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1 Warner Books
"Уорнер букс"Нью-йоркское издательство, выпускающее популярную литературу, дочерняя компания медиа-концерна "АОЛ - Тайм-Уорнер" [ AOL Time Warner Inc.].English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Warner Books
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2 Warner's Blue Ribbon Books
Trademark term: WBRBУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Warner's Blue Ribbon Books
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3 AOL Time Warner Inc.
"АОЛ - Тайм-Уорнер"Одна из крупнейших в мире компаний, специализирующихся на сфере досуга, СМИ и Интернете. Образована в 2001 в результате слияния издательского концерна "Тайм-Уорнер" [Time Warner Inc.] и Интернет-компании "Америка онлайн" [America Online]. Сама "Тайм-Уорнер" появилась в результате слияния издательского гиганта "Тайм" [ Time, Inc.] и корпорации "Уорнер коммьюникейшнс" [Warner Communications Inc.], владельцев студии "Уорнер бразерс" [ Warner Bros.] (основана в 1923). Ныне в сферу влияния консолидированного холдинга входят кино, телевидение, в том числе кабельное [ cable television] (каналы Эйч-би-оу [ Home Box Office], "Синемакс" [ Cinemax], "Си-эн-эн" [ Cable News Network], "Ти-эн-ти" [ Turner Network Television], "Ти-би-эс" [ TBS Superstation], "Картун нетуорк" [Cartoon Network], "Тернер классик мувиз" [Turner Classic Movies (TCM)]), предоставление услуг доступа в Интернет (провайдер "Америка онлайн") и др. Подразделение "Тайм" (фирма основана в 1922) издает журналы "Тайм" [Time], "Спортс иллюстрейтед" [ Sports Illustrated], "Форчун" [ Fortune], "Мани" [Money], "Пипл" [ People], "Энтертейнмент уикли" [Entertainment Weekly], "Пэрентинг" [Parenting], "Попьюлар сайенс" [Popular Science] (в том числе Интернет-версии) и др.; владеет рядом издательств - "Литл, Браун энд ко." [Little, Brown and Company], "Уорнер букс" [ Warner Books], "Тайм-Лайф букс" [Time Life Books], "Сансет букс" [Sunset Books]. В состав "Уорнер" входит крупнейший в мире издатель комиксов [ comic strip] - "Ди-си комикс" [DC Comics], где в свое время были созданы всемирно известные образы Супермена [ Superman], Бэтмена [ Batman], Чудо-Женщины [ Wonder Woman] и др. "Уорнер мьюзик груп" [Warner Music Group] - один из крупнейших звукозаписывающих холдингов. В распоряжении холдинга - крупнейший архив классики кинематографа. Штаб-квартира в Нью-Йорке.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > AOL Time Warner Inc.
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4 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Russell, P. E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1968.■ Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira. A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Pacos de Ferreira, 1986.■ Varagnac, André. O Homem antes da Escrita ( Pre-história). Lisbon, 1963.■ Azevedo, J. Lúcio de. História de António de Vieira, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1918-20.■. Épocas de Portugal Económico. Lisbon, 1929.■ Borges de Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de História de Indústria Portuguesa no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1963.■. "Pombal." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. III, 415-23. Lisbon, 1968.■ Bovill, Edward W. The Battle of the Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Dom Sebastian at El-Ksar el-Kebir. London, 1952.■ Boxer, C. R. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi, India: Xavier Centre, 1981.■ Cheke, Marcus. Dictator of Portugal: A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, 16991782. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938.■ Cunha, Luís da. Testamento Político. Lisbon, 1820.■ Davidson, Lillias C. Catherine of Bragança. London: John Murray, 1908.■ Dutra, Francis A. "Membership in the Order of Christ in the Seventeenth Century." The Americas 27 (1970): 3-25.■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.■ Ericeira, Luís de Meneses [Count of]. História de Portugal Restaurado, 4 vols. Oporto, 1945.■ Fisher, H. E. S. "Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70." Economic History Review XVI, 2 (1963): 219-33.■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal: 1691-1708. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl A. Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668-1703. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. New York: AMS Press, 1968 reprint.■ Kendrick, T. D. The Lisbon Earthquake. London: Methuen, 1956.■ Livermore, H. V. "The Privileges of an Englishman in the Kingdom and Dominions of Portugal." Atlante 11 (1954): 57-77.■ Macauley, Neil. Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1986.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. London: Carcanet, 1990.■ Magalhães Godinho, Vitorino. Prix et Monnaies au Portugal. Paris, 1955.