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to+remain+in+power

Толкование Перевод

1 remain in power

Общая лексика: оставаться у власти

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > remain in power
2 remain

1. I
abs

1) as things have been they remain дела остаются такими же, как были всегда; beauty remains but changes красота не исчезает, но изменяется; this objection remains это возражение остается в силе /сохраняется, не снимается/; no hope of safety remained не осталось никакой надежды на спасение

2) if you take [away] 7 from 10, 3 remains [если] из /от/ десяти вычесть /отнять/ семь, останется /получится /три; the cathedral remains, everything else is destroyed собор стоит, все остальное уничтожено; a few stones of the building remained от здания осталось /уцелело/ всего лишь несколько камней; you may have all those that remain можете взять все, что остается /осталось/

3) nothing remains but to draw the moral остается только извлечь мораль; only the dish washing remains остается /осталось/ только вымыть посуду
2. II
1) remain at some time remain indefinitely (constantly, etc.) оставаться /сохраняться, не меняться и т.д./ неопределенно долго и т.д.; things remained much as they were дела во многом остались такими же, как были

2) remain somewhere remain here (there, abroad, etc.) оставаться /находиться, пребывать/ здесь и т.д.; remain at home остаться дома; remain behind остаться, не поехать; he remained away three weeks его не было /он отсутствовал/ три недели
3. III
remain smb. remain a soldier (a child, an honourable man, a bachelor, a protestant, etc.) оста(ва)ться солдатом и т.д., he remained a poor man он остался бедняком; she remained a widow until death она до конца жизни оставалась вдовой; let us remain friends давайте останемся друзьями
4. IV
remain smb. in some state I remain yours faithfully... остаюсь преданный Вам... (подпись в письмах)
5. X
remain in some state remain unknown (paralyzed, satisfied with smth., etc.) оставаться неизвестным и т.д.; he remained seated when I entered он не встал, когда я вошел; the mystery remains unsolved тайна остается нераскрытой /неразгаданной/; this scene will remain fixed in my memory to the end of my days вся эта сцена останется /сохранится/ у меня в памяти до конца жизни
6. XIII
remain to do smth.

1) of the crew only three remained to tell the tale только трое уцелевших из всей команды могли рассказать о том, что произошло /случилось/; some columns remain to attest the magnificence of the building о величии здания свидетельствует несколько сохранившихся колонн

2) I shall remain to see the end of the game я останусь, чтобы увидеть конец игры /,как закончится игра/

3) it remains to be considered (examined, remembered, proved, etc.) это нужно /остается/ обдумать /рассмотреть/ и т.д.; that remains to be seen ну, мы это еще посмотрим, поживем remain увидим; little (not much, much, etc.) remains to be done (told, settled, etc.) мало, что и т.д. остаётся сделать и т.д.; there remains no more to be said нечего больше говорить /сказать/
7. XIV
remain doing smth. remain sitting (standing, lying, etc.) продолжать сидеть и т.д.
8. XV
remain in some state remain the same (still, delicate, clumsy, speechless, alone, etc.) оставаться тем же самым /неизменным/ и т.д.; remain liquid не застывать, оставаться в жидком состоянии; remain faithful to smb. быть /оставаться/ верным кому-л.; the weather remains fine стоит хорошая погода; if the weather remains fine если погода не испортится, если продержится погода; he remained silent он промолчал /продолжал молчать/; my father's state of health remains serious состояние здоровья моего отца остается серьезным; one thing remains certain одно остается безусловным; the exhibition will remain open till... выставка будет открыта до...
9. XVI
1) remain of smth. remain of a book (of a fort, of a town, etc.) оставаться от книги и т.д.; after the fire nothing (little, hardly anything, etc.) remained of the house после пожара от дома ничего и т.д. не осталось; little remains of the town от города мало что осталось; remain on smth. remain on a branch (on a platform, etc.) оставаться /находиться/ на ветке и т.д.; a few apples still remain on the tree на яблоне все еще остается /висит/ несколько яблок; remain to (with) smb. the few pleasures that remain to an old man те немногие радости, которые еще доступны старику; no choice remains to us нам не остается никакого выбора; victory remained with the Thebans победа досталась фивийцам

2) remain at (in, on, etc.) some place remain at the sea-shore (in London, in Japan, in Paris, etc.) оставаться /находиться/ на взморье и т.д.; I shall remain in the country all the summer я пробуду /буду жить, останусь /в деревне все лето; how malty. weeks shall you remain in our country? сколько недель вы пробудете /проживете/ в нашей стране /у нас/?; one person must remain in the office while we go out один человек /кто-л. один/ должен остаться /находиться/ в кабинете /в конторе и т.п./, пока нас не будет; the police have remained on the spot на месте происшествия осталась полиция; remain under water for a few minutes оставаться под водой несколько минут; the visit will always remain in my memory это посещение навсегда останется /сохранится/ у меня в памяти; a doubt still remains in my mind я все же продолжаю сомневаться: remain to smth. remain to luncheon (dinner, etc.) оставаться на [второй] завтрак и т.д.; remain with smb. he remained with her throughout 'her life он всю жизнь был с ней; he remained on good terms with her он оставался /находился/ в хороших отношениях с ней; memories of happy days remain with us воспоминания о счастливых днях остаются с нами; remain in (at, on, etc.) smth. remain in office (in service, out of office, in force, in charge of smb. /smth./, on duty, at the job, etc.) оставаться /пребывать/ в должности и т.д.; this party will remain in power эта партия останется у власти

3) remain for smth., smb. there only remains this question for consideration надо обсудить только один этот вопрос; nothing remains for me but... мне ничего не остается, как...; it remains for me to add мне остается /надо/ лишь добавить
10. XIX1
remain like smth. you can't let the room (the place, the house, etc.) remain like this! вы не можете оставить комнату и т.д. в таком виде!
11. XX2
remain as possessing some quality she has remained as beautiful as ever она оставалась такой же красивой, как и всегда
12. XXV
1) remain where... remain where you are for the present оставайтесь пока там, где находитесь

2) remain as... let things remain as they have been in the past пусть все остается так, как было в прошлом; let it remain as it is пусть это останется так, как есть

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > remain
3 power

n

1) сила; мощь; способность

2) энергия

3) власть, сила

4) право, полномочия

5) держава

•

to abandon power — отказываться от власти

to accord powers to smb — предоставлять полномочия кому-л.

to act outside one's powers — выходить за пределы своих полномочий

to assume power — брать власть в свои руки; приходить к власти

to attain power — добиваться власти

to be endowed with wide powers — быть облаченным широкими полномочиями

to be in a position of power — занимать руководящую должность

to bolster one's challenge to political power — усиливать свои притязания на политическую власть

to bring smb nearer to power — приближать чей-л. приход к власти

to carry smb to power — приводить кого-л. к власти

to cede power to smb — уступать власть кому-л.

to check a country's power — преграждать путь мощи какой-л. страны

to come back into power — возвращаться к власти

to come to power — приходить к власти; брать власть в свои руки

to concentrate all power in one's hands — сосредоточивать всю полноту власти в своих руках

to confirm smb in power — утверждать чье-л. назначение во главе государства

to conspire to seize power — организовывать заговор с целью захвата власти

to curb smb's powers — ограничивать чьи-л. полномочия

to delegate powers to smb — передавать / делегировать полномочия кому-л.

to demilitarize atomic power — переключать использование атомной энергии с военных на мирные цели

to dilute smb's grip on power — ослаблять чью-л. власть

to disturb the balance of power — нарушать равновесие сил

to do everything in one's legitimate power — делать все в пределах своей законной власти

to enhance the power of Parliament — усиливать власть парламента

to entrench oneself in power — закрепляться у власти

to establish power — устанавливать власть

to exclude smb from power — не допускать кого-л. к власти

to exercise power of influence — оказывать воздействие

to exhibit one's full powers — предъявлять свои полномочия

to extend one's political power — распространять свою политическую власть

to fall from power — лишаться власти

to force smb from power — смещать кого-л.; отстранять кого-л. от власти

to furnish smb with powers — предоставлять кому-л. полномочия

to gain power — захватывать власть; приходить к власти

to give smb emergency powers — предоставлять кому-л. чрезвычайные полномочия

to go beyond one's constitutional powers — превышать свои конституционные права

to hand over power to smb — передавать власть кому-л.

to have power — иметь власть

to have no legal power to do smth — не иметь законного права делать что-л.

to hold military power — контролировать вооруженные силы

to hold the reins of power — удерживать бразды правления

to indulge in an orgy of state power — упиваться государственной властью

to invest smb with extensive powers — наделять кого-л. широкими полномочиями

to jockey for power — пробиваться к власти

to keep smb out of power — не допускать кого-л. к власти

to lead one's party to power — вести свою партию к власти

to lessen smb's power — уменьшать чью-л. власть

to lodge a great deal of power in smb's hands — сосредоточивать большую власть в чьих-л. руках

to lose one's power over smb — утрачивать власть над кем-л.

to maintain an overall grip on power — прочно удерживаться у власти

to misuse one's power of veto — злоупотреблять своим правом вето

to move out of power — лишаться власти

to oust smb from power — отстранять кого-л. от власти, смещать кого-л.

to overthrow the power — свергать власть

to phase out the use of nuclear power — постепенно отказываться от использования атомной энергии

to prejudice the power — ограничивать права

to preserve one's present power and privilege — сохранять свою власть и привилегии

to put too much power into smb's hands — наделять кого-л. слишком большой властью

to reach power — достигать власти

to reduce smb's powers — ограничивать чьи-л. полномочия

to reinforce presidential power — усиливать президентскую власть

to relinquish power — отказываться от власти

to remain in power — оставаться у власти

to renew powers — возобновлять полномочия

to restore smb to power — восстанавливать кого-л. у власти

to resume power — возвращаться к власти

to return smb to power — переизбирать кого-л.

to rival smb for supreme power — бороться с кем-л. за высшую власть

to seek the removal from power of smb — добиваться отстранения от власти кого-л.

to share power with smb — разделять власть с кем-л.

to stay in power — оставаться у власти

to strap smb's buying power — ограничивать чью-л. покупательную способность

to strengthen police powers — усиливать полномочия полиции

to strip smb of all powers — лишать кого-л. всех полномочий

to struggle for power — бороться за власть

to sweep smb from / out of power — смещать кого-л.; отстранять кого-л. от власти

to take power into one's hands — брать власть в свои руки

to take over power — приходить к власти; захватывать власть

to take some power away from smb — уменьшать чью-л. власть

to tighten one's grip on power — укреплять свою власть

to transfer power to smb — передавать власть кому-л.

