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well+past

  • 121 do

    I
    1. verb
    (past did; past participle done)
    1) делать, выполнять; to do one's lessons готовить уроки; to do one's work делать свою работу; to do lecturing читать лекции; to do one's correspondence писать письма, отвечать на письма; вести переписку; to do a sum решать арифметическую задачу; what can I do for you? collocation чем могу служить?
    2) действовать, проявлять деятельность, быть активным; поступать; вести себя
    3) исполнять (роль); действовать в качестве (кого-л.); to do Hamlet исполнять роль Гамлета
    4) устраивать, приготовлять
    5) прибирать, приводить в порядок; to do one's hair причесываться; to do the room убирать комнату
    6) причинять; to do smb. good быть (или оказаться) полезным кому-л.; it doesn't do to complain что пользы в жалобах; it'll only do you good это вам будет только на пользу; to do harm причинять вред
    7) оказывать
    8) готовить, жарить, тушить; I like my meat very well done я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено; done to a turn прожарено хорошо, в меру; the potatoes will be done in 10 minutes картошка будет готова через 10 минут;
    to do brown
    а) поджарить или испечь до появления румяной корочки;
    б) collocation одурачить
    9) осматривать (достопримечательности); to do the British Museum осматривать Британский музей
    10) подходить, годиться; удовлетворять требованиям; быть достаточным; he will do for us он нам подходит; this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет; that will do достаточно, хорошо; it won't do to play all day нельзя целый день играть; this hat will do эта шляпа подходит
    11) (perf.) кончать, заканчивать; покончить (с чем-л.); I have done with my work я кончил свою работу; let us have done with it оставим это, покончим с этим; have done! довольно!, хватит!; перестань(те)!; that's done it это довершило дело
    12) процветать, преуспевать; чувствовать себя хорошо; flowers will not do in this soil цветы не будут расти на этой почве; to do well поправляться, чувствовать себя хорошо
    13) поживать; how do you do? (тж. how d'ye do?) здравствуйте!
    14) collocation отбывать срок (в тюрьме)
    15) collocation обманывать, надувать; I think you've been done мне кажется, что вас провели
    16) употр. в качестве вспомогательного глагола в отриц. и вопр. формах в Present и Past Indefinite: I do not speak French я не говорю по-французски; he did not see me он меня не видел; did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?; do you smoke? вы курите?
    17) употр. для усиления: do come пожалуйста, приходите; I did say so and I do say so now да, я это (действительно) сказал и еще раз повторяю
    18) употр. вместо другого глагола в Present и Past Indefinite во избежание его повторения: he works as much as you do (= work) он работает столько же, сколько и вы; he likes bathing and so do I он любит купаться и я тоже
    19) употр. при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: well do I remember it я хорошо это помню
    do away with
    do by
    do down
    do for
    do in
    do into
    do out
    do over
    do to
    do unto
    do up
    do with
    do without
    to do oneself well доставлять себе удовольствие
    to do a beer выпить (кружку) пива
    to do the business for smb. collocation погубить кого-л.
    to do smb. out of smth. надуть кого-л.
    to do in the eye jargon нагло обманывать, дурачить; напакостить
    to do to death collocation убить
    to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги; = победить или умереть
    what's to do? в чем дело?
    what is done cannot be undone сделанного не воротишь
    to do one's worst из кожи вон лезть
    done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!
    well done! браво!, молодцом!
    Syn:
    commit
    2. noun
    1) collocation обман, мошенничество
    2) collocation прием гостей, вечеринка; joc. событие; we've got a do on tonight у нас сегодня вечер
    3) (pl.) участие, доля; fair do's! чур, пополам!
    4) collocation приказание, распоряжение
    5) austral. collocation успех
    II
    noun mus.
    до
    III
    abbr. of ditto
    * * *
    (v) *; делать; сделать
    * * *
    (did, done) 1) делать 2) подходить, годиться
    * * *
    [duː;dʊ] v. делать, действовать, проявлять деятельность; заниматься, быть активным; поступать, вести себя; выполнять, исполнять; годиться, подходить, удовлетворять требованиям; обманывать, надувать, мистифицировать; действовать в качестве; приводить в порядок n. обман, мошенничество, надувательство; развлечение; прием гостей, вечеринка; событие; участие, доля; успех; распоряжение, приказание; до [муз.]
    * * *
    вечеринка
    выносить
    выполнять
    годиться
    готовить
    действовать
    делать
    доля
    дурачить
    жарить
    заканчивать
    заниматься
    заняться
    исполнять
    кончать
    мошенничество
    надувать
    обмазывать
    обманывать
    оказать
    оказывать
    осматривать
    отменять
    подходить
    поживать
    покончить
    поставить
    поступать
    преодолевать
    преуспевать
    прибирать
    приготовлять
    присматривать
    приходите
    причинять
    произвести
    производить
    процветать
    работать
    разделаться
    распоряжение
    сделать
    совершать
    совершаться
    совершить
    тушить
    убивать
    убить
    удовлетворяться
    устраивать
    хорошо
    * * *
    I 1. гл.; прош. вр. - did, прич. прош. вр. - done 1) а) делать б) устар. или архаич. совершать (грех, преступление и т. п.) в) выполнять, исполнять; вести дела, заниматься (чем-л.) 2) кончать, заканчивать 3) напрягать силы, прилагать усилия 4) делать 5) а) чинить; убирать, чистить, приводить в порядок б) готовить, жарить, тушить; консервировать, солить, мариновать и т. п. в) устраивать, приготовлять, организовывать; украшать, меблировать; краситься, пудриться, делать макияж г) разг. оказывать влияние, уделять внимание, заботиться (о ком-л.) д) решать, переводить, рецензировать, рисовать и т. п. е) играть, исполнять (роль); действовать в качестве (кого-л.); разг. подражать (кому-л.), пародировать (кого-л.) ж) истощать, изнурять; избить з) сл.. обманывать и) проходить, проезжать (определенное расстояние); достигать (какого-л. места); путешествовать с (определенной) скоростью и т. п. к) осматривать (достопримечательности), посещать; разг. посещать (развлекательные мероприятия) л) сленг отбывать срок, отбывать наказание м) сленг арестовать н) разг. снабжать, обеспечивать едой; хорошо принимать о) австрал., новозел.; сленг полностью истратить п) преим. амер.; сленг принимать, курить (марихуану) 6) сочетание do с существительными, обозначающими действие, равно по значению однокорневому с существительным глаголу 7) переводить на другой язык 8) а) действовать, проявлять активность; действовать, поступать (каким-л. способом) б) справляться 9) а) работать б) эвф. иметь половые сношения 10) жить, поживать (каким-л. образом) 2. сущ. 1) дело (преим. во фразе:) 2) разг. представление, развлечение, шоу; вечеринка; шутл. военная схватка 3) обыкн. мн.; разг. поведение 4) разг. мошенничество II сущ.; муз. до (нота)

    Новый англо-русский словарь > do

  • 122 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 123 εἰ

    εἰ, [dialect] Att.-[dialect] Ion. and Arc. (for εἰκ, v. infr. 11 ad init.), = [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Aeol. αἰ, αἰκ (q. v.), Cypr.
    A

    ἤ Inscr.Cypr.135.10

     H., both εἰ and αἰ in [dialect] Ep.:— Particle used interjectionally with imper. and to express a wish, but usu. either in conditions, if, or in indirect questions, whether. In the former use its regular negative is μή; in the latter, οὐ.
    A INTERJECTIONALLY, in Hom., come now! c. imper.,

    εἰ δὲ.. ἄκουσον Il.9.262

    ; εἰ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ φευγόντων ib.46; most freq. with ἄγε (q. v.), 1.302, al.
    2 in wishes, c. opt.,

    ἀλλ' εἴ τις.. καλέσειεν 10.111

    , cf. 24.74; so later,

    εἴ μοι ξυνείη μοῖρα S.OT 863

     (lyr.);

    εἴ μοι γένοιτο φθόγγος ἐν βραχίοσιν E.Hec. 836

    : more freq. folld. by

    γάρ, αἲ γὰρ δὴ οὕτως εἴη Il.4.189

    , al.;

    εἰ γὰρ γενοίμην ἀντὶ σοῦ νεκρός E.Hipp. 1410

    ;

    εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο X.Cyr.6.1.38

    ;

    εἰ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ εἴη Pl.Prt. 310d

    ; of unattained wishes, in Hom. only c. opt.,

    εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼν.. Διὸς πάϊς αἰγιόχοιο εἴην Il.13.825

    ;

    Ζεῦ πάτερ, αἰ γὰρ ἐμὸς πόσις εἴη Alcm.29

    ; later with past tenses of ind.,

    εἰ γάρ μ' ὑπὸ γῆν.. ἧκεν A.Pr. 152

     (anap.); εἰ γὰρ τοσαύτην δύναμιν εἶχον ὥστε .. E.Alc. 1072: twice in Od. c. inf. (cf. the use of inf. in commands),

    αἰ γὰρ τοῖος ἐὼν.. ἐμὸς γαμβρὸς καλέεσθαι 7.311

    , cf. 24.376.
    b εἴθε, [dialect] Ep. αἴθε, is freq. used in wishes in the above constructions,

    εἴθε οἱ αὐτῷ Ζεὺς ἀγαθὸν τελέσειεν 2.33

    ;

    εἴθ' ὣς ἡβώοιμι Il.7.157

    ;

    ἰὼ γᾶ, εἴθ' ἔμ' ἐδέξω A.Ag. 1537

     (lyr.);

    εἴθε σοι, ὦ Περίκλεις, τότε συνεγενόμην X.Mem.1.2.46

    : later c. inf.,

    γαίης χθαμαλωτέρη εἴθε.. κεῖσθαι AP9.284

     (Crin.).
    c εἰ γάρ, εἴθε are also used with ὤφελον ([dialect] Ep. ὤφελλον), of past unattained wishes,

    αἴθ' ὤφελλες στρατοῦ ἄλλου σημαίνειν Il.14.84

    ; εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον [κατιδεῖν] Pl.R. 432c.
    d folld. by a clause expressing a consequence of the fulfilment of the wish, αἰ γὰρ τοῦτο.. ἔπος τετελεσμένον εἴη· τῷ κε τάχα γνοίης .. Od. 15.536, cf. 17.496, al.; sts. hard to distinguish from εἰ in conditions (which may be derived from this use),

    εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Il.7.28

    .
    B IN CONDITIONS, if:
    I with INDIC.,
    1 with all tenses (for [tense] fut., v. infr. 2), to state a condition, with nothing implied as to its fulfilment, εἰ δ' οὕτω τοῦτ' ἐστίν, ἐμοὶ μέλλει φίλον εἶναι but if this is so, it will be.., Il.1.564: any form of the Verb may stand in apodosi,

    εἰ θεοί τι δρῶσιν αἰσχρόν, οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί E.Fr.292.7

    ;

    εἰ δοκεῖ, πλέωμεν S.Ph. 526

    ;

    εἰ Φαῖδρον ἀγνοῶ, καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπιλέλησμαι Pl.Phdr. 228a

    ;

    κάκιστ' ἀπολοίμην, Ξανθίαν εἰ μὴ φιλῶ Ar.Ra. 579

    , cf. Od.17.475;

    εἰ θεοῦ ἦν, οὐκ ἦν αἰσχροκερδής· εἰ δ' αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἦν θεοῦ Pl.R. 408c

    ;

    εἰ ταῦτα λέγων διαφθείρω τοὺς νέους, ταῦτ' ἂν εἴη βλαβερά Id.Ap. 30b

    , cf. 25b; εἰ οὗτοι ὀρθῶς ἀπέστησαν, ὑμεῖς ἂν οὐ χρεὼν ἄρχοιτε if these were right in their revolt, (it would follow that) you rule when you have no right, Th.3.40.
    b to express a general condition, if ever, whenever, sts. with [tense] pres.,

    εἴ τις δύο ἢ καὶ πλείους τις ἡμέρας λογίζεται, μάταιός ἐστιν S.Tr. 943

    : with [tense] impf.,

    εἴ τίς τι ἠρώτα ἀπεκρίνοντο Th.7.10

    : rarely with [tense] aor., D.S.31.26.1, S.E.P.1.84; cf. 111.2.
    2 with [tense] fut. (much less freq. than ἐάν c. subj.), either to express a future supposition emphatically,

    εἰ φθάσομεν τοὺς πολεμίους κατακαίνοντες οὐδεὶς ἡμῶν ἀποθανεῖται X.Cyr.7.1.19

    ;

    εἰ μὴ βοηθήσετε οὐ περιέσται τἀκεῖ Th.6.91

    ; εἰ αὕτη ἡ πόλις ληφθήσεται, ἔχεται ἡ πᾶσα Σικελία ibid.; in threats or warnings,

    εἰ μὴ καθέξεις γλῶσσαν ἔσται σοι κακά E.Fr.5

    ;

    εἰ τιμωρήσεις Πατρόκλῳ, αὐτὸς ἀποθανῇ Pl.Ap. 28c

    , cf. D.28.21: or,
    b to express a present intention or expectation, αἶρε πλῆκτρον εἰ μαχεῖ if you mean to fight, Ar.Av. 759;

    ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἀνήρ.. εἰ ταῦτ' ἀνατεὶ τῇδε κείσεται κράτη S.Ant. 485

    , cf. Il.1.61, E.Hec. 863.
    3 with historical tenses, implying that the condition is or was unfulfilled.
    a with [tense] impf., referring to present time or to continued or repeated action in past time (in Hom. always the latter, Il.24.715, al.): ταῦτα οὐκ ἂν ἐδύναντο ποιεῖν, εἰ μὴ διαίτῃ μετρίᾳ ἐχρῶντο they would not be able to do this (as they do), if they did not live an abstemious life, X.Cyr.1.2.16, cf. Pl.R. 489b; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he ([place name] Agamemnon) would not have been master of islands, if he had not had also some naval force, Th.1.9;

    αἰ δ' ἦχες ἔσλων ἴμερον ἢ κάλων.. αἴδως κεν.. ἦχεν Sapph.28

    ; εἰ ἦσαν ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ.. οὐκ ἄν ποτε ταῦτα ἔπασχον if they had been good men, they would never have suffered as they did, Pl.Grg. 516e, cf. X.Mem.1.1.5; εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ τάδε ᾔδἐ.. οὐκ ἂν ὑπεξέφυγε if I had known this.., Il.8.366.
    b with [tense] aor. referring to past time,

    εἰ μὴ ἔφυσε θεὸς μέλι.. ἔφασκον γλύσσονα σῦκα πέλεσθαι Xenoph.38

    ; εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἂν ἐπὶ βασιλέα had you not come, we should be on our way.., X.An.2.1.4;

    καὶ ἴσως ἂν ἀπέθανον, εἰ μὴ ἡ ἀρχὴ διὰ ταχέων κατελύθη Pl.Ap. 32d

    , cf. Il.5.680, Od.4.364, D.4.5, 27.63: with [tense] plpf. in apodosi,

    εἰ τριάκοντα μόναι μετέπεσον τῶν ψήφων, ἀπεπεφεύγη ἄν Pl. Ap. 36a

    .
    c rarely with [tense] plpf. referring to action finished in past or present time, λοιπὸν δ' ἂν ἦν ἡμῖν ἔτι περὶ τῆς πόλεως διαλεχθῆναι, εἰ μὴ προτέρα τῶν ἄλλων τὴν εἰρήνην ἐπεποίητο if she had not (as she has done) made peace before the rest, Isoc.5.56, cf. Pl.Ti. 21c.
    II with SUBJ., εἰ is regularly joined with ἄν ([dialect] Ep. κε, κεν), cf. ἐάν: Arc. εἰκαν in Tegean Inscrr. of iv B. C. (IG5(2).3.16, 31, 6.2, SIG306.34) should be understood as εἰκ ἄν (εἰ: εἰκ = οὐ: οὐκ), since εἰ δ' ἄν is also found in IG5(2).3.2, 6.45, and εἰκ alone, ib.3.21; but ἄν ([etym.] κε, κεν) are freq. absent in Hom. as Od.5.221, 14.373 (and cf. infr. 2), and Lyr., Pi. (who never uses εἰ with ἄν or κε ([etym.] ν)) P.4.266, al.; in dialects,

    αἰ δείλητ' ἀγχωρεῖν IG9(1).334.6

     ([dialect] Locr., v B. C.), cf. Foed.[dialect] Dor. ap. Th.5.79; rarely in Hdt.,

    εἰ μὴ ἀναβῇ 2.13

    ; occasionally in Trag., A.Eu. 234, S.OT 198 (lyr.), etc.; very rarely in [dialect] Att. Prose,

    εἰ ξυστῶσιν αἱ πόλεις Th.6.21

    ;

    εἴ τι που ἄλσος ἢ τέμενος ἀφειμένον ᾖ Pl.Lg. 761c

    : in later Prose,

    εἴ τις θελήσῃ Apoc.11.5

    ;

    εἰ φονεύῃ Plot.2.9.9

    , cf. Procl. Inst.26.
    1 when the apodosis is [tense] fut., to express a future condition more distinctly and vividly than εἰ c. opt., but less so than εἰ c. [tense] fut. ind. (supr. 1.2a); εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' .. if thou do thus.., thou shalt know, Il.2.364, cf. 1.128, 3.281, Od.17.549;

    ἂν δέ τις ἀνθιστῆται, σὺν ὑμῖν πειρασόμεθα χειροῦσθαι X. An.7.3.11

    ; ἂν μὴ νῦν ἐθέλωμεν ἐκεῖ πολεμεῖν αὐτῷ, ἐνθάδ' ἴσως ἀναγκασθησόμεθα τοῦτο ποιεῖν if we be not now willing, D.4.50, cf. X.Cyr. 5.3.27: folld. by imper., ἢν εἰρήνης δοκῆτε δεῖσθαι, ἄνευ ὅπλων ἥκετε ib.3.2.13, cf. 5.4.30.
    2 when the apodosis is present, denoting customary or repeated action, to express a general condition, if ever, ἤν ποτε δασμὸς ἵκηται, σοὶ τὸ γέρας πολὺ μεῖζον (sc. ἐστί) whenever a division comes, your prize is (always) greater, Il.1.166; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death come near, E.Alc. 671; with ἄν omitted,

    εἴ περ γάρ τε χόλον.. καταπέψῃ ἀλλά.. ἔχει κότον Il.1.81

    .
    b with Rhet. present in apodosis, ἐὰν μὴ οἱ φιλόσοφοι βασιλεύσωσιν, οὐκ ἔστι κακῶν παῦλα there is (i.e. can be, will be) no rest.., Pl.R. 473d.
    III with OPTATIVE (never with ἄν in early Gr., later ἐάν c. opt., Dam.Pr. 114, al.),
    1 to express a future condition less definitely than ἐάν c. subj., usu. with opt. with ἄν in apod., ἦ κεν γηθήσαι Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες.. εἰ σφῶιν τάδε πάντα πυθοίατο μαρναμένοιιν surely they would exult, if they should hear.., Il.1.255, cf. 7.28, Od.3.223;

    εἴης φορητὸς οὐκ ἄν, εἰ πράσσοις καλῶς A.Pr. 979

    ;

    οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄν με ἐπαινοίη, εἰ ἐξελαύνοιμι τοὺς εὐεργέτας X.An.7.7.11

    ;

    οἶκος δ' αὐτός, εἰ φθογγὴν λάβοι, σαφέστατ' ἂν λέξειεν A.Ag.37

    , etc.: [tense] fut. opt. is f.l. in Pl.Tht. 164a: with [tense] pres. ind. in apod., Xenoph.34.3, Democr.253: with [tense] fut.ind., Meliss.5.
    b in Hom.sts. with [tense] pres. opt., to express an unfulfilled present condition, εἰ μὲν νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ τὰ πρῶτα φεροίμην if we were now contending, etc., Il.23.274: rarely in Trag., εἰ μὴ κνίζοι ( = εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε) E.Med. 568; also

    εἰ ἀναγκαῖον εἴη ἀδικεῖν ἢ ἀδικεῖσθαι, ἑλοίμην ἂν μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθαι Pl.Grg. 469c

    .
    2 when the apodosis is past, denoting customary or repeated action, to express a general condition in past time (corresponding to use of subj. in present time, supr. 11.2); once in Hom.,