■. "Portugal and Her Empire." In New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1961): 509-10.■. A Economia dos descobrimentos henri-quinos. Lisbon, 1962.■. Estructura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Mauro, Frédéric. Le Portugal et l'Atlantique au XVII siécle ( 1570-1670). Paris: SEVPEN, 1960.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Pombal and the Nationalization of the Luso-Brazilian Economy." Hispanic American Historical Review XLVIII (November 1968): 608-31.■. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750-1808. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.■ Norris, A. H., and R. W. Bremner. The Lines of Torres Vedras. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal, 1980.■ Oliveira, Antônio de. A Vida Económica e Social de Coimbra de 1537 à 1640, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1971-72.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Royal Power and the Cortes in Portugal. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1927.■. Portuguese Pioneers. London: Black, 1933.■. "The Mode of Government in Portugal during the Restoration [1640-68] Period." In Edgar Prestage, ed., Melange d'Etudes Portugaises Offerts a M. Georges Le Gentil, 265-70. Lisbon, 1949.■ Rabassa, Gregory. "Padre Antônio Vieira: Portugal's Amazing Polymath." Camões Centre Quarterly 2, 3-4 (Autumn and Winter 1990): 27-32. Rau, Virginia. D. Catarina de Bragança: Rainha de Inglaterra. Lisbon, 1944. Ricard, Robert. "Prophecy and Messianism in the Works of Antônio Vieira." The Americas 37 (1960): 357-88.■ Roche, T. W. E. Philippa: Dona Filipa of Portugal. London: Phillimore, 1971.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Rooney, Peter T. "Hapsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal, 1580-1640." Journal of European Economic History 23, 3 (1994): 545-62.■ Roth, Cecil. "The Religion of the Marranos." Jewish Quarterly Review 22 (1931): 1-33.■. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. Inquisição e Cristãos-Novos. Oporto, 1969.■. A Inquisição Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1969 and later eds.■ Schneider, Susan. O Marquês De Pombal E O Vinho Do Porto: Dependência e subdesenvolvimento em Portugal no século XVIII. Lisbon, 1980.■ Shaw, L. M. E. Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation in Portugal, 16401690. London: Carcancet, 1989.■ Shillington, V. M., and A. B. W. Chapman. The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal. London: Routledge, 1907.■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.■ Smith, John Athelstone [Conde de Carnota]. Marquis of Pombal, 2nd ed. London, 1872.■ Thomas, Gerturde Z. Richer Than Spices. New York: Knopf, 1965. Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon. Lisbon, 1940.■ Baptista, Jacinto. O Cinco de Outubro. Lisbon, 1965. Brandão, Raúl. Memórias, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1969 ed.■ Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. O desenvolvimento do capitalismo em Portugal no século XIX. Lisbon, 1981. Caetano, Marcello. História Breve das Constituções portuguesas. Lisbon, 1971 ed.■ Carnota, Conde da. Memoirs of Marshal, the Duke of Saldanha, with Selections from His Correspondence, 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1880. Carvalho, Joaquim de. Estudos sobre a cultura portuguesa do século XIX. Coimbra, 1955.■ Cheke, Marcus. Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1947.■ França, José-Augusto. Zé Provinho na Obra de Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro. Lisbon, 1975.■ Fuschini, Augusto. Liquidações políticas. Lisbon, 1896.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. Estrutura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975 ed.■ Hammond, Richard J. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.■ Homem, Amadeu Carvalho. A Propaganda Republicana ( 1870-1910). Coimbra, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. Portugal: A Short History. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1973. Machado, Alvaro Manuel. A Geração de 70-uma revolução cultural e literária. Lisbon, 1986 ed.■ Martins, Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira. Portugal Contemporâneo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953 ed.■ Medina, João. Eça Político. Lisbon, 1974.■ Mônica, Maria Filomena. Fontes Pereira de Melo. Oporto: Ed. Afrontamento, 1999.■ Nobre, Eduardo. Paixoes Reais. Lisbon: Quimera, 2002.■ Pereira, Miriam Halpern. Livre Câmbio e Desenvolvimento Económico: Portugal na segunda metade do século XIX. Lisbon, 1971.■ Peres, Damião, ed. História de Portugal. Volume III. Barcelos, 1935 ed.■ Ramos, Rui. D.Carlos. 1863-1908. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2006.■. Liberal Reformism in Portugal. Oliveira Martins, the Movement for New Life and the Politics of the Constitutional Monarchy ( 1885-1908). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.■ Rorick, David. Maria da Fonte: History and Myth. M.A. thesis, History Department, Sonoma State University, Sonoma, Calif., 1984.■ Sá, Vítor de. Perspectivas do Século XIX. Lisbon, 1964.■ Serrão, Joel. Sampaio Bruno: O homem e o pensamento. Lisbon, 1958.■. Temas Oitocentistas, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1959-62.■. "Liberalismo." In Joel Serrão, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. II, 732-41. Lisbon, 1965.■. Do Sebastianismo ao Socialismo. 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Portugal ( cinco anos de republica). Madrid, 1915.■ Machado, Bernardino. Depois de 21 de Maio. Lisbon, 1922.■ Machado Santos, Antônio. 1907-1910: A revolução portugueza. Relatôrio.■ Lisbon, 1911. Madureira, Arnaldo. 0 28 De Maio. Lisbon, 1982.■ Magno, David. Livro da Guerra de Portugal na Flandres. Oporto, 1920.■. A Situação Portuguesa. Oporto, 1926.■ Marques Guedes, Armando. Cinco Meses no governo. Oporto, 1926.■ Martins, Rocha. Memórias sobre Sidónio Pais. Lisbon, 1921.■ Medeiros, Fernando. Nas Orígens Do A Sociedade E A Economia Portuguesas Salazarismo. Lisbon, 1978. Medina, João. "Oh! a República!...," Estudos sobre o Republicanismo e a Primeira República Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■, ed. História Contemporânea De Portugal: Primeira República, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mônica, Maria Filomena. "Uma Aristocracia Operária: Os Chapeleiros (18701913)." Análise Social 60, 2nd series (1979). Montalvor, Luís de, ed. História de Regimen Republicano em Portugal, 2 vols. 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The Social Origins of Democratic Collapse: The First Portuguese Republic in the Global Economy. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989.■ Serrão, Joel. Liberalismo, socialismo e republicanismo. Lisbon, 1979.■ Silva, Antônio Maria da. O Meu Depoimento, 2 vols. Mem Martins, 1978-82.■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Poder e a guerra, 1914-1918. Lisbon: Estampa, 1996.■, and Antônio Costa Pinto, eds. A Primeira República Portuguesa: Entre O Liberalismo E O Autoritarismo. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 2000.■ Telo, Antônio José. Decadência E Queda Da I República Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1980-84.■ Torre (Gomez), Hipôlito dela, and J. Sanchez Cervello. Portugal En El Siglo XX. Madrid: Ediciones Istmo: Colecciôn La Historia en sus textos, 1992.■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. "A República e as classes trabalhadores (Outubro 1910-Agosto 1911)." Análise Social IX, 31 (1972): 293-316.■. O Poder e o Povo: A Revolução de 1910. Lisbon, 1974.■ Veríssimo Serrao, Joaquim. História De Portugal. 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Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. 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Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? 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Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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5 Casablanca
1943 - США (102 мин)Произв. Warner (Хэл Б. Уоллис)Реж. МАЙКЛ КЁРТИЗСцен. Джулиус Дж. и Филип Дж. Эпстины и Хауард Кох по пьесе Мёрри Бёрнетта и Джоан Элисон «Все бывают у Рика» (Everybody Comes to Rick's)Опер. Артур ЭдесонМуз. Макс СтайнерВ ролях Хамфри Богарт (Рик Блейн), Ингрид Бергман (Ильза Лунд Ласло), Пол Хенрид (Виктор Ласло), Клод Рейнз (капитан Луи Рено), Конрад Файдт (майор Генрих Штрассер), Сидни Гринстрит (синьор Феррари), Петер Лорре (Угарте), Марсель Далио (крупье), С.З. Саколл (Карл), Мадлен Лебо (Ивонн), Дули Уилсон (Сэм), Джой Пэйдж (Аннина Брандель), Джон Куолен (Берже), Леонид Кинский (Саша), Хельмут Дантине (Ян Брандель), Людвиг Штоссель (мистер Лойхтаг), Дэн Симор (Абдул).1941 г. Касабланка - неминуемый этап на маршруте Париж-Марсель-Оран, которым следуют беженцы из оккупированной нацистами Франции, чтобы попасть в Лиссабон, а там сесть на пароход в США. Многим приходится подолгу ждать отлета; в ожидании они лихорадочно строят планы. Сообщение об убийстве 2 немецких курьеров, доставлявших очень важные документы, провоцирует волну арестов в городе. Аресты проводятся под руководством капитана Рено, продажного и циничного префекта вишистской полиции. Он усердствует с особым старанием, ибо в город прибывает майор Штрассер, высокопоставленный офицер Третьего рейха.Одно из самых знаменитых и посещаемых мест в городе - «Американское кафе Рика», хозяин которого некогда сражался с фашистами в Эфиопии и Испании. Рено рассчитывает взять убийцу курьеров в этом кафе на глазах у Штрассера, надеясь таким образом подняться в его глазах. Мелкий авантюрист по фамилии Угарте, зарабатывающий на жизнь продажей поддельных виз, признается Рику, что готовится совершить в этот вечер главную сделку своей жизни: продать по цене золота транзитные письма за подписью генерала Вайганда, украденные у убитых курьеров. Угарте на несколько часов передает письма Рику («Вы меня презираете, поэтому только вам я могу доверять», - говорит он ему).