to trim smb's powers — ограничивать чьи-л. полномочия

to undermine smb's power — подрывать чью-л. власть

to upset the balance of power — нарушать равновесие сил

to usurp power — узурпировать власть

to vie for power — бороться за власть

to weaken one's grip on power — отказываться от монополии на власть

to win power — захватывать / завоевывать власть; приходить к власти

- ABC Power
- absolute power
- abuse of power
- accession to power

- acquisition of market power
- administering power
- administrative power
- advent of power
- allied powers
- alternation of power
- alternative sources of power
- appointive power
- arrogance of power
- assumption of power
- atomic powers
- authoritarian power
- autocratic power
- Axis Powers
- balance of power

- belligerent powers
- bid for greater powers
- bodies of power
- broad powers
- buying power
- capitalist power
- centralized power
- centrally organized political power
- change of power
- colonial power
- competitive power
- conquest of political power
- constituent power
- constitutional powers
- contender for power
- corridors of power

- creative power
- dangerous power
- de facto power
- decentralization of power

- decision-making power
- decline in purchasing power
- delegation of powers

- demonstration of power
- departure from power
- depleted power
- derogation of the powers
- detaining power
- deterrent power
- developing nuclear power
- devolution of power to the regions
- dictatorial powers
- discretionary power
- display of power
- division of power
- dual power

- economic power
- electric power
- emergency powers
- emerging nuclear power
- Entente powers
- enumerated powers
- equilibrium of power
- executive power
- exercise of the power
- extension in power
- extension of powers
- extensive powers
- extra powers
- extra-constitutional powers
- fall from power
- federally generated power
- foreign power
- full powers
- general powers
- great power
- greater powers
- greater reliance on nuclear power
- grip on power
- handover of power
- hold on power
- imperial power
- imperialist power
- implied powers
- in power
- increased powers
- increased pressure on smb to relinquish power
- industrial power
- inherent powers
- inland power
- invincible power
- jockeying for power
- judicial power
- judiciary power
- labor power
- large powers
- leading power
- legal power
- legislative power
- limited powers
- limitless power
- long run of power
- lust for power
- major power
- majority power
- mandatory powers
- maritime power
- market power
- military power
- misuse of power
- monopoly of power
- monopoly power
- motive power
- naval power
- non-nuclear power
- nuclear power
- occupying power
- official powers
- organ of state power

- outside powers
- overthrow of smb's power
- Pacific power
- party in power

- peaceful power
- peaceful transfer of power
- peace-loving power
- personal power
- plenary power
- plenipotentiary power
- political power
- popular power
- power has passed out of the hands of a party
- power is ebbing
- power of attorney
- power of influence
- power of organization
- power of recognition
- power of the law
- power of the purse
- power to sign
- powers of arrest and interrogation
- powers of internment
- powers of stop and search
- powers of the presidency
- powers that be
- powers to do smth
- principle power
- purchasing power
- push for power
- real power
- real purchasing power
- redistribution of power
- reduction in purchasing power
- reduction of smb's power
- regional power
- reins of power
- removal from power
- reserved power
- resurgence of military power
- retaliatory power
- return to power
- revolutionary power
- rise of power
- road to power
- royal power
- seizure of power

- separation of powers

- sharing of power with smb
- signatory power
- source of power
- space power
- special powers
- specific powers
- state power
- strengthening of the economic and defense power of the state
- strengthening of the power
- strong executive powers
- struggle for power
- succession to power
- supreme power
- surrender of powers to smb
- sweeping powers
- switch of power from... to...
- the dollar's holding power
- the main power behind the throne
- third power
- time in power
- too much power is invested in the president
- trading power
- transfer of power to smb
- transforming power
- transition of power
- treaty-making power
- tutelary power
- under existing powers
- unlimited power
- untrammeled power
- unwarranted power
- usurpation of power
- vast powers
- verification of powers
- vested with broad powers
- veto powers
- victorious powers
- war powers
- Western Powers
- wide powers
- with deciding voting power
- world power

Politics english-russian dictionary > power
4 power switchgear and controlgear assembly
1. силовое комплектное устройство распределения и управления
2. НКУ распределения и управления
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
силовое комплектное устройство распределения и управления
СНКУ
Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения и управления, применяемое для распределения и управления энергией всех типов нагрузок промышленного, коммерческого и аналогичного назначений, не предназначенное для управления не квалифицированным персоналом.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439.2-2012]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly
PSC-assembly
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
NOTE It is not excluded for a PSC-assembly to be located in an area accessible to ordinary persons.
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 2.0 (2011-08)]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance
ensemble EAP
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
NOTE Il n’est pas exclu d’implanter un ensemble EAP dans une zone accessible aux personnes ordinaires.
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 2.0 (2011-08)]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Синонимы
- СНКУ
EN
- power switchgear and controlgear assembly
- PSC-assembly
FR
- ensemble d'appareillage de puissance
- ensemble EAP
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power switchgear and controlgear assembly
5 administration swept into power in 1945 was to remain in office for over six years

Макаров: правительство, победившее на выборах в 1945 г. оставалось у власти ещё шесть лет

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > administration swept into power in 1945 was to remain in office for over six years
6 the administration swept into power in 1945 was to remain in office for over six years

Макаров: правительство, победившее на выборах в 1945 г. оставалось у власти ещё шесть лет

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the administration swept into power in 1945 was to remain in office for over six years
7 waste products of nuclear power plants will remain dangerous for centuries!

Общая лексика: ядерные отходы АЭС будут представлять опасность на протяжении столетий

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > waste products of nuclear power plants will remain dangerous for centuries!
8 sostén

Del verbo sostener: ( conjugate sostener) \ \
sostén es: \ \
2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries: sostener sostén
sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo 1 ( apoyar)
a) ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support;
‹carga/peso› to bear
b) ( sustentar) ‹ familia› to support, maintain
2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete› to hold;
◊ no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3 ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have 4
a) ( opinar) to hold

b) ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back up
5
a) ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustain;

◊ ella sostuvo mi mirada she held my gaze

b) (Mús) ‹ nota› to hold, sustain
sostenerse verbo pronominal
a) ( no caerse):

◊ la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up without support;
apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand
b) ( en un estado) to remain;

◊ se sostuvo en el poder she managed to remain in power

sostén sustantivo masculino
a) ( físico) support;
( económico) means of support
b) (Indum) bra, brassiere

sostener verbo transitivo
1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up (con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold (una teoría) to maintain
3 (a la familia) to support
4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have
sostén sustantivo masculino
1 (prenda femenina) bra, brassiere
2 (apoyo, pilar) support: eres el sostén de la familia, you are the support of the family ' sostén' also found in these entries: Spanish: copa - puntal English: brassiere - breadwinner - crutch - mainstay - rock - support - bra - hang

English-spanish dictionary > sostén
9 sostener

sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo 1 ( apoyar)
a) ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support;
‹carga/peso› to bear
b) ( sustentar) ‹ familia› to support, maintain
2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete› to hold;
◊ no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3 ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have 4
a) ( opinar) to hold

b) ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back up
5
a) ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustain;

◊ ella sostuvo mi mirada she held my gaze

b) (Mús) ‹ nota› to hold, sustain
sostenerse verbo pronominal
a) ( no caerse):

◊ la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up without support;
apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand
b) ( en un estado) to remain;

◊ se sostuvo en el poder she managed to remain in power

sostener verbo transitivo
1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up (con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold (una teoría) to maintain
3 (a la familia) to support
4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have ' sostener' also found in these entries: Spanish: coger - mantener - mirada - sujetarse - aguantar - sostuve - sujetar - tener English: allege - argue - bolster - contend - hold up - submit - support - sustain - uphold - hold - prop

English-spanish dictionary > sostener
10 sostenido

Del verbo sostener: ( conjugate sostener) \ \
sostenido es: \ \
el participio
Multiple Entries: sostener sostenido
sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo 1 ( apoyar)
a) ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support;
‹carga/peso› to bear
b) ( sustentar) ‹ familia› to support, maintain
2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete› to hold;
◊ no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3 ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have 4
a) ( opinar) to hold

b) ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back up
5
a) ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustain;

◊ ella sostuvo mi mirada she held my gaze

b) (Mús) ‹ nota› to hold, sustain
sostenerse verbo pronominal
a) ( no caerse):

◊ la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up without support;
apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand
b) ( en un estado) to remain;

◊ se sostuvo en el poder she managed to remain in power

sostenido

◊ -da adjetivo
sharp; re sostenido D sharp
sostener verbo transitivo
1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up (con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold (una teoría) to maintain
3 (a la familia) to support
4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have
sostenido,-a adj Mús sharp
sostenido G-sharp (en solfeo) soh ' sostenido' also found in these entries: Spanish: do - fa - la - re - sostenida - si - sol English: B - C - sharp - sustained - unflagging

English-spanish dictionary > sostenido
11 sostuve

Del verbo sostener: ( conjugate sostener) \ \
sostuve es: \ \
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries: sostener sostuve
sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo 1 ( apoyar)
a) ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support;
‹carga/peso› to bear
b) ( sustentar) ‹ familia› to support, maintain
2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete› to hold;
◊ no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3 ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have 4
a) ( opinar) to hold

b) ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back up
5
a) ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustain;

◊ ella sostuvo mi mirada she held my gaze

b) (Mús) ‹ nota› to hold, sustain
sostenerse verbo pronominal
a) ( no caerse):

◊ la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up without support;
apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand
b) ( en un estado) to remain;

◊ se sostuvo en el poder she managed to remain in power

sostuve,
◊ sostuvo, etc see sostener

sostener verbo transitivo
1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up (con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold (una teoría) to maintain
3 (a la familia) to support
4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have

English-spanish dictionary > sostuve
12 survival

сущ.

общ. выживание; живучесть

leaders' political survival — политическое выживание лидеров

Because leaders' political survival depends on their followers' support, we might expect that leaders who are more successful in bringing peace and prosperity to their nations will remain in power longer, yet the opposite appears to be true. — Поскольку политическое выживание лидеров зависит от поддержки их последователей, мы могли бы ожидать, что те лидеры, которые достигают наибольших успехов в обеспечении мира и процветания своих народов, останутся у власти дольше, но, похоже, верно обратное.

economic survival of an insurance company — экономическое выживание страховой компании

The economic survival of an insurance company depends in large part on collecting more in premiums than it pays out in claims. — Экономическое выживание страховой компании в значительной степени обуславливается сбором страховых премий в сумме большей, чем величина выплат страховой компании по страховым требованиям.