    εἴ τίς με.. ἐνίπτοι, ἀλλὰ σὺ τόν γ'.. κατέρυκες Il.24.768

    ; εἰ δέ τινας θορυβουμένους αἴσθοιτο.., κατασβεννύναι τὴν ταραχὴν ἐπειρᾶτο if he should see ( whenever he saw) any troops in confusion, he (always) tried, X.Cyr.5.3.55, cf. An.4.5.13, Mem.4.2.40; εἴ τις ἀντείποι, εὐθὺς ἐτεθνήκει if any one made objection, he was a dead man at once, Th. 8.66;

    ἀλλ' εἴ τι μὴ φέροιμεν, ὤτρυνεν φέρειν E.Alc. 755

    . For εἰ c. ind. in this sense v. supr. 1.1: ind. and opt. are found in same sentence,

    ἐμίσει, οὐκ εἴ τις κακῶς πάσχων ἠμύνετο, ἀλλ' εἴ τις εὐεργετούμενος ἀχάριστος φαίνοιτο X.Ages.11.3

    .
    3 in oratio obliqua after past tenses, representing ἐάν c. subj. or εἰ with a primary (never an historical) tense of the ind. in oratio recta, ἐλογίζοντο ὡς, εἰ μὴ μάχοιντο, ἀποστήσοιντο αἱ πόλεις (representing ἐὰν μὴ μαχώμεθα, ἀποστήσονται) X.HG6.4.6, cf. D.21.104, X.HG5.2.2; ἔλεγεν ὅτι, εἰ βλαβερὰ πεπραχὼς εἴη, δίκαιος εἴη ζημιοῦσθαι (representing εἰ βλαβερὰ πέπραχε, δίκαιός ἐστι) ib.32, cf. An.6.6.25; εἰ δέ τινα φεύγοντα λήψοιτο, προηγόρευεν ὅτι ὡς πολεμίψ χρήσοιτο (representing εἴ τινα λήψομαι, χρήσομαι) Id.Cyr.3.1.3; also, where oratio obliqua is implied in the leading clause, οὐκ ἦν τοῦ πολέμου πέρας Φιλίππῳ, εἰ μὴ Θηβαίους.. ἐχθροὺς ποιήσειε τῇ πόλει, i.e. Philip thought there would be no end to the war, unless he should make.. (his thought having been ἐὰν μὴ ποιήσω), D.18.145;

    ἐβούλοντο γὰρ σφίσιν, εἴ τινα λάβοιεν, ὑπάρχειν ἀντὶ τῶν ἔνδον, ἢν ἄρα τύχωσί τινες ἐζωγρημένοι Th.2.5

    .
    4 c. opt. with ἄν, only when the clause serves as apodosis as well as protasis, cf. Pl.Prt. 329b, D.4.18, X.Mem.1.5.3 (v.

    ἄν A. 111

    . d).
    IV c. INF., in oratio obliqua, only in Hdt.,

    εἰ γὰρ δὴ δεῖν πάντως περιθεῖναι ἄλλῳ τέῳ τὴν βασιληΐην, [ἔφη] δικαιότερον εἶναι κτλ. 1.129

    ;

    εἰ εἶναι τοῦτο μὴ φίλον 2.64

    , cf. 172, 3.105, 108.
    V after Verbs denoting wonder, delight, indignation, disappointment, contentment, and similar emotions, εἰ c. ind. is used instead of ὅτι, to express the object of the feeling in a hypothetical form, θαυμάζω εἰ μηδεὶς ὑμῶν μήτ' ἐνθυμεῖται μήτ' ὀργίζεται, ὁρῶν .. I wonder that no one of you is either concerned or angry when he sees.., D.4.43;

    οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ εἰ μὴ δίκην δέδωκεν, ἀλλ' εἰ μὴ καὶ χρυσῷ στεφάνῳ στεφανωθήσεται ἀγανακτεῖ Aeschin.3.147

    : after past tenses,

    ἐθαύμασε δ' εἰ μὴ φανερόν ἐστιν X.Mem.1.1.13

    ;

    δεινὸν εἰσῄει, εἰ μὴ.. δόξει D.19.33

    ;

    ἐθαύμαζον εἴ τι ἕξει τις χρήσασθαι τῷ λόγῳ Pl.Phd. 95a

    ;

    οὐδὲ ᾐσχύνθη εἰ.. ἐπάγει D.21.105

    : in oratio obliqua (expressed or implied) c. opt., ἐπεῖπεν ὡς δεινὸν (sc. εἴη)

    εἰ.. μεγαλόψυχος γένοιτο Aeschin.2.157

    ;

    ᾤκτιρον εἰ ἁλώσοιντο X.An.1.4.7

    ; ἐθαύμαζε δ' εἴ τις ἀρετὴν ἐπαγγελλόμενος ἀργύριον πράττοιτο he wondered that any one should demand money, Id.Mem.1.2.7; ἔχαιρον ἀγαπῶν εἴ τις ἐάσοι I rejoiced, being content if any one should let it pass, Pl.R. 450a:—in this use the neg. οὐ is also found,

    ἀγανακτῶ εἰ ὁ Φίλιππος ἁρπάζων οὐ λυπεῖ D.8.55

    ;

    δεινὸν ἂν εἴη εἰ οἱ ἐκείνων ξύμμαχοι οὐκ ἀπεροῦσιν Th.1.121

    ;

    τέρας λέγεις, εἰ οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο λαθεῖν Pl.Men. 91d

    , etc.
    VI in citing a fact as a ground of argument or appeal, as surely as, since, εἴ ποτ' ἔην γε if there was [as there was], i.e. as sure as there was such an one, Il.3.180, al.;

    εἰ τότε κοῦρος ἔα, νῦν αὖτέ με γῆρας ὀπάζει 4.321

    ; πολλοὺς γὰρ οἶκε εἶναι εὐπετέστερον διαβάλλειν ἢ ἕνα, εἰ Κλεομένεα μὲν μοῦνον οὐκ οἷός τε ἐγένετο διαβαλεῖν, τρεῖς δὲ μυριάδας Ἀθηναίων ἐποίησε τοῦτο it seems easier to deceive many than one, if (as was the fact, i.e. since) he was not able.., Hdt.5.97, cf. 1.60,al.
    VII ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS:
    1 with apodosis implied in the context, εἰ having the force of in case, supposing that, πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, εἰ ἐπιβοηθοῖεν, ἐχώρουν they marched towards the city [so as to meet the citizens], in case they should rush out, Th.6.100; ἱκέται πρὸς σὲ δεῦρ' ἀφίγμεθα, εἴ τινα πόλιν φράσειας ἡμῖν εὔερον we have come hither to you, in case you should tell us of some fleecy city (i.e. that we might hear of it), Ar.Av. 120; παρέζεο καὶ λαβὲ γούνων, αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι sit by him and grasp his knees [so as to persuade him], in case he be willing to help the Trojans, Il.1.408, cf. 66, Od.1.94, 3.92; ἄκουσον καὶ ἐμοῦ, ἐάν σοι ἔτι ταὐτὰ δοκῇ hear me also [that you may assent], in case the same opinion please you, Pl.R. 358b; ἰδὲ δή, ἐάν σοι ὅπερ ἐμοὶ συνδοκῇ look now, in case you approve what I do, ib. 434a.
    2 with apodosis suppressed for rhetorical reasons, εἴ περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλῃσιν Ὀλύμπιος.. στυφελίξαι if he wish to thrust him away, [he will do so], Il.1.580; εἰ μὲν δώσουσι γέρας—· εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι if they shall give me a prize, [well and good]; but if they give not, then I will take one for myself, 1.135, cf. 6.150, Ar.Pl. 468; καὶ ἢν μὲν ξυμβῇ ἡ πεῖρα—· εἰ δὲ μή .. and if the attempt succeed, [well]; otherwise.., Th.3.3, cf. Pl.Prt. 325d.
    3 with the Verb of the protasis omitted, chiefly in the following expressions:
    a εἰ μή except,

    οὐδὲν ἄλλο σιτέονται, εἰ μὴ ἰχθῦς μοῦνον Hdt. 1.200

    ; μὰ τὼ θεώ, εἰ μὴ Κρίτυλλά γ' [εἰμί]—nay, if I'm not Critylla! i.e. I am, Ar.Th. 898; εἰ μὴ ὅσον except only,

    ἐγὼ μέν μιν οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ ὅσον γραφῇ Hdt.2.73

    , cf. 1.45, 2.20;

    εἰ μὴ εἰ Th.1.17

    , Pl.Grg. 480b, etc.; εἰ μή τι οὖν, ἀλλὰ σμικρόν γέ μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς χάλασον if nothing else, yet.., Id.Men. 86e; ironical,

    εἰ μὴ ἄρα ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν X.Mem.1.2.8

    ;

    εἰ μή πέρ γε τὸν ὑοσκύαμον χρήματα εἶναι φήσομεν Id.Oec.1.13

    .
    b εἰ δὲ μή but if not, i.e. otherwise,

    προηγόρευε τοῖς Λαμψακηνοῖσι μετιέναι Μιλτιάδεα, εἰ δὲ μή, σφέας πίτυος τρόπον ἀπείλεε ἐκτρίψειν Hdt.6.37

    , cf. 56; after μάλιστα μέν, Th.1.32,35, etc.:—after a preceding neg., μὴ τύπτ'· εἰ δὲ μή, σαυτόν ποτ' αἰτιάσει don't beat me; otherwise, you will have yourself to blame, Ar.Nu. 1433;

    ὦ Κῦρε, μὴ οὕτω λέγε· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐ θαρροῦντά με ἕξεις X.Cyr.3.1.35

    ;

    οὔτ' ἐν τῷ ὕδατι τὰ ὅπλα ἦν ἔχειν· εἰ δὲ μή Id.An.4.3.6

    , cf. Th.1.28, 131, Pl.Phd. 91c.
    c εἰ δέ sts. stands for

    εἰ δὲ μή, εἰ μὲν βούλεται, ἑψέτω· εἰ δ', ὅτι βούλεται, τοῦτο ποιείτω Pl.Euthd. 285c

    , cf. Smp. 212c;

    εἰ δ' οὖν S.Ant. 722

    ;

    εἰ δ' οὕτως Arist.EN 1094a24

    ; εἰ δὲ τοῦτο and if so, Str.2.1.29.
    d εἰ γάρ for if so, Id.7.3.6.
    e εἴ τις if any, i. e. as much as or more than any,

