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61 Yarrow, Sir Alfred Fernandez
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 13 January 1842 London, Englandd. 24 January 1932 London, England[br]English shipbuilder, naval architect, engineer and philanthropist.[br]At the conclusion of his schooling in the South of England, Yarrow became an indentured apprentice to the Thames engine-builder Ravenhill. During this five-year period various incidents and meetings sharpened his interest in scientific matters and he showed the skills that in later years were to be so beneficial to shipbuilding. For two years he acted as London representative for Ravenhill before joining up with a Mr Hedley to form a shipyard on the Isle of Dogs. The company lasted from 1868 until 1875 and in that period produced 350 small launches and other craft. This massive output enabled Yarrow to gain confidence in many aspects of ship design. Within two years of setting out on his own he built his first ship for the Royal Navy: a torpedo boat, then at the cutting edge of technology.In the early 1890s the company was building watertube boilers and producing destroyers with speeds in excess of 27 knots (50 km/h); it built the Russian destroyer Sokol, did pioneering work with aluminium and with high-tensile steels and worked on shipboard equipment to nullify vibrational effects. With the closure of most of the Thames shipyards and the run-down in skilled labour, Yarrow decided that the shipyard must move to some other part of the United Kingdom. After careful deliberation a green field site to the west of Glasgow was chosen, and in 1908 their first Clyde-built destroyer was launched. The company expanded, more building berths were arranged, boiler construction was developed and over the years they became recognized as specialists in smaller highspeed craft and in "knock down" ships for other parts of the world.Yarrow retired in 1913, but at the commencement of the First World War he returned to help the yard produce, in four years, twenty-nine destroyers with speeds of up to 40 knots (74 km/h). At the end of hostilities he gave of his time and money to many charities, including those for ex-servicemen. He left a remarkable industrial organization which remains to this day the most prolific builder of surface craft for the Royal Navy.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1916. FRS 1922. Vice-President, Institution of Naval Architects 1896.Further ReadingLady Yarrow, 1924, Alfred Yarrow, His Life and Work, London: Edward Arnold. A.Borthwick, 1965, Yarrow and Company Limited, The First Hundred Years 1865–1965, Glasgow.B.Baxter, 1986, "Alfred Fernandez Yarrow", Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, Vol. I, pp. 245–7, Slaven \& Checkland and Aberdeen University Press.FMWBiographical history of technology > Yarrow, Sir Alfred Fernandez
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62 July
(the seventh month of the year, the month following June.) julioJuly n juliotr[ʤʊː'laɪ]1 julio Table 1SMALLNOTA/SMALL For examples of use, see May/Table 1July [ʤʊ'laɪ] n: julio mn.• julio s.m.dʒʊ'laɪ [dʒuː'laɪ]1.N julio m•
at the beginning of July — a principios de julio•
during (the month of) July — durante el mes de julio•
each July — cada mes de julio, todos los meses de julio•
at the end of July — a finales de julio•
every July — todos los meses de julio•
in (the month of) July — en (el mes de) julio•
in the middle of July — a mediados de julio•
on the first/eleventh of July — el primero/once de julio2.CPDJuly sales NPL —
* * *[dʒʊ'laɪ] -
63 month
1. noun(one of the twelve divisions of the year (January, February etc), varying in length between 28 and 31 days.) mes- monthly
2. adverb(once a month: The magazine is published monthly.) mensualmentemonth n mestr[mʌnɵ]1 mes nombre masculino■ she earns £800 a month gana £800 al mes1 (ages) siglos nombre masculino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin a month of Sundays desde hace mucho tiempomonth in, month out mes tras mescalendar month mes nombre masculino civilmonth ['mʌnɵ] n: mes mn.• mes s.m.mʌnθnoun mes mcalendar month — mes civil or del calendario
$900 a month — 900 dólares mensuales or por mes or al mes
in a month's time o in a month — dentro de un mes
I haven't seen him for o in months — hace meses que no lo veo
[mʌnθ]N mes m•
three times a month — tres veces al mes30 dollars a month — 30 dólares al mes, 30 dólares mensuales
•
at the beginning of the month — a principios de mes•
I get paid by the month — me pagan mensualmente•
what or which day of the month is it? — ¿a cuántos estamos?•
at the end of the month — a fin or finales de mes•
every month — todos los meses•
she was here for a month — estuvo aquí un mes•
I was able to walk for the first time in months — por primera vez después de meses pude andarI'm off to Mexico in a month's time or in a month — me voy a México dentro de un mes
•
last month — el mes pasado•
a month later — al mes, un mes más tarde•
next month — el mes que viene•
in recent months — en los últimos meses•
this month — este mescalendar 2., lunar 2.•
it's that time of the month * — tiene/tengo la regla* * *[mʌnθ]noun mes mcalendar month — mes civil or del calendario
$900 a month — 900 dólares mensuales or por mes or al mes
in a month's time o in a month — dentro de un mes
I haven't seen him for o in months — hace meses que no lo veo
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64 year
jiə 1. noun1) (the period of time the earth takes to go once round the sun, about 365 days: We lived here for five years, from November 1968 to November 1973; a two-year delay.) år2) (the period from January 1 to December 31, being 365 days, except in a leap year, when it is 366 days: in the year 1945.) år•- yearly2. adverb(every year: The festival is held yearly.) årlig, en gang i året- all the year round
- all year round
- longårsubst. \/jɪə\/, \/jɜː\/1) år, årstall2) ( skolevesen e.l.) årskull3) årgang4) ( også calendar year og civil year) år, kalenderåracross the years opp gjennom åreneat somebody's years på noens alderat this time of (the) year på denne tiden av året, ved denne årstidbe getting on in years eller be getting on in life begynne å bli gammel, begynne å dra på årenebe old for one's years virke eldre enn man erby next year til neste år, innen neste år, senest neste årby the year per årfor donkey's years ( hverdagslig) på en evighet, på mange herrens årfor thousands of years i årtusenerfor years and years eller for many a long year i årevis, i\/på mange herrens årfor years to come i årene som kommerfrom year's end to year's end år ut og år innfrom year to year fra år til år, år etter årin after years i senere år, senere i livetthe incoming year det året som begynner nå, det nye åretin one's early years i ens ungdomsårin the year... i år...(up) in years tilårskommenlast year i fjorlong years ago ( litterært) for mange år sidenof late years eller of recent years i (de) senere år, i de siste åreneof the Year åretsonce in a hundred years en gang i løpet av hundre år, en gang hvert hundrede årover the years opp gjennom årene, i årenes løpput years on somebody få noen til å eldes, få noen til å se eldre utsee the old year out feire nyttårtake years off somebody få noen til å føle seg yngre, få noen til å se yngre utthis year i årwith every year for hvert år som går, for hvert år som gikkwithin a year and a day ( jus) innen år og daga year and a half halvannet åryear by year eller year after year år for\/etter åryears alderyears ago eller years and years ago for en evighet siden, for flere år siden, for mange år sidenyears and years årevis, mange herrens år -
65 Gillette, King Camp
[br]b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.[br]Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.[br]Bibliography"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).Further ReadingObituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.LRD / IMcN -
66 year
[jiə] 1. noun1) (the period of time the earth takes to go once round the sun, about 365 days: We lived here for five years, from November 1968 to November 1973; a two-year delay.) leto2) (the period from January 1 to December 31, being 365 days, except in a leap year, when it is 366 days: in the year 1945.) leto•- yearly2. adverb(every year: The festival is held yearly.) letno- all the year round
- all year round
- long* * *[ji:, British English tudi jə:]nounleto, plural doba, starost; astronomy perioda, obhodni čas (planeta)year by year, from year to year — od leta do leta, iz leta v letoyear in year out, year after year — od leta do leta, leto za letom, skozi vsa letapoetically in years — v letih, starfor years — leta in leta, mnogo letyear-long — enoleten, leto dni trajajočlast year — lansko leto, lanicivil (common, legal) year — navadno letoleap-year, bissextile year — prestopno letochurch (Christian, ecclesiastical) year — cerkveno letoGreat Year, Perfect Year — veliko (platonsko) leto (26.000 let)astronomical, solar year — sončno letoNew year's Day — novoletni dan, Novo leto (l. jan.)New year's Eve — novoletni večer, silvestrovoin the year of our Lord, in the year of grace — v letu Gospodovemhe is well on in years — on je že v letih, je že star -
67 zu
Präp. (+ Dat)1. räumlich, Richtung: to, toward(s); bis zu up to; zu jemandem gehen go and ( oder to) see s.o.; zu Tal fahren, gleiten etc.: downhill; Boden 2, Kopf 2 etc.2. räumlich, Lage: at, in; zu Berlin in ( amtlich: at) Berlin; der Dom zu Köln Cologne Cathedral; zu ebener Erde at ground level; zu jemandes Füßen at s.o.’s feet; zu Hause at home; zu beiden Seiten des Rheins on both sides of the Rhine; zu Wasser und zu Lande on land and at sea; Gasthof zu den drei Eichen the Three Oaktrees (Inn)3. zeitlich, Zeitpunkt: at; Zeitraum: over; Anlass: for; noch zehn Minuten ( bis) zu... another ten minutes before...; zu Beginn at the beginning; zu Weihnachten at Christmas; schenken etc.: for Christmas; Lebzeiten4. (für) Zweck, Ziel: for; zu etw. gut sein be good for s.th.; Stoff zu einem Kleid material for a dress5. Ergebnis ausdrückend: (in)to; es kam zu einem Skandal it blew up into a scandal, a scandal resulted; zu Asche verbrennen burn to ashes; zu etw. werden turn into s.th.; Person: auch become s.th.; zu meiner Freude / Überraschung to my delight / surprise6. Beziehung ausdrückend: for; thematisch: about, on; sich äußern zu say s.th. about; gehören zu belong to; gemein / nett zu nasty / nice to; passen zu suit; der Schlüssel zur Gartentür the key to the garden door; Liebe / Zuneigung zu jemandem love / affection for s.o.; aus Freundschaft zu ihr out of friendship for her7. Zusammensein: (mit) with; (hinzu) to; sich zu jemandem setzen sit with s.o., join s.o., sit (down) next to s.o.; Brot zum Ei essen have bread with one’s egg; Zucker zum Kaffee nehmen take sugar in one’s coffee; zu alledem kommt noch hinzu, dass... and on top of all that...9. Menge, Zahl, Häufigkeit, Verhältnis etc.: in; nur zu einem kleinen Teil only to a small extent; ein Potenzial, das nur zu einem kleinen Teil genutzt wird a potential only a small part of which is actually used; zu zweit nebeneinander gehen walk along two by two; sie kamen zu sechst six of them came; zu hunderten oder Hunderten in hundreds; es ist zu 20% / einem Viertel falsch 20% / a quarter of it is incorrect; ein Fass zu 50 Litern a 50-lit|re (Am. -er) barrel; zehn Karten zu zwei Euro (а, je) ten tickets at two euros (a ticket); insgesamt: ten tickets for two euros—Adv.1. (übermäßig) too; zu sehr too much; zu sehr betonen overemphasize; das Loch ist zu groß, als dass man es noch flicken könnte the hole is too big to be mended; ( viel) zu viel / viele (far oder much) too much / many; einer etc. zu viel one etc. too many; einmal zu viel once too often; ein gutes Gehalt wäre zu viel gesagt a good salary would be a bit of an overstatement; ich krieg zu viel! umg. well blow me down!; was zu viel ist, ist zu viel! enough is enough!; zu wenig not enough, too little (Pl. few); viel zu wenig not nearly enough, far too little (Pl. few); einer etc. zu wenig one etc. short, one etc. too few; du isst zu wenig you don’t eat enough, you need to eat more2. umg. (sehr) too, so, terribly; zu niedlich! how terribly sweet!; das ist ja zu nett! (sehr nett) that’s really very nice!; iro. (sehr gemein) how terribly nice (of you)!; (sehr ärgerlich) a fine thing, I must say!3. umg.: immer oder nur zu! go on!; na, dann ( mal) zu! OK, go ahead; beim Aufbruch: OK, let’s go, off we (bzw. you) go then—I Adj. umg.II Adv. (Ggs. offen) closed, shut; Augen zu! close your eyes; Tür zu! shut the door!—Konj.1. (+ Inf.): ich habe zu arbeiten I’ve got work to do; es ist nicht zu übersehen it can’t be overlooked; gut zu gebrauchen sein be perfectly usable; ich erinnere mich, ihn gesehen zu haben I remember seeing him; auch im Wort: auszuhalten sein be bearable2. (+ Part. Präs.): ein sorgfältig zu erwägender Plan a plan requiring careful consideration; auch im Wort: die auszuwechselnden Fahrzeugteile the parts to be exchanged* * *at (Präp.); on (Präp.); upon (Präp.); too (Adv.); to (Präp.); unto (Präp.); for (Präp.); into (Präp.);(geschlossen) closed (Adj.)* * *[tsuː]1. PRÄPOSITION (+dat)1) örtlich: Richtung, Ziel tozur Stadtmitte gehen — to go to the town centre (Brit) or center (US)
zum Bäcker/Arzt gehen — to go to the baker's/doctor's
zum Militär gehen, zu den Soldaten gehen — to join the army, to join up
zu jdm/etw hinaufsehen — to look up at sb/sth
zu jdm herübersehen/hinübersehen — to look across at sb
zum Fenster herein/hinaus — in (at)/out of the window
zur Tür hinaus/herein — out of/in the door
2) örtlich: Lage bei Stadt inzu Frankfurt (old) — in Frankfurt
der Dom zu Köln — the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedral
zu seiner Linken saß... (geh) — on his left sat...
3) zeitlich atzu früher/später Stunde — at an early/late hour
(bis) zum 15. April/Donnerstag/Abend — until 15th April/Thursday/(this) evening
die Zahlung ist zum 15. April fällig — the payment is due on 15th April
zum 31. Mai kündigen — to give in (Brit) or turn in (US) one's notice for 31st May
4)Zusammengehörigkeit, Begleitung, Zusatz
Wein zum Essen trinken — to drink wine with one's mealzur Gitarre singen — to sing to (Brit) or with (US) a/the guitar
Vorwort/Anmerkungen zu etw — preface/notes to sth
zu dem kommt noch, dass ich... — on top of that I...