See:

survival ratio, survival rate, survival table

Англо-русский экономический словарь > survival
13 court

[kɔːt] 1. сущ.
1) суд; амер. судья; судьи

court of arbitration — арбитраж, третейский суд

court decision — судебное решение

superior court — амер. главный суд первой инстанции

Court of Appeal — апелляционный суд

probate court — амер. суд по делам о наследстве

territorial court — амер. территориальный суд (федеральный суд США в регионе, имеющем статус несамоуправляющейся территории)

traffic court — амер. дорожный суд (суд, рассматривающий дела о нарушении правил дорожного движения)

2) судебное заседание

3) правление ( организации); собрание членов правления

court of directors / governors — собрание директоров, членов правления

4) двор ( при правителе)

Court of Rome — папская курия

5) = courtyard (внутренний) двор

Syn:

yard II 1.

6) тупик ( также в названиях улиц)

7) спорт. корт ( площадка для игры в теннис)

grass court — травяной корт

8) почтение, внимание, ухаживание ( за женщиной)

to make / pay court to smb. — ухаживать за кем-л.

••

out of court — не подлежащий обсуждению, бесспорный
2. гл.
1) оказывать внимание, почтение, искать расположения

He is a man sure to be courted in the best London society. — Он человек, который наверняка будет пользоваться успехом в высшем лондонском обществе.

2) ухаживать, добиваться ( с целью женитьбы); соблазнять

Syn:

woo

3) привлекать, переманивать

Adams is being courted by a number of football clubs. — Сейчас несколько футбольных клубов усиленно пытаются заполучить к себе Адамса.

Syn:

invite 1., allure 1., entice

4) навлекать что-л. неприятное своим поведением, напрашиваться на неприятности

to court disaster — накликать беду; навлечь на себя на неприятности

to court danger — подвергать себя опасности, ставить себя под удар

to court scandal — напрашиваться на скандал

If he thinks he can remain in power by force he is courting disaster. — Если он полагает, что может удержать власть силой, то он напрашивается на неприятности.

Англо-русский современный словарь > court
14 hold

I [həʊld]
nome

1) (grasp) presa f.

to get hold of — afferrare [ rope]

to keep (a) hold of o on — mantenere la presa su [ ball]

2) (possession)

to get hold of — procurarsi [book, ticket]; [ press] venire a sapere [ story]; scoprire [ information]

3) (contact)

to get hold of — chiamare, contattare

4) (control) controllo m., influenza f., ascendente m. (on, over su)

to get a hold of oneself — riprendersi

5) (storage, area) aer. bagagliaio m.; mar. stiva f.

6) (in wrestling) presa f.

7) (of spray, gel) fissaggio m.

8) tel.

to put a call on hold — mettere una chiamata in attesa

to put a project on hold — rimandare o sospendere momentaneamente un progetto
II 1. [həʊld]
verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. held)

1) (clasp) tenere

to hold sth. in one's hand — tenere [qcs.] in mano [brush, pencil]; (enclosed) stringere [qcs.] in mano [ coin]

to hold sb. by — tenere qcn. per [sleeve, leg]

to hold sb. (in one's arms) — tenere qcn. tra le braccia

to hold each other — abbracciarsi

2) (maintain)

to hold one's head still — tenere la testa immobile

to hold sth. in place o position — tenere qcs. a posto

3) (arrange) organizzare [competition, election]; tenere [ conversation]; celebrare [ church service]; condurre [ enquiry]; fare [ interview]

to be held — avere luogo o tenersi

4) (have capacity for) [ theatre] avere una capacità di, (potere) contenere [ 350 people]

the bus holds ten (people) — il pulmino può trasportare 10 persone

to hold one's drink — reggere l'alcol

5) (contain) [drawer, box] contenere [ objects]

6) (support) reggere [ load]

7) (restrain) tenere [ dog]

there'll be no holding him — fig. non lo tiene nessuno

8) (keep against will) trattenere [ person]

to hold sb. hostage — tenere qcn. in ostaggio

9) (possess) possedere, avere [shares, power]; detenere [record, sporting title]; occupare [job, position]; avere, essere in possesso di [licence, degree]; avere [ title]; [ computer] conservare [ information]; avere [ mortgage]

10) (keep back) tenere [place, ticket]; fare aspettare [train, flight]; tenere, non inviare [ letter]; tenere in sospeso [ order]

hold it! — colloq. un momento! aspetta un attimo!

11) (believe) avere [opinion, belief]

to hold sb., sth. to be — ritenere che qcn., qcs. sia

to hold that — [ person] pensare che; [ law] dire che

to hold sb. liable o responsible — ritenere qcn. responsabile

12) (defend successfully) tenere [territory, city]; conservare, mantenere [ title]; mantenere [seat, lead]

to hold one's own — tenere duro, non demordere

13) (captivate) tenere desta l'attenzione di [ audience]; attirare [ attention]

14) tel.

to hold the line — attendere o restare in linea

15) mus. tenere [ note]

16) aut.

to hold the road — tenere la strada
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. held)

1) (remain intact) [rope, glue] tenere; fig. (anche hold good) [ theory] reggere

2) (continue) [ weather] tenere, mantenersi; [ luck] durare

3) tel. attendere (in linea)

4) (remain steady)

hold still! — stai fermo!
3.
verbo riflessivo (pass., p.pass. held)

to hold oneself well — tenersi bene su

- hold against

- hold back

- hold down

- hold forth

- hold in

- hold off

- hold on

- hold on to

- hold out

- hold over

- hold to

- hold together

- hold up

- hold with

* * *
I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.)

2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.)

3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.)

4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?)

5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.)

6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.)

7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.)

8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.)

9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.)

10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.)

11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.)

12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.)

13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.)

14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.)

15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.)

16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?)

17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.)

18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.)

19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.)

20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?)

21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.)

22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.)

23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?)
2. noun
1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.)

2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.)

3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.)

•

- - holder
- hold-all
- get hold of
- hold back
- hold down
- hold forth
- hold good
- hold it
- hold off
- hold on
- hold out
- hold one's own
- hold one's tongue
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold with II [həuld] noun
((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.)

* * *
I [həʊld]
nome

1) (grasp) presa f.

to get hold of — afferrare [ rope]

to keep (a) hold of o on — mantenere la presa su [ ball]

2) (possession)

to get hold of — procurarsi [book, ticket]; [ press] venire a sapere [ story]; scoprire [ information]

3) (contact)

to get hold of — chiamare, contattare

4) (control) controllo m., influenza f., ascendente m. (on, over su)

to get a hold of oneself — riprendersi

5) (storage, area) aer. bagagliaio m.; mar. stiva f.

6) (in wrestling) presa f.

7) (of spray, gel) fissaggio m.

8) tel.

to put a call on hold — mettere una chiamata in attesa

to put a project on hold — rimandare o sospendere momentaneamente un progetto
II 1. [həʊld]
verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. held)

1) (clasp) tenere

to hold sth. in one's hand — tenere [qcs.] in mano [brush, pencil]; (enclosed) stringere [qcs.] in mano [ coin]

to hold sb. by — tenere qcn. per [sleeve, leg]

to hold sb. (in one's arms) — tenere qcn. tra le braccia

to hold each other — abbracciarsi

2) (maintain)

to hold one's head still — tenere la testa immobile

to hold sth. in place o position — tenere qcs. a posto

3) (arrange) organizzare [competition, election]; tenere [ conversation]; celebrare [ church service]; condurre [ enquiry]; fare [ interview]

to be held — avere luogo o tenersi

4) (have capacity for) [ theatre] avere una capacità di, (potere) contenere [ 350 people]

the bus holds ten (people) — il pulmino può trasportare 10 persone

to hold one's drink — reggere l'alcol

5) (contain) [drawer, box] contenere [ objects]

6) (support) reggere [ load]

7) (restrain) tenere [ dog]

there'll be no holding him — fig. non lo tiene nessuno

8) (keep against will) trattenere [ person]

to hold sb. hostage — tenere qcn. in ostaggio

9) (possess) possedere, avere [shares, power]; detenere [record, sporting title]; occupare [job, position]; avere, essere in possesso di [licence, degree]; avere [ title]; [ computer] conservare [ information]; avere [ mortgage]

10) (keep back) tenere [place, ticket]; fare aspettare [train, flight]; tenere, non inviare [ letter]; tenere in sospeso [ order]

hold it! — colloq. un momento! aspetta un attimo!

11) (believe) avere [opinion, belief]

to hold sb., sth. to be — ritenere che qcn., qcs. sia

to hold that — [ person] pensare che; [ law] dire che

to hold sb. liable o responsible — ritenere qcn. responsabile

12) (defend successfully) tenere [territory, city]; conservare, mantenere [ title]; mantenere [seat, lead]

to hold one's own — tenere duro, non demordere

13) (captivate) tenere desta l'attenzione di [ audience]; attirare [ attention]

14) tel.

to hold the line — attendere o restare in linea

15) mus. tenere [ note]

16) aut.

to hold the road — tenere la strada
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. held)

1) (remain intact) [rope, glue] tenere; fig. (anche hold good) [ theory] reggere

2) (continue) [ weather] tenere, mantenersi; [ luck] durare

3) tel. attendere (in linea)

4) (remain steady)

hold still! — stai fermo!
3.
verbo riflessivo (pass., p.pass. held)

to hold oneself well — tenersi bene su

- hold against

- hold back

- hold down

- hold forth

- hold in

- hold off

- hold on

- hold on to

- hold out

- hold over

- hold to

- hold together

- hold up

- hold with

English-Italian dictionary > hold
15 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
16 BIOS

['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)

What is BIOS?

BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.

The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.

The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.

Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.

For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:

What is firmware?

Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.

Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.

Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.

What is the difference between memory and disk storage?

Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.

The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.

Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.

Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.

Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.

What is RAM?

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.

New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.

If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.

RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.

When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.

Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.

What is ROM?

ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.

Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.

What is an ACPI BIOS?

ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.

ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.

In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.

What is CMOS?

CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:

http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.html

Most commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.

How do I enter the Setup program in my BIOS?

Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.

You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:

Press F2 to enter Setup

Many newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.

Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.

On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.

Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.

What's the difference between BIOS and CMOS?

Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.

The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.

CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS.

English-Albanian dictionary > BIOS
17 hold

hold ⇒ Capacity measurement

A n

1 (grasp, grip) prise f ; to get hold of attraper [rope, handle] ; to keep (a) hold of ou on tenir [ball, rail, hand] ; ⇒ catch, grab, grasp, seize, take ;

2 ( possession) to get hold of se procurer [book, ticket, document] ; [press] avoir vent de [story] ; découvrir [details, information] ;

3 ( contact) to get hold of ( by phone) joindre [person] ; ( by other means) trouver [person] ;

4 ( control) emprise f (on, over sur) ; to have a hold on ou over sb avoir de l'emprise sur qn ; to get a hold of oneself se reprendre ;

5 (storage, area) Aviat soute f ; Naut cale f ;

6 Sport ( in wrestling) prise f ; to have sb in a hold faire une prise à qn ;

7 (of hairspray, gel) fixation f ; normal/extra hold fixation normale/extra-forte.