    τῶν γε νῦν αἴ τις ἐπιχθονίων, ὀρθῶς B.5.5

    ;

    ὄτλον ἄλγιστον ἔσχον, εἴ τις Αἰτωλὶς γυνή S.Tr.8

    , cf. OC 734; εἴ τις ἄλλος, siquis alius, E.Andr.6, etc.;

    εἴ τινες καὶ ἄλλοι Hdt.3.2

    , etc.;

    εἴπερ τις ἄλλος Pl.R. 501d

    ; also κατ' εἰ δέ τινα τρόπον in any way, IG 5(2).6.27 ([place name] Tegea).
    f εἴ ποτε or εἴπερ ποτέ now if ever,

    ἡμῖν δὲ καλῶς, εἴπερ ποτέ, ἔχει.. ἡ ξυναλλαγή Th.4.20

    , cf. Ar.Eq. 594;

    αἴ ποτα κἄλλοτα Alc.Supp.7.11

    , cf. X.An.6.4.12, etc.; but in prayers,

    εἴ ποτέ τοι ἐπὶ νηὸν ἔρεψα.. τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ Il.1.39

    .
    g εἴ ποθεν (sc. δυνατόν ἐστι) if from any quarter, i.e. from some quarter or other, S.Ph. 1204 (lyr.); so εἴ ποθι somewhere, anywhere, Id.Aj. 885 (lyr.);

    εἴ που Od.4.193

    .
    h εἴ πως ib. 388, X.An.2.3.11: in an elliptical sentence (cf. VII. 1),

    πρέσβεις πέμψαντες, εἴ πως πείσειαν Th.1.58

    .
    VIII with other PARTICLES:
    2 for ὡς εἰ, ὡς εἴ τε, ὥσπερ εἰ, etc., v. ὡς and ὥσπερ.
    3 for εἰ ἄρα, v. ἄρα; for εἰ δή, εἴπερ, v. εἰ δή, εἴπερ; for εἴ γε, v. γέ.
    IX in neg. oaths, = Hebr. im, LXXPs.94(95).11, Ev.Marc.8.12, al.
    C IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS, whether, folld. by the ind., subj., or opt., according to the principles of oratio obliqua:
    1 with IND. after primary tenses, representing the same tense in the direct question, σάφα δ' οὐκ οἶδ' εἰ θεός ἐστιν whether he is a god, Il.5.183;

    εἰ ξυμπονήσεις.. σκόπει S.Ant.41

    .
    2 with SUBJ. after primary tenses, representing a dubitative subj. in the direct question, τὰ ἐκπώματα οὐκ οἶδ' εἰ Χρυσάντᾳ τουτῳῒ δῶ whether I should give them, X.Cyr.8.4.16: sts. elliptical,

    ἐς τὰ χρηστήρια ἔπεμπε, εἰ στρατεύηται ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας Hdt.1.75

    .
    3 OPT. after past tenses, representing either of the two previous constructions in the direct question, ἤρετο εἴ τις ἐμοῦ εἴη σοφώτερος he asked whether any one was wiser than I (direct ἔστι τις σοφώτερος;), Pl.Ap. 21a;

    ἐπεκηρυκεύετο Πεισιστράτῳ, εἰ βούλοιτό οἱ τὴν θυγατέρα ἔχειν γυναῖκα Hdt.1.60

    : rarely [tense] aor. opt. for the [tense] aor. ind., ἠρώτων αὐτὸν εἰ ἀναπλεύσειεν I asked him whether he had set sail (direct ἀνέπλευσας;), D.50.55: but [tense] aor. opt. usually represents [tense] aor. subj., τὸν θεὸν ἐπήροντο εἰ παραδοῖεν Κορινθίοις τὴν πόλιν.. καὶ τιμωρίαν τινὰ πειρῷντ' ἀπ' αὐτῶν ποιεῖσθαι they asked whether they should deliver their city to the Corinthians, and should try.., Th.1.25:—in both constructions the ind. or subj. may be retained, ψῆφον ἐβούλοντο ἐπαγαγεῖν εἰ χρὴ πολεμεῖν ib. 119; ἐβουλεύοντο εἴτε κατακαύσωσιν.. εἴτε τι ἄλλο χρήσωνται whether they should burn them or should dispose of them in some other way, Id.2.4; ἀνακοινοῦσθαι αὐτὸν αὑτῷ εἰ δῷ ἐπιψηφίσαι τοῖς προέδροις [he said that] he consulted him whether he should give.., Aeschin.2.68.
    4 with OPT. and ἄν when this was the form of the direct question, ἠρώτων εἰ δοῖεν ἂν τούτων τὰ πιστά they asked whether they would give (direct δοιήτε ἄν;), X.An.4.8.7.
    5 the NEG. used with εἰ in indirect questions is οὐ, when οὐ would be used in the direct question, ἐνετέλλετο.. εἰρωτᾶν εἰ οὔ τι ἐπαισχύνεται whether he is not ashamed, Hdt.1.90, etc.; but if μή would be required in the direct form, it is retained in the indirect, οὐ τοῦτο ἐρωτῶ, ἀλλ' εἰ τοῦ μὲν δικαίου μὴ ἀξιοῖ πλέον ἔχειν μηδὲ βούλεται ὁ δίκαιος, τοῦ δὲ ἀδίκου (the direct question would be μὴ ἀξιοῖ μηδὲ βούλεται; he does not see fit nor wish, does he?) Pl.R. 349b:—in double indirect questions, εἴτε.. εἴτε.. ; εἰ.. εἴτε.. ; εἴτε.. ἢ .., either οὐ or μή can be used in the second clause,

    ὅπως ἴδῃς εἴτ' ἔνδον εἴτ' οὐκ ἔνδον S.Aj.7

    ;

    σκοπῶμεν εἰ ἡμῖν πρέπει ἢ οὔ Pl.R. 451d

    ; εἰ ἀληθὲς ἢ μή, πειράσομαι μαθεῖν ib. 339a;

    πολλὰ ἂν περιεσκέψω, εἴτε ἐπιτρεπτέον εἴτε οὔ·.. οὐδένα λόγον οὐδὲ συμβουλὴν ποιῇ, εἴτε χρὴ ἐπιτρέπειν σαυτὸν αὐτῷ εἴτε μή Id.Prt. 313a

    , 313b;

    ἀνάγκη τὴν ἐμὴν μητέρα, εἴτε θυγάτηρ ἦν Κίρωνος εἴτε μή, καὶ εἰ παρ' ἐκείνῳ διῃτᾶτο ἢ οὔ, καὶ γάμους εἰ διττοὺς ὑπὲρ ταύτης εἱστίασεν ἢ μὴ.. πάντα ταῦτα εἰδέναι τοὺς οἰκέτας Is.8.9

    ; τοὺς νόμους καταμανθάνειν εἰ καλῶς κεῖνται ἢ μή.. τοὺς λόγους εἰ ὀρθῶς ὑμᾶς διδάσκουσιν ἢ οὔ Antipho 5.14.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > εἰ

  • 124 keep

    ki:p
    1. past tense, past participle - kept; verb
    1) (to have for a very long or indefinite period of time: He gave me the picture to keep.) guardar
    2) (not to give or throw away; to preserve: I kept the most interesting books; Can you keep a secret?) guardar
    3) (to (cause to) remain in a certain state or position: I keep this gun loaded; How do you keep cool in this heat?; Will you keep me informed of what happens?) mantener, conservar
    4) (to go on (performing or repeating a certain action): He kept walking.) continuar, seguir
    5) (to have in store: I always keep a tin of baked beans for emergencies.) guardar
    6) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) tener; cuidar (un jardín); criar, dedicarse a criar (animales)
    7) (to remain in good condition: That meat won't keep in this heat unless you put it in the fridge.) conservar
    8) (to make entries in (a diary, accounts etc): She keeps a diary to remind her of her appointments; He kept the accounts for the club.) tener; llevar (al día)
    9) (to hold back or delay: Sorry to keep you.) retener, entretener
    10) (to provide food, clothes, housing for (someone): He has a wife and child to keep.) mantener
    11) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) cumplir
    12) (to celebrate: to keep Christmas.) celebrar

