last) reichen (+ Dat.)
    2. intransitive verb, forms as
    1.
    1) (act) tun; (perform) spielen

    you can do just as you like — du kannst machen, was du willst

    do as they do — mach es wie sie

    2) (fare)
    3) (get on) vorankommen; (in exams) abschneiden

    do well/badly at school — gut/schlecht in der Schule sein

    4)

    how do you do? — (formal) guten Tag/Morgen/Abend!

    5) (coll.): (manage)

    how are we doing for time? — wie steht es mit der Zeit od. (ugs.) sieht es mit der Zeit aus?

    6) (serve purpose) es tun; (suffice) [aus]reichen; (be suitable) gehen
    7) (be usable)

    do for or as something — als etwas benutzt werden können

    8) (happen)

    there's nothing doing on the job market — es tut sich nichts auf dem Arbeitsmarkt (ugs.)

    Nothing doing. He's not interested — Nichts zu machen (ugs.). Er ist nicht interessiert. See also academic.ru/21693/doing">doing; done

    3. verb substitute, forms as
    1.
    1) replacing v.: usually not translated
    2) replacing v. and obj. etc

    he read the Bible every day as his father did before him — er las täglich in der Bibel, wie es schon sein Vater vor ihm getan hatte od. wie schon vor ihm sein Vater

    3) as ellipt. aux

    You went to Paris, didn't you? - Yes, I did — Du warst doch in Paris, oder od. nicht wahr? - Ja[, stimmt od. war ich]

    4) with ‘so’, ‘it’, etc

    I knew John Lennon. - So did I — Ich kannte John Lennon. - Ich auch

    I know you from somewhere, don't I? — wir kennen uns doch irgendwoher, nicht?

    4. auxiliary verb
    + inf. as pres. or past, forms as 1.

    you do look glum — du siehst ja so bedrückt aus

    but I tell you, I did see him — aber ich sage dir doch, dass ich ihn gesehen habe

    little did he know that... — er hatte keine Ahnung, dass...

    I don't or do not wish to take part — ich möchte nicht teilnehmen

    5) in neg. commands

    don't or do not expect to find him in a good mood — erwarten Sie nicht, dass Sie ihn in guter Stimmung antreffen

    children, do not forget... — Kinder, vergesst [ja] nicht...

    don't be so noisy! — seid [doch] nicht so laut!

    don't! — tu's/tut's/tun Sie's nicht!

    6) + inf. as imper. for emphasis etc

    do sit down, won't you? — bitte setzen Sie sich doch!

    do be quiet, Paul! — Paul, sei doch mal ruhig!

