to+death

frīgus, ŏris, n. [Gr. rhigos, cold, pigeô;

the connection with Lat. rĭgeo, rĭgor, is doubtful,

Curt. Gr. Etym. 353; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 451], cold, coldness, coolness (for syn. cf.: algor, gelu, rigor, glacies, pruina).

Lit.

In gen. (class.):

nec calor (mihi obsistet) nec frigus metuo,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 19;

so opp. calor,

Lucr. 2, 517; 6, 371; Cic. Univ. 14 med.; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; Verg. G. 2, 344; 4, 35:

calidis torrescere flammis aut... rigere Frigore,

Lucr. 3, 892:

cum esset vinctus nudus in aëre, in imbri, in frigore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 87:

vix in ipsis tectis frigus vitatur,

id. Fam. 16, 8, 2:

fere matutinis temporibus frigus est,

coolness, Cels. 2, 1; cf.:

frigus captabis opacum,

Verg. E. 1, 53; Hor. C. 3, 13, 10; Ov. M. 10, 129:

quae frigore sola Dormiat,

in the cold night, Tib. 1, 8, 39:

cum Appius senatum coegisset, tantum fuit frigus ut coactus sit nos dimittere,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12, 1.—In plur.:

nec frigora quimus usurpare oculis,

Lucr. 1, 300:

ut tectis saepti frigora caloresque pellamus,

the cold, Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 151; cf.:

ex verna intemperie variante calores frigoraque,

Liv. 22, 2, 10:

tecta quibus frigorum vis pellitur,

Cic. Off. 2, 4, 13:

propter frigora... frumenta in agris matura non erant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 2:

Alpinae nives et frigora Rheni,

Verg. E. 10, 47:

Scythiae,

Ov. M. 2, 224:

Peligna,

Hor. C. 3, 19, 8:

matutina,

id. S. 2, 6, 45:

nocturna,

Liv. 40, 22, 7:

intolerabilia,

id. 21, 58, 1:

ficum frigoribus ne serito,

in cold weather, Col. 5, 10, 9:

quisquam picta colit Spartani frigora saxi,

i. e. the variegated cold marble floor, Mart. 1, 56, 5; Tac. Agr. 12; id. G. 16; Suet. Aug. 81.—

In partic. ( poet.).

The cold of winter, winter (like calor for summer;

v. calor): lac mihi non aestate novum, non frigore defit,

Verg. E. 2, 22:

ante focum, si frigus erit,

id. ib. 5, 70:

quae frigore sola dormiat,

Tib. 1, 8, 39:

per medium frigus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 5.— Plur.:

frigoribus parto agricolae plerumque fruuntur,

Verg. G. 1, 300:

frigoribus mediis,

id. E. 10, 65.—

A chill, fever:

tentatum frigore corpus,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 80.—

The coldness of death, death:

et gelidos artus in leti frigore linquit,

Lucr. 3, 401:

aeternum leti,

id. 4, 924:

letale,

Ov. M. 2, 611:

supremum animae,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 20:

ast illi solvuntur frigore membra Vitaque cum gemitu fugit,

Verg. A. 12, 951 (diff. from the foll.).—

A cold shudder produced by fear:

extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra, Ingemit, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 92.—

Transf., a cold region or place:

frigus non habitabile,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 51:

et quodcumque jacet sub urbe frigus,

Mart. 4, 64, 14.—

Trop. (cf. frigeo and frigidus, II.; not in Cic.).

Coldness in action, inactivity: si Parthi vos nihil calfaciunt, nos hic frigore frigescimus, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; Ov. F. 2, 856.—

A cold or frigid reception of a person or thing, esp. a discourse; coolness, coldness, indifference, disfavor (perh. not ante-Aug.):

majorum ne quis amicus Frigore te feriat,

coolness, loss of favor, Hor. S. 2, 1, 62; cf.:

Montanus Julius et amicitia Tiberii notus et frigore,

Sen. Ep. 122:

et imperitia et rusticitas et rigor et deformitas afferunt interim frigus,

Quint. 6, 1, 37; Plin. Ep. 6, 15, 4; Quint. 5, 7, 31:

illud quaestionum et argumentorum apud corrupta judicia frigus evitant,

id. 2, 12, 6.

fūnestus, a, um, adj. [funus].

Act., causing death, destruction, or calamity; causing grief; deadly, fatal, destructive, calamitous, mournful, dismal (class.; syn.: nefarius, perniciosus;

fatalis, fatifer): ad ejus (C. Verris) funestam securem servati,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 123; cf.:

deorum templis atque delubris funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre,

id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

arma,

Ov. F. 1, 521:

venenum,

id. M. 3, 49:

morsus,

id. ib. 11, 373:

munus,

id. ib. 2, 88:

taxus,

id. ib. 4, 432; cf.

taeda,

Verg. A. 7, 322:

scelus,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 50.— Comp.:

funestior dies Alliensis pugnae, quam urbis captae,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 2.— Sup.:

Caligula sceleratissimus ac funestissimus,

Eutr. 7, 12.—

With dat.:

aquilam argenteam, quam tibi perniciosam et funestam futuram confido,

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24:

o diem illum funestum senatui bonisque omnibus!

id. Sest. 12, 27; cf.:

nox nobis,

id. Fl. 41, 103: victoria orbi terrarum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 8, 3.—