B vtr ( prét, pp held)

1 ( clasp) tenir [object, hand, person] (above, over au-dessus de ; against contre) ; to hold sth in one's hand tenir qch à la main [brush, pencil, stick] ; ( enclosed) tenir qch dans la main [button, coin, sweet] ; to hold sth/sb by tenir qch/qn par [handle, stem, sleeve, leg] ; to hold one's stomach/head (in pain) se tenir l'estomac/la tête (à cause de la douleur) ; to hold sb (in one's arms) serrer qn dans ses bras ; to hold each other se serrer l'un contre l'autre ; can you hold my bag for me? tu peux me tenir mon sac? ;

2 ( maintain) to hold one's head upright/still tenir sa tête droite/immobile ; to hold one's hands apart/still tenir ses mains écartées/immobiles ; to hold a pose/smile garder une pose/un sourire ; to hold sth in place ou position maintenir qch en place ; to hold one's speed maintenir sa vitesse ;

3 ( arrange) organiser, tenir [meeting, talks] ; organiser [competition, ballot, demonstration, course, election] ; organiser, donner [party, reception] ; organiser, monter [exhibition, show] ; avoir [conversation] ; célébrer [church service] ; mener [enquiry] ; faire passer [interview] ; to be held avoir lieu ;

4 ( have capacity for) [box, case, tank] (pouvoir) contenir [objects, amount] ; [theatre, room] avoir une capacité de [350 people] ; the bus holds ten (people) le bus a dix places ; to (be able to) hold one's drink ou liquor tenir l'alcool ;

5 ( contain) [drawer, cupboard, box, case] contenir [objects, possessions] ;

6 ( support) [shelf, fridge, branch, roof] supporter [weight, load, crate] ; the branch won't hold you la branche ne supportera pas ton poids ;

7 ( restrain) [dam, wall] retenir, contenir [water, flood waters] ; [person] tenir [dog] ; maîtriser [thief] ; there is/there'll be no holding him fig on ne peut/pourra plus l'arrêter ;

8 ( keep against will) [police, kidnappers] détenir [person] ; to hold sb prisoner/hostage garder qn prisonnier/en otage ;

9 ( possess) détenir, avoir [shares, power, record, playing card] ; être titulaire de [degree, sporting title, cup] ; occuper [job, position] ; avoir, être en possession de [ticket, passport, licence] ; porter [title] ; Jur, gen [bank, computer, police, solicitor] conserver [document, information, money] ; avoir [mortgage] ;

10 ( keep back) garder [place, seat, ticket] ; faire attendre [train, flight] ; mettre [qch] en attente [letter, order] ; hold it ○ ! minute ○ ! ; hold everything! arrête tout! ; two burgers, but hold the mustard! deux hamburgers, sans moutarde ;

11 ( believe) avoir [opinion, belief] ; to hold sb/sth to be tenir qn/qch pour, considérer qn/qch comme ; to hold that [person] soutenir que ; [law, theory] dire que ; to hold sb liable ou responsible tenir qn pour responsable ;

12 ( defend successfully) Mil tenir [territory, city, bridge] ; Pol, Sport conserver [title, seat, lead, position] ; ( in tennis) to hold one's serve ou service gagner or remporter son service ; to hold one's own [person] se défendre tout seul (against contre) ; [army] tenir bon (against devant) ;

13 ( captivate) captiver [person, audience, class] ; capter, retenir [attention, interest] ;

14 Telecom to hold the line patienter, rester en ligne ; can you hold the line please ne quittez pas s'il vous plaît ;

15 Mus tenir [note] (for pendant) ;

16 Aut to hold the road tenir la route.

C vi ( prét, pp held)

1 ( remain intact) [rope, shelf, bridge, dam, glue] tenir ; fig ( also hold good) [theory, offer, objection, law] tenir ;

2 ( continue) [weather] rester beau/belle, se maintenir ; [luck] continuer, durer ;

3 Telecom patienter ;

4 ( remain steady) hold still! tiens-toi tranquille!

D v refl ( prét, pp held) to hold oneself upright/well se tenir droit/bien.

E on hold adv phr

1 Telecom en attente ; to put sb on hold Telecom faire patienter qn ; to put a call on hold Telecom mettre un appel en attente ;

2 to put one's plan/a project on hold gen laisser ses projets/un projet en suspens.

Phrasal verbs

■ hold against: to hold sth against sb reprocher qch à qn ; to hold it against sb that en vouloir à qn parce que ; I don't hold it against him/them je ne lui/leur en veux pas ; your age could be held against you ton âge pourrait jouer en ta défaveur.

■ hold back:

▶ hold back se retenir ; to hold back from doing se retenir de faire, préférer ne pas faire ;

▶ hold [sb/sth] back, hold back [sb/sth]

1 ( restrain) contenir [water, tide, crowd, animals] ; retenir [hair, tears] ; retenir [person] ; refouler [feelings] ; contenir [anger] ; to hold back one's laughter se retenir or s'empêcher de rire ;

2 ( prevent progress of) ( involuntarily) [person] retarder [person, group] ; ( deliberately) [person] retenir [person] ; [background, poor education] gêner [person] ; entraver [production, progress, development] ;

3 ( withhold) [person, government, organization] cacher [information, result] ; ( to protect privacy) tenir [qch] secret, ne pas divulguer [name, information, identity] ; [person, company] différer [payment].

■ hold down:

▶ hold [sb/sth] down, hold down [sb/sth]

1 ( prevent from moving) maintenir [qch] en place [tent, carpet, piece of paper] ; tenir, maîtriser [person] ;

2 ( press down) appuyer sur [pedal, key] ;

3 ( keep at certain level) limiter [number, rate, expenditure, costs, inflation] ; limiter l'augmentation de [wages, taxes, prices] ;

4 ( keep) ( not lose) garder [job] ; ( have) avoir [job].

■ hold forth péj disserter, pérorer pej (about, on sur).

■ hold in:

▶ hold [sth] in, hold in [sth]

1 ( restrain) réprimer, contenir [feeling, anger, disappointment] ;

2 ( pull in) rentrer [stomach, buttocks].

■ hold off:

▶ hold off [enemy] accorder un répit ; [creditors] accorder un délai ; I hope the rain holds off j'espère qu'il ne pleuvra pas ; the rain held off until after the match il s'est mis à pleuvoir après le match ; to hold off buying/making a decision reporter l'achat/la décision à plus tard ; he held off leaving until the weekend il a reporté son départ au week-end ;

▶ hold [sb] off, hold off [sb] tenir [qn] à distance [enemy, creditor, journalists] ; faire patienter [client] ;

▶ hold [sth] off repousser [attack].

■ hold on:

▶ hold on

1 ( wait) gen attendre ; Telecom patienter ; ‘hold on, I'll just get him’ ( on telephone) ‘ne quittez pas, je vais le chercher’ ;

2 ( grip) tenir (with de, avec) ; ‘hold on (tight)!’ ‘tiens-toi (bien)!’ ;

3 ( endure) [person, company] tenir ;

▶ hold [sth] on [screw, glue] maintenir [qch] en place ; to be held on with sth [door, handle, wheel] être maintenu par qch.

■ hold on to:

▶ hold on to [sb/sth]

1 ( grip) s'agripper à [branch, railing, rope] ; s'agripper à, se tenir à [person] ; ( to prevent from falling) agripper, retenir [person] ; serrer [object, purse] ; (bien) tenir [dog] ;

2 ( retain) conserver [power, title, lead] ; garder [shares, car] ; to hold on to one's dreams fig s'accrocher à ses rêves ; to hold on to one's ou the belief that persister à croire que ;

3 ( look after) garder [object] (for pour).

■ hold out:

▶ hold out

1 ( endure) tenir le coup, tenir bon ; to hold out against tenir bon devant [enemy, changes, threat] ;

2 ( remain available) [supplies, food, stocks] durer ;

▶ hold [sth] out, holdout [sth] tendre [glass, money, ticket] (to à) ; to hold out one's hand/leg tendre la main/la jambe ;

▶ hold out [sth] garder, conserver [hope] ; I don't hold out much hope je ne me fais guère d'illusions, je n'ai plus beaucoup d'espoir ; they don't hold out much hope of finding him ils ont perdu presque tout espoir de le retrouver ; to hold out for insister pour obtenir [pay rise, increase] ; to hold out on sb ○ cacher des choses à qn ; they know something, but they're holding out on us ils sont au courant mais ils nous cachent quelque chose.

■ hold over:

▶ hold [sth] over, hold over [sth]

1 ( postpone) ajourner [question, programme] ;

2 ( continue to show) maintenir [qch] à l'affiche [film] ; prolonger [show, exhibition].

■ hold to:

▶ hold to [sth] s'en tenir à [belief, opinion, decision] ;

▶ hold sb to [sth] faire tenir [qch] à qn [promise] ; faire honorer [qch] à qn [contract, offer] ; I'll hold you to that! je note!, je m'en souviendrai!

■ hold together:

▶ hold together

1 ( not break) [car, shoes, chair] tenir ;

2 ( remain united) [family, party] rester uni ; [alliance] rester intact ;

▶ hold [sth] together

1 ( keep intact) faire tenir [car, machine, chair] ; maintenir ensemble [papers, pieces] ; to be held together with sth tenir avec qch ;

2 ( unite) assurer la cohésion de [company, party, government] ; my mother held the family together la famille est restée unie grâce à ma mère.

■ hold up:

▶ hold up

1 ( remain intact) tenir, résister ; to hold up well [currency] résister ;

2 ( remain valid) [theory, argument] tenir ;

▶ hold [sb/sth] up, hold up [sb/sth]

1 ( support) soutenir [shelf, picture] ; tenir [trousers, stockings] ; to be held up by ou with sth tenir avec qch ;

2 ( raise) lever [object] ; to hold one's hand up lever la main ;

3 ( display) to hold sb/sth up as an example ou model of présenter qn/ qch comme un exemple de ; to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule, ridiculiser qn ;

4 ( delay) retarder [person, flight] ; ralentir [production, traffic] ; arrêter, interrompre [procession] ;

5 ( rob) attaquer [train, bank, person].

■ hold with: not to hold with ne pas être d'accord avec [idea, system] ; être contre [television, imitations etc] ; he doesn't hold with teaching children French il est contre le fait qu'on enseigne le français aux enfants.