5) Zweck, Bestimmung forPapier zum Schreiben — paper to write on, writing paper
zur Einführung... — by way of (an) introduction...
zu seiner Entschuldigung muss man sagen... — in his defence (Brit) or defense (US) one must say...
zu seiner Entschuldigung sagte er... — by way of apology he said...
zu nichts taugen, zu nichts zu gebrauchen sein — to be no use to anyone (inf)
6)etw zum Geburtstag/zu Weihnachten bekommen — to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmaszu Ihrem 60. Geburtstag — on your 60th birthday
zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen — my reply to this question is as follows, on this I would like to say the following
"Zum Realismusbegriff" — "On the Concept of Realism"
7)Folge, Umstand
zu seinem Besten — for his own goodzu meiner Schande/Freude etc — to my shame/joy etc
es ist zum Weinen — it's enough to make you cry, it makes you want to cry
8)Mittel, Art und Weise
zu Fuß/Pferd — on foot/horseback9) Veränderung intozu etw werden — to turn into sth; (Mensch auch) to become sth
jdn/etw zu etw machen — to make sb/sth (into) sth
10) = als aser machte sie zu seiner Frau, er nahm sie zur Frau — he made her his wife
11)Verhältnis, Beziehung
Liebe zu jdm — love for sbVertrauen zu jdm/etw — trust in sb/sth
12)im Vergleich zu — in comparison with, compared with3:2 — the score is 3-2 or (gesprochen) three-two
See:13)wir verkaufen die Gläser jetzt das Stück zu 99 Cent — we're selling the glasses now at or for 99 cents each
zum Ersten..., zum Zweiten... (Aufzählung) — first..., second...
zum Ersten, zum Zweiten, zum Dritten (bei Auktion) — for the first time, for the second time, for the third time
See:→ vier, bis14)zu wem wollen Sie? — who do you want?zu wem sprechen Sie morgen bei der Konferenz? — who will you be speaking to or who will you be addressing at the conference tomorrow?
15)der Graf zu Ehrenstein — the Count of Ehrenstein16)getrenntes "dazu" inf
da komme ich nicht zu — I can't get (a)round to itSee:→ dazu17)zum Beispiel — for examplezum Lobe von jdm/etw — in praise of sb/sth
zur Beurteilung/Einsicht — for inspection
zur Probe/Ansicht — on trial/approval
2. ADVERB1) = allzu toosie liebte ihn zu sehr, als dass sie ihn verraten hätte — she loved him too much to betray him
2) = geschlossen shut, closedauf/zu (an Hähnen etc) — on/off
Tür zu! (inf) — shut the door
3)= los, weiter inf
dann mal zu! — right, off we go!du wolltest mir was vorsingen, dann mal zu — you wanted to sing me something? OK, go ahead
ihr seid auf dem richtigen Wege, nur zu! — you're on the right track, just keep going
schreie nur zu, es hilft doch nichts! — scream then, but it won't do any good!
lauft schon zu, ich komme nach — you go on, I'll catch you up
4) örtlich toward(s)See:→ ab3. ADJEKTIV(= geschlossen inf) Tür, Geschäft, Kiste etc shut; Kleid, Verschluss done upSee:→ zu sein4. BINDEWORT1) mit Infinitiv tojdm befehlen or den Auftrag erteilen, etw zu tun — to order sb to do sth
das Material ist noch/nicht mehr zu gebrauchen — the material is still/is no longer usable
ich habe noch zu arbeiten — I have still got (esp Brit) or I still have some work to do
ich komme, um mich zu verabschieden — I've come to say goodbye
2)noch zu bezahlende Rechnungen — outstanding billsdas sind alles nur winzige, leicht zu übersehende Punkte — these are just small points that can easily be overlooked
der zu prüfende Kandidat, der zu Prüfende — the candidate to be examined
* * *1) (position: They are not at home; She lives at 33 Forest Road) at2) (direction: He looked at her; She shouted at the boys.) at3) (to the state or condition of: A tadpole turns into a frog; I've sorted the books into piles.) into4) (towards: They marched on the town.) on5) ((moving, facing etc) in the direction of: He walked toward the door; She turned towards him.) towards6) ((moving, facing etc) in the direction of: He walked toward the door; She turned towards him.) toward7) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) to8) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) to9) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) to10) to11) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) to12) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) to13) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) to14) (an old word for `to'.) unto* * *zu[tsu:]1. (wohin: Ziel) to\zum Schwimmbad geht es da lang! the swimming pool is that way!fahr mich bitte \zur Arbeit/Kirche/Schule please drive me to work/church/schoolwie weit ist es von hier \zum Bahnhof? how far is it from here to the train station?wie komme ich [von hier] \zur Post? how do I get [from here] to the post office?ich muss gleich \zum Arzt/ \zum Bäcker/ \zum Supermarkt I must go to the doctor's/baker's/supermarketmorgen gehe ich \zu Rainer I'm going to see Rainer tomorrow\zu Bett gehen (geh) to go to bed\zum Militär gehen to join the army\zum Theater gehen to go on the stage [or into the theatre]2. (wohin: Richtung)das Zimmer liegt \zur Straße hin the room looks out onto the streetder Kerl vom Nachbartisch sieht dauernd \zu uns rüber the bloke at the next table keeps looking across at us\zur Decke sehen to look [up] at the ceiling\zum Fenster hinaus/herein out of/in through the window\zur Tür hinaus/herein out of/in through the door\zum Himmel weisen to point heavenwards [or up at the heavens]\zu jdm/etw hinaufsehen to look up at sb/sth\zum Meer/zur Stadtmitte hin towards the sea/town centre3. (wohin: neben)▪ \zu jdm/etw next to sb/sthdarf ich mich \zu Ihnen setzen? may I sit next to [or beside] you?setz dich \zu uns [come and] sit with uslegen Sie \zu den Tellern bitte jeweils eine Serviette put one serviette next to each platesie ist schon \zu Bett she's already gone to bed\zu Hause at home\zu jds Rechten/Linken on sb's right/left [hand side]jdm \zur Seite sitzen (geh) to sit at sb's side5. (wo: vor Eigennamen, Ortnamen)der Dom \zu Köln the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedralder Graf \zu Blaubeuren the Count of Blaubeurender Gasthof \zum blauen Engel the Blue Angel Innder Reichstag \zu Worms (hist) the Diet of Worms6. wann: Zeitpunkt at\zum 1. Januar fällig due on January 1stes muss [bis] zum Abend/14. März fertig sein it must be finished by this evening/March 14th\zum Wochenende fahren wir weg we are going away at [or AM on] the weekend\zu früher/später Stunde at an early/late hour\zu Mittag at [or by] midday/noon\zum Monatsende kündigen to give in one's notice for [or to take effect from] the end of the month\zu Ostern/Pfingsten/Weihnachten at Easter/Whitsun/Christmas7. (wann, wozu: Anlass)eine Feier \zum Jahrestag der Revolution a celebration to mark the anniversary of the revolution\zum Frühstück trinkt sie immer Tee she always has tea at breakfastetw \zum Geburtstag/ \zu Weihnachten bekommen to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmasjdm \zu etw gratulieren to congratulate sb on sth\zu Ihrem 80. Geburtstag möchte ich Ihnen herzlichst gratulieren I'd like to congratulate you on the occasion of your 80th birthday8. (worüber: Thema)\zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen to this question I should like to say the followingwas sagst du \zu diesen Preisen? what do you say to these prices?eine Rede \zum Thema Umwelt a speech on the subject of the environmentjdn \zu etw vernehmen to question sb about sth9. (wozu: Zweck, Ziel)der Knopf \zum Abstellen the off-buttonPapier \zum Schreiben paper to write on, writing paperWasser \zum Trinken drinking waterwir haben nichts \zum Essen we have nothing to eatgib dem Kind doch etwas \zum Spielen give the child something to play withauf die Reise habe ich mir etwas \zum Lesen mitgenommen I've brought something to read on the tripbei dem Regenwetter habe ich keine Lust \zum Wandern I don't fancy walking if it is rainingdas Zeichen \zum Aufbruch the signal to leave\zum Arzt geboren sein to be born to be a doctorsie sagte das nur \zu seiner Beruhigung she said that just to set his mind at rest\zur Ansicht on approval\zur Einsicht for inspection\zur Einführung... by way of an introduction...\zu seiner Entschuldigung/ \zur Erklärung in apology/explanation, by way of an apology/explanationjdn \zum Essen einladen to invite sb for a meal\zum Gedächtnis von jdm in memory of sb, in sb's memory\zu Hilfe! help!jdm \zu Hilfe kommen to come to sb's aid\zum Lobe von jdm/etw in praise of sb/sth\zu nichts taugen [o zu gebrauchen sein] to be no use at all\zur Probe as a trial [or test]\zur Unterschrift for signature [or signing]\zu was (fam) for what, why\zu was soll das gut sein? what do you need that for?, what is that for?10. (als was)er nahm sie \zur Frau he took her as his wifeetw \zur Antwort geben to say sth in reply\zum Beispiel for example\zur Belohnung as a reward\zur Strafe as a punishment▪ jdn/etw \zum Vorbild nehmen to take sb/sth as one's example, to model oneself on sb/sth\zur Warnung as a warning11. (womit zusammen: Begleitung)mögen Sie Milch/Zucker \zum Kaffee? do you take your coffee white [or with milk]/with sugar?\zu Lachs passt kein Rotwein red wine does not go with salmonetw \zu etw tragen to wear sth with sth12. (zu was: Zugehörigkeit)\zu den Lehrbüchern gehören auch Kassetten there are cassettes to go with the text bookswo ist der Korken \zu der Flasche? where is the cork for this bottle?mir fehlt nur der Schlüssel \zu dieser Tür I've only got to find the key to this door13. (wie: Umstand, Art und Weise)sie erledigt alles \zu meiner Zufriedenheit she does everything to my complete satisfactiondie Firma verkauft alles \zu niedrigsten Preisen the company sells everything at rock-bottom pricesdu hast dich \zu deinem Vorteil verändert you've changed for the betterdas ist ja \zum Lachen that's ridiculous [or really funny]das ist \zum Weinen it's enough to make you want to cry [or weep]\zu jds Bestem/Vorteil sein to be for one's own good/to one's advantage\zu Deutsch (veraltend) in German\zum Glück luckily14. (wie: Fortbewegungsart)\zu Fuß/Pferd on foot/horseback\zu Fuß gehen Sie etwa 20 Minuten it will take you about 20 minutes on foot\zu Schiff (veraltet) by ship [or sea15. (zu was: Ergebnis eines Vorgangs)\zu Asche verbrennen to burn to ashesEiweiß \zu Schnee schlagen to beat the egg white until stiffKartoffeln \zu einem Brei zerstampfen to mash potatoes\zum Erliegen/Stehen kommen to come to rest/a haltetw \zu Pulver zermahlen to grind sth [in]to powder\zu etw werden to turn into [or become] sthmanch einer wird aus Armut \zum Dieb often it is poverty that turns sb into a thiefwieder \zu Staub werden to [re]turn to duster ist \zum Kapitän befördert worden he was promoted to captainsie wurde \zur Vorsitzenden gewählt she was elected chairmanjdn \zu etw ernennen to nominate sb for sthjdn/etw \zu etw machen to make sb/sth into sther machte sie \zu seiner Frau he made her his wife17. (zu wem: Beziehung)meine Beziehung \zu ihr my relationship with herLiebe \zu jdm love for sbaus Freundschaft \zu jdm because of one's friendship with sbVertrauen \zu jdm/etw trust in sb/sth18. (wie: im Verhältnis zu) in relation [or proportion] toim Verhältnis 1 \zu 4 MATH in the ratio of one to fourunsere Chancen stehen 50 \zu 50 our chances are fifty-fiftyim Vergleich \zu... in comparison with..., compared to...19. SPORTBayern München gewann mit 5 \zu 1 Bayern Munich won five-onedas Fußballspiel ging unentschieden 0 \zu 0 aus the football match ended in a nil-nil draw\zu drei Prozent at three percentdiese Äpfel habe ich \zu ein Euro das Stück gekauft I bought these apples for [or at] one euro eachsechs [Stück] \zu fünfzig Cent six for fifty cents\zum halben Preis at half pricewir sind \zu fünft in den Urlaub gefahren five of us went on holiday togethersie kommen immer \zu zweit those two always come as a pairder Pulli ist nur \zur Hälfte fertig the jumper is only half finishedhast du das Buch nur \zu einem Viertel gelesen? have you only read a quarter of the book?\zum ersten Mal for the first time\zum Ersten..., \zum Zweiten firstly..., secondly\zum Ersten, \zum Zweiten, \zum Dritten (bei Auktionen) going once, going twice, sold\zur Hauptsache mainly\zum Rechten schauen to look to the right\zum Voraus in front of\zum Vorn[e]herein from in frontII. ADVERB1. (allzu) tooich wäre \zu gern mitgefahren I would have loved to have gone along\zu sehr too mucher hat sich nicht \zu sehr bemüht he didn't try too [or very] harddas ist einfach \zu dumm! that's really too stupid!dem Ausgang \zu towards the exitnach hinten/vorne \zu towards the back/front4. (fam: weiter, los)dann mal \zu! go ahead!, off we goschimpf nur \zu, es hilft doch nichts go on, scream, it won't do any goodmach \zu! hurry up!, get a move on!lauf schon \zu, ich komme nach you go on [or go on ahead], I'll catch upIII. ADJEKTIVTür \zu, es zieht! shut the door, there's a draught!dreh den Wasserhahn \zu! turn the tap off![mach die] Augen \zu, ich hab da was für dich close your eyes, I've got sth for you\zu haben [o sein] to be shut [or closed]vor der \zunen Tür stehen (sl) to stand in front of the closed door▪ \zu sein:sie ist total \zu you can't get through to herIV. KONJUNKTION1. mit Infinitiv towas gibt es heute Mittag \zu essen? what are we having for lunch today?ohne es \zu wissen without knowing it▪ jd hat etw \zu tun:ich habe \zu arbeiten I have some work to dosie hat \zu gehorchen she has to obey [or do as she is told]ich habe heute einiges \zu erledigen I have got a few things to do today▪ etw ist \zu tun:die Rechnung ist bis Freitag \zu bezahlen the bill has to be paid by Fridaydieser Auftrag ist unverzüglich \zu erledigen this task must be completed straight away▪ um etw \zu tun:ich komme, um mich \zu verabschieden I have come to say goodbye2. mit Partizipda sind noch einige \zu bezahlende Rechnungen there are some outstanding billses gibt verschiedene noch \zu kaufende Gegenstände some things still have to be boughtder \zu Prüfende the candidate to be examinednicht \zu unterschätzende Probleme problems [that are] not to be underestimated* * *1.1) (Richtung) tozu... hin — towards...