Neutr., filled with misfortune or grief, fatal, mournful, sad (class.;

syn.: infaustus, infelix, etc.): agros funestos reddere,

Lucr. 6, 1139:

capilli,

Ov. F. 6, 493:

utque manus funestas arceat aris,

i. e. polluted with blood, id. M. 11, 584:

familia,

in mourning, Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 55; Liv. 2, 8, 8; 2, 47, 10:

adeo ut annales velut funesti nihil praeter nomina consulum suggerant,

as if they were lists of the dead, id. 4, 20, 9; cf. epistolae, announcing misfortune or sad tidings, Vell. 2, 117, 1:

funestior advolat alter Nuntius,

Claud. in Eutr. 2, 474; cf.:

nocturna volucris funesta querela,

Prop. 2, 20 (3, 13), 5;

hence also: omen,

id. 2, 28, 38 (3, 25, 4 M.):

littera,

denoting death, mourning, Ov. M. 10, 216: manus, mourning (of a dowager), id. ib. 11, 585:

funestum est a forti atque honesto viro jugulari, funestius ab eo, cujus vox, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 31, 95.

fūnus, ĕris, n. [Sanscr. dhū-mas, smoke; v. fumus], a funeral procession, funeral rites, burial, funeral, usually with reference to the burning of the body; cf.: funus est jam ardens cadaver; quod dum portatur, exsequias dicimus; crematum, reliquias;

conditum jam, sepulcrum,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 539 (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

funus, quo amici conveniunt ad exsequias cohonestandas,

Cic. Quint. 15, 50; cf.:

mater exsequias illius funeris prosecuta,

id. Clu. 71, 201:

funus innumeris exsequiis celebratum,

Plin. 10, 43, 60, § 122:

mercedem funeris ac sepulturae constituere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 134:

maeror funeris,

id. Lael. 3, 11:

cui acerbissimum funus ducitur,

id. Quint. 15, 50; cf.:

funus triumphali portā ducendum,

Suet. Aug. 100:

facere filio,

Cic. Clu. 9, 28:

celebrare,

Liv. 8, 10, 10:

ornare,

Cic. Rep. 6, 2; Suet. Aug. 100:

paterno funeri omnia justa solvere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 8, 23:

funeri operam dare,

id. Att. 15, 1, B, 1:

venire in funus,

id. ib.: pro ea copia quae Athenis erat, funus ei (Marcello) satis amplum faciendum curavi, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

funus militare alicui facere,

Liv. 3, 43, 7; cf.:

prodire (alicui) in funus,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 88; Varr. R. R. 1, 69, 2:

funere efferri,

Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 225; Suet. Ner. 9; 30; 33:

praetereunte funere,

id. Tib. 57:

corpus crematum publico funere,

id. ib. 75:

nec te in tua funera mater Produxi (= funus tuum duxi),

Verg. A. 9, 486:

funus imagines Ducant triumphales tuum,

i. e. be borne at the head of the procession, Hor. Epod. 8, 11:

sub ipsum funus,

id. C. 2, 18, 18:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85.—Comically: fecisti funus med absente prandio: Cur ausu's facere, quoi ego adaeque heres eram? have buried, i. e. devoured it, Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 27.—In plur.:

funera agitant, exsequia ititant,

Naev. 3, 9: nemo me lacrumis decoret, nec funera fletu Faxit, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34, and de Sen. 20, 73 (Epigr. 3, p. 162 Vahl.);

poetically imitated by Cicero: linquamus amicis Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu, Cic. poët. Tusc. 1, 49, 117: cum senatus auctoritatem suam in virorum fortium funeribus ornamentisque ostenderit,

id. Phil. 9, 7, 16:

edictum, quod de funeribus habeant (aediles curules),

id. ib. §

17: tristia,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 74:

tria si concurrant foro,

id. S. 1, 6, 43:

justa reddere alicui,

Plin. 10, 2, 2, § 4; Sil. 2, 184.—

Transf.

A dead body, corpse, =cadaver ( poet.):

haeccine parva meum funus arena teget?

Prop. 1, 17, 8:

lacerum,

Verg. A. 9, 491.—In plur., of a corpse, Val. Fl. 3, 298:

mixta senum ac juvenum densentur funera,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 19; of the manes of the departed:

cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 3.—

Death, esp. violent death, murder (mostly poet.):

maturo propior... funeri,

Hor. C. 3, 15, 4:

vicinum funus ut aegros Exanimat,

id. S. 1, 4, 126:

exstinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnin Flebant,

Verg. E. 5, 20:

(quos) Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo,

id. A. 6, 429:

qui patrios foedasti funere vultus,

with murder, id. ib. 2, 539.—Freq. in plur.:

quae funera Turnus Ediderit,

Verg. A. 9, 526; cf. id. ib. 10, 602; Hor. C. 1, 15, 10; 4, 14, 49; once in Cic., acc. to Nonius: ut vix hominum acerbis funeribus satietur, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 300, 26 (id. Rep. 2, 41 Mos.).—

Trop., destruction, ruin, fall (rare but class.):

vir summā eloquentiā dixit graviter, casum illum meum funus esse rei publicae, sed funus justum et indictum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45:

dum Capitolio Regina (Cleopatra) dementes ruinas Funus et imperio parabat,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 8. —In plur.:

sub lacrimosa Trojae Funera,

Hor. C. 1, 8, 15:

pro dira pudoris funera,

Luc. 4, 231.—Also concr. of persons plotting destruction:

Gabinium et Pisonem, duo rei publicae portenta ac paene funera,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 1, 2.

gĕlĭdus, a, um (archaic gen. fem. sing. gelidaï

aquaï,

Lucr. 3, 693), adj. [gelu], icy cold, very cold, icy, frosty (a higher degree than frigidus; cf. also: algidus, rigidus, glacialis).