Рено сообщает Рику, что в городе появился один из лидеров Сопротивления, Виктор Ласло, сбежавший из немецкого концлагеря. Он добавляет, что получен настоятельный приказ не дать Ласло уехать из города. Рик заключает с капитаном пари на 20 000 франков, что Ласло сумеет это сделать, и тем подтверждает догадку Рено, что за циничной оболочкой прячется душа сентиментального идеалиста. Чуть позже Угарте арестовывают за убийство немецких курьеров. Он пытается бежать, стреляет в преследователей и снова попадает в их руки. В кафе появляется Ласло с прекрасной Ильзой (с которой состоит в тайном браке) и безуспешно пытается связаться с Угарте; ему сообщают, что тот арестован.Ильза узнает Сэма, штатного пианиста кафе, и просит его сыграть старую добрую мелодию «Пусть время проходит». От нее на глаза Ильзы наворачиваются слезы, но Рик, едва заслышав музыку, в ярости подбегает к роялю. Оказывается, он давно запретил Сэму играть эту песню. Он узнает в Ильзе женщину, которую любил когда-то. Оставшись в одиночестве, он пьет полночи и думает об Ильзе. Они познакомились в Париже и провели там несколько страстных и счастливых дней посреди всеобщей паники: как раз в эти дни немцы вошли в столицу. Они назначили друг другу свидание и договорились вместе уехать в Марсель. Ильза не пришла на вокзал и передала Рику прощальную записку. Поток воспоминаний Рика прерван появлением Ильзы. Она убеждает что, что зашла в «Американское кафе» случайно, не зная, кто его владелец. Она пытается оправдаться и рассказывает о Ласло, которого страстно любила с юных лет. Однако Рик хамит ей в ответ, и она уходит.На следующий день в кабинете Рено Штрассер с видимым удовольствием сообщает Ласло о гибели Угарте и предлагает ему визу в обмен на имена главных руководителей Сопротивления в Европе. Их беседа обрывается на полуслове. На рынке Рик встречает Ильзу и извиняется за вчерашнее поведение. Она признается, что уже была замужем за Ласло, когда познакомилась с Риком в Париже. Синьор Феррари, владелец клуба «Синий попугай» и главный конкурент «Американского кафе» (которое он мечтает выкупить у Рика), говорит Ласло, что Рик, возможно, хранит у себя транзитные письма, необходимые для его отъезда. Позднее, в «Американском кафе» Ласло пытается получить от Рика пресловутые письма, но встречает отказ. Ласло интересуется причинами отказа, на что Рик отвечает: «Предлагаю задать этот вопрос вашей жене». Услышав, как немцы распевают патриотические песни. Ласло парирует «Марсельезой»: ему подпевают хором оркестранты и многочисленные посетители.В тот же вечер Ильза приходит к Рику и умоляет отдать ей письма, которые необходимы ее мужу, чтобы продолжить борьбу. Она называет Рика трусом и эгоистом и угрожает ему револьвером. Затем признается, что по-прежнему любит его. Тогда, в Париже, она считала своего мужа погибшим. В день, выбранный ими для отъезда в Марсель, она узнала, что он жив. Она вырывает из Рика обещание помочь Ласло. В тот же вечер Ласло попадает под арест за участие в подпольной сходке.На следующий день Рик предлагает Рено сделку: Он знает, что у Рено нет законных оснований удерживать Ласло под стражей. Он говорит, что собирается использовать письма для себя и для Ильзы, которую намерен похитить у мужа. Если Рено будет угодно закрыть глаза на их отъезд. Рик выдаст ему Ласло прямо у трапа самолета, на этот раз - с достаточными уликами, чтобы надолго усадить подпольщика за решетку: Рено достаточно будет арестовать Ласло в тот момент, когда Рик передаст ему письма. Впечатленный цинизмом Рика, который превзошел даже его собственный, Рено соглашается. Но события развиваются не по плану. Когда Рено уже собирается арестовать Ласло, Рик достает револьвер. Он отвозит Ильзу и Ласло в аэропорт и сажает их в самолет до Лиссабона. Он убивает Штрассера, который пытается связаться с диспетчером. Рено, с самого начала невзлюбивший Штрассера, неожиданно меняет ориентиры и покрывает Рика. Вдвоем, бок о бок, они уходят вдаль по туманному полю аэропорта. Рик выиграл пари: так закладывается начало большой дружбы.