    2. noun
    (food and lodging: She gives her mother money every week for her keep; Our cat really earns her keep - she kills all the mice in the house.) sustento
    - keeping
    - keep-fit
    - keepsake
    - for keeps
    - in keeping with
    - keep away
    - keep back
    - keep one's distance
    - keep down
    - keep one's end up
    - keep from
    - keep going
    - keep hold of
    - keep house for
    - keep house
    - keep in
    - keep in mind
    - keep it up
    - keep off
    - keep on
    - keep oneself to oneself
    - keep out
    - keep out of
    - keep time
    - keep to
    - keep something to oneself
    - keep to oneself
    - keep up
    - keep up with the Joneses
    - keep watch
    keep1 n manutención
    I earn my keep by looking after the house a cambio de comida y cobijo, vigilo la casa
    keep2 vb
    1. quedarse / guardar
    I'm only lending it to you, you can't keep it sólo te lo dejo prestado, no te lo puedes quedar
    2. guardar / tener
    3. entretener / retener
    4. quedarse / permanecer
    keep quiet! ¡cállate!
    5. mantener
    6. seguir / continuar
    7. conservarse / durar
    don't stop, keep talking no pares, sigue hablando
    tr[kiːp]
    1 (board) sustento, mantenimiento
    2 (of castle) torreón nombre masculino, torre nombre femenino del homenaje
    transitive verb (pt & pp kept tr[kept])
    2 (not give back) quedarse con
    3 (have) tener; (carry) llevar
    4 (look after, save) guardar
    ■ can you keep me a loaf of bread for Friday? ¿me guarda una barra de pan para el viernes?
    5 (put away, store) guardar
    ■ where do you keep the glasses? ¿dónde guardas los vasos?
    6 (reserve) reservar
    7 (detain) retener, hacer esperar; (hold up) entretener
    ■ what kept you? ¿cómo es que llegas tan tarde?
    8 (shop, hotel etc) tener, llevar
    9 (have in stock) tener, vender
    ■ I'm afraid we don't keep cigars lo siento, pero no vendemos puros
    10 (support) mantener
    11 (animals) tener
    ■ our eggs are really fresh, we keep our own hens nuestros huevos son fresquísimos, tenemos gallinas
    12 (promise) cumplir
    13 (secret) guardar
    ■ can you keep a secret? ¿sabes guardar un secreto?
    14 (appointment) acudir a, no faltar a
    ■ please 'phone if you are unable to keep your appointment por favor, llame si no puede acudir a la visita
    15 (order) mantener
    16 (tradition) observar
    17 (with adj, verb, etc) mantener
    1 (do repeatedly) no dejar de; (do continuously) seguir, continuar
    ■ don't keep interrupting me! ¡deja de interrumpirme!
    2 (stay fresh) conservarse
    ■ I've got some news for you, but it'll keep till tomorrow tengo algo que decirte, pero puede esperar hasta mañana
    3 (continue in direction) continuar, seguir
    ■ keep left/right circula por la izquierda/derecha
    4 (with adj, verb etc) quedarse, permanecer
    ■ keep still! ¡estáte quieto!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    for keeps para siempre
    how are you keeping? ¿cómo estás?
    keep it up! ¡ánimo!
    keep the change quédese con la vuelta
    to keep going seguir (adelante)
    to keep one's head no perder la cabeza
    to keep quiet callarse, no hacer ruido
    to keep somebody company hacerle compañía a alguien
    to keep somebody from doing something impedir que alguien haga algo
    to keep something from somebody ocultar algo a alguien
    to keep something clean conservar algo limpio,-a
    to keep something to oneself no decir algo, guardar algo para sí
    you can't keep a good man down los buenos siempre salen adelante
    keep ['ki:p] v, kept ['kpt] ; keeping vt
    1) : cumplir (la palabra a uno), acudir a (una cita)
    2) observe: observar (una fiesta)
    3) guard: guardar, cuidar
    4) continue: mantener
    to keep silence: mantener silencio
    5) support: mantener (una familia)
    6) raise: criar (animales)
    7) : llevar, escribir (un diario, etc.)
    8) retain: guardar, conservar, quedarse con
    9) store: guardar
    10) detain: hacer quedar, detener
    11) preserve: guardar
    to keep a secret: guardar un secreto
    keep vi
    1) : conservarse (dícese de los alimentos)
    2) continue: seguir, no dejar
    he keeps on pestering us: no deja de molestarnos
    3)
    to keep from : abstenerse de
    I couldn't keep from laughing: no podía contener la risa
    keep n
    1) tower: torreón m (de un castillo), torre f del homenaje
    2) sustenance: manutención f, sustento m
    3)
    for keeps : para siempre
    n.
    • torre del homenaje (Arquitectura) s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: kept) = conservar v.
    • cuidar v.
    • custodiar v.
    • detener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    • guardar v.
    • guarecer v.
    • mantener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    • permanecer v.
    • preservar v.
    • sostener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    kiːp
    I
    1) ( living) sustento m, manutención f

    for keeps: if they win the cup again, it's theirs for keeps — si vuelven a ganar la copa, se la quedan para siempre

    2) (in castle, fortress) torre f del homenaje

    II
    1.
    (past & past p kept) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( not throw away) \<\<receipt/ticket\>\> guardar, conservar; ( not give back) quedarse con; ( not lose) conservar

    you can keep your lousy job! — (colloq) se puede guardar su porquería de trabajo!

    b) (look after, reserve)
    2) ( store) guardar

    where do you keep the coffee? — ¿dónde guardas or tienes el café?

    3) ( reserve for future use) guardar, dejar
    4)
    a) ( raise) \<\<pigs/bees\>\> criar*
    b) (manage, run) \<\<stall/guesthouse\>\> tener*
    5)
    a) ( support) mantener*
    b) ( maintain)

    she keeps a diary — escribe or lleva un diario

    I've kept a note o record of everything — he tomado nota de todo, lo tengo todo anotado

    6)
    a) (cause to remain, continue) mantener*

    to keep somebody/something + -ing: to keep somebody guessing tener* a algn en ascuas; he kept the engine running — mantuvo el motor en marcha

    b) ( detain)

    what kept you? — ¿por qué tardaste?, ¿qué te retuvo?

    they kept her in hospital — la dejaron ingresada or (CS, Méx tb) internada

    7) (adhere to, fulfil) \<\<promise/vow\>\> cumplir
    8) (observe, celebrate) celebrar; ( Relig) guardar

    2.
    keep vi
    1) ( remain) mantenerse*

    to keep fit — mantenerse* en forma

    to keep awake — mantenerse* despierto, no dormirse*

    can't you keep quiet? — ¿no te puedes estar callado?

    keep still! — estáte quieto! or quédate quieto!

    2)
    a) ( continue) seguir*

    keep left/right — siga por la izquierda/derecha

    to keep -ing — seguir* + ger

    he keeps interfering — está continuamente entrometiéndose, no deja de entrometerse

    I keep forgetting to bring it — nunca me acuerdo or siempre me olvido de traerlo

    3)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservarse (fresco)
    b) \<\<news/matter\>\> esperar

    I have something to tell you - will it keep till later? — tengo algo que decirte - ¿puede esperar a más tarde?

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal estás? (fam)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [kiːp] (vb: pt, pp kept)
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    When keep is part of a set combination, eg to keep an appointment. to keep a promise, to keep one's seat, look up the noun.
    1) (=retain) [+ change, copy] quedarse con; [+ receipt] guardar; [+ business, customer, colour] conservar

    is this jacket worth keeping? — ¿merece la pena guardar esta chaqueta?

    he is to keep his job in spite of the incident — va a mantener or conservar el trabajo a pesar del incidente

    this material will keep its colour/softness — este material conservará su color/suavidad

    • to keep sth for o.s. — quedarse con algo

    2) (=save, put aside) guardar, reservar

    I'm keeping this wine in case we have visitors — voy a guardar or reservar este vino por si tenemos visitas

    • I was keeping it for you — lo guardaba para ti

    3) (=have ready)
    4) (=store, put) (gen) guardar; (in museum) conservar

    where do you keep the sugar? — ¿dónde guardas el azúcar?

    5) (=house)
    6) (=detain) tener

    he was kept in hospital over night — lo tuvieron una noche en el hospital, le hicieron pasar la noche en el hospital

    7) (=delay) entretener

    • I mustn't keep you — no quiero entretenerte

    what kept you? — ¿por qué te has retrasado?

    8) (=have) [+ shop, hotel, house, servant] tener; [+ pigs, bees, chickens] criar
    9) (=stock) tener
    10) (=support) [+ family, mistress] mantener

    to keep o.s. — mantenerse

    • the extra money keeps me in beer and cigarettes — el dinero extra me da para (comprar) cerveza y cigarrillos

    11) (=fulfil, observe) [+ promise, agreement, obligation] cumplir; [+ law, rule] observar; [+ appointment] acudir a, ir a; [+ feast day] observar
    12) (=not divulge)

    • to keep sth from sb — ocultar algo a algn

    • keep it to yourself * — no se lo digas a nadie

    but he kept the news to himself — pero se guardó la noticia, pero no comunicó la noticia a nadie

    13) (=maintain)
    a) [+ accounts] llevar; [+ diary] escribir
    b) with adjective mantener; (less formal) tener

    • to keep sth clean — conservar or mantener algo limpio; (less formal) tener algo limpio

    to keep o.s. clean — no ensuciarse, mantenerse limpio

    • keep the sauce hot — (in recipe book) mantener la salsa caliente

    • to keep inflation as low as possible — mantener la inflación tan baja como sea posible

    • to keep sth safe — guardar algo bien, guardar algo en un lugar seguro

    • try to keep your head still — intenta no mover la cabeza

    • to keep sth warm — mantener algo caliente

    • the garden is well kept — el jardín está muy bien cuidado

    fixed 1., 3), happy 1., 3), post I, 2., 4)
    c) + -ing

    keep him talking while I... — entretenlo hablando mientras yo...

    go 1., 24)
    14) (=hold)

    • to keep sb at it — obligar a algn a seguir trabajando

    • I'll keep you to your promise — haré que cumplas tu promesa

    counsel 1., 1)
    15) (=prevent)

    • to keep sb from doing sth — impedir que algn haga algo

    what can we do to keep it from happening again — ¿qué podemos hacer para evitar que se repita?

    to keep o.s. from doing sth — contener las ganas de hacer algo, aguantarse de hacer algo *

    16) (=guard, protect) † guardar

    God keep you! — ¡Dios te guarde!

    17)

    to keep o.s. to o.s. — guardar las distancias

    2. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=remain)

    • try to keep calm — intenta mantener la calma

    • to keep fit — mantenerse en forma

    • it will keep fresh for weeks — se conservará fresco durante semanas

    • to keep healthy — mantenerse sano

    • keep very quiet — no hagas nada de ruido

    • you must keep still — tienes que estarte or quedarte muy quieto

    • to keep together — no separarse

    • he was jumping up and down to keep warm — estaba dando saltos para mantener el calor

    b) with preposition/adverb
    2)

    to keep doing sth —

    a) (=continue) seguir haciendo algo

    keep smiling! * — ¡no te desanimes!

    keep going! — ¡no pares!

    b) (=do repeatedly) no hacer más que hacer algo
    3) (in directions) (=continue) seguir

    keep due north until you come to... — siga en dirección norte hasta que llegue a...

    4) (=not go off) [food] conservarse fresco, conservarse bien
    5) * (=wait) esperar

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal (estás)? (Sp) *, ¿como or qué tal te va? *, ¿cómo sigues? (LAm) *, ¿qué hubo? (Mex, Chile) *

    she's keeping better — está mejor, se encuentra mejor

    7) (=avoid)

    • to keep from doing sth — evitar hacer algo; (=abstain from) abstenerse de hacer algo

    3. NOUN
    1) (=livelihood, food)

    I got £30 a week and my keep — me daban 30 libras a la semana y comida y cama

    I pay £50 a week for my keep — la pensión me cuesta 50 libras a la semana

    to earn one's keep — ganarse el sustento; (fig) justificar el gasto

    2) (Archit) torreón m, torre f del homenaje
    3) (=permanently)
    * * *
    [kiːp]
    I
    1) ( living) sustento m, manutención f

    for keeps: if they win the cup again, it's theirs for keeps — si vuelven a ganar la copa, se la quedan para siempre

    2) (in castle, fortress) torre f del homenaje

    II
    1.
    (past & past p kept) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( not throw away) \<\<receipt/ticket\>\> guardar, conservar; ( not give back) quedarse con; ( not lose) conservar

    you can keep your lousy job! — (colloq) se puede guardar su porquería de trabajo!

    b) (look after, reserve)
    2) ( store) guardar

    where do you keep the coffee? — ¿dónde guardas or tienes el café?