Lit.:

(Fibrenus) statim praecipitat in Lirem... eumque multo gelidiorem facit,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

caelum est hieme frigidum et gelidum,

cold and frosty, Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 4:

aqua,

Lucr. 3, 693:

aquam gelidam bibere,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31; cf.:

gelidissimae aquae,

Plin. 31, 2, 6, § 10:

fontium gelidae perennitates,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

fluvii,

Lucr. 6, 1172:

nives,

id. 6, 107:

pruina,

id. 2, 431; 515; Verg. G. 2, 263:

loca gelida propinquitate Tauri montis,

Liv. 38, 27, 9:

nemus,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 30:

valles,

Verg. G. 2, 488:

rupes,

id. A. 8, 343:

Haemus,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 6:

Algidus,

id. ib. 1, 21, 6: Scythes, id. ib. 4, 5, 25:

saxum,

Lucr. 3, 892:

umbrae frigoris,

id. 5, 641:

nox,

Verg. G. 1, 287; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 169:

aether,

Verg. A. 8, 28:

December,

Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 3:

foci,

i. e. never kindled, id. F. 3, 28:

tyrannus (i. e. Boreas),

id. M. 6, 711.—

Subst.: gĕlĭda, ae, f. (sc. aqua), water cold as ice (like frigida; cf.

calida or calda, warm water): foribusque repulsum Perfundit gelida,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 91: calidae gelidaeque minister; Juv. 5, 63.—

In partic., icy cold, cold, stiff with death, old age, or fright ( poet., like frigidus):

(Niobe) corporibus gelidis incumbit,

Ov. M. 6, 277:

artus,

id. ib. 4, 247;

6, 249: vultus,

id. ib. 4, 141:

gelidus tardante senecta Sanguis hebet,

Verg. A. 5, 395:

et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat,

Ov. F. 1, 98; so,

pavidus gelidusque,

id. M. 3, 688; cf. id. ib. 10, 423.—Hence also transf., of death, fright, etc.:

gelidi vestigia leti,

Lucr. 3, 530:

mors,

Hor. C. 2, 8, 11; Ov. M. 15, 153:

metus,

id. H. 11, 82; cf.

formido,

id. M. 2, 200:

horror,

id. H. 16, 67:

terror,

id. M. 3, 100:

tremor,

Verg. A. 2, 120:

pallor,

Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 11.— Adv.: gĕlĭde (like frigide, I.), coldly, faintly, indolently, psuchrôs:

quod res omnes timide gelideque ministrat,

Hor. A. P. 171.

gĕlĭdus, a, um (archaic gen. fem. sing. gelidaï

aquaï,

Lucr. 3, 693), adj. [gelu], icy cold, very cold, icy, frosty (a higher degree than frigidus; cf. also: algidus, rigidus, glacialis).

Lit.:

(Fibrenus) statim praecipitat in Lirem... eumque multo gelidiorem facit,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

caelum est hieme frigidum et gelidum,

cold and frosty, Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 4:

aqua,

Lucr. 3, 693:

aquam gelidam bibere,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31; cf.:

gelidissimae aquae,

Plin. 31, 2, 6, § 10:

fontium gelidae perennitates,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

fluvii,

Lucr. 6, 1172:

nives,

id. 6, 107:

pruina,

id. 2, 431; 515; Verg. G. 2, 263:

loca gelida propinquitate Tauri montis,

Liv. 38, 27, 9:

nemus,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 30:

valles,

Verg. G. 2, 488:

rupes,

id. A. 8, 343:

Haemus,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 6:

Algidus,

id. ib. 1, 21, 6: Scythes, id. ib. 4, 5, 25:

saxum,

Lucr. 3, 892:

umbrae frigoris,

id. 5, 641:

nox,

Verg. G. 1, 287; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 169:

aether,

Verg. A. 8, 28:

December,

Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 3:

foci,

i. e. never kindled, id. F. 3, 28:

tyrannus (i. e. Boreas),

id. M. 6, 711.—

Subst.: gĕlĭda, ae, f. (sc. aqua), water cold as ice (like frigida; cf.

calida or calda, warm water): foribusque repulsum Perfundit gelida,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 91: calidae gelidaeque minister; Juv. 5, 63.—

In partic., icy cold, cold, stiff with death, old age, or fright ( poet., like frigidus):

(Niobe) corporibus gelidis incumbit,

Ov. M. 6, 277:

artus,

id. ib. 4, 247;

6, 249: vultus,

id. ib. 4, 141:

gelidus tardante senecta Sanguis hebet,

Verg. A. 5, 395:

et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat,

Ov. F. 1, 98; so,

pavidus gelidusque,

id. M. 3, 688; cf. id. ib. 10, 423.—Hence also transf., of death, fright, etc.:

gelidi vestigia leti,

Lucr. 3, 530:

mors,

Hor. C. 2, 8, 11; Ov. M. 15, 153:

metus,

id. H. 11, 82; cf.

formido,

id. M. 2, 200:

horror,

id. H. 16, 67:

terror,

id. M. 3, 100:

tremor,

Verg. A. 2, 120:

pallor,

Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 11.— Adv.: gĕlĭde (like frigide, I.), coldly, faintly, indolently, psuchrôs:

quod res omnes timide gelideque ministrat,

Hor. A. P. 171.

glădĭus, ĭi, m. (also archaic glă-dĭum, ii, n., Lucil. ap. Non. 208, 13; cf. Varr. L. L. 9, § 81 Müll.; Quint. 1, 5, 16; v. gladiola under gladiolus, I.) [perh. akin to clades, cardo; cf. kladasai, to brandish], a sword (syn. the poet. ensis, acc. to Quint. 10, 1, 11; cf. also: spatha, acinaces, sica, pugio).

