the+others

annus, i, m. [acc. to some, as Corssen, Beitr. 16, for am-nus, from 2. an- am-; or acc. to others, directly from 2. anus, a ring, and kindred to the form appearing, in enoautos, di-enos, tri-enos].

Lit., a circuit, circular course, periodical return: tempus a brumā ad brumam, dum sol redit, vocatur annus;

quod, ut parvi circuli anuli, sic magni dicebantur circites ani, unde annus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 8 Müll.; cf.

for the same idea: circum tribus actis annis,

Lucr. 5, 883:

anno, qui solstitiali circumagitur orbe,

Liv. 1, 19; 6, 1:

quae (stellae) volvunt magnos in magnis orbibus annos,

Lucr. 5, 644; so Verg. A. 1, 234:

multis solis redeuntibus annis,

Lucr. 1, 311; so Verg. A. 8, 47; cf. also Voss ad Verg. G. 2, 402; and the Heb. = month, from = to renew; hence, a year (consisting among the Rom. orig. of ten months, ending with Dec. and beginning with Mart., but from the time of Numa of twelve):

annos sexaginta natus,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 10:

principio circum tribus actis impiger annis Floret equus,

Lucr. 5, 881:

tempora mutare annorum,

the seasons, id. 2, 170:

anni tempus, Varr, R. R. 1, 46: nemo est tam senex, qui se annum non putet posse vivere,

Cic. Sen. 7, 24:

centum et septem complevit annos,

id. ib. 5, 13 et saep.:

anni fugaces,

Hor. C. 2, 14, 1:

anni mobiles,

id. A. P. 157:

annus piger,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 21:

anni breves,

id. C. 4, 13, 23:

per exactos annos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 6:

initio anni,

Liv. 2, 52:

principio anni,

id. 2, 48:

anno ineunte,

Suet. Calig. 42; id. Tib. 54:

anno exeunte,

Cic. Div. 1, 25:

extremo anno,

Liv. 2, 64:

extremo anni,

Tac. A. 6, 27:

anno circumacto,

Liv. 6, 1:

vertente anno,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 11, 1:

annus totus,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 1:

annus solidus,

a full year, Liv. 1, 19.— Poet.:

pleno anno,

at the close of, Hor. C. 3, 18, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 30; id. Men. 2, 1, 9:

nondum centum et decem anni sunt, cum lata est lex,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75: lex anno post quam lata sit abrogata, id. Cornel. Fragm. ap. Orell. IV. 2, p. 448.—

Adverb. phrases.

Anno.

A year ago, last year, perusi (for the most part anteclass.;

not used by Cic.),

Plaut. Am. prol. 91:

quattuor minis ego emi istanc anno,

id. Men. 1, 3, 22; id. Truc. 2, 4, 39: utrum anno an horno te abstuleris a viro, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 121, 8; so,

ab anno priore,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 8, 10; and:

ab anno praeterito,

ib. ib. 9, 2.—

A full or whole year, Liv. 3, 39 fin.:

corpus ejus matronae anno luxerunt,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 10 fin. (in Livy, instead of it, annum; v. 2. infra).—

In each year, yearly:

uno boum jugo conseri anno quadragena jugera, difficilis tricena justum est,

Plin. 18, 18, 48, § 173.—But in is freq. added when it is related how often a thing happened during the year, Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 8:

ter in anno,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46:

semel in anno,

Vulg. Heb. 9, 7 (cf.:

semel per annum,

ib. Ex. 30, 10) al. (but without in' ter et quater anno, Hor. C. 1, 31, 14:

bis anno,

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 184).—

Annum, a year, during a whole year:

matronae annum eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7.—

Ad annum, for the coming year, a year hence:

faciendum est ad annum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 92:

quem ad annum tribunum plebis videbam fore,

id. Att. 5, 2.—

In annum.

For a year: prorogatum in annum im [p. 127] perium est, Liv. 37, 2, 11: si quid Est ( gnaws) animum, differs curandi tempus in annum? Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 39:

provisae frugis in annum Copia,

id. ib. 1, 18, 109.—

In the next year, the next year:

quod stercoratione faciunt in annum segetes meliores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 12.—

Per annos, year by year, yearly:

arva per annos mutant, et superest ager,

Tac. G. 26; so,

per omnes annos,

Vulg. Lev. 16, 34; ib. Luc. 2, 41.—

Omnibus annis, all the years, always, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 21.—

Transf.

Poet., a part of a year, a season of the year:

nunc frondent silvae, nunc formosissimus an-nus,

now the forest is clothed with verdure, now the year is most beautiful, Verg. E. 3, 57; so,

pomifer annus,

Hor. C. 3, 23, 8:

hibernus annus,

id. Epod. 2, 29: Pisaeumque domus non aestuat annum, i. e. the summer (in which season of the year the Olympic games were celebrated at Pisa), Stat. S. 1, 3, 8.—

The produce of the year ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose; cf.

annona, I.),

Luc. 9, 437:

agricolae annum flevere,

id. 3, 452; 3, 70; Stat. Th. 4, 710; Val. Fl. 5, 424:

nec arare terram aut exspectare annum,

Tac. G. 14, ubi v. Rup.; cf. Schwarz ad Plin. Pan. 29.—

Time of life ( poet.):

Dum vernat sanguis, dum rugis integer annus,

while your years are free from wrinkles, Prop. 5, 5, 59:

vitae longus et annus erit,

the years of life, id. 3, 7, 38.—

In polit. life, the age to which one must attain in order to be appointed to an office (cf. annalis, II.):

quod hoc honore me adfecistis primā petitione, quod anno meo,

Cic. Agr. 2, 2:

subito reliquit annum suum seseque in annum proximum transtulit,

id. Mil. 9, 24:

qui anno suo petierint,

id. ib. 9, 24; id. Att. 1, 1; id. Fam. 10, 25.—

In astronomy: annus magnus or mundanus, the period of time in which the constellations return to the same place; acc. to Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 11, 15,000 years; v. Cic. N. D. 2, 20; Tac. Or. 16; and Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 102.