er kommt zu mir — (besucht mich) he is coming to my place
2) (zusammen mit) withdas passt nicht zu Bier/zu dem Kleid — that doesn't go with beer/with that dress
3) (Lage) atzu seiner Linken — (geh.) on his left
der Dom zu Speyer — (veralt.) Speyer Cathedral
das Gasthaus ‘Zu den drei Eichen’ — the Three Oaks Inn
4) (zeitlich) at5) (Art u. Weise)zu meiner Zufriedenheit/Überraschung — to my satisfaction/surprise
zu seinem Vorteil/Nachteil — to his advantage/disadvantage; (bei Mengenangaben o. Ä)
zu Dutzenden/zweien — by the dozen/in twos
sie sind zu einem Drittel/zu 50 % arbeitslos — a third/50 % of them are jobless
zu einem großen Teil — largely; to a large extent
das Ergebnis war 2 zu 1 — the result was 2-1 or 2 to 1
7) (einen Preis zuordnend) at; forfünf Briefmarken zu fünfzig [Cent] — five 50-cent stamps
9) (Zweck) for10) (Ziel, Ergebnis) into11) (über) about; on12) (gegenüber)2.1) (allzu) tooer ist zu alt, um diese Reise zu unternehmen — he is too old to undertake this journey
das ist ja zu schön/komisch! — that's really wonderful/hilarious!; that's too wonderful/hilarious for words!
2) nachgestellt (Richtung) towards3) (ugs.)Augen/Tür zu! — shut your eyes/the door!
4) (ugs.): (Aufforderung)3.nur zu! — (fang/fangt an!) get going!; get down to it!; (mach/macht weiter!) get on with it!
1) (mit Infinitiv) toHaus zu verkaufen/vermieten — house for sale/to let
2) (mit 1. Part.)die zu erledigende Post — the letters pl. to be dealt with
* * *zu1 präp (+dat)1. räumlich, Richtung: to, toward(s);bis zu up to;zu jemandem gehen go and ( oder to) see sb;2. räumlich, Lage: at, in;der Dom zu Köln Cologne Cathedral;zu ebener Erde at ground level;zu jemandes Füßen at sb’s feet;zu Hause at home;zu beiden Seiten des Rheins on both sides of the Rhine;zu Wasser und zu Lande on land and at sea;Gasthof zu den drei Eichen the Three Oaktrees (Inn)noch zehn Minuten (bis) zu … another ten minutes before …;zu Beginn at the beginning;4. (für) Zweck, Ziel: for;zu etwas gut sein be good for sth;Stoff zu einem Kleid material for a dress5. Ergebnis ausdrückend: (in)to;es kam zu einem Skandal it blew up into a scandal, a scandal resulted;zu Asche verbrennen burn to ashes;zu etwas werden turn into sth; Person: auch become sth;zu meiner Freude/Überraschung to my delight/surprisesich äußern zu say sth about;gehören zu belong to;gemein/nett zu nasty/nice to;passen zu suit;der Schlüssel zur Gartentür the key to the garden door;Liebe/Zuneigung zu jemandem love/affection for sb;aus Freundschaft zu ihr out of friendship for hersich zu jemandem setzen sit with sb, join sb, sit (down) next to sb;Brot zum Ei essen have bread with one’s egg;Zucker zum Kaffee nehmen take sugar in one’s coffee;zu alledem kommt noch hinzu, dass … and on top of all that …8. Art und Weise:zu Fuß on foot;zu Pferd kommen come on horseback;zu Deutsch in German9. Menge, Zahl, Häufigkeit, Verhältnis etc: in;nur zu einem kleinen Teil only to a small extent;ein Potenzial, das nur zu einem kleinen Teil genutzt wird a potential only a small part of which is actually used;zu zweit nebeneinandergehen walk along two by two;sie kamen zu sechst six of them came;Hunderten in hundreds;es ist zu 20%/einem Viertel falsch 20%/a quarter of it is incorrect;ein Fass zu 50 Litern a 50-litre (US -er) barrel;zehn Karten zu zwei Euro (à, je) ten tickets at two euros (a ticket); insgesamt: ten tickets for two euros10. Zahlenverhältnis:11. Adelsprädikat:zu2 adv1. (übermäßig) too;zu sehr too much;zu sehr betonen overemphasize;das Loch ist zu groß, als dass man es noch flicken könnte the hole is too big to be mended;(viel) zu viel/viele (far oder much) too much/many;einer etczu viel one etc too many;einmal zu viel once too often;ein gutes Gehalt wäre zu viel gesagt a good salary would be a bit of an overstatement;ich krieg zu viel! umg well blow me down!;was zu viel ist, ist zu viel! enough is enough!;zu wenig not enough, too little (pl few);viel zu wenig not nearly enough, far too little (pl few);einer etcdu isst zu wenig you don’t eat enough, you need to eat more2. umg (sehr) too, so, terribly;zu niedlich! how terribly sweet!;das ist ja zu nett! (sehr nett) that’s really very nice!; iron (sehr gemein) how terribly nice (of you)!; (sehr ärgerlich) a fine thing, I must say!3. umg:nur zu! go on!;4. Richtung:nach Norden zu toward(s) the north; zeitlich:gegen … zu toward(s)zu3A. adj umg1.zu sein Fenster, Mund etc: be closed, be shut;2.3.zu sein (ausgebucht) Flug: be full4.B. adv (Ggs offen) closed, shut;Augen zu! close your eyes;Tür zu! shut the door!zu4 konj1. (+inf):ich habe zu arbeiten I’ve got work to do;es ist nicht zu übersehen it can’t be overlooked;gut zu gebrauchen sein be perfectly usable;ich erinnere mich, ihn gesehen zu haben I remember seeing him; auch im Wort:auszuhalten sein be bearable2. (+ ppr):ein sorgfältig zu erwägender Plan a plan requiring careful consideration; auch im Wort:die auszuwechselnden Fahrzeugteile the parts to be exchanged* * *1.1) (Richtung) tozu... hin — towards...
er kommt zu mir — (besucht mich) he is coming to my place
2) (zusammen mit) withdas passt nicht zu Bier/zu dem Kleid — that doesn't go with beer/with that dress
3) (Lage) atzu seiner Linken — (geh.) on his left
der Dom zu Speyer — (veralt.) Speyer Cathedral
das Gasthaus ‘Zu den drei Eichen’ — the Three Oaks Inn
4) (zeitlich) at5) (Art u. Weise)zu meiner Zufriedenheit/Überraschung — to my satisfaction/surprise
zu seinem Vorteil/Nachteil — to his advantage/disadvantage; (bei Mengenangaben o. Ä)
zu Dutzenden/zweien — by the dozen/in twos
sie sind zu einem Drittel/zu 50 % arbeitslos — a third/50 % of them are jobless
zu einem großen Teil — largely; to a large extent
das Ergebnis war 2 zu 1 — the result was 2-1 or 2 to 1
7) (einen Preis zuordnend) at; forfünf Briefmarken zu fünfzig [Cent] — five 50-cent stamps
9) (Zweck) for10) (Ziel, Ergebnis) into11) (über) about; on12) (gegenüber)2.1) (allzu) tooer ist zu alt, um diese Reise zu unternehmen — he is too old to undertake this journey
das ist ja zu schön/komisch! — that's really wonderful/hilarious!; that's too wonderful/hilarious for words!
2) nachgestellt (Richtung) towards3) (ugs.)Augen/Tür zu! — shut your eyes/the door!
4) (ugs.): (Aufforderung)3.nur zu! — (fang/fangt an!) get going!; get down to it!; (mach/macht weiter!) get on with it!
1) (mit Infinitiv) toHaus zu verkaufen/vermieten — house for sale/to let
2) (mit 1. Part.)die zu erledigende Post — the letters pl. to be dealt with
* * *adv.too adv. konj.for conj. präp.at prep.to prep.toward prep.towards prep.unto prep. -
68 di
1. prep ofcon il comparativo thandi ferro (made of) ironicio sono di Roma I'm from Romel'auto di mio padre my father's caruna tazza di caffè a cup of coffeedi giorno by dayparlare di politica talk about politicsd'estate in the summerdi questo passo at this ratedi chi è questo libro? whose is this book?, who does this book belong to?più bello di prettier than2. art someinterrogativo any, somedel vino some wine* * *di prep.1 ( specificazione) of: il calore del sole, the heat of the sun; l'inizio della primavera, the beginning of spring; il capo dei ribelli, the leader of the rebels (o the rebel leader); il profumo delle rose, the scent of roses; l'altezza di un edificio, the height of a building; la fine di un film, the end of a film; il centro della città, the centre of town (o the town centre); il senso dell'umorismo, a sense of humour; una folla di dimostranti, a crowd of demonstrators; una serie di errori, a series of mistakes; la furia degli elementi, the fury of the elements; i vetri della finestra, window panes; gli impiegati delle poste, post office workers; il canto degli uccelli, birdsong (o the song of birds)2 (specificazione con valore di possesso; in inglese si esprime spesso con il 'caso possessivo'): la casa di Sara, Sarah's house; il fratello di Giacomo, James's brother; il figlio dei Rossi, the Rossi's son; le odi del Carducci, Carducci's odes; la riunione di martedì, Tuesday's meeting; la coda del gatto, the cat's tail; la maniglia della porta, the door handle; la porta della cucina, the kitchen door3 ( partitivo) some, (in frasi interrogative, dubitative e negative) any: mangiammo del pane, we ate some bread; è uscita con dei conoscenti, she went out with some people she knew; abbiamo visto delle belle scarpe, we saw some nice shoes; c'è ancora del vino?, is there any wine left?; alcuni degli alunni, some of the pupils; ciascuno di noi, each of us4 (retta da nomi che indicano quantità, numero) of: un chilo di pane, a kilo of bread; una dozzina di uova, a dozen eggs; ci vuole un minimo di buon senso, it takes a bit of common sense; un po' di coraggio, some courage // niente di bello, di interessante, d'importante, nothing nice, interesting, important; qualcosa di nuovo, something new5 (denominazione; talvolta in inglese non si traduce) of: la città di Roma, the city of Rome; l'isola di Capri, the isle of Capri; il mese di febbraio, the month of February; una ragazza di colore, a coloured girl; il nome di Giovanni, the name John6 ( qualità, condizione) at, in, by: sano di corpo, healthy in body; buono d'animo, good at heart; conoscere qlcu. di nome, to know s.o. by name7 ( argomento) about, of: discutere di sport, to talk about sport; parlare bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; un testo di chimica, a chemistry text; un film di spionaggio, a spy film8 ( appartenenza) by: un libro di Calvino, a book by Calvino; un film di Fellini, a film by Fellini; un'opera di Raffaello, a work by Raphael; una sinfonia di Mahler, a symphony by Mahler; una poesia di Montale, a poem by Montale; un'opera di Verdi, an opera by Verdi9 ( per introdurre un secondo termine di paragone) than (dopo compar.); of, in (dopo superl.): Marco è più alto di Giorgio, Mark is taller than George; è il più simpatico dei fratelli, he's the nicest of the brothers; la più grande città del Giappone, the biggest city in Japan; il fiume più lungo del mondo, the longest river in the world10 ( modo): essere di buon umore, to be in a good mood; bere tutto di un fiato, to drink it all in one gulp; ridere di cuore, to laugh heartily; sollevare di peso, to lift up bodily; andarsene di corsa, to rush off11 ( materia): una statua di marmo, a marble statue; una tavola di legno, a wooden table; una borsa di pelle, a leather handbag; una crostata di mele, an apple tart // un cuore d'oro, a heart of gold // un pugno di ferro, an iron fist // castelli di carta, castles in the air12 ( età, valore, misura): un bambino di 6 anni, a 6-year-old child (o a child of 6); un uomo di mezza età, a middle-aged man; un assegno di 500 euro, a cheque for 500 euros; un edificio di 10 piani, a 10-storey building; un circuito di mille metri, a thousand metre circuit; una distanza di 8 km, a distance of 8 kilometres (o 5 miles); una parete di 4 metri, a 4 metre-long wall (o a wall 4 metres long); un appartamento di 150 mq, a flat of 150 square metres13 ( causa) of, for, with: morire di sete, to die of thirst; piangere di gioia, to cry for joy; accusare di furto, to charge with theft; reo di omicidio, guilty of murder14 ( mezzo) with, on: ungere di burro, to grease with butter; cospargere di sale, to sprinkle with salt; campare del proprio stipendio, to live on one's own earnings; vivere di illusioni, to live on illusions15 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, anche fig.) from; out of: uscire di casa, to go (o to come) out of the house (o to leave home); essere di Roma, to be (o to come) from Rome; di dove sei?, where are you from? (o where do you come from?); era di buona famiglia, (s)he was from a good family; allontanati di lì, get away from there; lontano di qui, a long way from here (o a long way off) // uscire di strada, to leave the road // mi cadde di mano, it slipped out of my hand // smontare di sella, to dismount16 ( tempo): di mattina, di sera, in the morning, in the evening; di notte, at night; d'inverno, d'estate, in winter, in summer; di sabato, on Saturday (s); una sera di ottobre, an October evening; un corso di 3 mesi, a three-month course; una lezione di un'ora, an hour-long lesson; una gita di 2 giorni, a two-day trip; una vacanza di un mese, a month's holiday // di recente, recently // di giorno in giorno, from day to day // di anno in anno, from year to year // di tanto in tanto, every now and then (o every so often)17 ( limitazione, privazione): duro d'orecchio, hard of hearing; essere debole di cuore, to have a weak heart; a corto di soldi, short of money; privo di mezzi, without means; mancare di esperienza, to be without experience18 ( destinazione, scopo): stanza di soggiorno, living-room; sala di lettura, reading room ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18 si usa spesso in inglese la forma aggettivale o avverbiale in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. di19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf. in dipendenza da altro verbo): decidemmo di partire subito, we decided to leave at once; gli dissi di andarsene, I told him to go away; non avevo intenzione di offenderti, I didn't mean to offend you; credo di aver ragione, I believe I'm right; pensava di fare il medico, he thought of becoming a doctor20 (in unione con altra prep.): contro di lui, against him; dopo di te, after you; sopra, sotto di noi, above, below us; dietro di me, after (o behind) me21 (in unione con un avv.): di qua, over here (o on this side); di là, over there (o on that side); di dentro, inside; di fuori, outside.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: di certo, surely; di frequente, often; di rado, seldom; di nuovo, again; di solito, usually; del resto, besides, moreover; di gran lunga, by far // di male in peggio, from bad to worse // ne ha combinati di guai, he caused a lot of trouble // dire di sì, di no, to say yes, no // credere di sì, di no, to think so, not.di s.f. o m. letter D.* * *[di] di + il = del, di + lo = dello, di + l' = dell', di + la = della, di + i = dei, di + gli = degli, di + le = delle1. prep1) (possesso) of, (composto da, scritto da) byla macchina del mio amico/dei miei amici — my friend's/friends' car
la figlia dell'amica di mia madre — the daughter of my mother's friend, my mother's friend's daughter
l'ultimo libro di Umberto Eco — Umberto Eco's latest book, the latest book by Umberto Eco
2) (specificazione, denominazione) ofil professore d'inglese — the English teacher, the teacher of English
3)una casa di mattoni — a brick house, a house made of brick(s)
4) (provenienza) from, out of, (posizione) in, onuscire di casa — to come out of o leave the house
i negozi di Milano — the Milan shops, the shops in Milan
i vicini del piano di sopra — the upstairs neighbours, the people who live on the floor above us
5)d' estate — in (the) summer
6)una stanza di 2 metri per 3 — a room measuring 2 metres by 3
7)fermarsi di botto — to stop dead o suddenly
di cancro — to die of cancerdi burro — to spread with butterqc di sugo — to get sauce on sth8) (argomento) about, ofdel tempo — to talk about the weatherdi qc — to talk about sth9)(abbondanza, privazione)
pieno di — full ofdi carbone — poor in coaldi — lacking indi risorse naturali — rich in natural resources10) (paragone nei comparativi) than, (paragone nei superlativi) ofè meglio di me — he's better than me
11)ti chiedo di dirmi la verità — I beg you to tell me the truth
2. art partitivonon ho dei libri — I haven't any books, I have no books
c'erano delle persone che non conoscevo — there were some people I didn't know
* * *I [di]1) (appartenenza, possesso)l'auto di Paolo, di tuo fratello, dei miei genitori — Paolo's, your brother's, my parents' car
l'auto è di Paolo, di mio fratello — the car is Paolo's, my brother's, the car belongs to Paolo, to my brother
il Primo Ministro del Giappone — the Japanese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Japan
la riunione di lunedì, del 7 gennaio — Monday's meeting, the meeting on the 7th of January
3) (autore) byle opere di Dante — Dante's works, the works of Dante
4) (causa) with, formorire di cancro — to die of o from cancer
5) (materia) of, in6) (misura)un libro di 200 pagine — a 200-page book, a book 200 pages long o in length
un interesse del 5% — a 5% interest
7) (origine) from8) (argomento) aboutparlare di qcn., qcs. — to talk about sb., sth.