Lit.:

arripuit gladium,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 4, 7; id. Cas. 2, 4, 28:

eripite isti gladium, quae sui est impos animi,

id. Cas. 3, 5, 9: succincti gladiis media regione cracentes, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 53 Müll. (Ann. v. 497 Vahl.): contecti gladiis, id. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 4, 230 (Ann. v. 415 ib.):

occursat ocius gladio comminusque rem gerit Varenus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 11:

pila miserunt, celeriterque gladios strinxerunt,

drew, id. B. C. 3, 93, 1:

gladium stringere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 21; Verg. A. 12, 278:

destringere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 2; 7, 12 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 46, 1; 1, 47, 3; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; id. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Liv. 27, 13, 9 et saep.:

educere,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 8; Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; Sall. C. 51, 36; cf.:

educere e vagina,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

nudare,

Ov. F. 2, 693:

recondere in vaginam,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14; cf.

condere,

Quint. 8 praef. §

15: xiphion gladi praebet speciem,

Plin. 25, 11, 89, § 138.—

Prov.

Suo sibi hunc gladio jugulo, fight him with his own weapons, Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 35; cf.

the same,

Cic. Caecin. 29, 82.—

Cum illum (Clodium) plumbeo gladio jugulatum iri tamen diceret (Hortensius), i. e. with very little trouble, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 2. —

Ignem gladio scrutare, stir the fire with a sword (= pur machairai skaleuein, Pythag. ap. Diog. Laert. 8, 17), Hor. S. 2, 3, 276.—

Gladium alicui dare qui se occidat, to give one the means of ruining himself, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 92.—

Transf.

Murder, death:

cum tanta praesertim gladiorum sit impunitas,

Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 10, 2, 1; Vell. 2, 3, 3; 2, 125, 2;

gladiorum licentia,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9 fin.; id. 2, 22, 2:

qui universas provincias regunt, jus gladii habent,

i. e. the power of life and death, Dig. 1, 18, 6, § 8:

potestas gladii,

ib. 2, 1, 3; Capitol. Gord. 9.—

A gladiatorial combat:

qui cum maxime dubitat, utrum se ad gladium locet an ad cultrum,

Sen. Ep. 87 med.:

comparare homines ad gladium,

Lact. 6, 12 fin.:

servus ad gladium vel ad bestias vel in metallum damnatus,

Dig. 29, 2, 25.—

Gladius vomeris, a ploughshare, Plin. 18, 18, 48, § 172.—

The sword-fish, also called xiphias (xiphias), Plin. 9, 2, 1, § 3; 9, 15, 21, § 54; 32, 11, 53, § 145.

inter-regnum, i, n., the time between the death of one king and the election of another, an interregnum: populus flagitare regem non destitit;

cum... illi principes novam interregni ineundi rationem excogitaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

id ab re, quod nunc quoque tenet nomen, interregnum appellatum,

Liv. 1, 17.—

Transf., under the republic, the time between the death or departure of the consuls and the choice of new ones:

res ad interregnum venit,

Cic. Att. 9, 9, 3:

rem adduci ad interregnum,

id. ib. 7, 9, 2:

per interregnum renovare auspicia,

Liv. 5, 31, 7: interregnum inire, to become interrex, id. 3, 8.

inter-rex, rēgis, m., one who held the regal office between the death of one king and the election of another; a regent, interrex, Liv. 1, 17; 1, 32.—

During the times of the republic, one who held the supreme power from the death or absence of the chief magistrates till the election of new ones:

L. Flaccus interrex legem de Sulla tulit,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 5; id. Leg. 1, 15, 42; id. Dom. 14, 38:

prodere,

to nominate, appoint, id. Agr. 3, 2, 5:

creare,

Liv. 5, 31, 8:

infestam patribus plebem interreges cum accepissent,

id. 7, 21.

căpŭt ( kăp-căpud), ĭtis ( abl. sing. regularly capite:

capiti,

Cat. 68, 124; cf. Tib. 1, 1, 72 Huschk., where the MSS., as well as Caes. German. Arat. 213, vary between the two forms), n. [kindr. with Sanscr. kap-āla; Gr. keph-alê; Goth. haubith; Germ. Haupt].

The head, of men and animals:

oscitat in campis caput a cervice revolsum,

Enn. Ann. 462 Vahl.: i lictor, conliga manus, caput obnubito, form. ap. Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 13; cf. Liv. 1, 26, 6:

tun' capite cano amas, homo nequissume?

Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 34; so,

cano capite,

id. As. 5, 2, 84; id. Cas. 3, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 1, 72; Pers. 1, 83 al.; cf. Tib. 1, 10, 43, and:

capitis nives,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 12, and Quint. 8, 6, 17 Spald.:

raso capite calvus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 306:

irraso,

id. Rud. 5, 2, 16:

intonsum,

Quint. 12, 10, 47:

amputare alicui,

Suet. Galb. 20; Vulg. 1 Par. 10, 9:

capite operto,

Cic. Sen. 10, 34, 34:

obvoluto,

id. Phil. 2, 31, 77 Klotz:

caput aperire,

id. ib.:

abscindere cervicibus,

id. ib. 11, 2, 5:

demittere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 32; Cat. 87, 8; Verg. A. 9, 437: attollere. Ov. M. 5, 503:

extollere,

to become bold, Cic. Planc. 13, 33: efferre, to raise one ' s head, to be eminent, Verg. E. 1, 25 al.—Of animals, Tib. 2, 1, 8; Hor. S. 1, 2, 89; 2, 3, 200; id. Ep. 1, 1, 76 al.—