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

auctor (incorrectly written autor or author), ōris, comm. [id.], he that brings about the existence of any object, or promotes the increase or prosperity of it, whether he first originates it, or by his efforts gives greater permanence or continuance to it; to be differently translated according to the object, creator, maker, author, inventor, producer, father, founder, teacher, composer, cause, voucher, supporter, leader, head, etc. (syn.: conditor, origo, consiliarius, lator, suasor, princeps, dux).

Lit.

Of persons, a progenitor, father, ancestor:

L. Brutus, praeclarus auctor nobilitatis tuae,

the founder, progenitor of your nobility, Cic. Tusc. 4, 1, 2:

generis,

Verg. A. 4, 365; so Ov. M. 4, 640, and Suet. Vit. 2:

tu sanguinis ultimus auctor,

Verg. A. 7, 49; so Ov. M. 12, 558, and 13, 142:

tantae propaginis,

id. F. 3, 157:

originis,

Suet. Ner. 1:

gentis,

id. Claud. 25:

auctores parentes animarum,

Vulg. Sap. 12, 6:

auctore ab illo ducit originem,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 5:

Sive neglectum genus et nepotes Respicis auctor,

id. ib. 1, 2, 36:

mihi Tantalus auctor,

Ov. M. 6, 172:

auctores saxa fretumque tui,

id. H. 10, 132:

Juppiter e terrā genitam mentitur, ut auctor Desinat inquiri,

id. M. 1, 615.—Of animals, Col. 6, 27, 1.—

Of buildings, etc., founder, builder:

Trojae Cynthius auctor,

Verg. G. 3, 36:

murorum Romulus auctor,

Prop. 5, 6, 43 ( augur, Müll.):

auctor posuisset in oris Moenia,

Ov. M. 15, 9:

porticus auctoris Livia nomen habet,

id. A. A. 1, 72:

amphitheatri,

Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 118:

omnia sub titulo tantum suo ac sine ullā pristini auctoris memoriā,

Suet. Dom. 5.—

Of works of art, a maker, artist:

statua auctoris incerti,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93: apparuit summam artis securitatem auctori placaisse, id. praef. § 27.—

Transf.

In gen., the originator, executor, performer, doer, cause, occasion of other things (freq. interchanged with actor):

tametsi haud quaquam par gloriá sequitur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, tamen etc.,

Sall. C. 3, 2 Kritz (cf. without rerum: Suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt, id. J. 1, 4):

praeclari facinoris,

Vell. 2, 120, 6:

facti,

Ov. M. 9, 206; Vell. 1, 8:

cum perquirerent auctorem facti,

Vulg. Jud. 6, 29:

optimi statūs auctor,

Suet. Aug. 28:

honoris,

Ov. M. 10, 214:

vitae,

Vulg. Act. 3, 15:

salutis,

ib. Heb. 2, 10:

fidei,

ib. ib. 12, 2:

funeris,

Ov. M. 10, 199:

necis,

id. ib. 8, 449;

9, 214: mortis,

id. ib. 8, 493:

vulneris,

id. ib. 5, 133;

8, 418: plagae,

id. ib. 3, 329:

seditionis sectae,

Vulg. Act. 24, 5.—Also, in gen., one from whom any thing proceeds or comes:

auctor in incerto est: jaculum de parte sinistrā Venit,

i. e. the sender, Ov. M. 12, 419; so,

teli,

id. ib. 8, 349:

muneris,

the giver, id. ib. 2, 88;

5, 657, 7, 157 al.: meritorum,

id. ib. 8, 108 al.—

An investigator:

non sordidus auctor Naturae verique,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 14.—And as imparting learning, a teacher:

quamquam in antiquissimā philosophiā Cratippo auctore versaris,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

dicendi gravissimus auctor et magister Plato,

id. Or. 3, 10:

divini humanique juris auctor celeberrimus,

Vell. 2, 26, 2:

Servius Sulpicius, juris civilis auctor,

Gell. 2, 10; Dig. 19, 1, 39; 40, 7, 36.—

The author of a writing, a writer:

ii quos nunc lectito auctores,

Cic. Att. 12, 18:

ingeniosus poëta et auctor valde bonus,

id. Mur. 14:

scripta auctori perniciosa suo,

Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 68:

Belli Alexandrini Africique et Hispaniensis incertus auctor est,

Suet. Caes. 56; id. Aug. 31:

sine auctore notissimi versus,

i. e. anonymous verses, id. ib. 70; so id. Calig. 8; id. Dom. 8 al.— Meton. of cause for effect, for a literary production, writing, work:

in evolvendis utriusque linguae auctoribus, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 89. —In partic., the author of historical works, an historian (with and without rerum):

ego cautius posthac historiam attingam, te audiente, quem rerum Romanarum auctorem laudare possum religiosissimum,

Cic. Brut. 11, 44; so,

Matrem Antoniam non apud auctores rerum, non diurnā actorum scripturā reperio ullo insigni officio functam,

Tac. A. 3, 3; 3, 30 (diff. from auctor rerum in II. A.):

Polybius bonus auctor in primis,

Cic. Off. 3, 32, 113; so Nep. Them. 10, 4; Liv. 4, 20; Tac. A. 5, 9; 14, 64 al.—With historiae (eccl. Lat.):

historiae congruit auctori,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 2, 31.—Hence, in gen., one that gives an account of something, a narrator, reporter, informant (orally or in writing):

sibi insidias fieri: se id certis auctoribus comperisse,

Cic. Att. 14, 8:

celeberrimos auctores habeo tantam victoribus irreverentiam fuisse, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 51:

criminis ficti auctor, i. e. nuntius,

Ov. M. 7, 824:

Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor Ambiguus,

id. ib. 11, 666; 12, 58; 12, 61; 12, 532.—Hence, auctorem esse, with acc. and inf., to relate, recount:

Auctores sunt ter novenis punctis interfici hominem,

Plin. 11, 21, 24, § 73:

Fabius Rustiçus auctor est scriptos esse ad Caecinam Tuscum codicillos,

Tac. A. 13, 20:

Auctor est Julius Marathus ante paucos quam nasceretur menses prodigium Romae factum (esse) publice, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 94 et saep.—

One by whose influence, advice, command, etc., any thing is done, the cause, occasion, contriver, instigator, counsellor, adviser, promoter; constr. sometimes with ut, acc. and inf., or gen. gerund.: quid mihi es auctor ( what do you counsel me?) huic ut mittam? Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 2; 4, 7, 70; id. Poen. 1, 3, 1:

idne estis auctores mihi?