ridere di qcn. — to laugh at sb
alto di statura — tall of o in stature
di nascosto — out of sight, secretly
di notte — at night, by night
12) (in espressioni di moto, stato)è di sotto, di là — he's downstairs, in the next room
qualche cosa, niente di nuovo — something, nothing new
14) (con un infinito) to15) (nel comparativo) thanII [di]sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile invariabile (lettera) d, D* * *di2/di/m. e f.inv.(lettera) d, D. -
69 dì
1. prep ofcon il comparativo thandi ferro (made of) ironicio sono di Roma I'm from Romel'auto di mio padre my father's caruna tazza di caffè a cup of coffeedi giorno by dayparlare di politica talk about politicsd'estate in the summerdi questo passo at this ratedi chi è questo libro? whose is this book?, who does this book belong to?più bello di prettier than2. art someinterrogativo any, somedel vino some wine* * *di prep.1 ( specificazione) of: il calore del sole, the heat of the sun; l'inizio della primavera, the beginning of spring; il capo dei ribelli, the leader of the rebels (o the rebel leader); il profumo delle rose, the scent of roses; l'altezza di un edificio, the height of a building; la fine di un film, the end of a film; il centro della città, the centre of town (o the town centre); il senso dell'umorismo, a sense of humour; una folla di dimostranti, a crowd of demonstrators; una serie di errori, a series of mistakes; la furia degli elementi, the fury of the elements; i vetri della finestra, window panes; gli impiegati delle poste, post office workers; il canto degli uccelli, birdsong (o the song of birds)2 (specificazione con valore di possesso; in inglese si esprime spesso con il 'caso possessivo'): la casa di Sara, Sarah's house; il fratello di Giacomo, James's brother; il figlio dei Rossi, the Rossi's son; le odi del Carducci, Carducci's odes; la riunione di martedì, Tuesday's meeting; la coda del gatto, the cat's tail; la maniglia della porta, the door handle; la porta della cucina, the kitchen door3 ( partitivo) some, (in frasi interrogative, dubitative e negative) any: mangiammo del pane, we ate some bread; è uscita con dei conoscenti, she went out with some people she knew; abbiamo visto delle belle scarpe, we saw some nice shoes; c'è ancora del vino?, is there any wine left?; alcuni degli alunni, some of the pupils; ciascuno di noi, each of us4 (retta da nomi che indicano quantità, numero) of: un chilo di pane, a kilo of bread; una dozzina di uova, a dozen eggs; ci vuole un minimo di buon senso, it takes a bit of common sense; un po' di coraggio, some courage // niente di bello, di interessante, d'importante, nothing nice, interesting, important; qualcosa di nuovo, something new5 (denominazione; talvolta in inglese non si traduce) of: la città di Roma, the city of Rome; l'isola di Capri, the isle of Capri; il mese di febbraio, the month of February; una ragazza di colore, a coloured girl; il nome di Giovanni, the name John6 ( qualità, condizione) at, in, by: sano di corpo, healthy in body; buono d'animo, good at heart; conoscere qlcu. di nome, to know s.o. by name7 ( argomento) about, of: discutere di sport, to talk about sport; parlare bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; un testo di chimica, a chemistry text; un film di spionaggio, a spy film8 ( appartenenza) by: un libro di Calvino, a book by Calvino; un film di Fellini, a film by Fellini; un'opera di Raffaello, a work by Raphael; una sinfonia di Mahler, a symphony by Mahler; una poesia di Montale, a poem by Montale; un'opera di Verdi, an opera by Verdi9 ( per introdurre un secondo termine di paragone) than (dopo compar.); of, in (dopo superl.): Marco è più alto di Giorgio, Mark is taller than George; è il più simpatico dei fratelli, he's the nicest of the brothers; la più grande città del Giappone, the biggest city in Japan; il fiume più lungo del mondo, the longest river in the world10 ( modo): essere di buon umore, to be in a good mood; bere tutto di un fiato, to drink it all in one gulp; ridere di cuore, to laugh heartily; sollevare di peso, to lift up bodily; andarsene di corsa, to rush off11 ( materia): una statua di marmo, a marble statue; una tavola di legno, a wooden table; una borsa di pelle, a leather handbag; una crostata di mele, an apple tart // un cuore d'oro, a heart of gold // un pugno di ferro, an iron fist // castelli di carta, castles in the air12 ( età, valore, misura): un bambino di 6 anni, a 6-year-old child (o a child of 6); un uomo di mezza età, a middle-aged man; un assegno di 500 euro, a cheque for 500 euros; un edificio di 10 piani, a 10-storey building; un circuito di mille metri, a thousand metre circuit; una distanza di 8 km, a distance of 8 kilometres (o 5 miles); una parete di 4 metri, a 4 metre-long wall (o a wall 4 metres long); un appartamento di 150 mq, a flat of 150 square metres13 ( causa) of, for, with: morire di sete, to die of thirst; piangere di gioia, to cry for joy; accusare di furto, to charge with theft; reo di omicidio, guilty of murder14 ( mezzo) with, on: ungere di burro, to grease with butter; cospargere di sale, to sprinkle with salt; campare del proprio stipendio, to live on one's own earnings; vivere di illusioni, to live on illusions15 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, anche fig.) from; out of: uscire di casa, to go (o to come) out of the house (o to leave home); essere di Roma, to be (o to come) from Rome; di dove sei?, where are you from? (o where do you come from?); era di buona famiglia, (s)he was from a good family; allontanati di lì, get away from there; lontano di qui, a long way from here (o a long way off) // uscire di strada, to leave the road // mi cadde di mano, it slipped out of my hand // smontare di sella, to dismount16 ( tempo): di mattina, di sera, in the morning, in the evening; di notte, at night; d'inverno, d'estate, in winter, in summer; di sabato, on Saturday (s); una sera di ottobre, an October evening; un corso di 3 mesi, a three-month course; una lezione di un'ora, an hour-long lesson; una gita di 2 giorni, a two-day trip; una vacanza di un mese, a month's holiday // di recente, recently // di giorno in giorno, from day to day // di anno in anno, from year to year // di tanto in tanto, every now and then (o every so often)17 ( limitazione, privazione): duro d'orecchio, hard of hearing; essere debole di cuore, to have a weak heart; a corto di soldi, short of money; privo di mezzi, without means; mancare di esperienza, to be without experience18 ( destinazione, scopo): stanza di soggiorno, living-room; sala di lettura, reading room ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18 si usa spesso in inglese la forma aggettivale o avverbiale in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. di19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf. in dipendenza da altro verbo): decidemmo di partire subito, we decided to leave at once; gli dissi di andarsene, I told him to go away; non avevo intenzione di offenderti, I didn't mean to offend you; credo di aver ragione, I believe I'm right; pensava di fare il medico, he thought of becoming a doctor20 (in unione con altra prep.): contro di lui, against him; dopo di te, after you; sopra, sotto di noi, above, below us; dietro di me, after (o behind) me21 (in unione con un avv.): di qua, over here (o on this side); di là, over there (o on that side); di dentro, inside; di fuori, outside.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: di certo, surely; di frequente, often; di rado, seldom; di nuovo, again; di solito, usually; del resto, besides, moreover; di gran lunga, by far // di male in peggio, from bad to worse // ne ha combinati di guai, he caused a lot of trouble // dire di sì, di no, to say yes, no // credere di sì, di no, to think so, not.di s.f. o m. letter D.* * *[di] di + il = del, di + lo = dello, di + l' = dell', di + la = della, di + i = dei, di + gli = degli, di + le = delle1. prep1) (possesso) of, (composto da, scritto da) byla macchina del mio amico/dei miei amici — my friend's/friends' car
la figlia dell'amica di mia madre — the daughter of my mother's friend, my mother's friend's daughter
l'ultimo libro di Umberto Eco — Umberto Eco's latest book, the latest book by Umberto Eco
2) (specificazione, denominazione) ofil professore d'inglese — the English teacher, the teacher of English
3)una casa di mattoni — a brick house, a house made of brick(s)
4) (provenienza) from, out of, (posizione) in, onuscire di casa — to come out of o leave the house
i negozi di Milano — the Milan shops, the shops in Milan
i vicini del piano di sopra — the upstairs neighbours, the people who live on the floor above us
5)d' estate — in (the) summer
6)una stanza di 2 metri per 3 — a room measuring 2 metres by 3
7)fermarsi di botto — to stop dead o suddenly
di cancro — to die of cancerdi burro — to spread with butterqc di sugo — to get sauce on sth8) (argomento) about, ofdel tempo — to talk about the weatherdi qc — to talk about sth9)(abbondanza, privazione)
pieno di — full ofdi carbone — poor in coaldi — lacking indi risorse naturali — rich in natural resources10) (paragone nei comparativi) than, (paragone nei superlativi) ofè meglio di me — he's better than me
11)ti chiedo di dirmi la verità — I beg you to tell me the truth
2. art partitivonon ho dei libri — I haven't any books, I have no books
c'erano delle persone che non conoscevo — there were some people I didn't know
* * *I [di]1) (appartenenza, possesso)l'auto di Paolo, di tuo fratello, dei miei genitori — Paolo's, your brother's, my parents' car
l'auto è di Paolo, di mio fratello — the car is Paolo's, my brother's, the car belongs to Paolo, to my brother
il Primo Ministro del Giappone — the Japanese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Japan
la riunione di lunedì, del 7 gennaio — Monday's meeting, the meeting on the 7th of January
3) (autore) byle opere di Dante — Dante's works, the works of Dante
4) (causa) with, formorire di cancro — to die of o from cancer
5) (materia) of, in6) (misura)un libro di 200 pagine — a 200-page book, a book 200 pages long o in length
un interesse del 5% — a 5% interest
7) (origine) from8) (argomento) aboutparlare di qcn., qcs. — to talk about sb., sth.
ridere di qcn. — to laugh at sb
alto di statura — tall of o in stature
di nascosto — out of sight, secretly
di notte — at night, by night
12) (in espressioni di moto, stato)è di sotto, di là — he's downstairs, in the next room
qualche cosa, niente di nuovo — something, nothing new
14) (con un infinito) to15) (nel comparativo) thanII [di]sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile invariabile (lettera) d, D* * *dì/di/m.inv.lett. day. -
70 in
1. [ın] n1. 1) (the ins) pl парл. разг. политическая партия, находящаяся у власти [см. тж.♢
]2) обыкн. pl находящийся у власти; влиятельное лицоhe is one of the ins in top management - он одно из влиятельных лиц в руководстве компаний
3) влияние, власть; связиhe has an in with the Senator - сенатор прислушивается к его мнению; разг. он свой человек у сенатора
he's got an in with influential people - у него есть связи среди влиятельных людей
2. pl команда, отбивающая мяч (крикет, бейсбол)♢
the ins and (the) outs - а) правящая партия и партия, лишившаяся власти; б) детали, особенности, сложности2. [ın] ato know all the ins and outs of smth. - разбираться во всех тонкостях дела /вопроса/, знать все ходы и выходы /все углы и закоулки/
1. расположенный внутри, внутренний2. направленный, обращённый вовнутрь3. находящийся у власти4. разг. предназначенный для узкого круга, для посвящённыхsome in jokes - шутки, понятные только посвящённым
an in gathering - узкий круг, свои люди
to feel in - чувствовать себя участником или членом чего-л., испытывать чувство общности, приобщённости
5. 1) разг. модный, популярный2) отзывающийся на всё новое6. спорт. подающий3. [ın] advthe in side - команда, подающая мяч (крикет, бейсбол)
1. 1) внутриis anyone in? - есть ли тут /там/ кто-нибудь?
the ball is in! - спорт. (мяч) хорош!