    3) ( reserve for future use) guardar, dejar
    4)
    a) ( raise) \<\<pigs/bees\>\> criar*
    b) (manage, run) \<\<stall/guesthouse\>\> tener*
    5)
    a) ( support) mantener*
    b) ( maintain)

    she keeps a diary — escribe or lleva un diario

    I've kept a note o record of everything — he tomado nota de todo, lo tengo todo anotado

    6)
    a) (cause to remain, continue) mantener*

    to keep somebody/something + -ing: to keep somebody guessing tener* a algn en ascuas; he kept the engine running — mantuvo el motor en marcha

    b) ( detain)

    what kept you? — ¿por qué tardaste?, ¿qué te retuvo?

    they kept her in hospital — la dejaron ingresada or (CS, Méx tb) internada

    7) (adhere to, fulfil) \<\<promise/vow\>\> cumplir
    8) (observe, celebrate) celebrar; ( Relig) guardar

    2.
    keep vi
    1) ( remain) mantenerse*

    to keep fit — mantenerse* en forma

    to keep awake — mantenerse* despierto, no dormirse*

    can't you keep quiet? — ¿no te puedes estar callado?

    keep still! — estáte quieto! or quédate quieto!

    2)
    a) ( continue) seguir*

    keep left/right — siga por la izquierda/derecha

    to keep -ing — seguir* + ger

    he keeps interfering — está continuamente entrometiéndose, no deja de entrometerse

    I keep forgetting to bring it — nunca me acuerdo or siempre me olvido de traerlo

    3)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservarse (fresco)
    b) \<\<news/matter\>\> esperar

    I have something to tell you - will it keep till later? — tengo algo que decirte - ¿puede esperar a más tarde?

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal estás? (fam)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > keep

  • 125 pay

    pei
    1. past tense, past participle - paid; verb
    1) (to give (money) to (someone) in exchange for goods, services etc: He paid $5 for the book.) pagar, retribuir, remunerar (trabajo)
    2) (to return (money that is owed): It's time you paid your debts.) pagar, saldar (deuda)
    3) (to suffer punishment (for): You'll pay for that remark!) pagar
    4) (to be useful or profitable (to): Crime doesn't pay.) compensar, valer la pena, convenir
    5) (to give (attention, homage, respect etc): Pay attention!; to pay one's respects.) prestar (atención), rendir (homenaje), conceder, ofrecer

    2. noun
    (money given or received for work etc; wages: How much pay do you get?) salario, sueldo, paga, remuneración
    - payee
    - payment
    - pay-packet
    - pay-roll
    - pay back
    - pay off
    - pay up
    - put paid to
    pay1 n paga / sueldo
    pay2 vb pagar
    tr[peɪ]
    1 (wages) paga, sueldo, salario
    transitive verb (pt & pp paid tr[peɪd])
    1 (gen) pagar; (bill, debt) pagar, saldar
    ■ how much did you pay for that dress? ¿cuánto te costó ese vestido?, ¿cuánto pagaste por ese vestido?
    2 (make, give - attention) prestar; (homage, tribute) rendir; (respects) presentar, ofrecer; (compliment, visit, call) hacer
    3 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (make, give - interest, dividends) dar
    4 (be worthwhile) compensar, convenir
    1 (gen) pagar
    ■ he'll pay for this! ¡me las pagará!
    3 (be profitable - business etc) ser rentable, ser factible
    4 (be worthwhile) compensar, convenir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    pay per view pagar por ver, pago por visión
    to be in somebody's pay ser empleado,-a de alguien, estar a sueldo de alguien
    to get paid cobrar
    ■ how much do you get paid? ¿cuánto cobras?
    to pay in advance pagar por adelantado
    to pay cash / pay in cash pagar al contado, pagar en efectivo
    to pay by cheque pagar con talón, pagar con cheque
    to pay in instalments pagar a plazos
    to pay one's way pagar su parte
    to pay through the nose pagar un dineral
    there will be hell to pay se va a armar la gorda
    overtime pay dinero de horas extras
    pay cheque sueldo, cheque nombre masculino del sueldo
    pay claim reivindicación nombre femenino salarial
    pay packet sobre nombre masculino de la paga
    pay phone teléfono público
    pay rise aumento de sueldo
    pay slip nómina, hoja de salario
    pay ['peɪ] v, paid ['peɪd] ; paying vt
    1) : pagar (una cuenta, a un empleado, etc.)
    2)
    to pay attention : poner atención, prestar atención, hacer caso
    3)
    to pay back : pagar, devolver
    she paid them back: les devolvió el dinero
    4)
    to pay off settle: saldar, cancelar (una deuda, etc.)
    5)
    to pay one's respects : presentar uno sus respetos
    6)
    to pay a visit : hacer una visita
    pay vi
    : valer la pena
    crime doesn't pay: no hay crimen sin castigo
    pay n
    : paga f
    n.
    • gajes s.m.pl.
    • paga s.f.
    • soldada s.f.
    • sueldo s.m.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: paid) = abonar v.
    • contribuir v.
    • ofrecer v.
    • pagar v.
    • prestar v.
    • rendir v.
    • retribuir v.
    • tributar v.

    I
    1. peɪ
    (past & past p paid) transitive verb
    1)
    a) \<\<tax/rent\>\> pagar*; \<\<amount/fees\>\> pagar*, abonar (frml); \<\<bill\>\> pagar*, saldar; \<\<debt\>\> pagar*, saldar, cancelar

    this account pays 8% interest — esta cuenta da or produce un interés del 8%

    to pay something FOR something/to + inf: how much did you pay for the painting? ¿cuánto te costó el cuadro?, ¿cuánto pagaste por el cuadro?; I paid a fortune to have it cleaned me costó un dineral hacerlo limpiar, me cobraron un dineral por limpiarlo; they pay my salary directly into the bank — me depositan or (esp Esp) me ingresan el sueldo directamente en el banco

    b) \<\<employee/creditoradesperson\>\> pagarle* a

    to pay somebody FOR something — pagarle* algo a algn

    I paid him £20 for the table — le di 20 libras por la mesa

    to pay one's way: I've always paid my own way — siempre he pagado lo que me correspondía

    2) \<\<respects\>\> presentar; \<\<attention\>\> prestar

    to pay somebody a visit o call — hacerle* una visita a algn; compliment I a), heed I, homage etc


    2.
    pay vi
    1) ( with money) pagar*

    to pay FOR something — pagar* algo

    to pay FOR somebody (to + INF): I'll pay for Matthew yo pago lo de Matthew; I'll pay for you to go to Paris yo te pago el viaje a París; teaching doesn't pay very well — la enseñanza no está muy bien pagada or remunerada

    2) ( suffer)

    to pay FOR something — pagar* algo

    there'll be hell o the devil to pay — se va a armar la de San Quintín

    3) paying pres p

    3.
    pay v impers convenir*
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    mass noun ( of manual worker) paga f, salario m (frml); ( of employee) sueldo m

    equal pay — igualdad f salarial

    to be in somebody's pay — estar* a sueldo de alguien; (before n)

    pay envelope o (BrE) packet — sobre m de la paga

    pay increase — aumento m or (frml) incremento m salarial

    [peɪ] (vb: pt, pp paid)
    1.
    N (=wages) [of professional person] sueldo m ; [of worker] salario m, sueldo m ; [of day labourer] jornal m ; (=payment) paga f

    to draw or get one's pay — cobrar

    agents in the enemy's pay — agentes mpl al servicio del enemigo

    2. VT
    1) [+ bill, duty, fee] pagar; [+ account] liquidar; [+ debt] saldar, liquidar; [+ employee, worker] pagar a

    to pay sb £10 — pagar 10 libras a algn

    how much is there to pay? — ¿cuánto hay que pagar?

    • to pay sth on account — pagar algo a cuenta

    • a badly paid worker — un obrero mal pagado

    • to pay cash (down) — pagar al contado

    • I paid £5 for that record — pagué 5 libras por ese disco

    how much did you pay for it? — ¿cuánto pagaste por él?, ¿cuánto te costó?

    • to be or get paid on Fridays — cobrar los viernes

    when do you get paid? — ¿cuándo cobras?

    • does your current account pay interest? — ¿le rinde intereses su cuenta corriente?

    • to pay money into an account — ingresar dinero en una cuenta

    • to pay one's way — pagarse los gastos

    paid
    2) (=be profitable to)

    it wouldn't pay him to do it — (lit) no le compensaría hacerlo; (fig) no le valdría la pena hacerlo

    3) [+ attention] prestar (to a); [+ homage] rendir (to a); [+ respects] ofrecer, presentar

    to pay sb a visit or call, to pay a visit to or a call on sb — ir a ver a algn

    heed, penalty 1., 1), respect 1., 1)
    3. VI

    don't worry, I'll pay — no te preocupes, lo pago yo

    • to pay in advance — pagar por adelantado

    • can I pay by cheque? — ¿puedo pagar con cheque?

    • to pay for sth — pagar algo

    • to pay in full — pagarlo todo, pagar la cantidad íntegra

    • to pay in instalments — pagar a plazos

    2) [job]

    his job pays well — tiene un buen sueldo, el trabajo le paga bien

    3) (=be profitable) [business] rendir, ser rentable

    it pays to be courteous/tell the truth — vale la pena ser cortés/decir la verdad

    crime
    4) (fig) (=suffer) pagar

    you'll pay for this! — ¡me las pagarás!