    Phrasal Verbs:
    II noun
    , pl. dos or do's
    1) (sl.): (swindle) Schwindel, der; krumme Sache (ugs.)
    2) (Brit. coll.): (festivity) Feier, die; Fete, die (ugs.)
    3) in pl.
    * * *
    [du:] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb
    1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?) Hilfsverb in Fragen und bei Verneinung
    2) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; [ðo sit down]) Hilfsverb zur Betonung
    3) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.) statt Wiederholung des Verbs
    4) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.) bei Inversion
    5) (to carry out or perform: What shall I do?; That was a terrible thing to do.) tun
    6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) schaffen
    7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) machen
    8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) genügen
    9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) sich beschäftigen mit
    10) (to manage or prosper: How's your wife doing?; My son is doing well at school.) sich befinden
    11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) herrichten
    12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?)
    13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) erweisen
    14) (to cause: What damage did the storm do?; It won't do him any harm.) zufügen
    15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) erledigen
    2. noun
    (an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) das Fest
    - doer
    - doings
    - done
    - do-it-yourself
    - to-do
    - I
    - he could be doing with / could do with
    - do away with
    - do for
    - done for
    - done in
    - do out
    - do out of
    - do's and don'ts
    - do without
    - to do with
    - what are you doing with
    * * *
    do
    [du:]
    <does, did, done>
    1. (forming question)
    \do you like children? magst du Kinder?
    did he see you? hat er dich gesehen?
    what did you say? was hast du gesagt?
    \do you/ \does he/she indeed [or now]? tatsächlich?
    \do I like cheese? — I love cheese! ob ich Käse mag? — ich liebe Käse!
    Frida \doesn't like olives Frida mag keine Oliven
    I \don't want to go yet! ich will noch nicht gehen!
    I \don't smoke ich rauche nicht
    it \doesn't matter das macht nichts
    \don't [you] speak to me like that! sprich nicht so mit mir!
    \don't be silly sei nicht albern!
    \don't let's argue about it lasst uns deswegen nicht streiten
    \do come to our party ach komm doch zu unserer Party
    may I join you? — please \do! kann ich mitkommen? — aber bitte!
    boy, did he yell! der hat vielleicht geschrieen! fam
    so you \do like beer after all du magst also doch Bier
    you \do look tired du siehst wirklich müde aus
    \do shut up, Sarah halte bloß deinen Mund, Sarah
    \do tell me! sag's mir doch!
    \do I/ \does he/she ever! und ob!
    not only did I speak to her, I even... ich habe nicht nur mit ihr gesprochen, sondern auch...
    little \does she know sie hat echt keine Ahnung; (not yet) sie ahnt noch nichts; ( form)
    never did I hear such a terrible noise noch nie habe ich so ein schreckliches Geräusch gehört
    she runs much faster than he \does sie läuft viel schneller als er
    he said he wouldn't come, but fortunately he did er meinte, dass er nicht kommen würde, aber glücklicherweise tat er es dann doch
    \do you like Chopin? — yes, I \do/no, I \don't mögen Sie Chopin? — ja/nein
    who ate the cake? — I did!/didn't! wer hat den Kuchen gegessen? — ich!/ich nicht!
    I don't like Chinese food — nor [or neither] \do I/I \do ich esse nicht gerne Chinesisch — ich auch nicht/ich schon
    ... so \do I... ich auch
    so you don't like her — I \do! du magst sie also nicht — doch!
    6. (requesting affirmation)
    you don't understand the question, \do you? Sie verstehen die Frage nicht, stimmt's?
    you do understand what I mean, \don't you? du verstehst [doch], was ich meine, oder?
    7. (expressing surprise)
    so they really got married, did they? dann haben sie also wirklich geheiratet!
    <does, did, done>
    ▪ to \do sth etw tun [o machen]
    what shall I \do now? was soll ich jetzt machen?
    just \do it! mach's einfach!
    what are you \doing over the weekend? was machst du am Wochenende?
    haven't you got anything better to \do? hast du nichts Besseres zu tun?
    justice must be done Gerechtigkeit muss sein
    he \does nothing but complain er beklagt sich echt den ganzen Tag lang fam
    what have you done to her? was hast du mit ihr gemacht?
    what are these toys \doing here? was macht das [ganze] Spielzeug hier?
    what's the front door \doing open? warum steht die Haustür offen?
    what on earth are you \doing [there]! was um alles in der Welt machst du denn da?
    I'm sorry, it simply can't be done before next weekend tut mir leid, aber vor dem nächsten Wochenende geht es einfach nicht
    that was a stupid thing to \do das war dumm!
    what have you done with my coat? wo hast du meinen Mantel hingetan?
    to \do one's best sein Bestes tun [o geben]
    to \do business with sb mit jdm Geschäfte machen fam
    to \do lunch esp AM auswärts zu Mittag essen
    to \do nothing of the sort nichts dergleichen tun
    ▪ to \do sth with sb/oneself etw mit jdm/sich anfangen
    what am I going to \do with myself while you are away? was soll ich nur die ganze Zeit machen, wenn du nicht da bist
    3. (help)
    ▪ to \do sth for sb etw für jdn tun
    what can I \do for you? was kann ich für Sie tun?
    you never \do anything for me! du tust nie was für mich!
    can you \do anything for my bad back, doctor? können Sie was gegen meine Rückenbeschwerden tun, Herr Doktor?
    these pills have done nothing for me diese Pillen haben mir überhaupt nicht geholfen
    4. (use for)
    ▪ to \do sth with sth etw mit etw dat tun
    what are you going to \do with that hammer? was hast du mit dem Hammer vor?
    what should we \do with this box? was sollen wir mit dieser Kiste machen?
    5. (job)
    to \do sth for a living mit etw dat seinen Lebensunterhalt verdienen
    what \does your mother \do? was macht deine Mutter beruflich?
    6. (take action)
    ▪ to \do sth about sth etw gegen etw akk tun
    I know I drink too much, but I can't \do anything about it ich weiß, dass ich zu viel trinke, aber ich kann nichts dagegen tun
    what is to be done about that? was kann man dagegen tun?
    \don't just stand there, \do something! stehen Sie doch nicht nur so rum, tun Sie was!
    ▪ to \do sth etw machen [o erledigen]
    if you \do the washing up,... wenn du abspülst,...
    let me \do the talking überlass mir das Reden
    today we're going to \do Chapter 4 heute beschäftigen wir uns mit Kapitel 4
    I found someone to \do the garden wall ich habe jemanden gefunden, der die Gartenmauer bauen wird
    to \do one's homework [seine] Hausaufgaben machen
    to \do the shopping einkaufen
    8. (learn)
    ▪ to \do sth:
    have you ever done any Chinese? hast du jemals Chinesisch gelernt?
    Diane did History at London University Diane hat an der London University Geschichte [im Hauptfach] studiert
    ▪ to \do sth riddle etw lösen
    to \do a crossword ein Kreuzworträtsel lösen [o fam machen]
    can you \do this sum for me? kannst du das für mich zusammenrechnen?
    10. ( fam: finish)
    are you done? bist du jetzt fertig? fam
    ▪ to \do sth for sb [or sb sth] etw für jdn machen
    can you \do me 20 photocopies of this report? kannst du mir diesen Bericht 20-mal abziehen?
    12. (tidy)
    to \do the dishes das Geschirr abspülen [o SCHWEIZ abwaschen]
    to \do one's nails (varnish) sich dat die Nägel lackieren; (cut) sich dat die Nägel schneiden
    to \do one's shoes seine Schuhe putzen
    to \do one's teeth sich dat die Zähne putzen
    to \do a bow tie eine Schleife binden
    to \do flowers Blumen arrangieren
    to get one's hair done zum Friseur [o SCHWEIZ Coiffeur] gehen
    where \do you get your hair done? zu welchem Friseur gehst du?
    ▪ to \do sth etw besichtigen
    to \do India eine Indienreise machen
    to \do Nice sich dat Nizza ansehen
    15. AUTO
    to \do 100 km/h 100 fahren fam
    16. (travel)
    to \do Paris to Bordeaux in five hours in fünf Stunden von Paris nach Bordeaux fahren
    ▪ to \do sb jdm genügen
    that'll \do me nicely, thank you das reicht mir dicke, danke! fam
    I only have diet cola — will that \do you? ich habe nur Diätcola — trinkst du die auch?
    ▪ to \do sth:
    this pub only \does food at lunchtime in diesem Pub gibt es nur zur Mittagszeit etwas zu essen
    \do you \do travel insurance as well? bieten Sie auch Reiseversicherungen an?
    sorry, we \don't \do hot meals tut mir leid, bei uns gibt es nur kalte Küche
    19. (cook)
    to \do the cooking kochen
    how long should the carrots be done for? wie lange müssen die Karotten kochen?
    could you \do me something without fish? könntest du mir etwas ohne Fisch kochen?
    20. (cause)
    ▪ to \do sb sth jdm etw tun
    to \do sb a favour jdm einen Gefallen tun
    to \do sb good jdm gut tun
    it would \do you good to get some fresh air es würde dir gut tun, etwas frische Luft zu schnappen
    to \do sb harm jdm schaden; see also credit, honour, justice
    ▪ to \do sb jdn drannehmen
    but he said he'd \do me next aber er sagte, dass ich als Nächste drankäme!
    22. (treat well)
    to \do sb well jdn verwöhnen
    to \do oneself well es sich dat gutgehen lassen
    23. (act)
    ▪ to \do sth play etw aufführen
    to \do a role eine Rolle spielen
    who did James Bond before Roger Moore? wer hat James Bond vor Roger Moore gespielt?
    ▪ to \do sb/sth jdn/etw nachmachen
    he \does a brilliant Churchill er kann Churchill wunderbar nachmachen; ( fig)
    I hope she won't \do a Mary and get divorced six months after her wedding ich hoffe, sie macht es nicht wie Mary und lässt sich sechs Monate nach ihrer Hochzeit wieder scheiden
    25. ( fam sl: rob)
    ▪ to \do sth in etw dat einen Bruch machen sl
    26. ( fam: cheat)
    ▪ to \do sb jdn übers Ohr hauen fam
    he did me for a thousand quid for that car er hat mir einen Tausender für das Auto abgeknöpft
    27. ( fam: be in jail)
    to \do 5 years [for sth] [wegen einer S. gen] fünf Jahre sitzen
    if you're not careful, you'll end up \doing time again wenn du nicht vorsichtig bist, musst du wieder sitzen
    28. esp BRIT ( fam: punish)
    ▪ to \do sb jdn fertigmachen fam
    to get done for sth (by the police) wegen einer S. gen von der Polizei angehalten werden; (by a court) für etw akk verurteilt werden
    29. ( fam: take drugs)
    ▪ to \do sth:
    how long have you been \doing heroin? wie lange nimmst du schon Heroin?
    30. (translate)
    to be done into French/German book ins Französische/Deutsche übersetzt worden sein
    to \do a translation übersetzen
    31. (exhaust)
    this last climb has really done me diese letzte Tour hat mir wirklich den Rest gegeben
    32. ( fam: impress)
    sth \does nothing for sb etw reißt jdn nicht gerade vom Hocker fam
    Bach has never done anything for me Bach hat mich noch nie sonderlich vom Hocker gerissen fam
    that film really did something to me dieser Film hat mich wirklich beeindruckt; (excite sexually)
    you really \do something to me, you know du machst mich echt an, weißt du [das] fam
    ▪ to \do it with sb mit jdm schlafen euph
    how old were you when you first did it? wie alt warst du bei deinem ersten Mal?
    34. (don't mention)
    \don't good morning me! komm mir nicht mit guten Morgen!
    35.
    ▶ what's done is done ( saying) was passiert ist, ist passiert
    ▶ that \does it! so, das war's jetzt!
    ▶ that's done it! jetzt haben wir die Bescherung! fam
    <does, did, done>
    1. (behave)
    to \do right [or the right thing] das Richtige tun
    to \do well to do sth gut daran tun, etw zu tun
    to \do as one pleases tun, was einem Spaß macht
    \do as I \do mach's wie ich fam
    \do as you're told tu, was man dir sagt
    sb is \doing badly/fine [or all right] [or well] jdm geht es schlecht/gut
    mother and baby are \doing well Mutter und Kind sind wohlauf
    how is your mother \doing? wie geht es deiner Mutter?
    how is Mary \doing in her new job? wie geht es Mary in ihrem neuen Job?
    you could \do better du könntest besser sein; (perform) du könntest es besser machen
    George has done well for himself George hat es für seine Verhältnisse weit gebracht
    our daughter is \doing well at school unsere Tochter ist gut in der Schule
    to be \doing well out of sth erfolgreich mit etw dat sein
    3. ( fam: finish)
    have you done? bist du fertig?
    have you done with those scissors yet? brauchst du die Schere noch?
    I haven't done with you yet ich bin noch nicht fertig mit dir
    4. (be acceptable, suffice) passen, in Ordnung sein
    that'll \do das ist o.k. so
    will £10 \do? reichen 10 Pfund?
    this kind of behaviour just won't \do! so ein Verhalten geht einfach nicht an!
    do you think this will \do for a blanket? glaubst du, das können wir als Decke nehmen?
    that'll \do as a cushion das geht [erstmal] als Kissen
    this will \do just fine as a table das wird einen guten Tisch abgeben
    this will have to \do for a meal das muss als Essen genügen
    will this room \do? ist dieses Zimmer o.k. für Sie?
    it doesn't \do to criticize your parents seine Eltern kritisiert man nicht
    will it \do if I get those books to you by Friday? reicht es, wenn ich dir die Bücher bis Freitag bringe?
    we'll make \do with $100 100 Dollar müssen reichen
    that will never \do das geht einfach nicht
    ▪ to \do [for sb] sich akk [für jdn] eignen
    5. ( fam: happen)
    this town is so boring — there's never anything \doing diese Stadt ist so langweilig — nie tut sich was
    6.
    ▶ it isn't done BRIT es ist nicht üblich
    ▶ how \do you \do? ( form or dated: as introduction) angenehm
    ▶ \do unto others as you would they should \do unto you ( prov) was du nicht willst, das man dir tut, das füg auch keinem andern zu prov
    ▶ what's \doing? ( fam) was ist los?
    ▶ that will \do jetzt reicht's aber!
    IV. NOUN
    1. esp BRIT, AUS ( fam: party) Fete f fam
    a big \do eine Riesenfete fam
    2. BRIT (sl: swindle) Schwindel m fam
    fair \dos gleiches Recht für alle
    4. AM (sl)
    that's some \do you've got! das ist ja eine Frisur, die du da hast!
    5. no pl (droppings)
    dog \do Hundehäufchen nt
    6. (allowed, not allowed)
    the \dos and \don'ts was man tun und was man nicht tun sollte
    * * *
    I [dəʊ]
    n (MUS)
    Do nt II [duː] vb: pret did, ptp done
    1. AUXILIARY VERB
    There is no equivalent in German to the use of do in questions, negative statements and negative commands.
    1)