2) дома; у себя (на работе, в своём кабинете и т. п.)he is not in today - его нет сегодня (дома, на работе и т. п.)
3) внутрь, туда; передаётся тж. глагольными приставкамиcome in! - войдите!
bring him in! - введите его!
4) с внутренней стороны2. амер. указывает на длительность процесса:3. в сочетаниях:to be in - а) прибывать; the mail is in - почта поступила; the train isn't in yet - поезд ещё не прибыл; б) быть убранным; the harvest is in - урожай убран; в) наступать ( о сезоне); spring is in - наступила весна; strawberries are in - наступил сезон клубники; football is over and hockey is in - сезон футбола окончился, наступил сезон хоккея; г) быть в моде; short skirts are in again - вновь модны короткие юбки; д) быть в тюрьме; what is he in for? - за что его посадили?; е) быть у власти; the Liberal candidate is in - прошёл кандидат либералов; ж) гореть; is the fire still in? - огонь ещё горит?; to keep the fire in - поддерживать огонь; з) спорт. подавать мяч (крикет, бейсбол); which side is in? - какая команда подаёт?
♢
to have it in for smb. - иметь зуб на кого-л.year in, year out, day in, day out, etc - из года в год, изо дня в день и т. п.; монотонно
in and out - а) снаружи и внутри; б) то внутрь, то наружу; то туда, то сюда
to know smth. in and out - знать что-л. досконально
in with it! - внесите сюда!
to be (well) in with smb. - быть в хороших отношениях с кем-л.; пользоваться чьим-л. расположением; разг. быть вхожим к кому-л.
not to be in it - разг. не иметь преимущества перед кем-л., чем-л.
his rivals are not in it with him - его соперники не могут с ним сравниться
to be in for smth. - а) находиться в ожидании чего-л. (особ. неприятного); he knows he is in for it - он знает, что ему от этого не уйти; we are in for a storm - грозы не миновать; she is in for a rude awakening - её ожидает горькое разочарование; he is in for a long stay there - ему предстоит долго находиться там; б) быть согласным принять участие в чём-л.
to be in on smth. - разг. быть участником чего-л.
4. [ın] v диал.these firms are in on nearly every big deal - эти фирмы участвуют почти во всех крупных сделках
1. собирать, убиратьin the hay before it rains - уберите сено, пока нет дождя
2. окружать, огораживать5. [ın] prep1) нахождение в пределах или внутри чего-л. в, на2) нахождение в каком-л. месте в, наin the sky - на /в/ небе
in town [in the country] - в городе [в деревне]
in the distance - вдали, вдалеке
her eyes were serious in her smiling face - глаза на её улыбающемся лице были серьёзны
in the second chapter, in chapter two - во второй главе
in Pushkin - у Пушкина, в произведениях Пушкина
in which direction did he go? - в какую сторону он пошёл?
to put smth. in one's pocket - положить что-л. в карман
2. во временном значении указывает на момент или период времени, часть суток, время года, год, век и т. п. в, в течение, за, через; вместе с сущ. передаётся тж. соответствующими наречиямиin the daytime - в дневное время, днём
in (the year) 1960 - в 1960 г.
in the 19th century - в XIX в.
in the 80's, in the eighties - в 80-е годы
in recent years - в /за/ последние годы
in the days of, in the time(s) of - во времена
in due time - в своё /соответствующее/ время
in good time - незамедлительно; своевременно; заблаговременно
to do smth. in no time - сделать что-л. мгновенно /быстро/
I'll do it /I did it/ in two hours - я сделаю /я сделал/ это за два часа
3. указывает на атмосферные и др. внешние условия в, наin good [bad] weather - в хорошую [плохую] погоду
to go out in the rain [in the storm] - выходить в дождь [в грозу]
4. указывает на обстоятельства, условия в; в сочетании с герундием может передаваться деепричастиемin crossing the street - переходя улицу /при переходе через улицу/
lost in transit - утерян при перевозке /в пути/
5. указывает на физическое или душевное состояние кого-л., состояние предмета и т. п. вhe is in bad [in good] health - он болен [здоров]
to be in good [in bad] condition /state/ - быть в хорошем [в плохом] состоянии
in a troubled state - обеспокоенный, взволнованный
6. указывает на внешний вид, одежду и т. п. вwhat shall I go in? - что мне надеть?, в чём мне пойти?
a sofa upholstered in leather - кушетка, обитая кожей
7. указывает на причину или цель в, отto cry out in alarm [in surprise] - закричать /вскрикнуть/ от страха [от удивления]
in answer, in reply - в ответ
in smb.'s behalf - в чьих-л. интересах
in behalf of smb. - в пользу кого-л.
in preparation for smth. - готовясь к чему-л.; в порядке подготовки к чему-л.
in implementation /fulfilment/ of smth. - в осуществление чего-л.
8. указывает на образ действия, стиль и т. п. в; передаётся тж. твор. падежом, а в сочетании с сущ. тж. наречиямиin haste - в спешке, второпях
to speak in a low [in a loud] voice - говорить тихим [громким] голосом
to talk in whispers /in a whisper/ - говорить шёпотом
in accordance with - в соответствии с, согласно
9. указывает на характер расположения лиц, предметов по; передаётся тж. твор. падежом, а в сочетании с сущ. тж. наречиямиbooks packed in dozens - книги, упакованные по двенадцать штук
in bulk - а) внавалку; б) целиком
to have a stake in smth. - быть заинтересованным в чём-л.
to limit arms in types and numbers - ограничивать вооружения по видам и количествам
a foot in length [in width] - фут в длину [в ширину]
there is nothing in my size - моего размера ничего нет (об одежде и т. п.)
he is advanced in years - он уже в годах, он уже не молод
she is weak in English [physics] - она слаба в английском языке [в физике]
a book [a lecture, an examination] in mathematics - книга [лекция, экзамен] по математике
11. указывает на1) участие в чём-л. вaccomplices in a crime - соучастники преступления /в преступлении/
2) включение вthere is 10 per cent for service in the bill - в счёт входят 10 процентов за обслуживание
the coldest day in the last three months - самый холодный день за последние три месяца
I did not know he had it in him - а) я не знал за ним таких качеств; б) я не знал, что он способен на это
12. указывает на место работы, род занятий, вид или область деятельности, принадлежность к определённой группе лиц в; передаётся тж. твор. падежомto work in an office - работать в учреждении /конторе/
to be in trade - заниматься торговлей; работать в торговле
he is in politics - он является политическим деятелем, он занимается политикой
he played an important role in promoting exports - он сыграл важную роль в развитии /в деле развития/ экспорта
13. указывает на способ выражения, средство, материал и т. п.in real terms - в реальном исчислении /выражении/
in black and white - разг. чёрным по белому, в письменной или печатной форме
a letter written in pencil - письмо, написанное карандашом
14. указывает на количественное соотношение и разделение на, в, изone in ten - каждый десятый, один из десяти
in some measure - в какой-то мере, до некоторой степени
in all - в целом, в общей сложности
he is not in the slightest degree interested - он ни в малейшей степени не заинтересован
17. употребляется с различными глаголами [см. в соответствующих глаголах]18. в сочетаниях:in front of - перед, впереди; у
he stood in front of a grocer's window - он стоял перед витриной бакалейного магазина
to get in front of oneself - амер. разг. действовать быстро и энергично; превзойти самого себя
in general - а) в общем; в общем плане; в целом; б) вообще
they liked everything in general, but the pictures in particular - им понравилось вообще всё, но больше всего картины
in itself - сам по себе; как таковой
the thing in itself is not valuable - этот предмет сам по себе не является ценным
in the end - в конечном счёте; в конце концов; наконец
in use - в употреблении, используемый
in return - в ответ; в обмен, взамен; в свою очередь, со своей стороны; в порядке компенсации, в оплату
другие сочетания см. под соответствующими словами♢
in box - ещё не поступившие в работу ( о документах)in part - частично, отчасти
the report says in part - в докладе, в частности, говорится
in that - в том отношении, что; тем что; поскольку; так как
this decision did more harm than good in that it made the procedure still more complicated - это решение принесло больше вреда, чем пользы, так как процедура ещё более усложнилась
-
71 in
1. [ın] n1. 1) (the ins) pl парл. разг. политическая партия, находящаяся у власти [см. тж.♢
]2) обыкн. pl находящийся у власти; влиятельное лицоhe is one of the ins in top management - он одно из влиятельных лиц в руководстве компаний
3) влияние, власть; связиhe has an in with the Senator - сенатор прислушивается к его мнению; разг. он свой человек у сенатора
he's got an in with influential people - у него есть связи среди влиятельных людей
2. pl команда, отбивающая мяч (крикет, бейсбол)♢
the ins and (the) outs - а) правящая партия и партия, лишившаяся власти; б) детали, особенности, сложности2. [ın] ato know all the ins and outs of smth. - разбираться во всех тонкостях дела /вопроса/, знать все ходы и выходы /все углы и закоулки/
1. расположенный внутри, внутренний2. направленный, обращённый вовнутрь3. находящийся у власти4. разг. предназначенный для узкого круга, для посвящённыхsome in jokes - шутки, понятные только посвящённым
an in gathering - узкий круг, свои люди
to feel in - чувствовать себя участником или членом чего-л., испытывать чувство общности, приобщённости
5. 1) разг. модный, популярный2) отзывающийся на всё новое6. спорт. подающий3. [ın] advthe in side - команда, подающая мяч (крикет, бейсбол)
1. 1) внутриis anyone in? - есть ли тут /там/ кто-нибудь?
the ball is in! - спорт. (мяч) хорош!
2) дома; у себя (на работе, в своём кабинете и т. п.)he is not in today - его нет сегодня (дома, на работе и т. п.)
3) внутрь, туда; передаётся тж. глагольными приставкамиcome in! - войдите!
bring him in! - введите его!
4) с внутренней стороны2. амер. указывает на длительность процесса:3. в сочетаниях:to be in - а) прибывать; the mail is in - почта поступила; the train isn't in yet - поезд ещё не прибыл; б) быть убранным; the harvest is in - урожай убран; в) наступать ( о сезоне); spring is in - наступила весна; strawberries are in - наступил сезон клубники; football is over and hockey is in - сезон футбола окончился, наступил сезон хоккея; г) быть в моде; short skirts are in again - вновь модны короткие юбки; д) быть в тюрьме; what is he in for? - за что его посадили?; е) быть у власти; the Liberal candidate is in - прошёл кандидат либералов; ж) гореть; is the fire still in? - огонь ещё горит?; to keep the fire in - поддерживать огонь; з) спорт. подавать мяч (крикет, бейсбол); which side is in? - какая команда подаёт?
♢
to have it in for smb. - иметь зуб на кого-л.year in, year out, day in, day out, etc - из года в год, изо дня в день и т. п.; монотонно
in and out - а) снаружи и внутри; б) то внутрь, то наружу; то туда, то сюда
to know smth. in and out - знать что-л. досконально
in with it! - внесите сюда!
to be (well) in with smb. - быть в хороших отношениях с кем-л.; пользоваться чьим-л. расположением; разг. быть вхожим к кому-л.
not to be in it - разг. не иметь преимущества перед кем-л., чем-л.
his rivals are not in it with him - его соперники не могут с ним сравниться
to be in for smth. - а) находиться в ожидании чего-л. (особ. неприятного); he knows he is in for it - он знает, что ему от этого не уйти; we are in for a storm - грозы не миновать; she is in for a rude awakening - её ожидает горькое разочарование; he is in for a long stay there - ему предстоит долго находиться там; б) быть согласным принять участие в чём-л.
to be in on smth. - разг. быть участником чего-л.