Big English-French dictionary > hold
18 lie

I 1. noun
1) (false statement) Lüge, die

tell lies/a lie — lügen

no, I tell a lie,... — (coll.) nein, nicht dass ich jetzt lüge,... (ugs.)

white lie — Notlüge, die

give the lie to something — etwas Lügen strafen

2) (thing that deceives) [einzige] Lüge (fig.); Schwindel, der (abwertend)
2. intransitive verb,
lying lügen

lie to somebody — jemanden be- od. anlügen
II 1. noun
(direction, position) Lage, die

the lie of the land — (Brit. fig.): (state of affairs) die Lage der Dinge; die Sachlage
2. intransitive verb,
lying, lay, lain

1) liegen; (assume horizontal position) sich legen

many obstacles lie in the way of my success — (fig.) viele Hindernisse verstellen mir den Weg zum Erfolg

she lay asleep/resting on the sofa — sie lag auf dem Sofa und schlief/ruhte sich aus

lie still/dying — still liegen/im Sterben liegen

2)

lie idle — [Feld, Garten:] brachliegen; [Maschine, Fabrik:] stillstehen; [Gegenstand:] [unbenutzt] herumstehen (ugs.)

let something/things lie — etwas/die Dinge ruhen lassen

how do things lie? — wie liegen die Dinge?

3) (be buried) [begraben] liegen

4) (be situated) liegen

Austria lies to the south of Germany — Österreich liegt südlich von Deutschland

5) (be spread out to view)

the valley/plain/desert lay before us — vor uns lag das Tal/die Ebene/die Wüste

a brilliant career lay before him — (fig.) eine glänzende Karriere lag vor ihm

6) (Naut.)

lie at anchor/in harbour — vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

7) (fig.) [Gegenstand:] liegen

her interest lies in languages — ihr Interesse liegt auf sprachlichem Gebiet

I will do everything that lies in my power to help — ich werde alles tun, was in meiner Macht steht, um zu helfen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/42782/lie_about">lie about

- lie back

- lie down

- lie in

- lie up

* * *
I 1. noun
(a false statement made with the intention of deceiving: It would be a lie to say I knew, because I didn't.) die Lüge
2. verb
(to say etc something which is not true, with the intention of deceiving: There's no point in asking her - she'll just lie about it.) lügen

- liar
II present participle - lying; verb
1) (to be in or take a more or less flat position: She went into the bedroom and lay on the bed; The book was lying in the hall.) liegen

2) (to be situated; to be in a particular place etc: The farm lay three miles from the sea; His interest lies in farming.) liegen

3) (to remain in a certain state: The shop is lying empty now.) sich befinden

4) ((with in) (of feelings, impressions etc) to be caused by or contained in: His charm lies in his honesty.) bestehen

•

- lie back
- lie down
- lie in
- lie in wait for
- lie in wait
- lie low
- lie with
- take lying down
* * *

lie¹

[laɪ]

I. vi

<- y->

lügen

▪ to \lie about sth intentions, plans falsche Angaben über etw akk machen

I used to \lie about my age ich habe immer ein falsches Alter angegeben

▪ to \lie about sb über jdn die Unwahrheit erzählen

▪ to \lie to sb jdn belügen

▶ to \lie through one's teeth wie gedruckt lügen fam

II. vt

<- y->

to \lie one's way somewhere sich akk irgendwohin hineinschmuggeln

▪ to \lie one's way [or oneself] out of sth sich akk aus etw dat herausreden

III. n Lüge f

to be a pack [or BRIT tissue] of \lies erstunken und erlogen sein fam

to be an outright \lie glatt gelogen sein fam

to give the \lie to sb/sth jdn/etw Lügen strafen

to tell \lies Lügen erzählen

don't tell me \lies! lüg mich nicht an!

her name is Paula, no, I tell a \lie — it's Pauline ihr Name ist Paula — nein, Moment, bevor ich etwas Falsches sage — sie heißt Pauline

lie²

[laɪ]

I. n

1. no pl (position) Lage f

2. no pl esp BRIT, AUS (shape)

the \lie of the land die Beschaffenheit des Geländes; ( fig) die Lage

to find out the \lie of the land das Gelände erkunden; ( fig) die Lage sondieren [o peilen

II. vi

<-y-, lay, lain>

1. (be horizontal, resting) liegen

to \lie on one's back/in bed/on the ground auf dem Rücken/im Bett/auf dem Boden liegen

to \lie in state aufgebahrt sein [o liegen]

to \lie awake/quietly/still wach/ruhig/still [da]liegen

to \lie flat flach liegen [bleiben]

2. (be buried) ruhen

here \lies the body of... hier ruht...

3. (become horizontal) sich akk hinlegen

\lie face down! leg dich auf den Bauch!

4. (be upon a surface) liegen

snow lay thickly over the fields auf den Feldern lag eine dicke Schneeschicht

5. (be in a particular state)

to \lie at the mercy of sb jds Gnade ausgeliefert sein

to \lie in ruins in Trümmern liegen

to \lie under a suspicion unter einem Verdacht stehen

to \lie in wait auf der Lauer liegen

to \lie dying im Sterben liegen

to \lie empty leer stehen

to \lie fallow brach liegen

6. (remain) liegen bleiben

the snow didn't \lie der Schnee blieb nicht liegen

7. (be situated) liegen

the road lay along the canal die Straße führte am Kanal entlang

to \lie in anchor/harbour in Hamburg in Hamburg vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

to \lie off the coast [or shore] vor der Küste liegen

to \lie to the east/north of sth im Osten/Norden [o östlich/nördlich] einer S. gen liegen

the river \lies 40 km to the south of us der Fluss befindet sich 40 km südlich von uns

to \lie on the route to Birmingham auf dem Weg nach Birmingham liegen

8. (weigh)

to \lie heavily on sth schwer auf etw dat lasten

to \lie heavily on sb's mind jdn schwer bedrücken

to \lie heavily on sb's stomach jdm schwer im Magen liegen fam

9. (be the responsibility of)

▪ to \lie on sb jdm obliegen geh

▪ to \lie with sb bei jdm liegen

the choice/decision \lies [only] with you die Wahl/Entscheidung liegt [ganz allein] bei dir

it \lies with you to decide es liegt an dir zu entscheiden

the responsibility for the project \lies with us wir sind für das Projekt verantwortlich [o tragen die Verantwortung für das Projekt

10. (be found)

▪ to \lie in sth in etw dat liegen

where do your interests \lie? wo liegen deine Interessen?

the cause of the argument \lies in the stubbornness on both sides die Ursache des Streits liegt in [o an] der Sturheit auf beiden Seiten

the decision doesn't \lie in my power die Entscheidung [darüber] liegt nicht in meiner Macht

11. BRIT (in a competition)

to \lie bottom of/third in the table Tabellenletzter/-dritter sein

to \lie in second place auf dem zweiten Platz liegen

to \lie third dritter sein

to \lie in front of/behind sb vor/hinter jdm liegen

12. LAW claim, appeal zulässig sein

13.

▶ to \lie doggo BRIT ( fam) sich akk mucksmäuschenstill verhalten fam

▶ to \lie low (escape search) untergetaucht sein; (avoid being noticed) sich akk unauffällig verhalten; (bide one's time) sich akk [im Verborgenen] bereithalten

▶ to see how the land \lies die Lage sondieren [o peilen]

* * *
I [laɪ]
1. n
Lüge f
it's a lie! — das ist eine Lüge!, das ist gelogen!

to tell a lie — lügen

I tell a lie, it's actually tomorrow — das stimmt ja gar nicht or ich hab mich vertan, es ist morgen

to give the lie to sb — jdn der Lüge bezichtigen or beschuldigen

to give the lie to a claim — die Unwahrheit einer Behauptung (gen) zeigen or beweisen, eine Behauptung Lügen strafen (geh)

2. vi
lügen
to lie to sb —

the camera never lies — die Kamera lügt nie

3. vt

to lie one's way out of sth — sich aus etw herauslügen
II vb: pret lay, ptp lain
1. n
(= position) Lage f, Position f
2. vi

1) (in horizontal or resting position) liegen; (= lie down) sich legen

he lay where he had fallen — er blieb liegen, wo er hingefallen war

lie on your back — leg dich auf den Rücken

obstacles lie in the way of our success — unser Weg zum Erfolg ist mit Hindernissen verstellt

the snow didn't lie —

to lie with sb ( Bibl old ) ( ) —,, old )

2) (= be buried) ruhen

to lie at rest — zur letzten Ruhe gebettet sein (geh)

3) (= be situated) liegen

the runner who is lying third (esp Brit) — der Läufer, der auf dem dritten Platz liegt

Uganda lies far from the coast — Uganda liegt weit von der Küste ab or entfernt

our road lay along the river — unsere Straße führte am Fluss entlang

our futures lie in quite different directions —

you are young and your life lies before you — du bist jung, und das Leben liegt noch vor dir

4) (= be, remain in a certain condition) liegen

to lie asleep — (daliegen und) schlafen

to lie helpless — hilflos daliegen

to lie dying — im Sterben liegen

he lay resting on the sofa — er ruhte sich auf dem Sofa aus

the snow lay deep — es lag tiefer Schnee

the book lay unopened — das Buch lag ungeöffnet da

to lie low —

to lie heavy on the stomach — schwer im Magen liegen

to lie heavy on the conscience — schwer auf dem Gewissen lasten

5) (immaterial things) liegen

where does the difficulty lie? — wo liegt die Schwierigkeit?

it lies with you to solve the problem — es liegt bei dir, das Problem zu lösen

his interests lie in music — seine Interessen liegen auf dem Gebiet der Musik or gelten der Musik

he did everything that lay in his power to help us — er tat alles in seiner Macht Stehende, um uns zu helfen

that responsibility lies with your department — dafür ist Ihre Abteilung verantwortlich

the real solution lies in education — Bildung ist die wahre Lösung

* * *

lie¹ [laı]

A s Lüge f:

tell lies ( oder a lie) lügen;

that’s a lie! das ist eine Lüge!, das ist gelogen!;

give the lie to

a) jemanden der Lüge bezichtigen,

b) etwas, jemanden Lügen strafen, widerlegen;

lies have short wings (Sprichwort) Lügen haben kurze Beine; → live¹ B 2, white lie

B v/i ppr lying [ˈlaııŋ]

1. lügen:

lie to sb jemanden belügen, jemanden anlügen;

he lied (to them) about his past das, was er (ihnen) über seine Vergangenheit erzählte, war gelogen;

she lied (to them) about her age sie machte sich (ihnen gegenüber) jünger oder älter, als sie tatsächlich war;

lie through ( oder in) one’s teeth, lie in one’s throat umg das Blaue vom Himmel (herunter)lügen, wie gedruckt lügen

2. lügen, trügen, täuschen, einen falschen Eindruck erwecken (Zahlen etc)

C v/t lie to sb that … jemandem vorlügen, dass …;

lie o.s. ( oder one’s way) out of sich herauslügen aus

lie² [laı]

A s

1. Lage f (auch fig):

the lie of the land fig Br die Lage (der Dinge)