    interrogative, negative do you understand? — verstehen Sie?

    you know him, don't you? — Sie kennen ihn doch?, Sie kennen ihn (doch), oder?

    you don't know him, do you? — Sie kennen ihn also nicht, oder?

    he does understand, doesn't he? —

    he didn't go, did he? — er ist (doch) nicht gegangen, oder?

    3)

    substitute for another verb you speak better German than I do — Sie sprechen besser Deutsch als ich

    he doesn't like cheese and neither do I — er mag keinen Käse und ich auch nicht

    I don't like cheese but he does — ich mag keinen Käse, aber er schon

    they said he would go and he did — sie sagten, er würde gehen und das tat er (dann) auch

    4)

    in tag responses do you see them often? – yes, I do/no, I don't — sehen Sie sie oft? – ja/nein

    do you serve food? – yes, we do — gibts bei Ihnen Essen? – ja

    you didn't go, did you? – yes, I did — Sie sind nicht gegangen, oder? – doch

    they speak French – oh, do they? — sie sprechen Französisch – ja?, ach, wirklich or tatsächlich?

    they speak German – do they really? — sie sprechen Deutsch – wirklich?

    may I come in? – do! — darf ich hereinkommen? – ja, bitte

    shall I open the window? – no, don't! — soll ich das Fenster öffnen? – nein, bitte nicht!

    who broke the window? – I did — wer hat das Fenster eingeschlagen? – ich

    5)

    DO shut up! (esp Brit) — (nun) sei doch (endlich) ruhig!

    do tell him that... (esp Brit) —

    well do I remember him! — und ob ich mich an ihn erinnere!

    it's very expensive, but I DO like it — es ist zwar sehr teuer, aber es gefällt mir nun mal

    2. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) tun, machen

    I've done a stupid thing —

    sorry, it's impossible, it can't be done — tut mir leid, (ist) ausgeschlossen, es lässt sich nicht machen

    can you do it by yourself? —

    to do the housework/one's homework —

    who did the choreography/the cover design? we'll have to get someone to do the roof — wer hat die Choreografie/den Umschlagentwurf gemacht? wir müssen jemanden bestellen, der das Dach macht (inf)

    to do one's hair — sich frisieren, sich (dat) die Haare (zurecht)machen (inf)

    to do one's nails — sich (dat) die Nägel schneiden or (varnish) lackieren

    to do one's teeth (Brit) — sich (dat) die Zähne putzen

    to do the dishes — spülen, den Abwasch machen

    he knows it's a mistake but he can't do anything about it — er weiß, dass es ein Fehler ist, aber er kann nichts dagegen machen or daran ändern

    we'll have to do something about this/him — wir müssen da/wir müssen mit ihm etwas tun or unternehmen

    do something for me, will you... shut up — tu mir bloß den (einen) Gefallen und halt den Mund

    I've done everything I can — ich habe alles getan, was ich kann

    he does nothing but complain — er nörgelt immer nur, er tut nichts als nörgeln (inf)

    well, do what you can — mach or tu (eben), was du kannst

    what do I have to do to get through to him? — was muss ich tun, um zu ihm durchzukommen?

    how do you do it? — wie macht man das?; (in amazement) wie machen Sie das bloß? __diams; that's done it (inf) so, da haben wirs!, da haben wir die Bescherung! (inf) __diams; that does it! jetzt reichts mir!