4. [ın] v диал.these firms are in on nearly every big deal - эти фирмы участвуют почти во всех крупных сделках
1. собирать, убиратьin the hay before it rains - уберите сено, пока нет дождя
2. окружать, огораживать5. [ın] prep1) нахождение в пределах или внутри чего-л. в, на2) нахождение в каком-л. месте в, наin the sky - на /в/ небе
in town [in the country] - в городе [в деревне]
in the distance - вдали, вдалеке
her eyes were serious in her smiling face - глаза на её улыбающемся лице были серьёзны
in the second chapter, in chapter two - во второй главе
in Pushkin - у Пушкина, в произведениях Пушкина
in which direction did he go? - в какую сторону он пошёл?
to put smth. in one's pocket - положить что-л. в карман
2. во временном значении указывает на момент или период времени, часть суток, время года, год, век и т. п. в, в течение, за, через; вместе с сущ. передаётся тж. соответствующими наречиямиin the daytime - в дневное время, днём
in (the year) 1960 - в 1960 г.
in the 19th century - в XIX в.
in the 80's, in the eighties - в 80-е годы
in recent years - в /за/ последние годы
in the days of, in the time(s) of - во времена
in due time - в своё /соответствующее/ время
in good time - незамедлительно; своевременно; заблаговременно
to do smth. in no time - сделать что-л. мгновенно /быстро/
I'll do it /I did it/ in two hours - я сделаю /я сделал/ это за два часа
3. указывает на атмосферные и др. внешние условия в, наin good [bad] weather - в хорошую [плохую] погоду
to go out in the rain [in the storm] - выходить в дождь [в грозу]
4. указывает на обстоятельства, условия в; в сочетании с герундием может передаваться деепричастиемin crossing the street - переходя улицу /при переходе через улицу/
lost in transit - утерян при перевозке /в пути/
5. указывает на физическое или душевное состояние кого-л., состояние предмета и т. п. вhe is in bad [in good] health - он болен [здоров]
to be in good [in bad] condition /state/ - быть в хорошем [в плохом] состоянии
in a troubled state - обеспокоенный, взволнованный
6. указывает на внешний вид, одежду и т. п. вwhat shall I go in? - что мне надеть?, в чём мне пойти?
a sofa upholstered in leather - кушетка, обитая кожей
7. указывает на причину или цель в, отto cry out in alarm [in surprise] - закричать /вскрикнуть/ от страха [от удивления]
in answer, in reply - в ответ
in smb.'s behalf - в чьих-л. интересах
in behalf of smb. - в пользу кого-л.
in preparation for smth. - готовясь к чему-л.; в порядке подготовки к чему-л.
in implementation /fulfilment/ of smth. - в осуществление чего-л.
8. указывает на образ действия, стиль и т. п. в; передаётся тж. твор. падежом, а в сочетании с сущ. тж. наречиямиin haste - в спешке, второпях
to speak in a low [in a loud] voice - говорить тихим [громким] голосом
to talk in whispers /in a whisper/ - говорить шёпотом
in accordance with - в соответствии с, согласно
9. указывает на характер расположения лиц, предметов по; передаётся тж. твор. падежом, а в сочетании с сущ. тж. наречиямиbooks packed in dozens - книги, упакованные по двенадцать штук
in bulk - а) внавалку; б) целиком
to have a stake in smth. - быть заинтересованным в чём-л.
to limit arms in types and numbers - ограничивать вооружения по видам и количествам
a foot in length [in width] - фут в длину [в ширину]
there is nothing in my size - моего размера ничего нет (об одежде и т. п.)
he is advanced in years - он уже в годах, он уже не молод
she is weak in English [physics] - она слаба в английском языке [в физике]
a book [a lecture, an examination] in mathematics - книга [лекция, экзамен] по математике
11. указывает на1) участие в чём-л. вaccomplices in a crime - соучастники преступления /в преступлении/
2) включение вthere is 10 per cent for service in the bill - в счёт входят 10 процентов за обслуживание
the coldest day in the last three months - самый холодный день за последние три месяца
I did not know he had it in him - а) я не знал за ним таких качеств; б) я не знал, что он способен на это
12. указывает на место работы, род занятий, вид или область деятельности, принадлежность к определённой группе лиц в; передаётся тж. твор. падежомto work in an office - работать в учреждении /конторе/
to be in trade - заниматься торговлей; работать в торговле
he is in politics - он является политическим деятелем, он занимается политикой
he played an important role in promoting exports - он сыграл важную роль в развитии /в деле развития/ экспорта
13. указывает на способ выражения, средство, материал и т. п.in real terms - в реальном исчислении /выражении/
in black and white - разг. чёрным по белому, в письменной или печатной форме
a letter written in pencil - письмо, написанное карандашом
14. указывает на количественное соотношение и разделение на, в, изone in ten - каждый десятый, один из десяти
in some measure - в какой-то мере, до некоторой степени
in all - в целом, в общей сложности
he is not in the slightest degree interested - он ни в малейшей степени не заинтересован
17. употребляется с различными глаголами [см. в соответствующих глаголах]18. в сочетаниях:in front of - перед, впереди; у
he stood in front of a grocer's window - он стоял перед витриной бакалейного магазина
to get in front of oneself - амер. разг. действовать быстро и энергично; превзойти самого себя
in general - а) в общем; в общем плане; в целом; б) вообще
they liked everything in general, but the pictures in particular - им понравилось вообще всё, но больше всего картины
in itself - сам по себе; как таковой
the thing in itself is not valuable - этот предмет сам по себе не является ценным
in the end - в конечном счёте; в конце концов; наконец
in use - в употреблении, используемый
in return - в ответ; в обмен, взамен; в свою очередь, со своей стороны; в порядке компенсации, в оплату
другие сочетания см. под соответствующими словами♢
in box - ещё не поступившие в работу ( о документах)in part - частично, отчасти
the report says in part - в докладе, в частности, говорится
in that - в том отношении, что; тем что; поскольку; так как
this decision did more harm than good in that it made the procedure still more complicated - это решение принесло больше вреда, чем пользы, так как процедура ещё более усложнилась
-
72 in
1. [ın] n1. 1) (the ins) pl парл. разг. политическая партия, находящаяся у власти [см. тж.♢
]2) обыкн. pl находящийся у власти; влиятельное лицоhe is one of the ins in top management - он одно из влиятельных лиц в руководстве компаний
3) влияние, власть; связиhe has an in with the Senator - сенатор прислушивается к его мнению; разг. он свой человек у сенатора
he's got an in with influential people - у него есть связи среди влиятельных людей
2. pl команда, отбивающая мяч (крикет, бейсбол)♢
the ins and (the) outs - а) правящая партия и партия, лишившаяся власти; б) детали, особенности, сложности2. [ın] ato know all the ins and outs of smth. - разбираться во всех тонкостях дела /вопроса/, знать все ходы и выходы /все углы и закоулки/
1. расположенный внутри, внутренний2. направленный, обращённый вовнутрь3. находящийся у власти4. разг. предназначенный для узкого круга, для посвящённыхsome in jokes - шутки, понятные только посвящённым
an in gathering - узкий круг, свои люди
to feel in - чувствовать себя участником или членом чего-л., испытывать чувство общности, приобщённости
5. 1) разг. модный, популярный2) отзывающийся на всё новое6. спорт. подающий3. [ın] advthe in side - команда, подающая мяч (крикет, бейсбол)
1. 1) внутриis anyone in? - есть ли тут /там/ кто-нибудь?
the ball is in! - спорт. (мяч) хорош!
2) дома; у себя (на работе, в своём кабинете и т. п.)he is not in today - его нет сегодня (дома, на работе и т. п.)
3) внутрь, туда; передаётся тж. глагольными приставкамиcome in! - войдите!
bring him in! - введите его!
4) с внутренней стороны2. амер. указывает на длительность процесса:3. в сочетаниях:to be in - а) прибывать; the mail is in - почта поступила; the train isn't in yet - поезд ещё не прибыл; б) быть убранным; the harvest is in - урожай убран; в) наступать ( о сезоне); spring is in - наступила весна; strawberries are in - наступил сезон клубники; football is over and hockey is in - сезон футбола окончился, наступил сезон хоккея; г) быть в моде; short skirts are in again - вновь модны короткие юбки; д) быть в тюрьме; what is he in for? - за что его посадили?; е) быть у власти; the Liberal candidate is in - прошёл кандидат либералов; ж) гореть; is the fire still in? - огонь ещё горит?; to keep the fire in - поддерживать огонь; з) спорт. подавать мяч (крикет, бейсбол); which side is in? - какая команда подаёт?
♢
to have it in for smb. - иметь зуб на кого-л.year in, year out, day in, day out, etc - из года в год, изо дня в день и т. п.; монотонно
in and out - а) снаружи и внутри; б) то внутрь, то наружу; то туда, то сюда
to know smth. in and out - знать что-л. досконально
in with it! - внесите сюда!
to be (well) in with smb. - быть в хороших отношениях с кем-л.; пользоваться чьим-л. расположением; разг. быть вхожим к кому-л.
not to be in it - разг. не иметь преимущества перед кем-л., чем-л.
his rivals are not in it with him - его соперники не могут с ним сравниться
to be in for smth. - а) находиться в ожидании чего-л. (особ. неприятного); he knows he is in for it - он знает, что ему от этого не уйти; we are in for a storm - грозы не миновать; she is in for a rude awakening - её ожидает горькое разочарование; he is in for a long stay there - ему предстоит долго находиться там; б) быть согласным принять участие в чём-л.
to be in on smth. - разг. быть участником чего-л.
4. [ın] v диал.these firms are in on nearly every big deal - эти фирмы участвуют почти во всех крупных сделках
1. собирать, убиратьin the hay before it rains - уберите сено, пока нет дождя
2. окружать, огораживать5. [ın] prep1) нахождение в пределах или внутри чего-л. в, на2) нахождение в каком-л. месте в, наin the sky - на /в/ небе
in town [in the country] - в городе [в деревне]
in the distance - вдали, вдалеке
her eyes were serious in her smiling face - глаза на её улыбающемся лице были серьёзны
in the second chapter, in chapter two - во второй главе
in Pushkin - у Пушкина, в произведениях Пушкина
in which direction did he go? - в какую сторону он пошёл?
to put smth. in one's pocket - положить что-л. в карман
2. во временном значении указывает на момент или период времени, часть суток, время года, год, век и т. п. в, в течение, за, через; вместе с сущ. передаётся тж. соответствующими наречиямиin the daytime - в дневное время, днём
in (the year) 1960 - в 1960 г.
in the 19th century - в XIX в.
in the 80's, in the eighties - в 80-е годы
in recent years - в /за/ последние годы
in the days of, in the time(s) of - во времена
in due time - в своё /соответствующее/ время
in good time - незамедлительно; своевременно; заблаговременно
to do smth. in no time - сделать что-л. мгновенно /быстро/
I'll do it /I did it/ in two hours - я сделаю /я сделал/ это за два часа
3. указывает на атмосферные и др. внешние условия в, наin good [bad] weather - в хорошую [плохую] погоду
to go out in the rain [in the storm] - выходить в дождь [в грозу]
4. указывает на обстоятельства, условия в; в сочетании с герундием может передаваться деепричастиемin crossing the street - переходя улицу /при переходе через улицу/
lost in transit - утерян при перевозке /в пути/
5. указывает на физическое или душевное состояние кого-л., состояние предмета и т. п. вhe is in bad [in good] health - он болен [здоров]
to be in good [in bad] condition /state/ - быть в хорошем [в плохом] состоянии
in a troubled state - обеспокоенный, взволнованный
6. указывает на внешний вид, одежду и т. п. вwhat shall I go in? - что мне надеть?, в чём мне пойти?
a sofa upholstered in leather - кушетка, обитая кожей
7. указывает на причину или цель в, отto cry out in alarm [in surprise] - закричать /вскрикнуть/ от страха [от удивления]
in answer, in reply - в ответ
in smb.'s behalf - в чьих-л. интересах
in behalf of smb. - в пользу кого-л.
in preparation for smth. - готовясь к чему-л.; в порядке подготовки к чему-л.
in implementation /fulfilment/ of smth. - в осуществление чего-л.
8. указывает на образ действия, стиль и т. п. в; передаётся тж. твор. падежом, а в сочетании с сущ. тж. наречиямиin haste - в спешке, второпях
to speak in a low [in a loud] voice - говорить тихим [громким] голосом
to talk in whispers /in a whisper/ - говорить шёпотом
in accordance with - в соответствии с, согласно
9. указывает на характер расположения лиц, предметов по; передаётся тж. твор. падежом, а в сочетании с сущ. тж. наречиямиbooks packed in dozens - книги, упакованные по двенадцать штук
in bulk - а) внавалку; б) целиком
to have a stake in smth. - быть заинтересованным в чём-л.
to limit arms in types and numbers - ограничивать вооружения по видам и количествам
a foot in length [in width] - фут в длину [в ширину]
there is nothing in my size - моего размера ничего нет (об одежде и т. п.)
he is advanced in years - он уже в годах, он уже не молод
she is weak in English [physics] - она слаба в английском языке [в физике]
a book [a lecture, an examination] in mathematics - книга [лекция, экзамен] по математике
11. указывает на1) участие в чём-л. вaccomplices in a crime - соучастники преступления /в преступлении/
2) включение вthere is 10 per cent for service in the bill - в счёт входят 10 процентов за обслуживание
the coldest day in the last three months - самый холодный день за последние три месяца
I did not know he had it in him - а) я не знал за ним таких качеств; б) я не знал, что он способен на это
12. указывает на место работы, род занятий, вид или область деятельности, принадлежность к определённой группе лиц в; передаётся тж. твор. падежомto work in an office - работать в учреждении /конторе/
to be in trade - заниматься торговлей; работать в торговле
he is in politics - он является политическим деятелем, он занимается политикой
he played an important role in promoting exports - он сыграл важную роль в развитии /в деле развития/ экспорта
13. указывает на способ выражения, средство, материал и т. п.in real terms - в реальном исчислении /выражении/
in black and white - разг. чёрным по белому, в письменной или печатной форме
a letter written in pencil - письмо, написанное карандашом
14. указывает на количественное соотношение и разделение на, в, изone in ten - каждый десятый, один из десяти
in some measure - в какой-то мере, до некоторой степени
in all - в целом, в общей сложности
he is not in the slightest degree interested - он ни в малейшей степени не заинтересован
17. употребляется с различными глаголами [см. в соответствующих глаголах]18. в сочетаниях:in front of - перед, впереди; у
he stood in front of a grocer's window - он стоял перед витриной бакалейного магазина
to get in front of oneself - амер. разг. действовать быстро и энергично; превзойти самого себя
in general - а) в общем; в общем плане; в целом; б) вообще
they liked everything in general, but the pictures in particular - им понравилось вообще всё, но больше всего картины
in itself - сам по себе; как таковой
the thing in itself is not valuable - этот предмет сам по себе не является ценным
in the end - в конечном счёте; в конце концов; наконец
in use - в употреблении, используемый
in return - в ответ; в обмен, взамен; в свою очередь, со своей стороны; в порядке компенсации, в оплату
другие сочетания см. под соответствующими словами♢
in box - ещё не поступившие в работу ( о документах)in part - частично, отчасти
the report says in part - в докладе, в частности, говорится
in that - в том отношении, что; тем что; поскольку; так как
this decision did more harm than good in that it made the procedure still more complicated - это решение принесло больше вреда, чем пользы, так как процедура ещё более усложнилась
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73 due
1. adjectivethe share/reward due to him — der Anteil, der/die Belohnung, die ihm zusteht
there's something due to me, I've got something due, I'm due for something — mir steht etwas zu
2) (immediately payable, lit. or fig.) fälligbe more than due — (fig.) überfällig sein
3) (that it is proper to give, use) gebührend; geziemend (geh.); angemessen [Belohnung]; reiflich [Überlegung]recognition due to somebody — Anerkennung, die jemandem gebührt
with all due respect, madam — bei allem gebotenen Respekt, meine Dame
with due allowance or regard — unter gebührender Berücksichtigung ( for Gen.)
with due caution/care — mit der nötigen Vorsicht/Sorgfalt
4) (attributable)the mistake was due to negligence — der Fehler war durch Nachlässigkeit verursacht
be due to the fact that... — darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass...