► По всей вероятности, из всех американских фильмов именно этот пользуется наибольшей любовью среди самих американцев. В энциклопедии Леонарда Молтина он назван «нашим кандидатом на звание лучшего голливудского фильма всех времен». Несомненно, популярность фильма, а также все его достоинства и недостатки связаны с его сериальной природой, которая роднит его с Унесенными ветром, Gone with the Wind, еще одним любимцем американской публики. Уникальность Касабланки среди прочих крупных голливудских постановок заключается в том, что она была - непреднамеренно - задумана, написана и снята как сериал: никто из создателей не знал, в каком направлении движется сюжет, и до самого финала перед ними маячила надпись «продолжение следует». Братья-сценаристы Филип и Джулиус Эпстины рассказывают Хэлу Уоллису и Селзнику некое смутное подобие сюжета, почерпнутое из пьесы (о которой постоянно забывают в рассказах о создании Касабланки). Продюсеры чувствуют такое вдохновение, что Селзник даже «одалживает» студии «Warner» Ингрид Бергман, которую держит на контракте, а самой актрисе обещает в этом фильме великолепную роль. Братья Эпстины берутся за работу; в подкрепление им придан Хауард Кох (он написал Морского волка, The Sea Wolf для Кёртиза и Письмо, The Letter, 1940 для Уайлера). Работа над сценарием движется туго; есть удачные реплики, интересные характеры и повороты сюжета, но нет главного стержня, ведущей линии. Эпстины делают ловкий маневр и переключаются на другую картину, и Кох остается единственным гребцом на галере. Тогда он начинает записывать историю подряд, как она есть, не зная, куда она выведет, сочиняя каждую сцену из логики событий предыдущей. За 2 недели до начала съемок им было написано 40 страниц (т. е. 1/3, сценария), которые очень понравились Кёртизу. «Однако, - пишет Кох (см. БИБЛИОГРАФИЮ), - Майк с таким нетерпением и с такой жадностью ждал сценария, что ему бы показались удачными какие угодно сцены».На этой стадии на помощь Коху приходят Богарт и другие исполнители главных ролей. В спорах за бутылкой виски новые идеи бьют ключом. Все чувствуют себя героями Пиранделло: 6 персонажей в поисках сюжета (***). К 1-му дню съемок сценарий завершен Кохом приблизительно наполовину. В последнюю 1/3 съемочного периода он начинает приносить сцены на площадку день в день и даже получает от студии меморандум, доводящий до его сведения, что каждый день простоя без сценария обходится продюсерам в 30 000 долларов. По словам Коха, спокойнее от этого он себя не почувствовал. Тем временем Кёртиз начинает обсуждать написанные сцены с разными членами съемочной группы и зачастую советоваться с ними. В тексте появляются изменения, для Коха необъяснимые. Он удивляется, говорит о логике характеров. Кёртиз отвечает: «Пусть логика вас не заботит. Я прогоню все это в таком темпе, что никто ничего не заметит». Однако тот же самый Кёртиз, стремясь соблюсти логику и удовлетворить законное зрительское любопытство, требует ввести в действие флэшбек о встрече героев в Париже. Позднее Кох скажет, что особый интерес Кёртиза к романтическому и сентиментальному аспекту сюжета и его, Коха, собственное пристрастие к описанию характеров и политической подоплеки хорошо наложились друг на друга и придали повествованию некое подобие равновесия. Отметим, что сценарий предусматривал 2 финала, но отснят был лишь тот, который мы видим на экране (во 2-м финале Бергман оставалась на земле с Богартом).Как бы то ни было, такой «метод» работы до крайности истрепал нервы Кёртизу, Богарту и прочим. Бергман, к примеру, очень хотела понять, кого же из двух мужчин ее героиня любит по-настоящему, чтобы подобающим образом сыграть это. Когда она приставала с этим вопросом к Кёртизу, то слышала в ответ: «Мы пока не знаем, попробуй сыграть как-нибудь так… серединка на половинку» (см. автобиографию Бергман «Моя история» [My Story]). Ей никогда больше не доведется увидеть, как фильм, снятый в таких условиях (которые она определяет как комичные и ужасные), будет до такой степени обласкай «Оскарами» - Касабланка была выдвинута по 8 номинациям и получила награды за лучший сценарий (!), лучшую режиссуру и лучший фильм - и, что самое удивительное, с годами стала классикой и с восторгом принималась студентами, завсегдатаями синематек и всей американской публикой.Можем ли мы оцепить фильм в отрыве от окружающего его культа? Самое скучное в сериалах - то, что в них не происходит почти ничего существенного. Персонажи, атмосфера, нравственные конфликты заданы в них изначально, и течение сюжета, выстроенное с большей или меньшей степенью умелости, лишь эксплуатирует - т. е. скрывает или раскрывает, в зависимости от драматургических целей - некоторые аспекты заданной информации. Надо отметить, что мастерство тут достигает высочайшей степени: это в особенности заметно по тому, как постепенно, малыми дозами, в 3–4 подхода, раскрывается Богарту и зрителю прошлое героини Бергман. Помимо отсутствия подлинного движения, спрятанного за внешней суетой, фильм постоянно тащит за собой невыносимую, по-детски наивную сентиментальность (Бергман с глазами, вечно полными слез, играет здесь одну из своих самых бесцветных ролей). С другой стороны, все, что происходит за стенами кафе (в декорациях которого сняты лучшие сцены фильма) - т. е. улицы, аэропорт, массовка, - представляет собой типичный образец голливудского «производства». Мы попадаем в мир, собранный из всего, что попало под руку, и обретающий силу в большей степени благодаря актуальности темы (а она, ей-богу, играет тут ключевую роль!), нежели подлинной текстуре фильма. (Через 18 дней после премьеры союзники высадились в Касабланке.)