    2)

    as job, profession what does your father do? — was macht Ihr Vater (beruflich)?

    3)

    = provide service, product what can I do for you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (by shop assistant) was darfs sein?

    sorry, we don't do lunches — wir haben leider keinen Mittagstisch

    we do a wide range of herbal teas —

    we only do one style of gloves (= sell) (= produce) — wir haben or führen nur eine Sorte Handschuhe wir stellen nur eine Sorte Handschuhe her

    4)

    = complete, finish in pret, ptp only the work's done now — die Arbeit ist gemacht or getan or fertig

    what's done cannot be undone — was geschehen ist, kann man nicht ungeschehen machen

    5) = study, cover durchnehmen, haben
    6) COOK machen (inf)
    7) = solve lösen; sum, crossword, puzzle etc lösen, machen
    8) = take customer drannehmen

    the barber said he'd do me next — der Friseur sagte, er würde mich als Nächsten drannehmen

    9) Theat, Film part spielen
    10) = take off, mimic nachmachen
    11) = visit, see sights of city, country, museum besuchen, abhaken (inf)
    12) AUT ETC fahren, machen (inf)
    13)

    = treat (Brit inf) they do you very well at that hotel — in dem Hotel ist man gut untergebracht or aufgehoben

    they do you very well at that restaurant — in dem Restaurant isst man sehr gut __diams; to do oneself well es sich (dat) gut gehen lassen

    14) = be suitable for inf passen (sb jdm); (= be sufficient for) reichen (sb jdm)
    15) = cheat inf übers Ohr hauen (inf), reinlegen (inf)

    I was done for £80 — mit £ 80 hat man mich ganz schön übers Ohr gehauen (inf)

    16) = burgle inf einbrechen in (+acc)

    the office was done last night — im Büro ist gestern Nacht ein Bruch gemacht worden (sl)

    17)

    = hurt Brit inf I'll do you! — dir besorg ichs noch! (inf)

    18)

    = tire out (inf) I'm absolutely done (in)! — ich bin völlig geschafft or erledigt or fertig (all inf)

    19) = take inf drugs nehmen
    20) in prison inf 6 years etc sitzen, abreißen (inf)
    21)

    = translate (old, liter) done into (the) English by... — ins Englische übertragen von...

    3. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1)

    = act do as I do — mach es wie ich

    he did well to take advice — er tat gut daran, sich beraten zu lassen

    he did right — er hat richtig gehandelt, es war richtig von ihm

    he did right/well to go — es war richtig/gut, dass er gegangen ist

    2)

    = get on, fare how are you doing? — wie gehts (Ihnen)?

    I'm not doing so badly — es geht mir gar nicht so schlecht

    when my uncle died I did quite well — als mein Onkel starb, bin ich ganz gut dabei weggekommen __diams; how do you do? (on introduction) guten Tag/Abend!, angenehm! (form) __diams; what's doing? (inf) was ist los?

    3) = be suitable gehen

    this room will do — das Zimmer geht (inf) or ist in Ordnung

    will it do if I come back at 8? — geht es, wenn ich um 8 Uhr zurück bin?

    it doesn't do to keep a lady waiting —

    will she/it do? — geht sie/das?

    4) = be sufficient reichen

    can you lend me some money? – will £10 do? —

    yes, that'll do — ja, das reicht

    you'll have to make do with £10 — £ 10 müssen Ihnen reichen, Sie werden mit £ 10 auskommen müssen __diams; that'll do! jetzt reichts aber!