5) (scheduled, expected, under instructions)be due to do something — etwas tun sollen
be due [to arrive] — ankommen sollen
the baby is due in two weeks' time — das Baby kommt in zwei Wochen
6) (likely to get, deserving)2. adverbhe is due for promotion — seine Beförderung ist fällig
1)2)3. noundue to — auf Grund (+ Gen.); aufgrund (+ Gen.)
somebody's due — das, was jemandem zusteht
that was no more than his due — das hatte er auch verdient
* * *[dju:] 1. adjective2) (expected according to timetable, promise etc: The bus is due in three minutes.) fällig3) (proper: Take due care.) gebührend2. adverb(directly South: sailing due east.) genau3. noun1) (what is owed, especially what one has a right to: I'm only taking what is my due.) das Gebührende•- academic.ru/22805/duly">duly- due to
- give someone his due
- give his due* * *our loan is \due for repayment on August 1 wir müssen unser Darlehen bis zum 1. August zurückzahlen\due bills (actual bills) fällige Rechnungen pl; (debts owing) Schuldanerkenntnis nt, Zahlungsverpflichtung f\due date of debt Fälligkeitsdatum nt, Fälligkeitstag m, Fälligkeitstermin m; of claim Verfalltag m, Verfallzeit famount \due Forderung f, Verbindlichkeit famount \due to customers Kundenverbindlichkeit famounts \due to banks Verbindlichkeiten pl gegenüber Bankento fall \due fällig werden, zu zahlen sein▪ to be \due to sb jdm zustehenour thanks are \due to everyone who gave so generously unser Dank gilt allen großzügigen Spendern▪ sb is \due sth jdm steht etw zuI'm still \due seven days' paid holiday mir stehen immer noch sieben Tage bezahlter Urlaub zuto be \due money from sb von jdm noch Geld zu bekommen habenwithout \due care and attention BRIT, AUS LAW fahrlässighe was found by the court to have been driving without \due care and attention das Gericht befand ihn des fahrlässigen Verhaltens im Straßenverkehr für schuldigwith \due care/caution mit der nötigen Sorgfalt/Vorsichtafter \due consideration nach reiflicher Überlegungwith \due diligence mit der erforderlichen Sorgfaltwith [all] \due respect bei allem [gebotenen] Respektto treat sb with the respect \due to him/her jdn mit dem nötigen Respekt behandelnwhat time is the next bus \due [to arrive/leave]? wann kommt/fährt der nächste Bus?we're not \due to arrive for another two hours wir kommen erst in zwei Stunden antheir baby is \due in January sie erwarten ihr Baby im Januarwhen are you \due? wann ist es denn so weit?in \due course zu gegebener Zeitat the \due time zur rechten Zeitthe \due process of the law ordnungsgemäßes [o ordentliches] Verfahren7. (because of)\due to circumstances beyond our control... aufgrund unvorhersehbarer Umstände...▪ to be \due to sb/sth jdm/etw zuzuschreiben seinit is \due to him that we have to start all over again seinetwegen müssen wir wieder ganz von vorne anfangenit is \due to her that we won the big order wir haben es ihr zu verdanken, dass wir den großen Auftrag bekommen habenII. n1. (fair treatment)she feels that equal pay for equal work is simply her \due sie hält gleiche Bezahlung für gleiche Arbeit einfach nur für gerecht [o recht und billig]to give sb his/her \due jdm Gerechtigkeit widerfahren lassen gehto give him his \due, he worked under very difficult conditions man muss fairerweise zugeben, dass er unter sehr schwierigen Bedingungen gearbeitet hat2. (fees)annual \dues Jahresbeitrag m3. (debts)to pay one's \dues (meet debts) seine Schulden bezahlen; (meet obligations) seinen Verpflichtungen nachkommen; (undergo hardship for collective goal) seine Schuldigkeit tunIII. adv inv, before adv\due north genau [o direkt] nach Norden* * *[djuː]1. adj1) (= expected, scheduled) fälligthe train was due ten minutes ago/is due to arrive at 10.32 — der Zug sollte vor 10 Minuten ankommen/soll um 10.32 Uhr ankommen
the results are due at the end of the month — die Ergebnisse stehen Ende des Monats an or sind Ende des Monats fällig
to be due in (train, bus) — ankommen sollen; (ferry) einlaufen sollen
she is due for promotion — sie ist mit einer Beförderung an der Reihe
you look due for a haircut —
due date (Fin) — Fälligkeitstermin m; (for baby) erwarteter Geburtstermin
after due consideration —
every home will have a computer in due course — auf die Dauer wird jeder Haushalt einen Computer besitzen
due credit —
due credit for his achievements the council, to give them due credit, have tried their best to plan ahead — die Anerkennung, die ihm für seine Leistungen gebührt die Stadt, das muss man ihr lassen, hat ihr Bestes getan, um vorauszuplanen
See:→ credit3)to be due to sb (money, leave, respect) — jdm zustehen
to fall due ( Fin : loan, debt ) — fällig werden
I'm due some leave, I've got some leave due to me —
the respect due from a son to his father —
4)what's it due to? —
his failure was entirely due to himself/his carelessness — an seinem Versagen war nur er selbst/seine Nachlässigkeit schuld
2. n1) pl (= subscription, fees) (Mitglieds)beitrag m2)to give him his due, he did at least try — eins muss man ihm lassen, er hat es wenigstens versucht
to give him his due, he had no idea about it — man muss gerechterweise zugeben, dass er davon keine Ahnung hatte
See:→ devil3. adv(= precisely)due north/south/east/west — direkt nach Norden/Süden/Osten/Westen
* * *1. WIRTSCH fällig, sofort zahlbar:debts due and owing Aktiva und Passiva;to dat):be due to sb jemandem geschuldet werden3. zeitlich fällig, erwartet:the train is due at six der Zug soll um 6 (Uhr) ankommen oder abfahren;we are due to leave in 10 minutes unser Zug fährt in 10 Minuten ab;I am due for dinner at eight ich werde um 8 Uhr zum Abendessen erwartet;he is due to return today er soll heute zurückkommen, er wird heute zurückerwartet;she is not due back until Monday sie wird erst Montag zurückerwartet;I’m due for an increase in pay bei mir ist eine Gehaltserhöhung fällig4. verpflichtet:be due to do sth etwas tun müssen oder sollen;be due to go gehen müssenhis poverty is due to his laziness seine Armut ist auf seine Faulheit zurückzuführen;death was due to cancer Krebs war die Todesursache;it is due to him es ist ihm zu verdankendue to injury SPORT verletzungsbedingt7. gebührend, geziemend:with due respect mit gebührender Hochachtung;with (all) due respect bei allem gebotenen Respekt;be due to sb jemandem gebühren oder zukommen;it is due to him to say that … man muss ihm einräumen oder zugestehen, dass …; → credit A 5, honor B 18. gehörig, gebührend, angemessen:after due consideration nach reiflicher Überlegung;9. passend, richtig, recht:in due course zur rechten oder gegebenen Zeit;in due time rechtzeitig, termingerecht10. vorschriftsmäßig:B adv direkt, genau:due west genau nach Westen;due south of here genau südlich von hierC sit is his due es steht oder kommt ihm (von Rechts wegen) zu, es gebührt ihm;give everyone their due jedem das Seine geben;give sb their due jemandem Gerechtigkeit widerfahren lassen;but, to give him his due, he … aber man muss ihm lassen, dass er …;2. pl Schulden pl:pay one’s dues;pay one’s dues with fig sich alles hart erarbeiten müssen mit3. pl (Mitglieds- etc) Beiträge pl, Gebühren pl* * *1. adjective1) (owed) geschuldet; zustehend [Eigentum, Recht usw.]the share/reward due to him — der Anteil, der/die Belohnung, die ihm zusteht
there's something due to me, I've got something due, I'm due for something — mir steht etwas zu
2) (immediately payable, lit. or fig.) fälligbe more than due — (fig.) überfällig sein
3) (that it is proper to give, use) gebührend; geziemend (geh.); angemessen [Belohnung]; reiflich [Überlegung]recognition due to somebody — Anerkennung, die jemandem gebührt
with all due respect, madam — bei allem gebotenen Respekt, meine Dame
with due allowance or regard — unter gebührender Berücksichtigung ( for Gen.)
with due caution/care — mit der nötigen Vorsicht/Sorgfalt
be due to the fact that... — darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass...
5) (scheduled, expected, under instructions)I'm due (my plan is) to leave tomorrow — ich werde morgen abfahren
be due [to arrive] — ankommen sollen
6) (likely to get, deserving)2. adverb1)2)3. noundue to — auf Grund (+ Gen.); aufgrund (+ Gen.)