При этом ни в коем случае нельзя пренебрегать и достоинствами Касабланки. Прежде всего - разнообразием и богатством актерских работ даже в самых небольших ролях: от Конрада Файдта до Петера Лорре, от Клода Рейнза до С.З. Саколла. Также стоит отметить юмор диалогов, временами довольно хлесткий - к сожалению, фильм проявляет чувство юмора только в диалогах (Конрад Файдт говорит Клоду Рейнзу: «Вы все время говорите „Третий Рейх“, как будто думаете, что за ним будут другие». - «Я приму их столько, сколько потребуется», - отвечает Рейнз. Чуть позже Богарту задают вопрос о его национальности. «Я пьяница», - отвечает он, а Клод Рейнз добавляет: «То есть настоящий гражданин мира».)Но главный элемент фильма - это, конечно же, успокаивающий, но добротный романтизм, исходящий от главного героя Рика и окончательно сформировавший легендарный образ Богарта. Вся Америка с наслаждением узнала - и продолжает узнавать - себя в этом персонаже, в котором за внешним цинизмом и прагматизмом скрывается непоколебимый идеалист. Учитывая «легендарность» фильма, уместно ли тут презрительно кривить губы? Просто отметим, что Касабланка так же отличается от Иметь и не иметь, Tо Have and Have Not, сознательной вариации на тему фильма Кёртиза, выполненной с восхитительной элегантностью, непринужденностью и чувством юмора, фильмом, где в самом деле что-то происходит в отношениях между персонажами, как, например, Унесенные ветром отличаются от Банды ангелов, Band of Angels, как любой «культовый фильм» (сомнительное понятие, обозначающее фильм, чья вечная слава основана не только на его достоинствах, но и на недостатках) - от шедевра, как фильм, снятый хорошим ремесленником, - от фильма, снятого настоящим художником. Тем же, кто хочет видеть настоящего Кёртиза, советуем искать его в фильмах с Эрролом Флинном и в Морском волке.БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ: сценарий и диалоги в сборнике «Лучшие киносценарии 1943–1944 гг.» (Best Film Plays of 1913–1944, New York, Crown Publishers, 1945). Также - в книге Хауарда Коха «Касабланка, сценарий и легенда» (Howard Koch. Casablanca. Script and Legend, New York, The Overlook Press. 1973) с драгоценным предисловием Коха о создании фильма. Реконструкция фильма в 1400 фоторепродукциях (с полными диалогами) выпущена Ричардом Дж. Анобайлом (New York, Universe Books, 1971) с предисловием-интервью Ингрид Бергман.***--- Луиджи Пиранделло (1867–1936) - итальянский писатель и драматург, лауреат Нобелевской премии по литературе (1934). Широко известна его пьеса «Шесть персонажей в поисках автора» (1921). -
6 WBRB
Фирменный знак: Warner's Blue Ribbon Books -
7 A Clockwork Orange
1971 - Великобритания (136 мин)Произв. Warner-Polaris Productions (Стэнли Кубрик)Реж. СТЭНЛИ КУБРИКСцен. Стэнли Кубрик по одноименному роману Энтони БёрджессаОпер. Джон Элкотт (цв.)Муз. Уолтер Карлос, Бетховен, Пёрселл, Россини, Элгар, Римский-КорсаковВ ролях Мальколм Макдауэлл (Алекс Делардж), Патрик Мэйджи (мистер Алсксандер), Майкл Бэйтс (старший надзиратель), Уоррен Кларк (Дим), Джеймс Маркус (Джорджи), Эдриенн Корри (миссис Александер), Майкл Говер (директор тюрьмы), Майкл Тарн (Пит), Пол Фаррелл (бродяга), Мириам Кэрлин (Кошачья Леди), Энтони Шарп (министр), Обри Моррис (П.Р. Делтойд), Карл Дюринг (доктор Бродский).Неопределенное, но недалекое будущее. Алекс, молодой предводитель уличной банды, кайфующий от музыки Бетховена, увлечен кровожадными вылазками в город, при которых он и три его спутника - Дим, Пит и Джорджи - утоляют свои агрессивные инстинкты. 4 хулигана жестоко колотят бродягу, вламываются в стоящий на отшибе дом писателя Александера, избивают его, а его жену насилуют у него на глазах. После этого Алекс возвращается домой к родителям, которые жалуются на то, что он часто прогуливает занятия в школе. На следующий день он «клеит» двух девушек в музыкальном магазине, приводит их к себе домой и предается с ними сексуальным утехам. При очередной вылазке банда выбирает своей жертвой Кошачью Леди, живущую в одиночестве с кошками. Женщина погибает, успев вызвать полицию. Спутники Алекса сыты по горло его самодурством (особенно после того, как он крайне жестоко обошелся с Питом), избивают его и сдают полиции.Осужденный на 14 лет тюрьмы, Алекс добровольно вызывается пройти лечение по методу Людовико, нацеленному на вытеснение из его характера и поведения любых агрессивных наклонностей, включая сексуальные. Алексу искусственно закрепляют веки в открытом положении: так он вынужден подолгу просматривать бесчисленные кадры насилия и куски кинохроники. Самая мучительная часть пытки состоит в том, что ему прививают ненависть к Бетховену, пуская музыку вместо аккомпанемента.