Prov.: supra caput esse, to be over one ' s head, i. e. to be at one ' s very doors, to threaten in consequence of nearness ( = imminere, impendere), Sall. C. 52, 24; Liv. 3, 17, 2; Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. Kritz ad Sall. l. l.: capita conferre (like our phrase to put heads together, i. e to confer together in secret), Liv. 2, 45, 7:

ire praecipitem in lutum, per caputque pedesque,

over head and ears, Cat. 17, 9:

nec caput nec pedes,

neither beginning nor end, good for nothing, Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 2; cf. Cato ap. Liv. Epit. lib. 50; Plaut. As. 3, 3, 139 sq.—

Capita aut navia (al. navim), heads or tails, a play of the Roman youth in which a piece of money is thrown up, to see whether the figure-side (the head of Janus) or the reverse - side (a ship) will fall uppermost, Macr. S. 1, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 3; cf. Ov. F. 1, 239; Paul. Nol. Poëm. 38, 73.—

Poet., the head, as the seat of the understanding:

aliena negotia Per caput saliunt,

run through the head, Hor. S. 2, 6, 34; so id. ib. 2, 3, 132; id. A. P. 300.—

Ad Capita bubula, a place in Rome in the tenth region, where Augustus was born, Suet. Aug. 5.—

Transf., of inanimate things.

In gen., the head, top, summit, point, end, extremity (beginning or end):

ulpici,

Cato, R. R. 71:

allii,

Col. 6, 34, 1:

porri,

id. 11, 3, 17:

papaveris,

Liv. 1, 54, 6; Verg. A. 9, 437:

bulborum,

Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94:

caulis,

id. 19, 8, 41, § 140 al.:

jecoris (or jecinoris, jocinoris),

Cic. Div. 2, 13, 32; Liv. 8, 9, 1; cf. id. 27, 26, 14; 41, 14, 7; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 244 Müll.:

extorum,

Ov. M. 15, 795; Luc. 1, 627; Plin. 11, 37, 73, § 189: pontis, tēte de pont, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 4; cf. Front. Arat. 2, 13, 5:

tignorum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9:

columnae,

Plin. 34, 3, 7, § 13:

molis,

the highest point of the mole, Curt. 4, 2, 23:

xysti,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 20:

porticus,

id. ib. 5, 6, 19 al.—

Esp., of rivers,

The origin, source, spring ( head):

caput aquae illud est, unde aqua nascitur,

Dig. 43, 20, 1, § 8; so Lucr. 5, 270; 6, 636; 6, 729; Tib. 1, 7, 24; Hor. C. 1, 1, 22; id. S. 1, 10, 37; Verg. G. 4, 319; 4, 368; Ov. M. 2, 255; Hirt. B. G. 8, 41; Liv. 1, 51, 9; 2, 38, 1; 37, 18, 6:

fontium,

Vitr. 8, 1; Mel. 3, 2, 8; Plin. Ep. 8, 8, 5; 10, 91, 1 al.—

(more rare) The mouth, embouchure, Caes. B. G. 4, 10; Liv. 33, 41, 7; Luc. 2, 52; 3, 202.—

Also of plants, sometimes the root, Cato, R. R. 36; 43; 51:

vitis,

id. ib. 33, 1; 95, 2; Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 195; Verg. G. 2, 355.—

Also, in reference to the vine, vine branches, Col. 3, 10, 1; Cic. Sen. 15, 53.— Poet., also the summit, top of trees, Enn. ap. Gell. 13, 20, and ap. Non. 195, 24; Ov. M. 1, 567; Poët. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 90; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 370. —

Of mountains, rocks, Verg. A. 4, 249; 6, 360.—

Of a boil that swells out, Cels. 8, 9;

hence, facere,

to come to a head, Plin. 22, 25, 76, § 159; 26, 12, 77, § 125; cf.: capita deorum appellabantur fasciculi facti ex verbenis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64 Müll.—

Per meton. (pars pro toto), a man, person, or animal (very freq. in prose and poetry; cf. kara, kephalê,, in the same signif.;

v. Liddell and Scott and Robinson): pro capite tuo quantum dedit,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 54; id. Pers. 1, 1, 37:

hoc conruptum'st caput,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 85:

siquidem hoc vivet caput, i. e. ego,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 33; so id. Stich. 5, 5, 10; cf. id. Capt. 5, 1, 25:

ridiculum caput!

Ter. And. 2, 2, 34:

festivum,

id. Ad. 2, 3, 8:

lepidum,

id. ib. 5, 9, 9:

carum,

Verg. A. 4, 354; Hor. C. 1, 24, 2:

liberum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 79:

vilia,

Liv. 25, 6, 9:

viliora,

id. 9, 26, 22:

vilissima,

id. 24, 5, 13:

ignota,

id. 3, 7, 7; cf. id. 2, 5, 6:

liberorum servorumque,

id. 29, 29, 3 al. —In imprecations:

istic capiti dicito,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 47; cf.:

vae capiti tuo,

id. Most. 4, 3, 10; so id. Poen. 3, 3, 32; Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 2, 12; Verg. A. 8, 484; 11, 399 al.—With numerals:

capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII.,

souls, Caes. B. G. 1, 29; 4, 15:

quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; id. Ep. 2, 2, 189; cf. id. C. 1, 28, 20 al.; so, in capita, in distribution, to or for each person (cf. in Heb. also, for each head, poll, = for each individual, v. Robinson in h. v.), Liv. 2, 33, 11; 32, 17, 2; 34, 50, 6 al. (cf.:

in singulos,

id. 42, 4, 5).—Of. the poll-tax:

exactio capitum,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5; so,

capite censi, v. censeo.—Of animals,

Verg. A. 3, 391; Col. 6, 5, 4 fin.; 8, 5, 4; 8, 5, 7; 8, 11, 13; Veg. Vet. 1, 18.—

Trop.