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 16:

mihique ut absim, vehementer auctor est,

Cic. Att. 15, 5:

Gellium ipsis (philosophis) magno opere auctorem fuisse, ut controversiarum facerent modum,

id. Leg. 1, 20, 53:

ut propinqui de communi sententiā coërcerent, auctor fuit,

Suet. Tib. 35; id. Claud. 25; id. Calig. 15:

a me consilium petis, qui sim tibi auctor in Siciliāne subsidas, an proficiscare,

Cic. Fam. 6, 8: ego quidem tibi non sim auctor, si Pompeius Italiam reliquit, te quoque profugere, Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10:

ne auctor armorum duxque deesset, Auct. B. G. 8, 47: auctor facinori non deerat,

Liv. 2, 54:

auctores Bibulo fuere tantundem pollicendi,

Suet. Caes. 19:

auctores restituendae tribuniciae potestatis,

id. ib. 5; so id. Dom. 8:

auctor singulis universisque conspirandi simul et ut... communem causam juvarent,

id. Galb. 10 al. —So freq. in the abl. absol.: me, te, eo auctore, at my, your, his instance, by my [p. 199] advice, command, etc.:

non me quidem Faciet auctore, hodie ut illum decipiat,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 23:

an paenitebat flagiti, te auctore quod fecisset Adulescens?

Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 12:

quare omnes istos me auctore deridete atque contemnite,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 54:

quia calida fomenta non proderant, frigidis curari coactus auctore Antonio Musā,

Suet. Aug. 81; 96; id. Galb. 19; id. Vit. 2 al.: agis Carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum, the promoters or authors of spells, Ov. M. 7, 148.—

Esp., in political lang., t. t.

Auctor legis.

One who proposes a law, a mover, proposer (very rare):

quarum legum auctor fuerat, earum suasorem se haud dubium ferebat,

Liv. 6, 36:

Quid desperatius, qui ne ementiendo quidem potueris auctorem adumbrare meliorem,

Cic. Dom. 30, 80.—

One who advises the proposal of a law, and exerts all his influence to have it passed, a supporter (stronger than suasor; cf. Suet. Tib. 27:

alium dicente, auctore eo Senatum se adīsse, verba mutare et pro auctore suasorem dicere coegit): isti rationi neque lator quisquam est inventus neque auctor umquam bonus,

Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:

cum ostenderem, si lex utilis plebi Romanae mihi videretur, auctorem me atque adjutorem futurum (esse),

id. Agr. 2, 5; id. Att. 1, 19:

quo auctore societatem cum Perseo junxerunt,

Liv. 45, 31; Suet. Oth. 8; id. Vesp. 11 al.—Sometimes in connection with suasor:

atque hujus deditionis ipse Postumius suasor et auctor fuit,

Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109:

Nisi quis retinet, idem suasor auctorque consilii ero,

Tac. H. 3, 2 al. —

Of a senate which accepts or adopts a proposition for a law, a confirmer, ratifier:

nunc cum loquar apud senatores populi Romani, legum et judiciorum et juris auctores,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 67.— Poet., in gen., a law-giver:

animum ad civilia vertet Jura suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor,

Ov. M. 15, 833;

and of one who establishes conditions of peace: leges captis justissimus auctor imposuit,

id. ib. 8, 101. —Hence, auctores fieri, to approve, accept, confirm a law:

cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat, patres ante auctores fieri coëgerit,

Cic. Brut. 14, 55:

Decreverunt ut, cum populus regem jussisset, id sic ratum esset, si patres auctores fierent,

Liv. 1, 17; 1, 22; 2, 54; 2, 56; 6, 42; 8, 12 al.—

Auctor consilii publici, he who has the chief voice in the senate, a leader:

hunc rei publicae rectorem et consilii publici auctorem esse habendum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 211; 3, 17, 63. —Also absol.:

regem Ariobarzanem, cujus salutem a senatu te auctore, commendatam habebam,

by your influence, and the decree of the senate occasioned by it, Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 6; cf. Gron. ad Liv. 24, 43.—

One who is an exemplar, a model, pattern, type of any thing:

Caecilius, malus auctor Latinitatis,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10:

nec litterarum Graecarum, nec philosophiae jam ullum auctorem requiro,

id. Ac. 2, 2, 5; cf.

Wopk. Lect. Tull. p. 34: unum cedo auctorem tui facti, unius profer exemplum,

i. e. who has done a similar thing, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 26:

Cato omnium virtutum auctor,

id. Fin. 4, 16, 44 al. —

One that becomes security for something, a voucher, bail, surety, witness:

id ita esse ut credas, rem tibi auctorem dabo,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 70:

auctorem rumorem habere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19: fama nuntiabat te esse in Syriā;

auctor erat nemo,

id. Fam. 12, 4:

non si mihi Juppiter auctor Spondeat,

Verg. A. 5, 17:

gravis quamvis magnae rei auctor,

Liv. 1, 16:

auctorem levem, nec satis fidum super tantā re Patres rati,

id. 5, 15 fin.:

urbs auspicato deis auctoribus in aeternum condita,

under the guaranty of the gods, id. 28, 28.—Also with acc. and inf.:

auctores sumus tutam ibi majestatem Romani nominis fore,

Liv. 2, 48.—

In judic. lang., t. t.