    4.
    CPD

    pay as you earn — (Brit) retención f fiscal (hecha por la empresa)

    pay award N — adjudicación f de aumento de salarios

    pay bargaining N — negociación f salarial

    pay bed N — cama f de pago

    pay cheque N — cheque m de la paga; (=salary) sueldo m

    pay claim N — reivindicación f salarial

    pay cut N — reducción f salarial

    pay deal N — acuerdo m salarial

    pay desk N — caja f

    pay dirt N — (US) grava f provechosa

    - hit or strike pay dirt

    pay dispute N — conflicto m salarial

    pay envelope N — (US) sobre m de la paga

    pay increase N — incremento m salarial

    pay negotiations NPL — negociaciones fpl salariales

    pay offer N — propuesta f de aumento (de sueldo)

    pay office N — caja f, pagaduría f

    pay packet N — (Brit) sobre m de la paga

    pay pause † N — congelación f de sueldos y salarios

    pay phone N — (Brit) teléfono m público

    pay policy N — política f salarial

    pay raise N (US), pay rise N — incremento m salarial

    pay round N — serie f de negociaciones salariales

    pay scale N — escala f salarial

    pay slip N — nómina f, hoja f salarial or de sueldo

    pay station N — (US) teléfono m público; (for parking) parquímetro m

    pay structure N — estructura f salarial

    pay talks NPL — = pay negotiations

    pay television N — televisión f de pago

    * * *

    I
    1. [peɪ]
    (past & past p paid) transitive verb
    1)
    a) \<\<tax/rent\>\> pagar*; \<\<amount/fees\>\> pagar*, abonar (frml); \<\<bill\>\> pagar*, saldar; \<\<debt\>\> pagar*, saldar, cancelar

    this account pays 8% interest — esta cuenta da or produce un interés del 8%

    to pay something FOR something/to + inf: how much did you pay for the painting? ¿cuánto te costó el cuadro?, ¿cuánto pagaste por el cuadro?; I paid a fortune to have it cleaned me costó un dineral hacerlo limpiar, me cobraron un dineral por limpiarlo; they pay my salary directly into the bank — me depositan or (esp Esp) me ingresan el sueldo directamente en el banco

    b) \<\<employee/creditor/tradesperson\>\> pagarle* a

    to pay somebody FOR something — pagarle* algo a algn

    I paid him £20 for the table — le di 20 libras por la mesa

    to pay one's way: I've always paid my own way — siempre he pagado lo que me correspondía

    2) \<\<respects\>\> presentar; \<\<attention\>\> prestar

    to pay somebody a visit o call — hacerle* una visita a algn; compliment I a), heed I, homage etc


    2.
    pay vi
    1) ( with money) pagar*

    to pay FOR something — pagar* algo

    to pay FOR somebody (to + INF): I'll pay for Matthew yo pago lo de Matthew; I'll pay for you to go to Paris yo te pago el viaje a París; teaching doesn't pay very well — la enseñanza no está muy bien pagada or remunerada

    2) ( suffer)

    to pay FOR something — pagar* algo

    there'll be hell o the devil to pay — se va a armar la de San Quintín

    3) paying pres p

    3.
    pay v impers convenir*
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    mass noun ( of manual worker) paga f, salario m (frml); ( of employee) sueldo m

    equal pay — igualdad f salarial

    to be in somebody's pay — estar* a sueldo de alguien; (before n)

    pay envelope o (BrE) packet — sobre m de la paga

    pay increase — aumento m or (frml) incremento m salarial

    English-spanish dictionary > pay

  • 126 sell

    sel
    past tense, past participle - sold; verb
    1) (to give something in exchange for money: He sold her a car; I've got some books to sell.) vender
    2) (to have for sale: The farmer sells milk and eggs.) vender
    3) (to be sold: His book sold well.) venderse
    4) (to cause to be sold: Packaging sells a product.) hacer vender
    •
    - be sold on
    - be sold out
    - sell down the river
    - sell off
    - sell out
    - sell up
    sell vb vender
    do you sell stamps? ¿vendéis sellos?
    tr[sel]
    transitive verb (pt & pp sold tr[səʊld])
    1 (gen) vender
    ■ sorry, we don't sell stamps lo siento, pero no vendemos sellos
    2 familiar (convince) convencer de
    1 (product) venderse
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (deception) estafa, engaño
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be sold on something estar entusiasmado,-a por algo
    to be sold out estar agotado,-a
    ■ 'Sold out' "Agotadas las existencias"
    to sell like hot cakes venderse como rosquillas
    to sell oneself venderse
    to sell one's body vender el cuerpo
    to sell one's soul to the devil venderle el alma al diablo
    to sell somebody a pup venderle a alguien una moto
    to sell somebody down the river traicionar a alguien
    to sell somebody short (cheat) timar a alguien 2 (underestimate) subestimar a alguien, no reconocer el valor de alguien
    sell ['sɛl] v, sold ['so:ld] ; selling vt
    : vender
    sell vi
    : venderse
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: sold) = vender v.
    sel
    1.
    (past & past p sold) transitive verb
    1)
    a) \<\<goods/house/shares/player/insurance\>\> vender

    sell by 11.4.96 — fecha límite de venta: 11-4-96

    to sell something TO somebody, to sell somebody something — venderle algo a alguien

    to sell something AT something: they are selling it at half price lo están vendiendo a mitad de precio; to sell something at a loss vender algo perdiendo dinero; to sell somebody short: he's been sold short ( unfairly treated) no lo han tratado como merece; ( ripped off) lo han timado; don't sell yourself short — tienes que hacerte valer, no te subestimes

    2) (colloq) ( make acceptable)

    to sell something TO somebody, to sell somebody something — convencer* a alguien de algo

    to be sold on something: he's completely sold on the idea — está convencido de que es una magnífica idea; river


    2.
    vi
    a) \<\<person/company\>\> vender
    b) ( be sold) \<\<product\>\> venderse

    to sell AT/FOR something — venderse a/por algo

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [sel] (pt, pp sold)
    1.

    do you sell flowers? — ¿vende flores?

    you've been sold * — (fig) te han dado gato por liebre

    • to sell sth for £1 — vender algo por una libra

    • he doesn't sell himself very well — no es capaz de causar buena impresión, no convence mucho

    • to sell sb an idea — (fig) convencer a algn de una idea

    • to be sold on sth/sb * — estar cautivado por algo/algn

    I'm not exactly sold on the idea — no me entusiasma la idea, para mí la idea deja mucho que desear

    • to sell sb into slavery — vender a algn como esclavo

    - sell sb down the river
    2. VI
    1) [merchandise] venderse

    the idea didn't sell — (fig) la idea no convenció

    2) (=person)
    3.
    N
    (Comm) see hard 3.; see soft 2.
    * * *
    [sel]
    1.
    (past & past p sold) transitive verb
    1)
    a) \<\<goods/house/shares/player/insurance\>\> vender

    sell by 11.4.96 — fecha límite de venta: 11-4-96

    to sell something TO somebody, to sell somebody something — venderle algo a alguien

    to sell something AT something: they are selling it at half price lo están vendiendo a mitad de precio; to sell something at a loss vender algo perdiendo dinero; to sell somebody short: he's been sold short ( unfairly treated) no lo han tratado como merece; ( ripped off) lo han timado; don't sell yourself short — tienes que hacerte valer, no te subestimes

    2) (colloq) ( make acceptable)

    to sell something TO somebody, to sell somebody something — convencer* a alguien de algo

    to be sold on something: he's completely sold on the idea — está convencido de que es una magnífica idea; river


    2.
    vi
    a) \<\<person/company\>\> vender
    b) ( be sold) \<\<product\>\> venderse

    to sell AT/FOR something — venderse a/por algo

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > sell

  • 127 daran

    Adv.
    1. räumlich: stellen, lehnen etc.: against that oder it; sich setzen etc.: at that oder it; hängen etc.: on that oder it; befestigen etc.: to that oder it; daran fassen / riechen / schlagen touch / smell / hit it; halt dich daran fest hold on to it tight(ly); daran herumfummeln umg. fiddle about with s.th.; komm nicht daran! don’t touch it!, keep away from it!
    2. fig.: daran glauben believe in it; das ändert nichts daran that doesn’t change anything (about it); im Anschluss daran following that, after that; daran schloss sich eine Rede (an) that was followed by a speech; erinnere mich bitte daran, dass... please remind me that...; ist etwas falsch daran? is something wrong with that ( oder it)?; was ist schon daran? what harm is there in that ( oder it)?; daran kann man sehen, wie etc. that goes to show how etc.; du tätest gut daran zu (+ Inf.) you would do well ( oder be well-advised) to (+ Inf.) das Beste / Schlimmste etc. daran the best / worst thing about it etc.;vgl. auch die mit daran verbundenen Adjektive, Substantive und Verben
    3. (daneben) next to it; nahe oder dicht daran nearby; zu nahe daran too close (to it); daran vorbei past it; nahe daran sein zu (+ Inf.) fig. be on the point of (+ Ger.), come close to (+ Ger.), be just about to (+ Inf.) ich war nahe daran, ihn zu schlagen I nearly hit him, I was on the verge of hitting him
    4. Ursache: daran leiden suffer from it; daran sterben die of it; daran ersticken choke on it; daran scheitern, dass... fail because of...; das liegt daran, dass... that’s because (of)..., that’s due to the fact that...
    5. umg. dran
    * * *
    at it; to it; thereby
    * * *
    da|rạn [da'ran] (emph) ['daːran]
    adv
    1) (räumlich = an dieser Stelle, diesem Ort, Gegenstand) on it/that; schieben, lehnen, stellen against it/that; legen next to it/that; kleben, befestigen, machen, gehen to it/that; sich setzen at it/that

    nahe or dicht daran — right up against it, up close against it

    nahe daran sein (fig) — to be on the point of it, to be just about to

    nahe daran sein, etw zu tun — to be on the point of doing sth, to be just about to do sth

    er hat dicht daran vorbeigeschossen — his shot just missed it

    daran kommen or fassen/riechen/schlagen — to touch/smell/hit it/that

    er hielt seine Hand daran —

    2)

    (zeitlich = danach anschließend) im Anschluss daran, daran anschließend — following that/this

    im Anschluss daran findet eine Diskussion statt — it/this/that will be followed by a discussion

    erst fand ein Vortrag statt, daran schloss sich eine Diskussion — first there was a lecture which was followed by a discussion or and after that a discussion

    3) (inf)

    er ist schlecht daran (gesundheitlich, finanziell) — he's in a bad way (inf)

    er ist gut daran (gesundheitlich, finanziell) — he's OK (inf)

    ich weiß nie, wie ich (bei ihm) daran bin — I never know where I am with him

    4) (in Verbindung mit n, adj, vb siehe auch dort) arbeiten on it/that; sterben, erinnern, Bedarf, Mangel of it/that; interessieren, sich beteiligen, arm, reich in it/that; sich klammern to it/that

    daran sticken/bauen — to embroider/build it/that

    was macht der Aufsatz? – ich bin zurzeit daran — how's the essay doing? – I'm (working) on it now

    er war daran interessiert — he was interested in it

    er war daran interessiert, es zu tun — he was interested in doing it

    ich zweifle nicht daran, dass... — I don't doubt that...

    erinnere mich daran — remind me about or of that

    erinnere mich daran, dass ich das machen soll — remind me to do that, remind me that I must do that

    wir haben großen Anteil daran genommen — we sympathized deeply

    daran sieht man, wie... — there you (can) see how...