    4. NOUN (Brit inf)
    1) = event Veranstaltung f, Sache f (inf); (= party) Fete f (inf)
    2) = swindle (Brit) Schwindel m
    3) = hairdo esp US Frisur f, Schnitt m
    5. dosPLURAL NOUN
    * * *
    do1 [duː; unbetont dʊ; də] prät did [dıd], pperf done [dʌn], 3. sg präs does [dʌz; unbetont dəz]
    A v/t
    1. tun, machen:
    what can I do (for you)? was kann ich (für Sie) tun?, womit kann ich (Ihnen) dienen?;
    do sth for sb etwas für jemanden erledigen;
    what does he do? was macht er beruflich?, was ist er von Beruf?;
    are you doing anything tonight? hast du heute Abend (schon) etwas vor?;
    do sth about etwas tun gegen;
    what is to be done ( oder to do)? was ist zu tun?, was soll geschehen?;
    if it were to do again wenn es noch einmal getan werden müsste;
    you can’t do this to me! das kannst du nicht mit mir machen!;
    you couldn’t do that to me! das kannst du mir (doch) nicht antun!;
    what have you done to my suit? was haben Sie mit meinem Anzug gemacht?;
    he promised to do sth er versprach, etwas zu unternehmen;
    he does not know what to do with his time er weiß nicht, was er mit seiner Zeit anfangen soll;
    do sth together etwas gemeinsam oder zusammen unternehmen;
    don’t do anything I wouldn’t do hum bleib sauber!; → do with
    2. tun, ausführen, vollbringen, Arbeiten verrichten, Verbrechen begehen:
    do one’s lessons SCHULE seine (Haus)Aufgaben machen;
    he did all the writing er hat alles allein geschrieben;
    he did all the talking er führte die Unterhaltung ganz allein, auch ich bin überhaupt nicht zu Wort gekommen;
    let me do the talking lass mich sprechen;
    it can’t be done es geht nicht, es ist undurchführbar;
    the machine does the rest die Maschine erledigt den Rest;
    the storm did a lot of material damage der Sturm richtete großen Sachschaden an;
    do you think he did it? glaubst du, dass er es getan hat oder dass er es war?; → done B 1, B 2
    3. tätigen, machen: → business A 3, A 13
    4. tun, leisten, vollbringen:
    do one’s best sein Bestes tun, sich alle Mühe geben
    5. anfertigen, herstellen, ein Kunstwerk etc auch schaffen:
    do a portrait ein Porträt malen;
    do a translation eine Übersetzung machen oder anfertigen
    6. jemandem etwas (an)tun, zufügen, erweisen: → favor B 2, good A 1, A 2, harm A 1, honor B 1, etc
    7. einbringen: → credit A 5
    8. erzielen, erreichen:
    I did it! ich habe es geschafft!;
    now you have done it! iron nun hast du es glücklich geschafft!
    9. sich beschäftigen mit, arbeiten an (dat)
    10. Speisen zubereiten, besonders kochen oder braten
    11. in Ordnung bringen, z. B.
    a) das Geschirr abwaschen: → dish A 1 c
    b) das Zimmer aufräumen, machen umg
    12. herrichten, dekorieren, schmücken
    13. (her)richten:
    she is having her nails done sie lässt sich maniküren;
    he had his teeth done er ließ sich die Zähne richten; → face A 1, hair Bes Redew
    14. a) eine Fremdsprache etc lernen
    b) einen Autor etc durchnehmen, behandeln
    15. eine Aufgabe lösen
    16. obs übersetzen, -tragen ( beide:
    into German ins Deutsche)
    17. a) eine Rolle etc spielen, einen Charakter darstellen:
    do Othello den Othello spielen;
    do the polite den höflichen Mann spielen oder markieren;
    do the host den Gastgeber spielen
    b) nachahmen:
    18. zurücklegen, machen, schaffen umg:
    they did 20 miles sie legten 20 Meilen zurück;
    the car does 100 m.p.h. der Wagen fährt 160 km/h
    19. umg besichtigen, die Sehenswürdigkeiten besichtigen von (oder gen):
    do Rome in three days Rom in drei Tagen besichtigen oder umg machen
    20. umg genügen (dat):
    21. umg erschöpfen, erledigen umg:
    they were pretty well done sie waren am Ende (ihrer Kräfte)
    22. umg
    a) jemanden erledigen, fertigmachen:
    I’ll do him in three rounds
    b) drannehmen (Friseur etc):
    I’ll do you next, sir
    23. sl reinlegen, übers Ohr hauen, anschmieren:
    do sb out of sth jemanden um etwas erleichtern oder betrügen oder bringen; → brown A
    24. sl eine Strafe abbrummen:
    he did two years in prison er hat zwei Jahre abgerissen;
    he did three months for theft er saß drei Monate wegen Diebstahls
    25. umg
    a) bewirten
    b) unterbringen:
    they do you very well here hier werden Sie gut bewirtet; hier sind Sie gut untergebracht
    26. behandeln: → well1 A 1
    27. bringen (obs außer in):
    do to death töten, umbringen
    28. sl einen Bruch machen in (dat), einbrechen in (akk oder dat), ein Auto etc aufbrechen
    29. umg bumsen (schlafen mit)
    B v/i
    1. handeln, vorgehen, tun, sich verhalten:
    the premier would do wisely to resign der Premier würde klug handeln oder wäre gut beraten, wenn er zurückträte; → well1 A 1, A 2
    2. (tätig) handeln, wirken:
    do or die kämpfen od untergehen;
    it’s do or die now! jetzt gehts ums Ganze!
    3. weiter-, vorankommen:
    a) vorwärtskommen, Erfolge haben ( beide:
    with bei, mit), gut abschneiden (in bei, in dat),
    b) gut gedeihen (Getreide etc)( → B 4, B 5);
    do better sich verbessern
    4. Leistungen vollbringen:
    a) seine Sache gut machen,
    b) viel Geld verdienen ( → B 3, B 5);
    he did better than expected er schnitt besser als erwartet ab;
    his son is doing well at school seinem Sohn geht es in der Schule gut
    5. sich befinden:
    a) gesund sein,
    b) in guten Verhältnissen leben,
    c) sich gut erholen ( → B 3, B 4);
    how do you do? guten Tag! (bei der Vorstellung)
    6. auskommen, zurande kommen
    7. genügen, (aus)reichen, passen, dem Zweck entsprechen oder dienen:
    that will (not) do das genügt oder reicht (nicht);
    it will do tomorrow es hat Zeit bis morgen;
    we’ll make it do wir werden schon damit auskommen
    8. angehen, recht sein, sich schicken, passen:
    that won’t do!
    a) das geht nicht (an)!,
    b) das wird nicht gehen!;
    it won’t do to be rude mit Grobheit kommt man nicht weit(er), man darf nicht unhöflich sein
    9. (im pprerfect) aufhören:
    have done! hör auf!, genug (davon)!;
    let us have done with it! hören wir auf damit!; → done B 5
    C Ersatzverb zur Vermeidung von Wiederholungen v/t & v/i tun (bleibt meist unübersetzt):
    he treats his children as I do my dogs er behandelt seine Kinder wie ich meine Hunde;
    you know it as well as I do du weißt es so gut wie ich;
    he sang better than he had ever done before er sang besser, als (er) je zuvor (gesungen hatte);
    she likes cats. so do I ich auch;
    he does not work hard, does he? er arbeitet nicht viel, nicht wahr?;
    he works hard, doesn’t he? er arbeitet viel, nicht wahr?;
    did he buy it? he did ja(wohl);
    do you understand? I don’t nein;
    he sold his car. did he? wirklich?, so?;
    I wanted to go there, and I did so ich wollte hingehen und tat es auch
    do you know him? kennen Sie ihn?
    I do not believe it ich glaube es nicht;
    do not go there gehen Sie nicht hin!;
    don’t tun Sie es nicht!, lassen Sie das!
    I do apologize tut mir wirklich leid;
    you do ask questions du stellst vielleicht Fragen;
    do sit down nehmen Sie doch bitte Platz;
    I do like it mir gefällt es wirklich;
    but I do see it! aber ich sehe es doch!;
    I did see it, but ich sah es wohl oder zwar, aber;
    do try to understand it versteh das doch;
    be quiet, do sei doch still!
    4. iron I do enjoy a quiet evening at home es geht doch nichts über einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause
    rarely does one see such things solche Dinge sieht man (nur) selten
    do2 [duː] pl dos, do’s [duːz] s
    1. sl Schwindel m, Gaunerei f
    2. besonders Br umg Fete f, Feier f
    3. fair do’s!
    a) sei nicht unfair!,
    b) gleiches Recht für alle!
    4. pl umg Gebote pl:
    do’s and don’ts Gebote und Verbote, (Spiel)Regeln
    do3 [dəʊ] s MUS do n (Solmisationssilbe)
    * * *
    I 1. transitive verb,
    neg. coll. don't, pres. t. he does, neg. (coll.) doesn't, p.t. did, neg. (coll.) didn't, pres. p. doing, p.p. done
    1) (perform) machen [Hausaufgaben, Hausarbeit, Examen, Handstand]; vollbringen [Tat]; tun, erfüllen [Pflicht]; tun, verrichten [Arbeit]; ausführen [Malerarbeiten]; vorführen [Trick, Striptease, Nummer, Tanz]; durchführen [Test]; aufführen [Stück]; singen [Lied]; mitmachen [Rennen, Wettbewerb]; spielen [Musikstück, Rolle]; tun [Buße]

    do the shopping/washing up/cleaning — einkaufen [gehen]/abwaschen/sauber machen

    do a lot of reading/walking — etc. viel lesen/spazieren gehen usw.

    do a dance/the foxtrot — tanzen/Foxtrott tanzen

    do something to something/somebody — etwas mit etwas/jemandem machen

    what can I do for you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop) was darf's sein?

    do something about something/somebody — etwas gegen etwas/jemanden unternehmen

    not know what to do with oneself — nicht wissen, was man machen soll

    that's done it — (caused a change for the worse) das hat das Fass zum Überlaufen gebracht; (caused a change for the better) das hätten wir

    that will/should do it — so müsste es gehen; (is enough) das müsste genügen

    do a Garbo — (coll.) es der Garbo (Dat.) gleichtun

    the car does/was doing about 100 m.p.h./does 45 miles to the gallon — das Auto schafft/fuhr mit ungefähr 160 Stundenkilometer/frisst (ugs.) od. braucht sechs Liter pro 100 Kilometer