A seller, vender (inasmuch as he warrants the right of possession of the thing to be sold, and transfers it to the purchaser; sometimes the jurists make a distinction between auctor primus and auctor secundus; the former is the seller himself, the latter the bail or security whom the former brings, Dig. 21, 2, 4; cf.

Salmas. Mod. Usur. pp. 728 and 733): quod a malo auctore emīssent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 22:

auctor fundi,

id. Caecin. 10; Dig. 19, 1, 52: Inpero (auctor ego sum), ut tu me quoivis castrandum loces, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 73 Wagn.; id. Ep. 3, 2, 21; id. Curc. 4, 2, 12.— Trop.:

auctor beneficii populi Romani,

Cic. Mur. 2.—

A guardian, trustee (of women and minors):

dos quam mulier nullo auctore dixisset,

Cic. Caecin. 25:

majores nostri nullam ne privatam quidem rem agere feminas sine auctore voluerunt,

Liv. 34, 2:

pupillus obligari tutori eo auctore non potest,

Dig. 26, 8, 5.—

In espousals, auctores are the witnesses of the marriage contract (parents, brothers, guardians, relatives, etc.):

nubit genero socrus, nullis auspicibus, nullis auctoribus,

Cic. Clu. 5.—

An agent, factor, spokesman, intercessor, champion:

praeclarus iste auctor suae civitatis,

Cic. Fl. 22:

(Plancius) princeps inter suos... maximarum societatum auctor, plurimarum magister,

id. Planc. 13, 22:

meae salutis,

id. Sest. 50, 107:

doloris sui, querelarum, etc.,

id. Fl. 22 fin.

Lat. auctor is also used as fem.:

eas aves, quibus auctoribus etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27:

Et hostes aderant et (Theoxena) auctor mortis instabat,

Liv. 40, 4, 15:

auctor ego (Juno) audendi,

Verg. A. 12, 159; Ov. M. 8, 108; id. F. 5, 192; 6, 709; id. H. 14, 110; 15, 3; Sen. Med. 968; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 29 Müll. The distinction which the grammarians, Serv. ad Verg. A. 12, 159, Prob. p. 1452 sq. P., and others make between auctor fem. and auctrix, that auctrix would refer more to the lit. signif. of the verb, augeo, while auctor fem. has more direct relation to the prevailing signif. of its noun, auctoritas, is unfounded.

ex or ē (ex always before vowels, and elsewh. more freq. than e; e. g. in Cic. Rep. e occurs 19 times, but ex 61 times, before consonants—but no rule can be given for the usage; cf., e. g., ex and e together:

qui ex corporum vinculis tamquam e carcere evolaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 6, 14. But certain expressions have almost constantly the same form, as ex parte, ex sententia, ex senatus consulto, ex lege, ex tempore, etc.; but e regione, e re nata, e vestigio, e medio, and e republica used adverbially; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 756 sq.), praep. with abl. [kindr. with Gr. ek, ex], denotes out from the interior of a thing, in opposition to in (cf. ab and de init.), out of, from.

In space.

Prop.:

interea e portu nostra navis solvitur, Ubi portu exiimus, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 54:

quam (sphaeram) M. Marcelli avus captis Syracusis ex urbe locupletissima atque ornatissima sustulisset, cum aliud nihil ex tanta praeda domum suam deportavisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14:

influxit non tenuis quidam e Graecia rivulus in hanc urbem,

id. ib. 2, 19:

visam, ecquae advenerit In portum ex Epheso navis mercatoria,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2; cf. id. ib. 3, 2, 5;

3, 6, 32 al.: magno de flumine malim quam ex hoc fonticulo tantundem sumere,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 56; cf.:

nec vos de paupere mensa Dona nec e puris spernite fictilibus,

Tib. 1, 1, 38:

clanculum ex aedibus me edidi foras,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 9; so freq. with verbs compounded with ex; also with verbs compounded with ab and de, v. abeo, abscedo, amoveo, aveho, etc.; decedo, deduco, defero, deicio, etc.—

In a downward direction, from, down from, from off:

ex spelunca saxum in crura ejus incidisse,

Cic. Fat. 3, 6; cf. Liv. 35, 21:

picis e caelo demissum flumen,

Lucr. 6, 257:

equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2, 3; cf.:

cecidisse ex equo dicitur,

Cic. Clu. 62 fin.:

e curru trahitur,

id. Rep. 2, 41:

e curru desilit,

Ov. A. A. 1, 559 et saep., v. cado, decido, decurro, deduco, delabor, elabor, etc.—

In an upward direction, from, above:

collis paululum ex planitie editus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8, 3:

globum terrae eminentem e mari,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 28;

and trop.: consilia erigendae ex tam gravi casu rei publicae,

Liv. 6, 2.—

Transf.

To indicate the country, and, in gen., the place from or out of which any person or thing comes, from:

ex Aethiopia est usque haec,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 18:

quod erat ex eodem municipio,

Cic. Clu. 17, 49; cf. id. ib. 5, 11.—Freq. without a verb:

Philocrates ex Alide,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 2, 10:

ex Aethiopia ancillula,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 85 Ruhnk.:

negotiator ex Africa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 5:

Epicurei e Graecia,

id. N. D. 1, 21, 58:

Q. Junius ex Hispania quidam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 27:

ex India elephanti,

Liv. 35, 32:

civis Romanus e conventu Panhormitano,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54 Zumpt; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 59 fin.:

meretrix e proxumo,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 38; cf. id. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

puer ex aula (sc. regis barbari),

Hor. C. 1, 29, 7:

ex spelunca saxum,

Cic. Fat. 3, 6:

saxum ex capitolio,

Liv. 35, 21, 6:

ex equo cadere,

Cic. Clu. 32, 175; cf. id. Fat. 3, 6; Auct. B. Hisp. 15 et saep.—

To indicate the place from which any thing is done or takes place, from, down from: ibi tum derepente ex alto in altum despexit mare, Enn. ap. Non. 518, 6 (for which:

a summo caelo despicere,

Ov. A. A. 2, 87; and:

de vertice montis despicere,

id. M. 11, 503); cf.:

T. Labienus... ex loco superiore conspicatus, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:

ex qua (villa) jam audieram fremitum clientium meorum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 3:

ex hoc ipso loco permulta contra legem eam verba fecisti,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; so id. ib. 8 fin.; cf.:

judices aut e plano aut e quaesitoris tribunali admonebat,

Suet. Tib. 33:

ex equo, ex prora, ex puppi pugnare,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 202 and 209; cf. Caes. B. G. 2, 27, 3:

ex vinculis causam dicere,

id. ib. 1, 4, 1; Liv. 29, 19.—Hence the adverbial expressions, ex adverso, ex diverso, ex contrario, e regione, ex parte, e vestigio, etc.; v. the words adversus, diversus, etc.—Also, ex itinere, during or on a journey, on the march, without halting, Cic. Fam. 3, 9; Sall. C. 34, 2; Liv. 35, 24; Caes. B. G. 2, 6, 1; 3, 21, 2; id. B. C. 1, 24, 4; Sall. J. 56, 3 al.; cf.

also: ex fuga,

during the flight, Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 6; id. B. C. 3, 95; 96 fin.; Sall. J. 54, 4 Kritz.; Liv. 6, 29; 28, 23 al.

In time.

From a certain point of time, i. e. immediately after, directly after, after (in this sense more freq. than ab):

Cotta ex consulatu est profectus in Galliam,

Cic. Brut. 92, 318; so,

ex consulatu,

Liv. 4, 31 Drak.; 40, 1 fin.; 22, 49; 27, 34; Vell. 2, 33, 1 al.:

ex praetura,

Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 53; id. Mur. 7, 15; Caes. B. C. 1, 22, 4; 1, 31, 2:

ex dictatura,

Liv. 10, 5 fin.:

ex eo magistratu,

Vell. 2, 31 et saep.; cf.:

Agrippa ex Asia (pro consule eam provinciam annuo imperio tenuerat) Moesiae praepositus est,

Tac. H. 3, 46 fin.:

statim e somno lavantur,

id. G. 22:

tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. Liv. 21, 39:

ex aliquo graviore actu personam deponere,

Quint. 6, 2, 35:

mulier ex partu si, etc.,

Cels. 2, 8:

ex magnis rupibus nactus planitiem,

Caes. B. C. 1, 70, 3; cf.: ex maximo bello tantum otium totae insulae conciliavit, ut, etc., Nop. Timol. 3, 2; and:

ex magna desperatione tandem saluti redditus,

Just. 12, 10, 1 et saep.:

ex quo obses Romae fuit,

since he was a hostage in Rome, Liv. 40, 5 fin. —So the phrase, aliud ex alio, one thing after another:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19 fin.; Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 14 (cf. also, alius, D.):

aliam rem ex alia cogitare,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 3:

alia ex aliis iniquiora postulando,

Liv. 4, 2.—So, too, diem ex die exspectabam, one day after another, from day to day, Cic. Att. 7, 26 fin.; cf.:

diem ex die ducere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 5 (v. dies, I. A. b.).—

With names of office or calling, to denote one who has completed his term of office, or has relinquished his vocation. So in class. Lat. very dub.;

for the passage,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46, 4, belongs more correctly under III. B. It is, however, very common in post-class. Lat., esp. in inscriptions—ex consule, ex comite, ex duce, ex equite, ex praefecto, etc.— an ex-consul, etc. (for which, without good MS. authority, the nominatives exconsul, excomes, exdux, etc., are sometimes assumed, in analogy with proconsul, and subvillicus; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 562, note, and the authors there cited):

vir excelsus ex quaestore et ex consule Tribonianus,

Cod. Just. 1, 17, 2, § 9; cf.:

Pupienus et Balbinus, ambo ex consulibus,

Capitol. Gord. 22:

duo ante ipsam aram a Gallicano ex consulibus et Maecenate ex ducibus interempti sunt,

id. ib.:

mandabat Domitiano, ex comite largitionum, praefecto, ut, etc.,

Amm. 14, 7, 9:

Serenianus ex duce,

id. 14, 7, 7:

INLVSTRIS EX PRAEFECTO praeTORIO ET EX PRAEFECTO VRbis,

Inscr. Orell. 2355 al., v. Inscr. Orell. in Indice, p. 525.—

And of a period of life: quem si Constans Imperator olim ex adulto jamque maturum audiret, etc.,

i. e. who had outgrown the period of youth, and was now a man, Amm. 16, 7.—

From and after a given time, from... onward, from, since (cf. ab, II. A. 2.):

bonus volo jam ex hoc die esse,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 10:

itaque ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,

Cic. Quint. 5 fin.:

nec vero usquam discedebam, nec a republica deiciebam oculos, ex eo die, quo, etc.,

id. Phil. 1, 1:

ex aeterno tempore,

id. Fin. 1, 6, 17:

ex hoc die,

id. Rep. 1, 16:

motum ex Metello consule civicum tractas,

from the consulship of Metellus, Hor. C. 2, 1, 1:

C. Pompeius Diogenes ex Kalendis Juliis cenaculum locat,

Petr. 38, 10; so usually in forms of hiring; cf. Garaton. Cic. Phil. 2, 39, 100:

ex ea die ad hanc diem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12 fin.:

memoria tenent, me ex Kalendis Januariis ad hanc horam invigilasse rei publicae,

id. Phil. 14, 7, 20.—Esp.: ex quo (sc. tempore), since: [p. 670] octavus annus est, ex quo, etc., Tac. Agr. 33; id. A. 14, 53:

sextus decimus dies agitur, ex quo,

id. H. 1, 29:

sextus mensis est, ex quo,

Curt. 10, 6, 9; Hor. Ep. 11, 5; so,

ex eo,

Tac. A. 12, 7; Suet. Caes. 22:

ex illo,

Ov. F. 5, 670; Stat. Silv. 1, 2, 81.—

Less freq. in specifying a future date (after which something is to be done), from, after:

Romae vereor ne ex Kal. Jan. magni tumultus sint,

Cic. Fam. 16, 9, 3:

hunc judicem ex Kal. Jan. non habemus... ex Kal. Jan. non judicabunt,

id. Verr. 1, 10:

ex Idibus Mart.... ex Idibus Mai.,

id. Att. 5, 21, 9.