Life, and specif.,

Physical life:

carum,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 33 sq.; 5, 1, 26:

si capitis res siet,

if it is a matter of life and death, id. Trin. 4, 2, 120: capitis periculum adire, to risk one ' s life, Ter. And. 4, 1, 53; id. Hec. 3, 1, 54; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 2, 6 Runnk.:

capitis poena,

capital punishment, Caes. B. G. 7, 71:

pactum pro capite pretium,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:

cum altero certamen honoris et dignitatis est, cum altero capitis et famae,

id. ib. 1, 12, 38:

cum dimicatione capitis,

id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23; cf.:

suo capite decernere,

id. Att. 10, 9, 2; so Liv. 2, 12, 10; Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; Liv. 9, 5, 5:

caput offerre pro patriā,

Cic. Sull. 30, 84:

patrium tibi crede caput, i. e. patris vitam et salutem,

Ov. M. 8, 94; so,

capitis accusare,

to accuse of a capital crime, Nep. Paus. 2 fin.:

absolvere,

id. Milt. 7, 6:

damnare,

id. Alcib. 4, 5; id. Eum. 5, 1:

tergo ac capite puniri,

Liv. 3, 55, 14:

caput Jovi sacrum,

id. 3, 55, 7:

sacratum,

id. 10, 38, 3 al.; cf. Ov. M. 9, 296.—

Civil or political life, acc. to the Roman idea, including the rights of liberty, citizenship, [p. 290] and family (libertatis, civitatis, familiae): its loss or deprivation was called deminutio or minutio capitis, acc. to the foll. jurid. distinction: capitis deminutionis tria genera sunt: maxima, media, minima; tria enim sunt, quae habemus: libertatem, civitatem, familiam. Igitur cum omnia haec amittimus (as by servitude or condemnation to death), maximam esse capitis deminutionem; cum vero amittimus civitatem (as in the interdictio aquae et ignis) libertatem retinemus, mediam esse capitis deminutionem;

cum et libertas et civitas retinetur, familia tantum mutatur (as by adoption, or, in the case of women, by marriage) minimam esse capitis deminutionem constat,

Dig. 4, 5, 11; cf. Just. Inst. 1, 16, 4; Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 181; 1, 54, 231; id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; Liv. 3, 55, 14; 22, 60, 15:

capitis minor,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 42:

servus manumissus capite non minuitur, quia nulnum caput habuit,

Dig. 4, 5, 3, § 1.—Of the deminutio media, Cic. Brut. 36, 136; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, §§ 98 and 99; id. Quint. 2, 8 al.—Of the deminutio minima, Cic. Top. 4, 18; cf. Gai Inst. 1, 162.—

The first or chief person or thing, the head, leader, chief, guide (very freq.).

With gen.:

scelerum,

an arrant knave, Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 4, 7, 31; id. Mil. 2, 6, 14; id. Ps. 1, 5, 31; 4, 5, 3; id. Rud. 4, 4, 54:

perjuri,

id. ib. 4, 4, 55:

concitandorum Graecorum,

Cic. Fl. 18, 42:

consilil,

Liv. 8, 31, 7:

conjurationis,

id. 9, 26, 7:

caput rei Romanae Camillus,

id. 6, 3, 1; cf.:

caput rerum Masinissam fuisse,

id. 28, 35, 12; so id. 26, 40, 13:

reipublicae,

Tac. A. 1, 13:

nominis Latini,

heads, chiefs, Liv. 1, 52, 4:

belli,

id. 45, 7, 3:

Suevorum,

chieftribe, Tac. G. 39 fin. al.—The predicate in gen. masc.:

capita conjurationis ejus virgis caesi ac securi percussi,

Liv. 10, 1, 3.—

With esse and dat.:

ego caput fui argento reperiundo,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 138; cf.:

illic est huic rei caput,

author, contriver, Ter. And. 2, 6, 27; so id. Ad. 4, 2, 29 al.—

Absol.:

urgerent philosophorum greges, jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,

Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:

corpori valido caput deerat,

guide, leader, Liv. 5, 46, 5:

esse aliquod caput (i. e. regem) placebat,

id. 1, 17, 4; cf. id. 1, 23, 4; Hor. S. 2, 5, 74 al.—Of things, head, chief, capital, etc.;

thus of cities: Thebas caput fuisse totius Graeciae,

head, first city, Nep. Epam. 10 fin.; so with gen., Liv. 9, 37, 12; 10, 37, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; 23, 11, 11; 37, 18, 3 (with arx); cf.:

pro capite atque arce Italiae, urbe Romanā,

Liv. 22, 32, 5; and with dat.:

Romam caput Latio esse,

id. 8, 4, 5; and:

brevi caput Italiae omni Capuam fore,

id. 23, 10, 2 Drak. N. cr. —Of other localities:

castellum quod caput ejus regionis erat,

the head, principal place, Liv. 21, 33, 11.—Of other things:

jus nigrum, quod cenae caput erat,

the principal dish, Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 98; cf. id. Fin. 2, 8, 25:

patrimonii publici,

id. Agr. 1, 7, 21; cf. id. ib. 2, 29, 80; Liv. 6, 14, 10: caput esse artis, decere, the main or principal point, Cic. de Or. 1, 29, 132:

caput esse ad beate vivendum securitatem,

id. Lael. 13, 45: ad consilium de re publicā dandum caput est nosse rem publicam;

ad dicendum vero probabiliter, nosse mores civitatis,

id. de Or. 2, 82, 337; 1, 19, 87:

litterarum,

summary, purport, substance, id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

caput Epicuri,

the fundamental principle, dogma, id. Ac. 2, 32, 101; cf. Quint. 3, 11, 27: rerum, the chief or central point, head, Cic. Brut. 44, 164.—So in writings, a division, section, paragraph, chapter, etc.:

a primo capite legis usque ad extremum,

Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 15; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 26; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46, § 118 Ascon.; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; Gell. 2, 15, 4 al.; Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 223; id. Fam. 7, 22 med.; Quint. 10, 7, 32:

id quod caput est,

Cic. Att. 1, 17, 4; so id. Fam. 3, 7, 4.—Of money, the principal sum, the capital, stock (syn. sors;

opp. usurae),

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 11; 2, 3, 35, § 80 sq.; id. Att. 15, 26, 4; Liv. 6, 15, 10; 6, 35, 4; Hor. S. 1, 2, 14 al.