Лечение дает результат, и Алекс выходит на свободу. Настает его черед терпеливо сносить издевательства со стороны когда-то избитого им бродяги и бывших спутников, теперь подавшихся работать в полицию. Избитый до полусмерти, он оказывается неподалеку от дома писателя, чью жену он когда-то изнасиловал, после чего она вскоре скончалась. Сам Александер от нанесенных ему увечий стал инвалидом. Он готовит для Алекса изощренную месть: запирает его на чердаке и чуть не доводит до самоубийства, заставляя бесконечно слушать ненавистного Бетховена. Для Александера это не просто месть, но и способ борьбы с правительством.Алекс выбрасывается в окно, но остается жив. В больнице к нему возвращаются все прежние наклонности. В этот момент министр предлагает ему свою защиту, заботясь об имидже правительства. Алекс вне себя от восторга.► Завидной апельсин не отличается той же степенью новаторства, что и предыдущая картина Кубрика 2001: Космическая одиссея, 2001: A Space Odyssey, но этот фильм появился аккурат в нужный момент и отвечал всем ожиданиям публики: он изумляет и шокирует аудиторию и полностью удовлетворяет ее нужды. Этот фильм всецело принадлежит своей эпохе: он черпает вдохновение из самых разнообразных литературных и драматических жанров (философская притча, аллегория, социальная драма, театр, сатира, черный юмор) и сдабривает этот коктейль изрядной долей научной фантастики. К концу 60-х гг. ни один жанр больше не занимал лидирующих позиций в кинематографе. С точки зрения творчества, все они оказались вытеснены или заражены научной фантастикой. То же происходит и здесь. Научная фантастика диктует временной контекст действия, лексикой персонажей и методы лечения, применяемые к главному герою. Но главное - она придает всем его похождениям апокалиптические масштабы.С тематической и социологической точек зрения фильм затрагивает важнейшую проблему большинства современных обществ (часто раскрываемую в кино); а именно - насилие. Однако Кубрик рассматривает насилие под необычным углом, сопоставляя жестокость отдельной личности с жестокостью общества. Кубрик использует новаторский стиль, в котором самый неистовый формализм парадоксальным образом на уровне зрительских эмоций усиливает жестокий, варварский и невыносимый характер насилия. В самых блестящих своих проявлениях стиль Кубрика строится на весьма действенном балансе жестокости и технической изобретательности. Смысл притчи о «заводном апельсине» (которая, как и всякая подлинная притча, дает зрителю богатую почву для раздумий и построения гипотез) сводится к тому, что насилие со стороны общества вреднее и опаснее, нежели насилие со стороны отдельно взятого человека. Кубрик изобличает абсурдность того общества, которое стремится создать порядок и здоровую атмосферу, превратив своих членов в беспомощных и больных людей (ведь именно болезнь прививают Алексу врачи). В особенности мрачной и едкой становится развязка, в которой Кубрик показывает, как общество, вопреки своей уверенности, не столь преуспевшее в лечении Алекса, пытается возродить склонность к насилию в Алексе и его спутниках.Существуя на грани классического и причудливо-вычурного стилей, Заводной апельсин наиболее типичен для Кубрика. Эта двойственность стилей прекрасно выражается как в форме, так и в нравственном или философском содержании. По правильности и здравомыслию (тут чувствуешь почти непреодолимое искушение сказать - банальности) своих взглядов; по ясности и отстраненности изложения, не без театральных параллелей (одинаковый прием, оказываемый Алексу до и после лечения); по мастерскому владению хорошо усваиваемой риторикой Кубрик - приверженец классического стиля. По своему стремлению к наглядной демонстрации любой ценой; по той навязчивости, с которой он внушает зрителю свои мысли и убеждения; и, в особенности, по отказу от реалистичности, от точного указания времени и места действия (этим он надеется затронуть самую широкую публику во всех концах планеты) Кубрик принадлежит к стилю барокко. Однако этот намеренный отказ от деталей и уточнений, в результате которого действие происходит на неопределенной, предположительно англо-саксонской территории, в декорациях, вдохновленных то нуаром, то оперой, временами вызывает некоторое замешательство; особенно если зритель пытается повесить чересчур точные политические ярлыки на персонажей и на тот тип общества, где они существуют. Эту барочность Кубрика нельзя принять безоговорочно; из всех элементов картины она, несомненно, наиболее уязвима и подвержена старению.БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ: ретранскрипция фильма в фоторепродукциях опубликована Кубриком и его помощниками в издательстве «Ballantine Books», Нью-Йорк, 1972. (Кубрик первым использовал этот способ; после него подобную работу проделал Ричард Дж. Энобайл с Франкенштейном, Frankenstein, Генералом, The General, Дилижансом, The Stagecoach и др.) См. также интервью, взятое у Стэнли Кубрика Мишелем Симаном («Positif», № 139, 1972). Интервью касается также некоторых технических аспектов постановки. Кубрик не скрывает своей всеядности в том, что касается формы, и наглядно демонстрирует, что пускает в ход любые средства, используя то статичную камеру, то камеру в движении, то ручную камеру, если надо особо выделить какую-либо декорацию, ситуацию или игру какого либо актера. Он также говорит о романе Бёрджссса: «Меня в нем привлекли стилистика, главный герои и идеи». Кубрик также считает, что «диалоги в романе Бёрджесса близки к совершенству». Главное изменение, внесенное им в сюжет, касается развязки: «Книга существует в 2 вариантах, но версию с дополнительной главой я прочитал, лишь несколько месяцев проработав над сценарием. Я был поражен: эта глава существует в полном отрыве от сатирического стиля романа. Думаю, это редактор убедил Бёрджесса закончить книгу на положительной ноте, подарить надежду или что-то в этом роде. Честно говоря, прочитав эту главу, я не мог поверить своим глазам. Алекс выходит из тюрьмы и возвращается домой. Один его друг женится, другой исчезает, а в конце Алекс принимает решение стать взрослым, ответственным человеком». Анализ научно-фантастических элементов фильма в критической статье Ж. Лурселля в журнале «Fiction», № 226 (1972).Авторская энциклопедия фильмов Жака Лурселля > A Clockwork Orange
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8 Splendor in the Grass
1961 – США (124 мин)Произв. Warner-Newton Productions (Элиа Казан)Реж. ЭЛИА КАЗАНСцен. Уильям ИнджОпер. Борис Кауфмен (Technicolor)Муз. Дэйвид ЭмрамВ ролях Натали Вуд (Уилма Дини Лумис), Уоррен Бейти (Бад Стэмпер), Пэт Хингл (Эйс Стэмпер), Одри Кристи (миссис Лумис), Барбара Лоден (Джинни Стэмпер), Зора Ламперт (Анджелина), Фред Стюарт (Дел Лумис).Канзас, 1928 г. Бад Стэмпер, сын нефтепромышленника, страстно влюблен в Дини Лумис, девушку из довольно бедной семьи. Мать Дини убеждает ее хранить невинность и говорит о супружеском долге как о тяжелом испытании, нелегкой женской доле. Тем временем Эйс Стэмпер, человек напористый, упрямый и не слушающий ничьих советов, заставляет своего сына, мечтающего стать скотоводом, проучиться 4 года в Йельском университете, прежде чем жениться на Дини. Сестра Бада спасается от давления отца в алкоголизме и любовных похождениях; в новогоднюю ночь 1929 г. она предстает перед гостями пьяной в стельку (позднее она погибнет в автокатастрофе). Бад больше не может «уважать» Дини и говорит, что не желает ее видеть. После этого он заболевает пневмонией, а Дини, которая набралась смелости и предложила Баду себя, но была отвергнута, пытается утопиться, а затем впадает в глубокую депрессию.Приехав в Йель, Бад прогуливает занятия. Дини постепенно лечится от депрессии в психлечебнице. Бад завязывает знакомство с дочерью итальянской рестораторши. После краха 1929 г. отец, приехавший навестить Бада, выбрасывается из окна гостиничного номера. Дини выходит из клиники практически здоровой. Молодой пациент сделал ей предложение. Она приезжает к Баду, который живет на ранчо отца – беден, зато независим. Она узнает, что он женился на итальянке. У них есть ребенок, и скоро родится 2-й. Дини говорит Баду о своей скорой свадьбе и уезжает.► Один из самых значительных фильмов Казана, намеренно снятый в окрестностях Нью-Йорка, а не в Голливуде: из соображений морали и экономии средств. Прежде всего, этот фильм – торжество и квинтэссенция методов «Актерской студии» Ли Стрэсбёрга и своеобразное прощание с ее стилем. Длинные сцены, продолжительность которых не оправдана их содержанием, смонтированы так, чтобы выдвинуть на первый план актера и его фактуру, и показывают болезненных, неудовлетворенных, нервных персонажей, в которых страх зарождается, медленно растет и прорывается наружу – или не прорывается, и тогда разрушает их еще более непоправимо. Такой стиль работы с актерами обладает собственной философией и взглядом на мир. Он пригоден лишь для описания разлагающегося мира, который вскоре будет сметен, когда разрушится система его ценностей. Этот стиль повествует – иногда с пронзительной силой – об упадке мира, который даже не знал расцвета. Стоит перенести этот стиль в иной контекст, и он быстро покажется гнусным и нестерпимо самовлюбленным. Но здесь он идеально подходит для «исторической» темы, затронутой сценарием Уильяма Инджа: губительное влияние пуританства на душу Америки 30-х гг., во всех слоях общества, среди бедных и богатых; его связь с душевными заболеваниями и психоанализом; порождаемые им трагедии в личной жизни отдельных людей и мучительное счастье (которое вовсе не является счастьем), к которому со временем приходят уцелевшие. С этой точки зрения последняя сцена фильма (встреча Натали Вуд и Уоррена Бейти) – самая красивая сцена во всем творчестве Казана.БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ: сценарий и диалоги отдельным томом (Bantam Books, New York, 1961).Авторская энциклопедия фильмов Жака Лурселля > Splendor in the Grass
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