    Sie würden gut daran tun, dieses Angebot anzunehmen — you would do well or would be well-advised to accept this offer

    das Beste/Schönste/Schlimmste etc daran — the best/nicest/worst etc thing about it

    es ist kein wahres Wort daran — there isn't a word of truth in it, not a word of it is true

    See:
    → auch dran
    * * *
    dar·an
    [daˈran]
    1. (räumlich) on it/that
    halt deine Hand \daran! put your hand against [or on] it
    komm nicht \daran, die Farbe ist noch feucht don't touch it, the paint is still wet
    etw \daran befestigen/kleben to fasten/stick sth to it
    etw \daran lehnen/stellen to lean/place sth against it
    \daran riechen to smell it
    \daran stehen to stand next to it
    nahe [o dicht] \daran right up against it, [right] up close to it
    \daran vorbei past it
    erst fand ein Vortrag statt, \daran schloss sich eine Diskussion [an] first there was a lecture, which was followed by a discussion [or and after that a discussion]
    im Anschluss \daran [o \daran anschließend] following that/this
    im Anschluss \daran gibt es einen Imbiss it/that/this will be followed by a snack
    3. in Verbindung mit subst, adj, vb siehe auch dort (an dieser Angelegenheit/Sache)
    kein Wort ist wahr \daran! there isn't a word of truth in it, not a word of it is true
    es ändert sich nichts \daran it won't [or nothing will] change
    denk \daran! bear it in mind
    denk \daran dass du deine Schwester anrufen musst don't forget [you have] to ring your sister
    \daran sieht man, dass... there you [can] see that...
    \daran arbeiten/ersticken to work/choke on it
    arm/reich \daran sein to be lacking/rich in it
    sich akk \daran beteiligen/erinnern to take part in/remember it
    das Dumme/Gute/Schöne \daran ist, dass... the stupid/good/nice thing about it is that...
    kein Interesse \daran no interest in it
    \daran interessiert sein to be interested in it
    \daran kauen/sitzen to chew [on]/sit over it
    ein Mangel \daran a lack of it
    \daran sein to be working on it
    iss die Wurst nicht, der Hund ist \daran gewesen (fam) don't eat that sausage, the dog has been at it
    \daran sterben to die of it
    \daran zweifeln to doubt it; s.a. gut, nahe
    * * *
    1) on it/them

    es hängt etwas daran — something is hanging from it/them

    er klammert sich daran — (auch fig.) he clings to it

    daran riechen — take a sniff at it/them

    dicht daran — close to it/them

    nahe daran sein, etwas zu tun — be on the point of doing something

    2)

    daran arbeiten — work on it/them

    wir haben keinen Bedarf mehr daran — we no longer have any need of it/them

    3)

    ich wäre beinah[e] daran erstickt — I almost choked on it; it almost made me choke

    4)
    * * *
    daran adv
    1. räumlich: stellen, lehnen etc: against that oder it; sich setzen etc: at that oder it; hängen etc: on that oder it; befestigen etc: to that oder it;
    daran fassen/riechen/schlagen touch/smell/hit it;
    halt dich daran fest hold on to it tight(ly);
    daran herumfummeln umg fiddle about with sth;
    komm nicht daran! don’t touch it!, keep away from it!
    2. fig:
    daran glauben believe in it;
    das ändert nichts daran that doesn’t change anything (about it);
    im Anschluss daran following that, after that;
    daran schloss sich eine Rede (an) that was followed by a speech;
    erinnere mich bitte daran, dass … please remind me that …;
    ist etwas falsch daran? is something wrong with that ( oder it)?;
    was ist schon daran? what harm is there in that ( oder it)?;
    daran kann man sehen, wie etc that goes to show how etc;
    du tätest gut daran zu (+inf) you would do well ( oder be well-advised) to (+inf)
    das Beste/Schlimmste etc
    daran the best/worst thing about it etc; → auch die mit daran verbundenen Adjektive, Substantive und Verben
    3. (daneben) next to it;
    dicht daran nearby;
    zu nahe daran too close (to it);
    daran vorbei past it;
    nahe daran sein zu (+inf) fig be on the point of (+ger), come close to (+ger), be just about to (+inf)
    ich war nahe daran, ihn zu schlagen I nearly hit him, I was on the verge of hitting him
    4. Ursache:
    daran leiden suffer from it;
    daran sterben die of it;
    daran ersticken choke on it;
    daran scheitern, dass … fail because of …;
    das liegt daran, dass … that’s because (of) …, that’s due to the fact that …
    5. umg → dran
    * * *
    1) on it/them

    es hängt etwas daran — something is hanging from it/them

    er klammert sich daran — (auch fig.) he clings to it

    daran riechen — take a sniff at it/them

    dicht daran — close to it/them

    nahe daran sein, etwas zu tun — be on the point of doing something

    2)

    daran arbeiten — work on it/them

    wir haben keinen Bedarf mehr daran — we no longer have any need of it/them

    3)

    ich wäre beinahe daran erstickt — I almost choked on it; it almost made me choke

    4)
    * * *
    adv.
    at it expr.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > daran

  • 128 Gut

    n; -(e)s, Güter
    1. (Besitz) property; Güter goods, products; EISENB. freight Sg.; (Vermögensstücke) assets; (un) bewegliche Güter (im)movables; das höchste Gut the greatest good; irdische Güter worldly goods; unrecht Gut gedeihet nicht Sprichw. etwa honesty is the best policy (cheaters never prosper); Hab
    2. (Landgut) estate, farm
    * * *
    das Gut
    possession; manor; ranch; estate
    * * *
    [guːt]
    nt -(e)s, ordm;er
    ['gyːtɐ]
    1) (= Eigentum) property; (lit, fig = Besitztum) possession

    geistige Güter —

    nicht um alle Güter der Welt (geh) — not for all the world

    2) no pl (= das Gute) good, Good

    Gút und Böse — good and evil, Good and Evil

    das höchste Gút (Philos) — the greatest good

    3) (= Ware, Frachtgut) item
    4) no pl dated = Material) material (to be treated)
    5) (= Landgut) estate
    6) no pl (NAUT) rigging, gear

    laufendes/stehendes Gút — running/standing rigging or gear

    * * *
    1) (well; healthy: I was ill yesterday but I am feeling fine today!) fine
    2) (perfectly satisfactory: There's nothing wrong with your work - it's fine.) fine
    3) (well-behaved; not causing trouble etc: Be good!; She's a good baby.) good
    4) (correct, desirable etc: She was a good wife; good manners; good English.) good
    5) (of high quality: good food/literature; His singing is very good.) good
    6) (kind: You've been very good to him; a good father.) good
    7) (helpful; beneficial: Exercise is good for you.; Cheese is good for you.) good
    8) (pleased, happy etc: I'm in a good mood today.) good
    9) (pleasant; enjoyable: to read a good book; Ice-cream is good to eat.) good
    10) (sound, fit: good health; good eyesight; a car in good condition.) good
    11) (sensible: Can you think of one good reason for doing that?) good
    12) (showing approval: We've had very good reports about you.) good
    13) (healthy or in a positive mood: I don't feel very good this morning.) good
    14) (that's good!) good show!
    15) (I understand; I'll do what you say etc: `I want you to type some letters for me.' `Right, I'll do them now.') right
    16) (in a good, correct, successful, suitable etc way: He's done well to become a millionaire at thirty; She plays the piano well; Mother and baby are both doing well; How well did he do in the exam?) well
    17) (with approval or praise: He speaks well of you.) well
    18) (used (with eg damn, jolly etc) for emphasis: You can jolly well do it yourself!) well
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Güter>
    [ˈgu:t, pl ˈgy:tɐ]
    nt
    1. (Landgut) estate
    2. (Ware) commodity
    bewegliche/unbewegliche Güter JUR movables npl/immovables npl
    geistige Güter intellectual wealth no pl, no indef art
    irdische Güter (geh) worldly goods npl
    kurzlebige [o leicht verderbliche] Güter HANDEL perishables, perishable goods
    3. kein pl (das Gute) good no pl, no indef art
    \Gut und Böse good and evil
    4.
    ▶ jenseits von \Gut und Böse sein (iron) to be past it fam
    * * *
    das; Gut[e]s, Güter
    1) (Eigentum) property; (Besitztum, auch fig.) possession

    irdische Güter — earthly goods or possessions

    unrecht Gut gedeihet nicht — (Spr.) ill-gotten goods or gains never or seldom prosper

    3) (FrachtGut, Ware) item

    Güter — goods; (FrachtGut) freight sing.; goods (Brit.)

    jenseits von Gut und Böse sein — (iron.) be past it (coll.)

    * * *
    Gut n; -(e)s, Güter
    1. (Besitz) property;
    Güter goods, products; BAHN freight sg; (Vermögensstücke) assets;
    (un)bewegliche Güter (im)movables;
    das höchste Gut the greatest good;
    irdische Güter worldly goods;
    unrecht Gut gedeihet nicht sprichw etwa honesty is the best policy (cheaters never prosper); → Hab
    2. (Landgut) estate, farm
    * * *
    das; Gut[e]s, Güter
    1) (Eigentum) property; (Besitztum, auch fig.) possession

    irdische Güter — earthly goods or possessions

    unrecht Gut gedeihet nicht — (Spr.) ill-gotten goods or gains never or seldom prosper

    3) (FrachtGut, Ware) item

    Güter — goods; (FrachtGut) freight sing.; goods (Brit.)

    jenseits von Gut und Böse sein — (iron.) be past it (coll.)

    * * *
    ¨-er n.
    (Land (<¨-er>))
    = estate n. ¨-er n.
    good n.
    property n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Gut

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