lētum (sometimes written lēthum, from a supposed connection with lêthê), i, n. [acc. to Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll., and Paul. ex Fest. p. 115 Müll., from lêthê; more prob. acc. to Prisc. p. 665 and 898 P., from leo, whence also deleo; root lī-; cf. Sanscr. vi-lī, to dissolve; Gr. limnê, limên, loimos]. death (ante-class., and in the class. period mostly poet.): ollus apparet in funeribus indictivis, cum dicitur: ollus leto datus est (qs. was [p. 1053] given up to oblivion), Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll.—The phrase leto datus, dead: leto dare, to kill, often occurs:

sos leto datos divos habento,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22: quorum liberi leto dati sunt in bello, Enn. ap. Non. 15, 13 (Trag. v. 378 Vahl.):

qui te leto dabit,

Pac. ib. 355, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 79 Rib.); Verg. A. 5, 806; 11, 172; 12, 328; Ov. H. 2, 147:

utrumque largus leto dedit ingenii fons,

Juv. 10, 119; Phaedr. 1, 21, 9; 3, 16, 18: letum inimico deprecer, Enn. ap. Gell. 6, 16, 10 (Trag. v. 162 Vahl.):

emortuus leto malo,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 5, 1:

letum sibi consciscere,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 26:

responde, quo leto censes ut peream,

id. Merc. 2, 4, 15:

leto offerre caput,

Lucr. 3, 1041:

mortis letique potitus,

id. 4, 766:

eodem sibi leto, quo ipse interisset, esse pereundum,

Cic. Div. 1, 26, 56:

turpi leto perire,

id. Att. 10, 10, 5:

ferre (alicui),

Verg. A. 11, 872:

leto sternendus,

id. ib. 8, 566:

sibi parere manu,

id. ib. 6, 434:

ostentant omnia letum,

Cat. 64, 187:

leto jam mala finissem,

Tib. 2, 6, 19:

leto adimere aliquem,

to save from death, Hor. C. 3, 22, 3:

leto se eripere,

Verg. A. 2, 134:

pari leto affici,

Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

me pessimo leto adficere,

Liv. 22, 53, 11:

novo genere leti mergi,

id. 1, 51, 9; 2, 40, 10:

oppetere,

id. 45, 26.—

Personified:

consanguineus Leti Sopor,

Verg. A. 6, 278. —

Transf., of inanim, subjects, ruin, destruction ( poet. for interitus):

tenues Teucrum res eripe leto,

Verg. A. 5, 690; cf.:

tum me, Juppiter Optime Maxime, domum, familiam remque meam pessimo leto afficias,

Liv. 12, 53, 11.

lētum (sometimes written lēthum, from a supposed connection with lêthê), i, n. [acc. to Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll., and Paul. ex Fest. p. 115 Müll., from lêthê; more prob. acc. to Prisc. p. 665 and 898 P., from leo, whence also deleo; root lī-; cf. Sanscr. vi-lī, to dissolve; Gr. limnê, limên, loimos]. death (ante-class., and in the class. period mostly poet.): ollus apparet in funeribus indictivis, cum dicitur: ollus leto datus est (qs. was [p. 1053] given up to oblivion), Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll.—The phrase leto datus, dead: leto dare, to kill, often occurs:

sos leto datos divos habento,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22: quorum liberi leto dati sunt in bello, Enn. ap. Non. 15, 13 (Trag. v. 378 Vahl.):

qui te leto dabit,

Pac. ib. 355, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 79 Rib.); Verg. A. 5, 806; 11, 172; 12, 328; Ov. H. 2, 147:

utrumque largus leto dedit ingenii fons,

Juv. 10, 119; Phaedr. 1, 21, 9; 3, 16, 18: letum inimico deprecer, Enn. ap. Gell. 6, 16, 10 (Trag. v. 162 Vahl.):

emortuus leto malo,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 5, 1:

letum sibi consciscere,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 26:

responde, quo leto censes ut peream,

id. Merc. 2, 4, 15:

leto offerre caput,

Lucr. 3, 1041:

mortis letique potitus,

id. 4, 766:

eodem sibi leto, quo ipse interisset, esse pereundum,

Cic. Div. 1, 26, 56:

turpi leto perire,

id. Att. 10, 10, 5:

ferre (alicui),

Verg. A. 11, 872:

leto sternendus,

id. ib. 8, 566:

sibi parere manu,

id. ib. 6, 434:

ostentant omnia letum,

Cat. 64, 187:

leto jam mala finissem,

Tib. 2, 6, 19:

leto adimere aliquem,

to save from death, Hor. C. 3, 22, 3:

leto se eripere,

Verg. A. 2, 134:

pari leto affici,

Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

me pessimo leto adficere,

Liv. 22, 53, 11:

novo genere leti mergi,

id. 1, 51, 9; 2, 40, 10:

oppetere,

id. 45, 26.—

Personified:

consanguineus Leti Sopor,

Verg. A. 6, 278. —

Transf., of inanim, subjects, ruin, destruction ( poet. for interitus):

tenues Teucrum res eripe leto,

Verg. A. 5, 690; cf.:

tum me, Juppiter Optime Maxime, domum, familiam remque meam pessimo leto afficias,

Liv. 12, 53, 11.