    3) (produce) machen [Übersetzung, Kopie]; anfertigen [Bild, Skulptur]; herstellen [Artikel, Produkte]; schaffen [Pensum]
    4) (provide) haben [Vollpension, Mittagstisch]; (coll.): (offer for sale) führen
    5) (prepare) machen [Bett, Frühstück]; (work on) machen (ugs.), fertig machen [Garten, Hecke]; (clean) sauber machen; putzen [Schuhe, Fenster]; machen (ugs.) [Treppe]; (arrange) [zurecht]machen [Haare]; fertig machen [Korrespondenz, Zimmer]; (make up) schminken [Lippen, Augen, Gesicht]; machen (ugs.) [Nägel]; (cut) schneiden [Nägel]; schneiden [Gras, Hecke]; (paint) machen (ugs.) [Zimmer]; streichen [Haus, Möbel]; (attend to) sich kümmern um [Bücher, Rechnungen, Korrespondenz]; (repair) in Ordnung bringen
    6) (cook) braten

    well done — durch[gebraten]

    7) (solve) lösen [Problem, Rätsel]; machen [Puzzle, Kreuzworträtsel]
    8) (study, work at) machen; haben [Abiturfach]
    9) (sl.): (swindle) reinlegen (ugs.)
    10) (sl.): (defeat, kill) fertig machen (ugs.)
    11) (traverse) schaffen [Entfernung]
    12) (sl.): (undergo) absitzen, (salopp) abreißen [Strafe]
    13) (coll.): (visit) besuchen
    14) (satisfy) zusagen (+ Dat.); (suffice for, last) reichen (+ Dat.)
    2. intransitive verb, forms as
    1.
    1) (act) tun; (perform) spielen

    you can do just as you like — du kannst machen, was du willst

    3) (get on) vorankommen; (in exams) abschneiden

    do well/badly at school — gut/schlecht in der Schule sein

    4)

    how do you do? — (formal) guten Tag/Morgen/Abend!

    5) (coll.): (manage)

    how are we doing for time? — wie steht es mit der Zeit od. (ugs.) sieht es mit der Zeit aus?

    6) (serve purpose) es tun; (suffice) [aus]reichen; (be suitable) gehen

    do for or as something — als etwas benutzt werden können

    Nothing doing. He's not interested — Nichts zu machen (ugs.). Er ist nicht interessiert. See also doing; done

    3. verb substitute, forms as
    1.
    1) replacing v.: usually not translated
    2) replacing v. and obj. etc

    he read the Bible every day as his father did before him — er las täglich in der Bibel, wie es schon sein Vater vor ihm getan hatte od. wie schon vor ihm sein Vater

    3) as ellipt. aux

    You went to Paris, didn't you? - Yes, I did — Du warst doch in Paris, oder od. nicht wahr? - Ja[, stimmt od. war ich]

    4) with ‘so’, ‘it’, etc

    I knew John Lennon. - So did I — Ich kannte John Lennon. - Ich auch

    I know you from somewhere, don't I? — wir kennen uns doch irgendwoher, nicht?

    4. auxiliary verb
    + inf. as pres. or past, forms as 1.

    but I tell you, I did see him — aber ich sage dir doch, dass ich ihn gesehen habe

    little did he know that... — er hatte keine Ahnung, dass...

    I don't or do not wish to take part — ich möchte nicht teilnehmen

    5) in neg. commands

    don't or do not expect to find him in a good mood — erwarten Sie nicht, dass Sie ihn in guter Stimmung antreffen

    children, do not forget... — Kinder, vergesst [ja] nicht...

    don't be so noisy! — seid [doch] nicht so laut!

    don't! — tu's/tut's/tun Sie's nicht!

    6) + inf. as imper. for emphasis etc

    do sit down, won't you? — bitte setzen Sie sich doch!

    do be quiet, Paul! — Paul, sei doch mal ruhig!

    Phrasal Verbs:
    II noun
    , pl. dos or do's
    1) (sl.): (swindle) Schwindel, der; krumme Sache (ugs.)
    2) (Brit. coll.): (festivity) Feier, die; Fete, die (ugs.)
    3) in pl.
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: did, done)
    = ausführen v.
    tun v.
    (§ p.,pp.: tat, getan)

    English-german dictionary > do

  • 37 from

    [frɒm, frəm, Am frɑ:m, frəm] prep
    1) ( off) von +dat;
    please get me that letter \from the table gib mir bitte den Brief von dem Tisch;
    ( out of) aus +dat;
    he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner Hosentasche after vb
    I'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isst
    2) ( as seen from) von dat... [aus];
    you can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)
    she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem;
    \from sb's point of view aus jds Sicht
    the wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Norden;
    a flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafen after n
    the flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdam;
    the water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quelle;
    \from sth to sth ( between places) von etw dat nach etw dat;
    my dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida;
    ( indicating desultoriness) von etw dat in etw dat;
    the woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderen
    4) ( as starting time) von +dat, ab +dat;
    the price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter;
    \from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert;
    \from sth to sth von etw dat bis etw dat;
    the show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr;
    \from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende;
    \from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglich;
    her strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker;
    \from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich;
    \from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu;
    \from that day [or time] on[wards] von diesem Tag [an], seitdem;
    they were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde;
    \from now/ then on von da an, seither;
    as \from... ( esp Brit) ab... +dat;
    as \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Markt
    5) ( as starting condition) bei +dat;
    prices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfund;
    \from sth to sth von etw dat auf etw dat;
    the number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegen;
    she translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutsche;
    things went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer;
    \from strength to strength immer besser;
    she has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolg;
    tickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen $10 und $45;
    \from soup to nuts alles zusammen;
    the whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet $55;
    anything \from geography to history alles von A bis Z
    6) after n ( at distance to) von +dat;
    we're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernt;
    a day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatz;
    \from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat;
    it's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt
    \from sth aus +dat;
    though \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Welt;
    my mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus Frankreich;
    I'm \from New York ich komme aus New York;
    daylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonne
    8) after vb ( in temporary location) von +dat, aus +dat;
    he hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurück;
    she called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel an after adj
    they're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommen after n
    his return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiert;
    sb \from sth von +dat;
    they sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitung
    9) after vb ( as source) von +dat;
    can I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?;
    the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof after n
    sth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw);
    I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte ist;
    this is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich
    \from sth aus etw dat;
    the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Leder after n
    in America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastik
    11) after vb ( removed from) aus +dat;
    to extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnen;
    they took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weg after adj
    he knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheiden;
    sth [subtracted] \from sth math etw minus etw dat;
    three \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehn
    12) ( considering) aufgrund +gen, wegen +gen;
    to conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dass;
    to make a conclusion from sth wegen etw gen zu einem Schluss kommen;
    information obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern;
    \from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen geben
    13) after vb ( caused by) an +dat;
    he died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungen;
    she suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritis;
    to do sth \from sth etw aus etw dat tun;
    he did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getan;
    to do sth \from doing sth etw durch etw akk tun;
    she made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemacht after adj
    to get sick \from salmonella sich akk mit Salmonellen infizieren after n
    to reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzieren;
    they got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreut
    to guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützen;
    they insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kälte after n
    they found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturm
    the truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehalten;
    the bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleite;
    he saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Leben;
    he has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahren;
    \from doing sth von etw dat;
    he boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchen
    conditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich;
    he knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheiden after adj
    his opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen können kaum noch unterschiedlicher sein
    PHRASES:
    \from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen

    English-German students dictionary > from

  • 38 υἱός

    υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’
    ① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant
    ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.
    ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).
    ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.
    ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.
    ② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1
    ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.
    ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).
    ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing
    α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).
    β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).
    ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus
    α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 4, Rel.3 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.
    β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos2 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest2 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen2 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.2 ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums2 ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.
    γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.3 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.3 418ff; Clemen2 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.2 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie2 I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels2 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf2 ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach3, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > υἱός

  • 39 Cotton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, England
    d. after 1878
    [br]
    English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.
    [br]
    Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).
    A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotton, William

  • 40 sense

    1. noun
    1) (faculty of perception) Sinn, der

    sense of smell/touch/taste — Geruchs-/Tast-/Geschmackssinn, der

    2) in pl. (normal state of mind) Verstand, der

    have taken leave of one's senses — den Verstand verloren haben

    3) (consciousness) Gefühl, das

    sense of responsibility/guilt — Verantwortungs-/Schuldgefühl, das

    out of a sense of duty — aus Pflichtgefühl

    4) (practical wisdom) Verstand, der

    there's a lot of sense in what he's saying — was er sagt, klingt sehr vernünftig

    have the sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

    what is the sense of or in doing that? — was hat man davon od. wozu soll es gut sein, das zu tun?

    make somebody see sense — jemanden zur Vernunft bringen; see also academic.ru/14644/common_sense">common sense; good I 1.

    5) (meaning) Sinn, der; (of word) Bedeutung, die

    in the strict or literal sense — im strengen od. wörtlichen Sinn

    in every sense [of the word] — in jeder Hinsicht

    in a or one sense — in gewisser Hinsicht od. Weise

    it does not make sense to do that — es ist Unsinn od. unvernünftig, das zu tun

    it makes [a lot of] sense — (is [very] reasonable) es ist [sehr] sinnvoll

    2. transitive verb
    spüren; [Tier:] wittern
    * * *
    [sens] 1. noun
    1) (one of the five powers (hearing, taste, sight, smell, touch) by which a person or animal feels or notices.) der Sinn
    2) (a feeling: He has an exaggerated sense of his own importance.) das Gefühl
    3) (an awareness of (something): a well-developed musical sense; She has no sense of humour.) der Sinn
    4) (good judgement: You can rely on him - he has plenty of sense.) der Verstand
    5) (a meaning (of a word).) der Sinn
    6) (something which is meaningful: Can you make sense of her letter?) der Sinn
    2. verb
    (to feel, become aware of, or realize: He sensed that she disapproved.) fühlen
    - senseless
    - senselessly
    - senselessness
    - senses
    - sixth sense
    * * *
    [sen(t)s]
    I. n
    1. no pl (judgement) Verstand m
    I hope they'll have the [good] \sense to shut the windows before they leave ich hoffe, sie sind so klug, die Fenster zu schließen, bevor sie gehen
    to make [good] \sense sinnvoll sein
    planning so far ahead makes no \sense es hat keinen Sinn, so weit im Voraus zu planen
    to see the \sense in sth den Sinn in etw dat sehen
    to talk \sense sich akk verständlich ausdrücken
    there's no \sense in doing sth es hat keinen Sinn, etw zu tun
    there's no \sense in waiting es ist zwecklos zu warten
    2. (reason)
    ▪ one's \senses pl jds gesunder Menschenverstand
    it's time you came to your \senses es wird Zeit, dass du zur Vernunft kommst
    to bring sb to their \senses jdn zur Vernunft bringen
    to take leave of one's \senses den Verstand verlieren
    3. (faculty) Sinn m
    \sense of hearing Gehör nt
    \sense of sight Sehvermögen nt
    \sense of smell/taste/touch Geruchs-/Geschmacks-/Tastsinn m
    the five \senses die fünf Sinne
    sixth \sense sechster Sinn
    4. (feeling) Gefühl nt
    did you get any \sense of how they might react? kannst du dir irgendwie denken, wie sie reagieren werden?
    ▪ to have a \sense that... das Gefühl haben, dass...
    I had a sudden \sense that I was needed at home ich spürte auf einmal, dass ich zu Hause gebraucht wurde
    \sense of beauty Schönheitssinn m
    \sense of belonging Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl nt
    \sense of direction Orientierungssinn m
    \sense of duty Pflichtgefühl nt
    \sense of justice/reality Gerechtigkeits-/Realitätssinn m
    a \sense of security ein Gefühl nt der Sicherheit
    a \sense of social responsibility ein Gefühl nt für soziale Verantwortung
    \sense of time Zeitgefühl nt
    5. (meaning) Bedeutung f, Sinn m
    she's pretty hot, in more \senses than one sie ist ganz schön heiß, in mehr als einer Hinsicht
    the broad/narrow \sense of a word/term die weite/enge Bedeutung eines Wortes/Begriffes
    in the broad[est] \sense of the term im weitesten Sinne des Wortes
    figurative/literal \sense übertragene/wörtliche [o ursprüngliche] Bedeutung
    to make \sense einen Sinn ergeben
    this passage doesn't make \sense diese Passage ist unverständlich
    to make \sense [out] of sth sich dat auf etw akk einen Reim machen
    I've read the letter twice, but I can't make any \sense of it ich habe den Brief zweimal gelesen, aber ich kann mir keinen Reim darauf machen
    6. (way) Art f
    in a \sense in gewisser Weise
    we are in no \sense obliged to agree to this wir sind in keiner Weise verpflichtet, dem zuzustimmen
    in every \sense in jeder Hinsicht
    to have a \sense of fun Spaß verstehen können
    it was just a joke — where's your \sense of fun? das war doch nur ein Scherz — verstehst du keinen Spaß?
    to have a \sense of humour Sinn für Humor haben
    \sense of helix MATH Schraubensinn m
    \sense of rotation TECH Drehrichtung f, Drehsinn m
    II. vt
    ▪ to \sense sb/sth jdn/etw wahrnehmen
    ▪ to \sense that... spüren, dass...
    he \sensed that his guests were bored er spürte, dass seine Gäste sich langweilten
    could you \sense what was likely to happen? hattest du eine Ahnung von dem, was passieren konnte?
    ▪ to \sense sth COMPUT etw prüfen
    to \sense sb's anger jds Wut spüren
    to \sense danger Gefahr wittern
    * * *
    [sens]
    1. n
    1) (bodily) Sinn m

    sense of hearing — Gehörsinn m, Gehör nt

    2) pl (= right mind) Verstand m

    no man in his senses... — kein einigermaßen vernünftiger Mensch...