In other relations, and in gen. where a going out or forth, a coming or springing out of any thing is conceivable.

With verbs of taking out, or, in gen., of taking, receiving, deriving (both physically and mentally; so of perceiving, comprehending, inquiring, learning, hoping, etc.), away from, from, out of, of:

solem e mundo tollere videntur, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt,

Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

ex omni populo deligendi potestas,

id. Agr. 2, 9, 23:

agro ex hoste capto,

Liv. 41, 14, 3:

cui cum liceret majores ex otio fructus capere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4:

ex populo Romano bona accipere,

Sall. J. 102:

majorem laetitiam ex desiderio bonorum percepimus, quam ex laetitia improborum dolorem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4:

quaesierat ex me Scipio,

id. ib. 1, 13:

ex te requirunt,

id. ib. 2, 38:

de quo studeo ex te audire, quid sentias,

id. ib. 1, 11 fin.; 1, 30; 1, 46; 2, 38; cf.:

intellexi ex tuis litteris te ex Turannio audisse, etc.,

id. Att. 6, 9, 3:

ex eo cum ab ineunte ejus aetate bene speravissem,

id. Fam. 13, 16 et saep.; cf.:

ex aliqua re aliquid nominare,

id. N. D. 2, 20, 51:

vocare,

Tac. G. 2, 4; cf. id. ib. 4, 55; Sall. J. 5, 4.—

In specifying a multitude from which something is taken, or of which it forms a part, out of, of:

qui ex civitate in senatum, ex senatu in hoc consilium delecti estis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 3 fin.:

e vectoribus sorte ductus,

id. Rep. 1, 34:

ecquis est ex tanto populo, qui? etc.,

id. Rab. Post. 17:

homo ex numero disertorum postulabat, ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 168: Q. Fulgentius, ex primo hastato (sc. ordine) legionis XIV., i. e. a soldier of the first division of hastati of the 14 th legion, Caes. B. C. 1, 46;

v. hastatus: e barbaris ipsis nulli erant maritimi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

unus ex illis decemviris,

id. ib. 2, 37:

ex omnibus seculis vix tria aut quatuor nominantur paria amicorum,

id. Lael. 4, 15:

aliquis ex vobis,

id. Cael. 3, 7; id. Fam. 13, 1 fin.: id enim ei ex ovo videbatur aurum declarasse;

reliquum, argentum,

this of the egg, id. Div. 2, 65:

quo e collegio (sc. decemvirorum),

id. Rep. 2, 36:

virgines ex sacerdotio Vestae,

Flor. 1, 13, 12:

alia ex hoc quaestu,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 29 Ruhnk.; cf.:

fuit eodem ex studio vir eruditus apud patres nostros,

Cic. Mur. 36; Ov. Am. 2, 5, 54; Sen. Ben. 3, 9; id. Ep. 52, 3:

qui sibi detulerat ex latronibus suis principatum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 3:

est tibi ex his, qui assunt, bella copia,

id. Rep. 2, 40:

Batavi non multum ex ripa, sed insulam Rheni amnis colunt,

Tac. G. 29:

acerrimum autem ex omnibus nostris sensibus esse sensum videndi,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 357:

ex tribus istis modis rerum publicarum velim scire quod optimum judices,

id. Rep. 1, 30; cf. id. ib. 1, 35 et saep.—

Sometimes a circumlocution for the subject. gen., of (cf. de):

has (turres) altitudo puppium ex barbaris navibus superabat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14, 4:

album ex ovo cum rosa mixtum,

Cels. 4, 20:

ex fraxino frondes, ex leguminibus paleae,

Col. 7, 3, 21 sq. —

To indicate the material of which any thing is made or consists, of:

fenestrae e viminibus factae,

Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 6; cf.:

statua ex aere facta,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 21; and:

ex eo auro buculam curasse faciendam,

id. Div. 1, 24:

substramen e palea,

Varr. R. R. 3, 10, 4:

pocula ex auro, vas vinarium ex una gemma pergrandi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27:

monilia e gemmis,

Suet. Calig. 56:

farina ex faba,

Cels. 5, 28:

potiones ex absinthio,

id. ib. et saep.:

Ennius (i. e. statua ejus) constitutus ex marmore,

Cic. Arch. 9 fin.; cf. id. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

(homo) qui ex animo constet et corpore caduco et infirmo,

id. N. D. 1, 35, 98:

natura concreta ex pluribus naturis,

id. ib. 3, 14; id. Rep. 1, 45; id. Ac. 1, 2, 6: cum Epicuro autem hoc est plus negotii, quod e duplici genere voluptatis conjunctus est, id. Fin. 2, 14, 44 et saep.—

To denote technically the material, out of, i. e. with which any thing to eat or drink, etc., is mixed or prepared (esp. freq. of medical preparations):

resinam ex melle Aegyptiam,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 28:

quo pacto ex jure hesterno panem atrum vorent,

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 17:

bibat jejunus ex aqua castoreum,

Cels. 3, 23:

aqua ex lauro decocta,

id. 4, 2; cf.:

farina tritici ex aceto cocta,

Plin. 22, 25, 57, § 120:

pullum hirundinis servatum ex sale,

Cels. 4, 4:

nuclei pinei ex melle, panis vel elota alica ex aqua mulsa (danda est),

id. 4, 7 et saep.—So of the mixing of colors or flavors:

bacae e viridi rubentes,

Plin. 15, 30, 39, § 127:

frutex ramosus, bacis e nigro rufis,

id. ib. §

132: id solum e rubro lacteum traditur,

id. 12, 14, 30, § 52:

e viridi pallens,

id. 37, 8, 33, § 110:

apes ex aureolo variae,

Col. 9, 3, 2:

sucus ex austero dulcis,

Plin. 13, 9, 18, § 62; 21, 8, 26, § 50:

ex dulci acre,

id. 11, 15, 15, § 39; cf.