2. Lager n (von Tieren)

B v/i prät lay [leı], pperf lain [leın], ppr lying [ˈlaııŋ]

1. liegen:

a) allg im Bett etc liegen:

all his books are lying about ( oder around) the room seine ganzen Bücher liegen im Zimmer herum; → ruin A 2, etc

b) ausgebreitet, tot etc daliegen:

lie dying im Sterben liegen

c) gelegen sein, sich befinden:

the town lies on a river die Stadt liegt an einem Fluss;

lie second ( oder in second position) SPORT etc an zweiter Stelle oder auf dem zweiten Platz liegen;

all his money is lying in the bank sein ganzes Geld liegt auf der Bank

d) begründet liegen, bestehen ( beide:

in in dat)

e) begraben sein oder liegen, ruhen:

here lies … hier ruht …

2. liegen bleiben (Schnee)

3. SCHIFF, MIL liegen (Flotte, Truppe)

4. SCHIFF

a) vor Anker liegen

b) beidrehen: → lie along, lie off 1, lie to

5. a) liegen:

the goose lay heavy on his stomach die Gans lag ihm schwer im Magen

b) fig lasten (on auf der Seele etc):

his past lies heavily on him ( oder his mind) seine Vergangenheit lastet schwer auf ihm

6. führen, verlaufen:

the road lies through a forest

7. (behind) stecken (hinter dat), der Grund sein (für oder gen)

8. JUR zulässig sein (Klage etc):

appeal lies to the Supreme Court Berufung kann vor dem Obersten Bundesgericht eingelegt werden

9. lie with sb obs oder BIBEL jemandem beiliegen (mit jemandem schlafen)Besondere Redewendungen: as far as in me lies obs oder poet soweit es an mir liegt, soweit es in meinen Kräften steht;

his greatness lies in his courage seine Größe liegt in seinem Mut (begründet);

he knows where his interest lies er weiß, wo sein Vorteil liegt;

lie in sb’s way

a) jemandem zur Hand sein,

b) jemandem möglich sein,

c) in jemandes Fach schlagen,

d) jemandem im Weg stehen his talents do not lie that way dazu hat er kein Talent;

lie on sb JUR jemandem obliegen;

the responsibility lies on you die Verantwortung liegt bei dir;

lie on sb’s hands unbenutzt oder unverkauft bei jemandem liegen bleiben;

lie to the north SCHIFF Nord anliegen;

lie under an obligation eine Verpflichtung haben;

lie under the suspicion of murder unter Mordverdacht stehen;

lie under a sentence of death zum Tode verurteilt sein;

the fault lies with him die Schuld liegt bei ihm;

it lies with you to do it es liegt an dir oder es ist deine Sache, es zu tun; siehe Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven etc

* * *
I 1. noun
1) (false statement) Lüge, die

tell lies/a lie — lügen

no, I tell a lie,... — (coll.) nein, nicht dass ich jetzt lüge,... (ugs.)

white lie — Notlüge, die

give the lie to something — etwas Lügen strafen

2) (thing that deceives) [einzige] Lüge (fig.); Schwindel, der (abwertend)
2. intransitive verb,
lying lügen

lie to somebody — jemanden be- od. anlügen
II 1. noun
(direction, position) Lage, die

the lie of the land — (Brit. fig.): (state of affairs) die Lage der Dinge; die Sachlage
2. intransitive verb,
lying, lay, lain

1) liegen; (assume horizontal position) sich legen

many obstacles lie in the way of my success — (fig.) viele Hindernisse verstellen mir den Weg zum Erfolg

she lay asleep/resting on the sofa — sie lag auf dem Sofa und schlief/ruhte sich aus

lie still/dying — still liegen/im Sterben liegen

2)

lie idle — [Feld, Garten:] brachliegen; [Maschine, Fabrik:] stillstehen; [Gegenstand:] [unbenutzt] herumstehen (ugs.)

let something/things lie — etwas/die Dinge ruhen lassen

how do things lie? — wie liegen die Dinge?

3) (be buried) [begraben] liegen

4) (be situated) liegen

Austria lies to the south of Germany — Österreich liegt südlich von Deutschland

5) (be spread out to view)

the valley/plain/desert lay before us — vor uns lag das Tal/die Ebene/die Wüste

a brilliant career lay before him — (fig.) eine glänzende Karriere lag vor ihm

6) (Naut.)

lie at anchor/in harbour — vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

7) (fig.) [Gegenstand:] liegen

her interest lies in languages — ihr Interesse liegt auf sprachlichem Gebiet

I will do everything that lies in my power to help — ich werde alles tun, was in meiner Macht steht, um zu helfen

Phrasal Verbs:

- lie about

- lie back

- lie down

- lie in

- lie up

* * *

n.

Lüge -n f. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: lied) (•§ p.,p.p.: lay, lain•)

= liegen v.

(§ p.,pp.: lag, gelegen)

lügen v.

(§ p.,pp.: log, gelogen)

English-german dictionary > lie
19 hold

I noun
(of ship) Laderaum, der; (of aircraft) Frachtraum, der
II 1. transitive verb,
held

1) (grasp) halten; (carry) tragen; (keep fast) festhalten

hold somebody by the arm — jemanden am Arm festhalten

2) (support) [tragendes Teil:] halten, stützen, tragen [Decke, Dach usw.]; aufnehmen [Gewicht, Kraft]

3) (keep in position) halten

hold the door open for somebody — jemandem die Tür aufhalten

4) (grasp to control) halten [Kind, Hund, Zügel]

5) (keep in particular attitude)

hold oneself still — stillhalten

hold oneself ready or in readiness — sich bereit od. in Bereitschaft halten

hold one's head high — (fig.) (be confident) selbstbewusst sein od. auftreten; (be proud) den Kopf hoch tragen

6) (contain) enthalten; bergen [Gefahr, Geheimnis]; (be able to contain) fassen [Liter, Personen usw.]

the room holds ten people — in dem Raum haben 10 Leute Platz; der Raum bietet 10 Leuten Platz

hold water — [Behälter:] wasserdicht sein; Wasser halten; (fig.) [Argument, Theorie:] stichhaltig sein, hieb- und stichfest sein

7) (not be intoxicated by)

he can/can't hold his drink or liquor — er kann etwas/nichts vertragen

8) (possess) besitzen; haben

9) (have gained) halten [Rekord]; haben [Diplom, Doktorgrad]

10) (keep possession of) halten [Stützpunkt, Stadt, Stellung]; (Mus.): (sustain) [aus]halten [Ton]

hold one's own — (fig.) sich behaupten

hold one's position — (fig.) auf seinem Standpunkt beharren

11) (occupy) innehaben, (geh.) bekleiden [Posten, Amt, Stellung]

hold office — im Amt sein

hold the line — (Teleph.) am Apparat bleiben

12) (engross) fesseln, (geh.) gefangen halten [Aufmerksamkeit, Publikum]

13) (keep in specified condition) halten

hold the ladder steady — die Leiter festhalten; see also academic.ru/5877/bay">bay III 1.; ransom 1.

14) (detain) (in custody) in Haft halten, festhalten; (imprison) festsetzen; inhaftieren; (arrest) festnehmen

be held in a prison — in einem Gefängnis einsitzen

15) (oblige to adhere)

hold somebody to the terms of the contract/to a promise — darauf bestehen, dass jemand sich an die Vertragsbestimmungen hält/dass jemand ein Versprechen hält od. einlöst

16) (Sport): (restrict)

hold one's opponent [to a draw] — ein Unentschieden [gegen den Gegner] halten od. verteidigen

17) (cause to take place) stattfinden lassen; abhalten [Veranstaltung, Konferenz, Gottesdienst, Sitzung, Prüfung]; veranstalten [Festival, Auktion]; austragen [Meisterschaften]; führen [Unterhaltung, Gespräch, Korrespondenz]; durchführen [Untersuchung]; geben [Empfang]; halten [Vortrag, Rede]

be held — stattfinden

18) (restrain) [fest]halten

hold one's fire — [noch] nicht schießen; (fig.): (refrain from criticism) mit seiner Kritik zurückhalten

19) (coll.): (withhold) zurückhalten

hold it! — [einen] Moment mal!; see also horse 1)

20) (think, believe)

hold a view or an opinion — eine Ansicht haben (on über + Akk.)

hold that... — dafürhalten, dass...; der Ansicht sein, dass...

hold somebody/oneself guilty/blameless — jemanden/sich für schuldig/unschuldig halten ( for an + Dat.)

hold oneself responsible for something — sich für etwas verantwortlich fühlen

hold something against somebody — jemandem etwas vorwerfen; see also dear 1. 1); responsible 1)
2. intransitive verb,
held

1) (not give way) [Seil, Nagel, Anker, Schloss, Angeklebtes:] halten; [Damm:] [stand]halten

2) (remain unchanged) anhalten; [an]dauern; [Wetter:] sich halten, so bleiben; [Angebot, Versprechen:] gelten

his luck held — er hatte auch weiterhin Glück

3) (remain steadfast)

hold to something — bei etwas bleiben; an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

4) (be valid)

hold [good or true] — gelten; Gültigkeit haben
3. noun
1) (grasp) Griff, der

grab or seize hold of something — etwas ergreifen

get or lay or take hold of something — etwas fassen od. packen

keep hold of something — etwas festhalten

lose one's hold — den Halt verlieren

take hold — (fig.) sich durchsetzen; [Krankheit:] fortschreiten

get hold of something — (fig.) etwas bekommen od. auftreiben

get hold of somebody — (fig.) jemanden erreichen

get a hold on oneself — sich fassen

have a hold over somebody — jemanden in der Hand halten; see also catch 1. 1)

2) (influence) Einfluss, der (on, over auf + Akk.)