    to frighten sb out of his senses —

    his senses were deranged by... — er war durch... völlig verstört

    to come to one's senses — zur Vernunft or Besinnung kommen, Vernunft annehmen

    3) (= feeling) Gefühl nt

    a sense of occasion — das Gefühl, dass etwas Besonderes stattfindet

    4) (= instinct, appreciation) Sinn m

    his sense for what is appropriate — sein Gefühl nt or Gespür nt dafür, was angebracht ist

    /justice — Farben-/Gerechtigkeitssinn m

    5)

    (= good sense) (common) sense — gesunder Menschenverstand

    haven't you sense enough or enough sense to stop when you're tired? — bist du nicht vernünftig genug aufzuhören, wenn du müde bist?

    he had the (good) sense to... — er war so vernünftig or klug or gescheit und...

    you should have had more sense than to... — du hättest vernünftiger sein sollen und nicht...

    there is no sense in that — das hat keinen Sinn, es ist zwecklos

    there's a lot of sense in that — das hat Hand und Fuß, das ist ganz vernünftig

    what's the sense of or in doing this? — welchen Sinn hat es denn, das zu tun?

    there is no sense in doing that — es ist zwecklos or sinnlos, das zu tun

    there's some sense in what he says — was er sagt, ist ganz vernünftig

    there's some sense in doing that — es wäre ganz vernünftig, das zu tun

    6)

    it doesn't make sense doing it that way/spending or to spend all that money —

    why did he decide that? – I don't know, it doesn't make sense — warum hat er das beschlossen? – ich weiß es nicht, es ist mir unverständlich or es macht keinen Sinn

    it makes good financial/political sense to... — aus finanzieller/politischer Sicht gesehen ist es sehr vernünftig, zu...

    he/his theory doesn't make sense — er/seine Theorie ist völlig unverständlich

    it all makes sense now —

    it doesn't make sense, the jewels were there a minute ago — das ist ganz unverständlich, die Juwelen waren doch eben noch da

    to make sense of sth — etw verstehen, aus etw schlau werden (inf)

    you're not making sense (in explaining sth, in plans, intentions etc) — das ist doch Unsinn; (in behaviour, attitude) ich werde aus Ihnen nicht schlau (inf)

    now you're making sense (in explaining sth) — jetzt verstehe ich, was Sie meinen; (in plans, intentions etc) das ist endlich eine vernünftige Idee

    7) (= meaning) Sinn m no pl

    it has three distinct senses —

    8)

    (= way, respect) in a sense — in gewisser Hinsicht, gewissermaßen

    in what sense? —

    2. vt
    fühlen, spüren

    I could sense someone there in the dark — ich fühlte or spürte, dass da jemand in der Dunkelheit war

    * * *
    sense [sens]
    A s
    1. Sinn m, Sinnesorgan n:
    sense of hearing (sight, smell, taste, touch) Gehör-(Gesichts-, Geruchs-, Geschmacks-, Tast)sinn;
    I’ve lost my sense of taste ich schmecke nichts mehr; → sixth A 1
    2. pl Sinne pl, (klarer) Verstand:
    in (out of) one’s senses bei (von) Sinnen;
    lose ( oder take leave of) one’s senses den Verstand verlieren;
    bring sb to their senses jemanden wieder zur Besinnung bringen;
    recover ( oder come to) one’s senses wieder zur Besinnung oder Vernunft kommen
    3. fig Vernunft f, Verstand m:
    a man of sense ein vernünftiger oder kluger Mensch;
    have the sense to do sth so klug sein, etwas zu tun;
    do have some sense! sei doch vernünftig!; → common sense
    4. Sinne pl, Empfindungsvermögen n
    5. Gefühl n:
    a) Empfindung f (of für):
    sense of achievement Erfolgserlebnis n;
    sense of pain Schmerzgefühl;
    sense of security Gefühl der Sicherheit; → frustration 5 b, 5 c, 5 d, outrage A 3, well-being 2
    b) Ahnung f, unbestimmtes Gefühl
    6. Sinn m, Gefühl n ( beide:
    of für):
    sense of balance Gleichgewichtssinn, -empfinden n, -gefühl;
    sense of beauty Schönheitssinn;
    sense of decency ( oder decorum) Anstand(sgefühl) m(n);
    sense of duty Pflichtbewusstsein n, -gefühl;
    a keen sense of justice ein ausgeprägter Gerechtigkeitssinn;
    sense of responsibility Verantwortungsgefühl, -bewusstsein n;
    sense of shame Schamgefühl;
    7. Sinn m, Bedeutung f:
    in every sense in jeder Hinsicht;
    in a sense in gewissem Sinne;
    in the good and in the bad sense im guten wie im bösen oder schlechten Sinn
    8. Sinn m, (etwas) Vernünftiges:
    what is the sense of doing this? was hat es für einen Sinn, das zu tun?;
    is there a sense in which …? könnte man vielleicht sagen, dass …?;
    it makes sense es macht Sinn, es hat Hand und Fuß, es klingt plausibel;
    it does not make sense es hat oder macht keinen Sinn;
    I could make no sense of it ich konnte mir darauf keinen Reim machen;
    talk sense vernünftig reden
    9. ( besonders allgemeine) Ansicht, Meinung f, Auffassung f:
    take the sense of the meeting die Meinung der Versammlung einholen
    10. MATH Richtung f:
    sense of rotation Drehsinn m
    11. Funkpeilung: (Peil)Seite f
    B v/t
    1. empfinden, fühlen, spüren, ahnen
    2. IT
    a) abtasten
    b) abfragen
    3. besonders US umg kapieren
    * * *
    1. noun

    sense of smell/touch/taste — Geruchs-/Tast-/Geschmackssinn, der

    2) in pl. (normal state of mind) Verstand, der
    3) (consciousness) Gefühl, das

    sense of responsibility/guilt — Verantwortungs-/Schuldgefühl, das

    4) (practical wisdom) Verstand, der

    there's a lot of sense in what he's saying — was er sagt, klingt sehr vernünftig

    have the sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

    what is the sense of or in doing that? — was hat man davon od. wozu soll es gut sein, das zu tun?

    make somebody see sense — jemanden zur Vernunft bringen; see also common sense; good I 1.

    5) (meaning) Sinn, der; (of word) Bedeutung, die

    in the strict or literal sense — im strengen od. wörtlichen Sinn

    in every sense [of the word] — in jeder Hinsicht

    in a or one sense — in gewisser Hinsicht od. Weise

    it does not make sense to do that — es ist Unsinn od. unvernünftig, das zu tun

    it makes [a lot of] sense — (is [very] reasonable) es ist [sehr] sinnvoll

    2. transitive verb
    spüren; [Tier:] wittern
    * * *
    n.
    Empfindung f.
    Gefühl -e n.
    Sinn -e m.
    Verstand -¨e m.
    Wahrnehmung f. v.
    abfühlen v.
    abtasten v.
    empfinden v.
    fühlen v.
    wahrnehmen v.

    English-german dictionary > sense

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