Mĕlĕăger and Mĕlĕăgros ( - ag-rus), gri, m., = Meleagros, son of the Calydonian king Œneus and Althæa, one of the combatants at the Calydonian boar-hunt. His life depended on the preservation of an extinguished brand; this his mother burned, out of revenge for the death of her brothers who had fallen by his hand, and he expired, Ov. M. 8, 299 sq.; id. H. 9, 151; Val. Fl. 1, 435; Hyg. Fab. 171 sq.; Serv. Verg. A. 7, 306.—Hence,

Mĕlĕāgrēus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Meleager, Luc. 6, 365.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭdes, um, f.

The sisters of Meleager, who, according to the fable, bitterly lamented his death, and were changed into birds called after his name, Hyg. Fab. 174; Ov. M. 8, 534 sq.—

A kind of fowls, Guinea-hens, the same as Gallinae Africanae, or a variety of them, Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 18; Plin. 10, 26, 38, § 74.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭus, a, um, adj., = Meleagrios, of or belonging to Meleager, Meleagrian, Stat. Th. 4, 103.

Mĕlĕăger and Mĕlĕăgros ( - ag-rus), gri, m., = Meleagros, son of the Calydonian king Œneus and Althæa, one of the combatants at the Calydonian boar-hunt. His life depended on the preservation of an extinguished brand; this his mother burned, out of revenge for the death of her brothers who had fallen by his hand, and he expired, Ov. M. 8, 299 sq.; id. H. 9, 151; Val. Fl. 1, 435; Hyg. Fab. 171 sq.; Serv. Verg. A. 7, 306.—Hence,

Mĕlĕāgrēus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Meleager, Luc. 6, 365.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭdes, um, f.

The sisters of Meleager, who, according to the fable, bitterly lamented his death, and were changed into birds called after his name, Hyg. Fab. 174; Ov. M. 8, 534 sq.—

A kind of fowls, Guinea-hens, the same as Gallinae Africanae, or a variety of them, Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 18; Plin. 10, 26, 38, § 74.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭus, a, um, adj., = Meleagrios, of or belonging to Meleager, Meleagrian, Stat. Th. 4, 103.

Mĕlĕăger and Mĕlĕăgros ( - ag-rus), gri, m., = Meleagros, son of the Calydonian king Œneus and Althæa, one of the combatants at the Calydonian boar-hunt. His life depended on the preservation of an extinguished brand; this his mother burned, out of revenge for the death of her brothers who had fallen by his hand, and he expired, Ov. M. 8, 299 sq.; id. H. 9, 151; Val. Fl. 1, 435; Hyg. Fab. 171 sq.; Serv. Verg. A. 7, 306.—Hence,

Mĕlĕāgrēus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Meleager, Luc. 6, 365.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭdes, um, f.

The sisters of Meleager, who, according to the fable, bitterly lamented his death, and were changed into birds called after his name, Hyg. Fab. 174; Ov. M. 8, 534 sq.—

A kind of fowls, Guinea-hens, the same as Gallinae Africanae, or a variety of them, Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 18; Plin. 10, 26, 38, § 74.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭus, a, um, adj., = Meleagrios, of or belonging to Meleager, Meleagrian, Stat. Th. 4, 103.

Mĕlĕăger and Mĕlĕăgros ( - ag-rus), gri, m., = Meleagros, son of the Calydonian king Œneus and Althæa, one of the combatants at the Calydonian boar-hunt. His life depended on the preservation of an extinguished brand; this his mother burned, out of revenge for the death of her brothers who had fallen by his hand, and he expired, Ov. M. 8, 299 sq.; id. H. 9, 151; Val. Fl. 1, 435; Hyg. Fab. 171 sq.; Serv. Verg. A. 7, 306.—Hence,

Mĕlĕāgrēus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Meleager, Luc. 6, 365.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭdes, um, f.

The sisters of Meleager, who, according to the fable, bitterly lamented his death, and were changed into birds called after his name, Hyg. Fab. 174; Ov. M. 8, 534 sq.—

A kind of fowls, Guinea-hens, the same as Gallinae Africanae, or a variety of them, Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 18; Plin. 10, 26, 38, § 74.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭus, a, um, adj., = Meleagrios, of or belonging to Meleager, Meleagrian, Stat. Th. 4, 103.

Mĕlĕăger and Mĕlĕăgros ( - ag-rus), gri, m., = Meleagros, son of the Calydonian king Œneus and Althæa, one of the combatants at the Calydonian boar-hunt. His life depended on the preservation of an extinguished brand; this his mother burned, out of revenge for the death of her brothers who had fallen by his hand, and he expired, Ov. M. 8, 299 sq.; id. H. 9, 151; Val. Fl. 1, 435; Hyg. Fab. 171 sq.; Serv. Verg. A. 7, 306.—Hence,

Mĕlĕāgrēus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Meleager, Luc. 6, 365.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭdes, um, f.

The sisters of Meleager, who, according to the fable, bitterly lamented his death, and were changed into birds called after his name, Hyg. Fab. 174; Ov. M. 8, 534 sq.—

A kind of fowls, Guinea-hens, the same as Gallinae Africanae, or a variety of them, Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 18; Plin. 10, 26, 38, § 74.—

Mĕlĕāgrĭus, a, um, adj., = Meleagrios, of or belonging to Meleager, Meleagrian, Stat. Th. 4, 103.