trop.: erat totus ex fraude et mendacio factus,

Cic. Clu. 26.—

To indicate the cause or reason of any thing, from, through, by, by reason of, on account of:

cum esset ex aere alieno commota civitas,

Cic. Rep. 2, 33:

ex doctrina nobilis et clarus,

id. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

ex vulnere aeger,

id. Rep. 2, 21; cf.:

ex renibus laborare,

id. Tusc. 2, 25:

ex gravitate loci vulgari morbos,

Liv. 25, 26:

ex vino vacillantes, hesterna ex potatione oscitantes,

Quint. 8, 33, 66:

gravida e Pamphilo est,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 11:

credon' tibi hoc, nunc peperisse hanc e Pamphilo?

id. ib. 3, 2, 17:

ex se nati,

Cic. Rep. 1, 35:

ex quodam conceptus,

id. ib. 2, 21:

ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum,

id. ib. 1, 44:

ex hac maxima libertate tyrannis gignitur,

id. ib. et saep.:

ex te duplex nos afficit sollicitudo,

Cic. Brut. 97, 332; cf.:

quoniam tum ex me doluisti, nunc ut duplicetur tuum ex me gaudium, praestabo,

id. Fam. 16, 21, 3:

in spem victoriae adductus ex opportunitate loci,

Sall. J. 48, 2:

veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus,

id. ib. 50, 1 et saep.:

ex Transalpinis gentibus triumphare,

Cic. Phil. 8, 6, 18; id. Off. 2, 8, 28; cf. id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:

gens Fabia saepe ex opulentissima Etrusca civitate victoriam tulit,

Liv. 2, 50:

ex tam propinquis stativis parum tuta frumentatio erat,

i. e. on account of the proximity of the two camps, Liv. 31, 36:

qua ex causa cum bellum Romanis Sabini intulissent,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7:

hic mihi (credo equidem ex hoc, quod eramus locuti) Africanus se ostendit,

id. ib. 6, 10:

quod ex eo sciri potest, quia, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 18 fin.; cf. id. Leg. 1, 15, 43:

causa... fuit ex eo, quod, etc.,

id. Phil. 6, 1:

ex eo fieri, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 13, 46:

ex quo fit, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 43:

e quo efficitur, non ut, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 5, 15 et saep.—Sometimes between two substantives without a verb:

non minor ex aqua postea quam ab hostibus clades,

Flor. 4, 10, 8:

ex nausea vomitus,

Cels. 4, 5:

ex hac clade atrox ira,

Liv. 2, 51, 6:

metus ex imperatore, contemptio ex barbaris,

Tac. A. 11, 20:

ex legato timor,

id. Agr. 16 et saep.—

In partic., to indicate that from which any thing derives its name, from, after, on account of:

cui postea Africano cognomen ex virtute fuit,

Sall. J. 5, 4; cf. Flor. 2, 6, 11:

cui (sc. Tarquinio) cognomen Superbo ex moribus datum,

id. 1, 7, 1:

nomen ex vitio positum,

Ov. F. 2, 601:

quarum ex disparibus motionibus magnum annum mathematici nominaverunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 20; id. Leg. 1, 8; cf. id. Tusc. 4, 12; Plin. 11, 37, 45, § 123:

holosteon sine duritia est, herba ex adverso appellata a Graecis,

id. 27, 10, 65, § 91:

quam urbem e suo nomine Romam jussit nominari,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7:

e nomine (nominibus),

id. ib. 2, 20; Tac. A. 4, 55; id. G. 2; Just. 15, 4, 8; 20, 5, 9 et saep.—

To indicate a transition, i. e. a change, alteration, from one state or condition to another, from, out of:

si possum tranquillum facere ex irato mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 3, 21:

fierent juvenes subito ex infantibus parvis,

Lucr. 1, 186:

dii ex hominibus facti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

ut exsistat ex rege dominus, ex optimatibus factio, ex populo turba et confusio,

id. ib. 1, 45:

nihil est tam miserabile quam ex beato miser,

id. Part. 17; cf.:

ex exsule consul,

id. Manil. 4, 46:

ex perpetuo annuum placuit, ex singulari duplex,

Flor. 1, 9, 2: tua virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis amicissimos fecisti, Sall. J. 10:

ex alto sapore excitati,

Curt. 7, 11, 18.—

Ex (e) re, ex usu or ex injuria, to or for the advantage or injury of any one:

ex tua re non est, ut ego emoriar,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102; 104; cf. Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 76: Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit aniles Ex re fabellas, i. e. fitting, suitable, pertinent (= pro commodo, quae cum re proposita conveniant), Hor. S. 2, 6, 78:

aliquid facere bene et e re publica,

for the good, the safety of the state, Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 25:

e (not ex) re publica,

id. ib. 3, 12, 30; 8, 4, 13; id. de Or. 2, 28, 124; id. Fam. 13, 8, 2; Liv. 23, 24; Suet. Caes. 19 et saep.:

exque re publica,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 38; 5, 13, 36:

non ex usu nostro est,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 60; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 10; Caes. B. G. 1, 30, 2; 1, 50 fin.; 5, 6 fin. al.; cf.:

ex utilitate,

Plin. Pan. 67, 4; Tac. A. 15, 43:

ex nullius injuria,

Liv. 45, 44, 11.—

To designate the measure or rule, according to, after, in conformity with which any thing is done:

(majores) primum jurare EX SVI ANIMI SENTENTIA quemque voluerunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 47 fin. (cf. Beier, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108, and the references):

ex omnium sententia constitutum est, etc.,

id. Clu. 63, 177; cf.:

ex senatus sententia,

id. Fam. 12, 4:

ex collegii sententia,

Liv. 4, 53:

ex amicorum sententia,

id. 40, 29:

ex consilii sententia,

id. 45, 29 et saep.; cf.

also: ex sententia, i. q. ex voluntate,

according to one's wish, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 96: Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 32; Cic. Fam. 12, 10, 2; id. Att. 5, 21 al.;

and, in a like sense: ex mea sententia,

Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 1; id. Merc. 2, 3, 36:

ex senatus consulto,

Cic. Rep. 3, 18; Sall. C. 42 fin.:

ex edicto, ex decreto,

Cic. Fam. 13, 56 fin.; id. Quint. 8, 30:

ex lege,

id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 19; id. Clu. 37, 103; id. Inv. 1, 38, 68: ex jure, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 276 ed. Vahl.); Varr. L. L. 6, § 64 Mull.; Cic. Mur. 12, 26; id. de Or. 1, 10, 41:

ex foedere,

Liv. 1, 23 et saep.:

hunccine erat aequum ex illius more, an illum ex hujus vivere?

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 29; so,

ex more,

Sall. J. 61, 3; Verg. A. 5, 244; 8, 186; Ov. M. 14, 156; 15, 593; Plin. Ep. 3, 18; Flor. 4, 2, 79 al.; cf.:

ex consuetudine,

Cic. Clu. 13, 38; Caes. B. G. 1, 52, 4; 4, 32, 1; Sall. J. 71, 4; Quint. 2, 7, 1 al.:

quod esse volunt e virtute, id est honeste vivere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 34:

ex sua libidine moderantur,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 4; cf. Sall. C. 8, 1:

ut magis ex animo rogare nihil possim,

Cic. Fam. 13, 8, 3:

eorum ex ingenio ingenium horum probant,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 42; cf. Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 118; Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A.:

leges ex utilitate communi, non ex scriptione, quae in litteris est, interpretari,

Cic. Inv. 1, 38; cf. id. Lael. 6, 21:

nemo enim illum ex trunco corporis spectabat, sed ex artificio comico aestimabat,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 28; cf. Sall. C. 10, 5; Caes. B. G. 3, 20, 1; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 2 al.:

ex tuis verbis meum futurum corium pulcrum praedicas,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 19; cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 17; id. Att. 1, 3:

nunc quae scribo, scribo ex opinione hominum atque fama,

id. Fam. 12, 4 fin.:

scripsit Tiberio, non ut profugus aut supplex, sed ex memoria prioris fortunae,

Tac. A. 2, 63: quamquam haec quidem res non solum ex domestica est ratione;

attingit etiam bellicam,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76; cf. id. Quint. 11; 15 et saep.—E re rata, v. ratus.—

To form adverbial expressions, such as: ex aequo, ex commodo, ex contrario, ex composito, ex confesso, ex destinato, ex diverso, ex facili, etc., ex affluenti, ex continenti;

ex improviso, ex inopinato, etc., v. the words aequus, commodus, etc.

2, 791:

terris ex,

id. 6, 788:

quibus e sumus uniter apti,

id. 3, 839; 5, 949.—E joined with que:

que sacra quercu,

Verg. E. 7, 13.

In composition, ex (cf. dis) before vowels and h, and before c, p, q, t (exagito, exeo, exigo, exoro, exuro, exhaurio; excedo, expello, exquiro, extraho); ef (sometimes ec) before f (effero, effluo, effringo; also in good MSS. ecfero, ecfari, ecfodio), elsewhere e (eblandior, educo, egredior, eicio, eligo, emitto, enitor, evado, eveho). A few exceptions are found, viz., in ex: epoto and epotus as well as expotus, and escendo as well as exscensio; in e: exbibo as well as ebibo; exballisto, exbola; exdorsuo; exfututa as well as effutuo; exfibulo; exlex, etc. After ex in compounds s is [p. 671] often elided in MSS. and edd. Both forms are correct, but the best usage and analogy favor the retaining of the s; so, exsaevio, exsanguis, exscensio, exscindo, exscribo, exsculpo, exseco, exsecror, exsequiae, exsequor, exsero, exsicco, exsilio, exsilium, exsisto, exsolvo, exsomnis, exsorbeo, exsors, exspecto, exspes, exspiro, exspolio, exspuo, exsterno, exstimulo, exstinguo, exstirpo, exsto, exstruo, exsudo, exsugo, exsul, exsulto, exsupero, exsurgo, exsuscito, and some others, with their derivv.; cf. Ribbeck, Prol. Verg. p. 445 sq. Only in escendere and escensio is the elision of x before s sustained by preponderant usage; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 766.—

Signification.

Primarily and most freq. of place, out or forth: exeo, elabor, educo, evado, etc.; and in an upward direction: emineo, effervesco, effero, erigo, exsurgo, exsulto, extollo, everto, etc.—Hence also, trop., out of ( a former nature), as in effeminare, qs. to change out of his own nature into that of a woman: effero, are, to render wild; thus ex comes to denote privation or negation, Engl. un-: exanimare, excusare, enodare, exonerare, effrenare, egelidus, I., elinguis, elumbis, etc.—

Throughout, to the end: effervesco, effero, elugeo; so in the neuter verbs which in composition (esp. since the Aug. per.) become active: egredior, enavigo, eno, enitor, excedo, etc.—Hence, thoroughly, utterly, completely: elaudare, emori, enecare, evastare, evincere (but eminari and eminatio are false readings for minari and minatio; q. v.); and hence a simple enhancing of the principal idea: edurus, efferus, elamentabilis, egelidus, exacerbo, exaugeo, excolo, edisco, elaboro, etc. In many compounds, however, of post - Aug. and especially of post-class. Latinity this force of ex is no longer distinct; so in appellations of color: exalbidus, exaluminatus, etc.; so in exabusus, exambire, exancillatus, etc. Vid. Hand Turs. II. Pp. 613-662.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—