3) (Sport) Griff, der

there are no holds barred — (fig.) alles ist erlaubt

4) (thing to hold by) Griff, der

5)

put on hold — auf Eis legen [Plan, Programm]

Phrasal Verbs:

- hold back

- hold down

- hold forth

- hold off

- hold on

- hold out

- hold over

- hold up

- hold with

* * *
I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) halten

2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) halten

3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) halten

4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) halten

5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) festhalten

6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) (ent)halten

7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) abhalten

8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) halten

9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) beibehalten

10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me( to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) die Aussicht haben

11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) gelten

12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) festhalten

13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) (stand)halten

14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) standhalten

15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) fesseln

16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) abhalten

17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) innehaben

18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) sich halten

19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) warten

20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) aushalten

21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) aufbewahren

22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) bringen

23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?)
2. noun
1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) der Halt

2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) die Gewalt

3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) der Griff

•

- -holder
- hold-all
- get hold of
- hold back
- hold down
- hold forth
- hold good
- hold it
- hold off
- hold on
- hold out
- hold one's own
- hold one's tongue
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold with II [həuld] noun
((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) der Schiffsraum

* * *

hold

[həʊld, AM hoʊld]

I. NOUN

1. (grasp, grip) Halt m kein pl

to catch [or grab] [or get [a]] [or take [a]] \hold of sb/sth jdn/etw ergreifen

grab \hold of my hand and I'll pull you up nimm meine Hand und ich ziehe dich hoch

I just managed to grab \hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool ich konnte Lucy gerade noch schnappen, bevor sie in den Pool fiel fam

to keep \hold of sth etw festhalten

sb loses \hold of sth jdm entgleitet etw

sb loses \hold of the reins jdm gleiten die Zügel aus der Hand

2. ( fig)

to take \hold of sth custom, fashion auf etw akk überschwappen fam; fire, epidemic, disease auf etw akk übergreifen

3. (esp climbing) Halt m kein pl

it's a difficult mountain to climb as there aren't many \holds der Berg ist schwierig zu erklettern, weil in der Wand nicht viele Griffe sind

to lose one's \hold den Halt verlieren

4. (wrestling, martial arts) Griff m

no \holds barred contest Wettbewerb, bei dem alle Griffe erlaubt sind

to break free from sb's \hold sich akk aus jds Griff befreien

to loosen one's \hold on sb/sth den Griff an jdm/etw lockern

to release one's \hold on sb/sth jdn/etw loslassen

5. TELEC

to be on \hold in der Warteschleife sein

to put sb on \hold jdn in die Warteschleife schalten

his phone is engaged, can I put you on \hold? bei ihm ist besetzt, wollen Sie warten?

6. (delay)

to be on \hold auf Eis liegen fig

to put sth on \hold etw auf Eis legen fig

can we put this discussion on \hold until tomorrow? können wir diese Diskussion auf morgen verschieben?

7. (control, influence) Kontrolle f

the allies maintained their \hold on the port throughout the war die Alliierten hielten den Hafen während des gesamten Krieges besetzt

get \hold of yourself! reiß dich zusammen! fam

to lose one's \hold on life mit dem Leben nicht mehr fertigwerden

to lose one's \hold on reality den Sinn für die Realität verlieren

to have a [strong] \hold on [or over] sb [starken] Einfluss auf jdn haben

he hasn't got any \hold over [or on] me er kann mir nichts anhaben

8. ( fig: everything allowed)

no \holds barred ohne jegliches Tabu

when he argues with his girlfriend there are no \holds barred wenn er mit seiner Freundin streitet, kennt er kein Pardon

9. ( fig: find)

to get \hold of sb/sth jdn/etw auftreiben fam

I'll get \hold of some crockery for the picnic ich besorge Geschirr für das Picknick

I'll get \hold of John if you phone the others wenn du die anderen anrufst, versuche ich, John zu erreichen

to get \hold of information Informationen sammeln

10. (understand)

to get \hold of sth etw verstehen

to get \hold of the wrong idea etw falsch verstehen

don't get \hold of the wrong idea versteh mich nicht falsch

the student already has a good \hold of the subject der Student weiß bereits recht gut über das Thema Bescheid

11. FASHION of hairspray, mousse Halt m kein pl

normal/strong/extra strong \hold normaler/starker/extrastarker Halt

12. NAUT, AVIAT Frachtraum m

13. COMPUT Halteimpuls m

II. TRANSITIVE VERB

<held, held>

1. (grasp, grip)

▪ to \hold sb/sth [tight [or tightly]] jdn/etw [fest]halten

to \hold sb in one's arms jdn in den Armen halten

to \hold the door open for sb jdm die Tür aufhalten

to \hold a gun eine Waffe [in der Hand] halten

to \hold hands Händchen halten fam

to \hold sb's hand jds Hand halten

to \hold sth in one's hand etw in der Hand halten

to \hold one's nose sich dat die Nase zuhalten

to \hold sth in place etw halten; AUTO

to \hold the road eine gute Straßenlage haben

the latest model \holds the road well when cornering das neueste Modell weist in den Kurven gutes Fahrverhalten auf

to \hold one's sides with laughter sich dat die Seiten vor Lachen halten, sich akk vor Lachen krümmen

2. (carry)

▪ to \hold sb/sth jdn/etw [aus]halten [o tragen]

will the rope \hold my weight? wird das Seil mein Gewicht aushalten?

3. (maintain)

to \hold one's head high ( fig) erhobenen Hauptes dastehen

to \hold one's peace ( fig) den Mund halten fam

to \hold oneself badly sich akk gehenlassen fam

to \hold oneself in readiness sich akk bereithalten

to \hold oneself upright sich akk gerade halten

to \hold oneself well sich akk gut halten

4. (retain, restrain)

to \hold sb's attention [or interest] jdn fesseln

to \hold sb [in custody]/hostage/prisoner jdn in Haft/als Geisel/gefangen halten

to be able to \hold one's drink [or AM also liquor] Alkohol vertragen

to \hold [on to] the lead in Führung bleiben

to \hold sb to ransom jdn bis zur Zahlung eines Lösegelds gefangen halten

5. (keep)

to \hold one's course seinen Kurs [beibe]halten a. fig

to \hold course for sth NAUT, AVIAT auf etw akk Kurs nehmen

to \hold a note einen Ton halten

to \hold the prices at an acceptable level die Preise auf einem vernünftigen Niveau halten

to \hold one's serve SPORT den Aufschlag halten

sth is \holding its value pictures, antiques etw behält seinen Wert

to \hold sb to his/her word jdn beim Wort nehmen

6. (delay, stop)

▪ to \hold sth etw zurückhalten

we'll \hold lunch until you get here wir warten mit dem Essen, bis du hier bist

will you \hold my calls for the next half hour, please? können Sie bitte die nächste halbe Stunde niemanden durchstellen?

she's on the phone at the moment, will you \hold the line? sie spricht gerade, möchten Sie warten [o fam dranbleiben]?

we'll \hold the front page until we have all the details wir halten die erste Seite frei, bis wir alle Einzelheiten haben

\hold everything! (when sth occurs to sb) stopp!, warte!; (when sceptical) moment mal fam

\hold it [right there]! stopp!

ok, \hold it! PHOT gut, bleib so!

to \hold sth in abeyance etw ruhenlassen

to \hold one's breath die Luft anhalten

he said he'd finish the report by tomorrow but I'm not \holding my breath ( fig) er sagte, er würde den Bericht bis morgen fertig machen, aber ich verlasse mich lieber nicht darauf

to \hold one's fire MIL das Feuer einstellen, nicht gleich sein ganzes Pulver verschießen fig fam

\hold your fire! nicht schießen!; ( fig)

stop shouting at me and \hold your fire! hör auf mich anzubrüllen und reg dich ab! fam

to \hold confiscated goods/a parcel konfiszierte Waren/ein Paket einbehalten

7. (have room for)

▪ to \hold sth bottle, glass, box etw fassen; COMPUT etw speichern

one bag won't \hold all of the shopping der Einkauf passt nicht in eine Tüte

this room \holds 40 people dieser Raum bietet 40 Personen Platz

the CD rack \holds 100 CDs in den CD-Ständer passen 100 CDs

my brain can't \hold so much information at one time ich kann mir nicht so viel auf einmal merken

this hard disk \holds 13 gigabytes diese Festplatte hat ein Speichervolumen von 13 Gigabyte

8. (involve)

▪ to \hold sth for sth für jdn mit etw dat verbunden sein

fire seems to \hold a fascination for most people Feuer scheint auf die meisten Menschen eine Faszination auszuüben

death \holds no fear for her der Tod macht ihr keine Angst

sth \holds many disappointments/surprises etw hält viele Enttäuschungen/Überraschungen bereit

9. (possess)

to \hold land Land besitzen

10. (believe)

▪ to \hold that... der Meinung sein, dass...

* * *

hold¹ [həʊld] s FLUG, SCHIFF Lade-, Frachtraum m

hold² [həʊld]

A s

1. Halt m, Griff m:

catch ( oder get, lay, seize, take) hold of sth etwas ergreifen oder in die Hand bekommen oder zu fassen bekommen oder umg erwischen;

get hold of sb jemanden erwischen,;

I couldn’t get hold of the money ich konnte das Geld nicht auftreiben;

keep hold of festhalten;

let go ( oder quit) one’s hold of sth etwas loslassen;

miss one’s hold danebengreifen

2. Halt m, Griff m, Stütze f:

afford no hold keinen Halt bieten;

lose one’s hold den Halt verlieren

3. Ringen: Griff m:

(with) no holds barred fig mit allen Mitteln oder Tricks;

in politics no holds are barred fig in der Politik wird mit harten Bandagen gekämpft

4. (on, over, of) Gewalt f, Macht f (über akk), Einfluss m (auf akk):

get a hold on sb jemanden unter seinen Einfluss oder in seine Macht bekommen;

get hold of o.s. sich in die Gewalt bekommen;

have a (firm) hold on sb jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben, jemanden beherrschen;

lose hold of o.s. die Fassung verlieren

5. US Einhalt m:

put a hold on sth etwas stoppen

6. US Haft f, Gewahrsam m

7. MUS Fermate f, Haltezeichen n

8. Raumfahrt: Unterbrechung f des Countdown

9. put on hold

a) fig etwas auf Eis legen,

b) TEL jemanden auf Warten schalten

10. obs Festung f

B v/t prät und pperf held [held], pperf JUR oder obs auch holden [ˈhəʊldən]

1. (fest)halten:

hold sb’s hand jemanden an der Hand halten;

the goalkeeper failed to hold the ball (Fußball) der Torhüter konnte den Ball nicht festhalten

2. sich die Nase, die Ohren zuhalten:

hold one’s nose( ears)

3. ein Gewicht etc tragen, (aus)halten

4. (in einem Zustand etc) halten:

hold o.s. erect sich gerade halten;

hold (o.s.) ready (sich) bereithalten;

the way he holds himself (so) wie er sich benimmt;

with one’s head held high hoch erhobenen Hauptes

5. (zurück-, ein)behalten:

hold the shipment die Sendung zurück(be)halten;

hold the mustard (im Restaurant etc) bes US (bitte) ohne Senf

6. zurück-, abhalten ( beide:

from von), an-, aufhalten, im Zaume halten, zügeln:

hold sb from doing sth jemanden davon abhalten, etwas zu tun;

there is no holding him er ist nicht zu halten oder zu bändigen oder zu bremsen;

hold the enemy den Feind aufhalten

7. US

a) festnehmen:

12 persons were held

b) in Haft halten

8. SPORT sich erfolgreich gegen einen Gegner verteidigen

9. jemanden festlegen (to auf akk):

hold sb to his word jemanden beim Wort nehmen

10. a) Wahlen, eine Versammlung, eine Pressekonferenz etc abhalten

b) ein Fest etc veranstalten

c) eine Rede halten

d) SPORT eine Meisterschaft etc austragen

11. einen Kurs etc beibehalten:

hold prices at the same level die Preise (auf dem gleichen Niveau) halten;

hold the pace SPORT das Tempo halten

12. Alkohol vertragen:

hold one’s liquor ( oder drink) well eine ganze Menge vertragen;

he can’t hold his liquor er verträgt nichts

13. a) MIL und fig eine Stellung halten, behaupten:

hold one’s own (with) sich behaupten (gegen), bestehen (neben);

hold the stage fig die Szene beherrschen, im Mittelpunkt stehen (Person); → fort 1, ground¹ A 7, stage A 3

b) Tennis: seinen Aufschlag halten, durchbringen

14. innehaben:

a) Land, Rechte etc besitzen: → account C 1

b) ein Amt etc bekleiden

15. einen Platz etc einnehmen, (inne)haben, einen Rekord halten:

hold an academic degree einen akademischen Titel führen

16. fassen:

a) enthalten:

the tank holds ten gallons

b) Platz bieten für, unterbringen:

the hotel holds 300 guests;

this hall holds 800 in diesen Saal gehen 800 Personen

17. enthalten, fig auch zum Inhalt haben:

the room holds period furniture das Zimmer ist mit Stilmöbeln eingerichtet;

the place holds many memories der Ort ist voll von Erinnerungen;

each picture holds a memory mit jedem Bild ist eine Erinnerung verbunden;

it holds no pleasure for him er findet kein Vergnügen daran;

life holds many surprises das Leben ist voller Überraschungen

18. Bewunderung, Sympathie etc hegen, haben ( beide:

for für):

hold no prejudice kein Vorurteil haben

19. behaupten:

hold (the view) that … die Ansicht vertreten oder der Ansicht sein, dass …

20. halten für, betrachten als:

I hold him to be a fool ich halte ihn für einen Narren;

it is held to be wise man hält es für klug ( to do zu tun)

21. halten:

hold sb dear jemanden lieb haben;

hold sb responsible jemanden verantwortlich machen; → contempt 1, esteem B

22. besonders JUR entscheiden ( that dass)

23. die Zuhörer etc fesseln, in Spannung halten:

hold sb’s attention jemandes Aufmerksamkeit fesseln oder wachhalten

24. US ein Hotelzimmer etc reservieren

25. hold to US beschränken auf (akk)

26. hold against

a) jemandem etwas vorhalten oder vorwerfen,

b) jemandem etwas übel nehmen oder nachtragen

27. US jemandem (aus)reichen:

food to hold us for a week

28. MUS einen Ton (aus)halten

29. hold sth over sb jemanden mit etwas einschüchtern oder erpressen

C v/i

1. halten, nicht (zer)reißen oder (zer)brechen

2. stand-, aushalten, sich halten

3. (sich) festhalten (by, to an dat)

4. bleiben:

hold on one’s course seinen Kurs weiterverfolgen;

hold on one’s way seinen Weg weitergehen;

hold onto → hold on 1, 2, 7; → fast² B

5. sich verhalten:

hold still stillhalten

6. sein Recht ableiten (of, from von)

7. auch hold good (weiterhin) gelten, gültig sein oder bleiben:

the rule holds of ( oder in) all cases die Regel gilt in allen Fällen

8. anhalten, andauern:

the fine weather held;

my luck held das Glück blieb mir treu

9. einhalten:

hold! halt!

10. hold by ( oder to) jemandem od einer Sache treu bleiben

11. hold with

a) übereinstimmen mit,

b) einverstanden sein mit

12. stattfinden

* * *
I noun
(of ship) Laderaum, der; (of aircraft) Frachtraum, der
II 1. transitive verb,
held

1) (grasp) halten; (carry) tragen; (keep fast) festhalten

hold somebody by the arm — jemanden am Arm festhalten

2) (support) [tragendes Teil:] halten, stützen, tragen [Decke, Dach usw.]; aufnehmen [Gewicht, Kraft]

3) (keep in position) halten

hold the door open for somebody — jemandem die Tür aufhalten

4) (grasp to control) halten [Kind, Hund, Zügel]

5) (keep in particular attitude)

hold oneself still — stillhalten

hold oneself ready or in readiness — sich bereit od. in Bereitschaft halten

hold one's head high — (fig.) (be confident) selbstbewusst sein od. auftreten; (be proud) den Kopf hoch tragen

6) (contain) enthalten; bergen [Gefahr, Geheimnis]; (be able to contain) fassen [Liter, Personen usw.]

the room holds ten people — in dem Raum haben 10 Leute Platz; der Raum bietet 10 Leuten Platz

hold water — [Behälter:] wasserdicht sein; Wasser halten; (fig.) [Argument, Theorie:] stichhaltig sein, hieb- und stichfest sein

7) (not be intoxicated by)

he can/can't hold his drink or liquor — er kann etwas/nichts vertragen

8) (possess) besitzen; haben

9) (have gained) halten [Rekord]; haben [Diplom, Doktorgrad]

10) (keep possession of) halten [Stützpunkt, Stadt, Stellung]; (Mus.): (sustain) [aus]halten [Ton]

hold one's own — (fig.) sich behaupten

hold one's position — (fig.) auf seinem Standpunkt beharren

11) (occupy) innehaben, (geh.) bekleiden [Posten, Amt, Stellung]

hold office — im Amt sein

hold the line — (Teleph.) am Apparat bleiben

12) (engross) fesseln, (geh.) gefangen halten [Aufmerksamkeit, Publikum]

13) (keep in specified condition) halten

hold the ladder steady — die Leiter festhalten; see also bay III 1.; ransom 1.

14) (detain) (in custody) in Haft halten, festhalten; (imprison) festsetzen; inhaftieren; (arrest) festnehmen

be held in a prison — in einem Gefängnis einsitzen

15) (oblige to adhere)

hold somebody to the terms of the contract/to a promise — darauf bestehen, dass jemand sich an die Vertragsbestimmungen hält/dass jemand ein Versprechen hält od. einlöst

16) (Sport): (restrict)

hold one's opponent [to a draw] — ein Unentschieden [gegen den Gegner] halten od. verteidigen

17) (cause to take place) stattfinden lassen; abhalten [Veranstaltung, Konferenz, Gottesdienst, Sitzung, Prüfung]; veranstalten [Festival, Auktion]; austragen [Meisterschaften]; führen [Unterhaltung, Gespräch, Korrespondenz]; durchführen [Untersuchung]; geben [Empfang]; halten [Vortrag, Rede]

be held — stattfinden

18) (restrain) [fest]halten

hold one's fire — [noch] nicht schießen; (fig.): (refrain from criticism) mit seiner Kritik zurückhalten

19) (coll.): (withhold) zurückhalten

hold it! — [einen] Moment mal!; see also horse 1)

20) (think, believe)

hold a view or an opinion — eine Ansicht haben (on über + Akk.)

hold that... — dafürhalten, dass...; der Ansicht sein, dass...

hold somebody/oneself guilty/blameless — jemanden/sich für schuldig/unschuldig halten ( for an + Dat.)

hold oneself responsible for something — sich für etwas verantwortlich fühlen

hold something against somebody — jemandem etwas vorwerfen; see also dear 1. 1); responsible 1)
2. intransitive verb,
held

1) (not give way) [Seil, Nagel, Anker, Schloss, Angeklebtes:] halten; [Damm:] [stand]halten

2) (remain unchanged) anhalten; [an]dauern; [Wetter:] sich halten, so bleiben; [Angebot, Versprechen:] gelten

his luck held — er hatte auch weiterhin Glück

3) (remain steadfast)

hold to something — bei etwas bleiben; an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

4) (be valid)

hold [good or true] — gelten; Gültigkeit haben
3. noun
1) (grasp) Griff, der

grab or seize hold of something — etwas ergreifen

get or lay or take hold of something — etwas fassen od. packen

keep hold of something — etwas festhalten

lose one's hold — den Halt verlieren

take hold — (fig.) sich durchsetzen; [Krankheit:] fortschreiten

get hold of something — (fig.) etwas bekommen od. auftreiben

get hold of somebody — (fig.) jemanden erreichen

get a hold on oneself — sich fassen

have a hold over somebody — jemanden in der Hand halten; see also catch 1. 1)

2) (influence) Einfluss, der (on, over auf + Akk.)

3) (Sport) Griff, der

there are no holds barred — (fig.) alles ist erlaubt

4) (thing to hold by) Griff, der

5)

put on hold — auf Eis legen [Plan, Programm]

Phrasal Verbs:

- hold back

- hold down

- hold forth

- hold off

- hold on

- hold out

- hold over

- hold up

- hold with

* * *

(keep) something in suspense expr.

etwas in der Schwebe halten ausdr.

im ungewissen lassen ausdr. (point) something out to someone expr.

jemandem etwas entgegenhalten ausdr. (a meeting, etc.) v.

abhalten (Treffen, Versammlung) v. (possess) v.

innehaben v. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: held)

= abhalten (Treffen) v.

beibehalten v.

bereithalten v.

enthalten v.

festhalten v.

halten v.

(§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)

English-german dictionary > hold
20 hold

I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) holde

2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) holde

3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) holde

4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) holde

5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) holde

6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) indeholde

7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) afholde

8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) holde

9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) have; være

10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) tro; holde

11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) gælde

12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) holde nogen fast til noget

13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) holde; forsvare

14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) forsvare sig imod

15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) holde; bevare

16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) holde hen

17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) fejre

18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) eje

19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) holde

20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) vente

21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) holde

22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) opbevare

23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?) bringe
2. noun
1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) hold; greb

2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) magt; indflydelse

3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) greb; tag

•

- - holder
- hold-all
- get hold of
- hold back
- hold down
- hold forth
- hold good
- hold it
- hold off
- hold on
- hold out
- hold one's own
- hold one's tongue
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold with II [həuld] noun
((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) last

* * *
I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) holde

2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) holde

3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) holde

4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) holde

5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) holde

6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) indeholde

7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) afholde

8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) holde

9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) have; være

10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) tro; holde

11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) gælde

12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) holde nogen fast til noget

13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) holde; forsvare

14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) forsvare sig imod

15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) holde; bevare

16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) holde hen

17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) fejre

18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) eje

19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) holde

20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) vente

21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) holde

22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) opbevare

23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?) bringe
2. noun
1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) hold; greb

2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) magt; indflydelse

3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) greb; tag

•

- - holder
- hold-all
- get hold of
- hold back
- hold down
- hold forth
- hold good
- hold it
- hold off
- hold on
- hold out
- hold one's own
- hold one's tongue
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold with II [həuld] noun
((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) last

English-Danish dictionary > hold

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