somebody's due — das, was jemandem zusteht
* * *adj.fällig adj.gebührend adj.schuldig adj. n.Anteil -e m.Gebühr -en f.Lohn ¨-e m.Recht -e m.Schuld -en f. -
74 DANZ
mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansare; Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl. dance; Germ. tanz, tanzen.] This word is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton origin: the Icel. or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing,—leika means ‘to play’ in general: the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas or poetry, though popular amusements of every kind are described there; but about the end of the 11th century, when the Sagas of the bishops (Bs.) begin, we find dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jóns S. (A. D. 1106–1121), ch. 13. Bs. i. 165, 166, and cp. Júns S. by Gunnlaug, ch. 24. Bs. i. 237—Leikr sá var kær mönnum áðr en hinn heilagi Jón varð biskup, at kveða skyldi karlmaðr til konu í danz blautlig kvæði ok rægilig; ok kona til karlmanns mansöngs vísur; þenna leik lét hann af taka ok bannaði styrkliga; mansöngs kvæði vildi hann eigi heyra né kveða láta, en þó fékk hann því eigi af komið með öllu. Some have thought that this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against the literal sense of the passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly never used to accompany a dance; their flow and metre are a sufficient proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing is mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or songs of a satirical character (as those in Percy’s ballads): flimt ( loose song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by chance preserved two ditties (one of A. D. 1221, running thus—Loptr liggr í Eyjum, bítr lunda bein | Sæmundr er á heiðum, etr berin ein. Sturl. ii. 62, and one referring to the year 1264—Mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, Sturl. iii. 317) sufficient to shew the flow and metre, which are exactly the same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (Ögr) in the 17th century under the name of Fornkvæði, Old Songs, and now edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz and Fornkvæði are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan. kæmpeviser. There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subject — færðu Breiðbælingar Lopt í flimtun ok görðu um hann danza marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danza-görð, composing comic songs; fylgðar-menn Kolbeins fóru með danza-görð, … en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, iii. 80; þá hrökti Þórðr hestinn undir sér, ok kvað danz þenna við raust, 317.β. a wake, Arna S. ch. 2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhólar, 1119, the guests amused themselves by dancing, wrestling, and story-telling; þá var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; í Viðvík var gleði mikil ok gott at vera; þat var einn Drottins dag at þar var danz mikill; kom þar til fjöldi manna; ok ríðr hann í Viðvík til danz, ok var þar at leik; ok dáðu menn mjök danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða danz um kveldit, 281;—the last reference refers to the 21st of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and tales of the Middle Ages the word is freq.:—note the allit. phrase, dansinn dunar, Ísl. Þóðs. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga danz; ganga í danz; brúðir í danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the burdens to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries older than the ballads to which they are affixed; they refer to lost love, melancholy, merriment, etc., e. g. Blítt lætur veröldin, fölnar fögr fold | langt er síðan mitt var yndið lagt í mold, i. 74; Út ert þú við æginn blá, eg er hér á Dröngum, | kalla eg löngum, kalla eg til þin löngum; Skín á skildi Sól og sumarið fríða, | dynur í velli er drengir í burtu riða, 110; Ungan leit eg hofmann í fögrum runni, | skal eg í hljóði dilla þeim mér unm; Austan blakar laufið á þann linda, 129; Fagrar heyrða eg raddirnar við Niflunga heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga tíð, | þá mun list að leika sér mín liljan fríð, ii. 52: Einum unna eg manninum, á meðan það var, | þó hlaut eg minn harm að bera í leyndum stað, 94; Svanrinn víða. svanurinn syngr viða, 22; Utan eptir firðinum, sigla fagrar fleyr | sá er enginn glaður eptir annan þreyr, 110; Svo er mér illt og angrsamt því veldur þú, | mig langar ekki í lundinn með þá jungfrú, Espol. Ann. 1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects only; of the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is satirical, the other melancholy; the historical ballads seem to be of later growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing (Bs. l. c., Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the drooping spirits of Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes ceased, after having been a popular amusement for seven hundred years. Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness; in the west of Icel. (Vestfirðir) they lasted longer, but even there they died out about the time that Percy’s ballads were published in England. The Fornkvæði or songs are the only Icel. poetry which often dispenses with the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel. poetry; vide also hofmaðr, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the rímur (metrical paraphrases of romances) were used as an accompaniment to the danz, höldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vísan mín; hence originates the name man-söngr ( maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the introduction to every ríma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rímur are exactly those of ballads and well suited for dancing. An Icel. MS. of the 17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvæði, is in the Brit. Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs, is in the Bodl. Libr. no. 130. -
75 zu
zu [tsu:] präp +dat,to1) ( wohin) to;ich muss gleich \zum Arzt/\zum Bäcker/\zum Supermarkt I must go to the doctor's/baker's/supermarket;\zur Stadt/ Stadtmitte gehen to go to town/the town centre;wie weit ist es von hier \zum Bahnhof? how far is it from here to the train station?;wie komme ich [von hier] \zur Post? how do I get [from here] to the post office?;\zum Militär gehen to join the army;\zum Theater gehen to go on the stage [or into the theatre];\zum Schwimmbad geht es da lang! the swimming pool is that way!;\zu Fuß/ Pferd on foot/horseback;\zu Fuß gehen Sie etwa 20 Minuten it will take you about 20 minutes on foot;\zu Schiff by ship [or sea];2) (örtlich: Richtung)\zum Fenster herein/ hinaus in/out of the window;\zur Tür herein/ hinaus in/out the door;\zum Himmel weisen to point heavenwards [or up at the heavens];\zur Decke sehen to look [up] at the ceiling;\zu jdm/ etw hinaufsehen to look up at sb/sth;das Zimmer liegt \zur Straße hin the room looks out onto the street;der Kerl vom Nachbartisch sieht dauernd \zu uns hin the bloke at the next table keeps looking across at us3) ( neben)\zu jdm/ etw next to sb/sth;etw \zu etw legen;legen Sie \zu den Tellern bitte jeweils eine Serviette! put one serviette next to each plate;darf ich mich \zu Ihnen setzen? may I sit next to [or beside] you?;setz dich \zu uns [come and] sit with us;etw \zu etw tragen to wear sth with sth4) zeitlich at;letztes Jahr \zu Weihnachten last Christmas;\zu früher/ später Stunde at an early/late hour;\zu Mittag at [or by] midday/noon;\zum Wochenende fahren wir weg we are going away at [or (Am) on] the weekend;\zum 1. Januar fällig due on January 1st;\zum Monatsende kündigen to give in one's notice for [or to take effect from] the end of the month; s. a. Anfang, Schluss, Zeit5) (anlässlich einer S.)etw \zum Geburtstag/\zu Weihnachten bekommen to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmas;\zu Ihrem 80. Geburtstag ( geh) on the occasion of your 80th birthday;jdm \zu etw gratulieren to congratulate sb on sth;jdn \zum Essen einladen to invite sb for a meal;Ausstellung \zum Jahrestag seines Todes exhibition to mark the anniversary of his death;\zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen to this question I should like to say the following;was sagst du \zu diesen Preisen? what do you say to these prices?;eine Rede \zum Thema Umwelt a speech on the subject of the environment;jdn \zu etw vernehmen to question sb about sth6) ( für etw bestimmt)Papier \zum Schreiben paper to write on, writing paper;Wasser \zum Trinken drinking water;der Knopf \zum Abstellen the off-button;das Zeichen \zum Aufbruch the signal to leave;etw \zur Antwort geben to say sth in reply;\zu nichts taugen/\zu nichts zu gebrauchen sein to be no use at all;\zum Frühstück trinkt sie immer Tee she always has tea at breakfast7) ( um etw herbeizuführen)\zur Einführung... by way of an introduction...;\zu seiner Entschuldigung/\zur Erklärung in apology/explanation, by way of an apology/explanation;sie sagte das nur \zu seiner Beruhigung she said that just to set his mind at rest;\zu was ( fam) for what, why;\zu was soll das gut sein? what do you need that for?, what is that for?bei dem Regenwetter habe ich keine Lust zum Wandern I don't fancy walking if it is raining;wir haben nichts \zum Essen we have nothing to eat;gib dem Kind doch etwas \zum Spielen give the child something to play with;auf die Reise habe ich mir etwas \zum Lesen mitgenommen I've brought something to read on the trip;das ist ja \zum Lachen that's ridiculous [or really funny];das ist \zum Weinen it's enough to make you want to cry [or weep];9) ( Veränderung)\zu etw werden to turn into [or become] sth;manch einer wird aus Armut \zum Dieb often it is poverty that turns sb into a thief;wieder \zu Staub werden to [re]turn to dust;jdn/etw \zu etw machen to make sb/sth into sth;jdn \zum Manne machen to make a man of sb;\zum Kapitän befördert werden to be promoted to captain;\zum Vorsitzenden gewählt werden to be elected to [or chosen for] the post of chairman;\zu Asche verbrennen to burn to ashes;etw \zu Pulver zermahlen to grind sth [in]to powderLiebe \zu jdm love for sb;aus Freundschaft \zu jdm because of one's friendship with sb;das Vertrauen \zu jdm/ etw trust in sb/sth;meine Beziehung \zu ihr my relationship with herim Vergleich \zu in comparison with, compared to;im Verhältnis 1 \zu 4 math in the ratio of one to four;unsere Chancen stehen 50 \zu 50 our chances are fifty-fifty\zu den Lehrbüchern gehören auch Kassetten there are cassettes to go with the text books;wo ist der Korken \zu der Flasche? where is the cork for this bottle?;mir fehlt nur der Schlüssel \zu dieser Tür I've only got to find the key to this doorBayern München gewann mit 5 \zu 1 Bayern Munich won five-one;das Fußballspiel ging unentschieden 0 \zu 0 aus the football match ended in a nil-nil draw\zu drei Prozent at three percent;diese Äpfel habe ich \zu zwei Euro das Stück gekauft I bought these apples for [or at] two euros each;sechs [Stück] \zu fünfzig Cent six for fifty cents;\zum halben Preis at half price;wir sind \zu fünft in den Urlaub gefahren five of us went on holiday together;sie kommen immer \zu zweit those two always come as a pair;der Pulli ist nur \zur Hälfte fertig the jumper is only half finished;hast du das Buch nur \zu einem Viertel gelesen? have you only read a quarter of the book?;\zum ersten Mal for the first time;\zum Ersten..., \zum Zweiten firstly..., secondly;\zum Ersten, \zum Zweiten, \zum Dritten ( bei Auktionen) going once, going twice, sold15) (örtlich: Lage) in;der Dom \zu Köln the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedral;der Reichstag \zu Worms (hist) the Diet of Worms;\zu Hause at home;\zu seiner Rechten/Linken... on his right/left [hand side]...;\zu Lande und \zu Wasser on land and sea;jdm \zur Seite sitzen ( geh) to sit at sb's side;sich \zu Tisch setzen ( geh) to sit down to dinnerder Graf \zu Blaubeuren the Count of Blaubeuren;der Gasthof \zum blauen Engel the Blue Angel Innjdn \zum Präsidenten wählen to elect as president;jdn \zu etw ernennen to nominate sb for sth;er machte sie \zu seiner Frau he made her his wife;er nahm sie \zur Frau he took her as his wife;jdn/etw \zum Vorbild nehmen to take sb/sth as one's example, to model oneself on sb/sth;\zum Arzt geboren sein to be born to be a doctor18) ( in Wendungen)\zu Deutsch (veraltet) in German;\zum Beispiel for example;\zur Belohnung as a reward;\zur Beurteilung/ Einsicht for inspection;\zum Gedächtnis von jdm in memory of sb, in sb's memory;\zum Glück luckily;\zu Hilfe help;jdm \zu Hilfe kommen to come to sb's aid;\zum Lobe von jdm/ etw in praise of sb/sth;\zur Probe as a trial [or test];\zur Ansicht on approval;\zur Strafe as a punishment;\zur Unterschrift for signature [or signing];\zur Warnung as a warning;\zur Hauptsache mainly;\zum voraus in front of;\zum vorn[e]herein from in front;\zum Rechten schauen to look to the right1) (all\zu) too;\zu sehr too much;er hat sich nicht \zu sehr bemüht he didn't try too [or very] hard;ich wäre \zu gern mitgefahren I would have loved to have gone along2) ( geschlossen) shut, closed;dreh den Wasserhahn \zu! turn the tap off!;Tür \zu, es zieht! shut the door, there's a draught!;mach die Augen \zu, ich hab da was für dich close your eyes, I've got sth for you;die Geschäfte haben sonntags \zu stores are closed on Sundays;\zu sein to be shut [or closed];3) ( örtlich) towards;nach hinten/vorne \zu towards the back/front;dem Ausgang \zu towards the exit5) ( in Wendungen)dann mal \zu! go ahead, off we go;immer/nur \zu! go ahead;schimpf nur \zu, es hilft doch nichts go on, scream, it won't do any good;mach \zu hurry up, get a move on;lauf schon \zu, ich komme nach you go on [or go on ahead], I'll catch up1) mit Infinitiv to;etw \zu essen sth to eat;dieser Auftrag ist unverzüglich \zu erledigen this task must be completed straight away;ich habe heute einiges \zu erledigen I have got a few things to do today;sie hat \zu gehorchen she has to obey [or do as she is told];die Rechnung ist bis Freitag \zu bezahlen the bill has to be paid by Friday;\zum Stehen kommen to come to a halt;\zum Erliegen kommen to come to rest;ich habe \zu arbeiten I have some work to do;ohne es \zu wissen without knowing it;ich komme, um mich zu verabschieden I have come to say goodbye2) mit Partizip\zu bezahlende Rechnungen outstanding bills;es gibt verschiedene noch \zu kaufende Gegenstände some things still have to be bought;der \zu Prüfende the candidate to be examined;nicht \zu unterschätzende Probleme problems [that are] not to be underestimated -
76 begin
1. Ithe play (the performance, the lesson, work, the day, etc.) begins пьеса и т. д. начинается; it is time to begin пора начинать; before winter begins до начала /наступления/ зимы; where the forest begins [там], где начинается лес, на опушке; just where the hair begins у самых корней волос; since the world began с сотворения мира2. IIbegin in some manner begin well (badly, afresh, quickly, etc.) начинать или начинаться хорошо и т. д; the novel began serially роман начали печатать /начал выходить/ выпусками; begin at some time begin early (late, etc.) начинать или начинаться рано и т. д.; the process began a few generations before этот процесс начался несколько поколений [тому] назад; beginning today начиная с сегодняшнего дня3. IIIbegin smth. begin a story (a letter, one's speech, one's work, the job, a new life, a building, the construction, etc.) начинать рассказ и т. д., приступать к рассказу и т. д.; begin Latin (English, music, etc.) начинать заниматься латынью и т. д., начинать изучать латынь и т. д.4. XIbe begun the work is begun работа начата; nothing has been begun ничего еще не начато5. XIIIbegin to do smth. begin to eat (to melt, to complain, to get angry, to understand smth., etc.) начинать есть и т. д.; we must begin to work right away мы должны тотчас же приступить к работе; the supplies begin to run out запасы на исходе /подходят к концу/; begin to cry начать плакать, заплакать, расплакаться; begin to laugh начать смеяться, рассмеяться; begin to speak начать говорить, заговорить; begin to sing запеть; begin to boil закипеть; it is beginning to rain (to snow) начинается дождь (снег); it is beginning to get dark начинает темнеть, темнеет6. XIVbegin doing smth. begin speaking (writing, scolding smb., studying law, learning German, etc.) начинать говорить и т. д.7. XVI1) begin with smb., smth. begin with grown-ups (with you, with the children, with soup, with a small salary, etc.) начинать со взрослых и т. д; what shall I begin with? с чего мне начать?; begin on smth. begin on a job (on a fresh chapter, etc.) приступать к работе и т. д.; we shall begin on a new book начнем новую книгу: begin on another bottle открыть /откупорить;' еще одну бутылку; begin at (from, etc,) some place begin at page 5 (at the wrong end, from /at/ the beginning, etc.) начинать с пятой страницы и т. д.; begin on /from, with, etc./ some date begin on September the first (in January, from today, etc.) начинаться) с первого сентября и т. д.; beginning with Friday начиная с пятницы; my work begins on Friday я начиная) работать с пятницы2) begin with smth. the book begins with a prologue Эта книга начинается с пролога; the word begins with a vowel Это слово начинается с гласной; the oak begins with the acorn дуб вырастает из желудя; begin at smth. the price began at five guineas [на аукционе] торг начался с пяти гиней8. XVIIbegin be doing smth. he began by greeting them (by saying smth., by scolding her, by praising his pupils, etc.) он начал с того, что обратился к ним с приветствием и т. д.; he began' by asking questions он начал с вопросов /с того, что задал несколько вопросов/9. XX1begin as smth. our river begins as a little brook наша река начинается как маленький ручеек; the town began as a fishing village город вырос из рыбацкого поселка; begin as smb. begin as a clerk (as a newsboy, as a proof-reader, as a plain worker, etc.) начинать в качестве конторского служащего и т. д; he began as a reporter он начал свой карьеру с работы репортера10. XXI1begin smth. with smth. begin the speech with an apology (his report with a few remarks, the letter with a greeting, etc.) начинать речь с извинений и т. д.11. XXIIbegin smth. by doing smth. begin one's performance by dancing (his speech by saying that..., the announcement by reading smth., etc.) начинать представление с танца и т. д.; he began the lesson by asking us questions он начал урок с [того, что задал нам несколько] вопросов -
77 hear
1. I1) sometimes old people do not hear иногда старики не слышат2) he didn't hear он не (услышал /не расслышал/; you mustn't believe everything you hear нельзя верить всему, что слышишь2. IIhear in some manner1) hear well (tolerably well, badly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. слышать; hear insufficiently иметь пониженный слух; she doesn't (can't) hear very well она плохо слышит2) hear distinctly ясно /отчетливо/ услышать; hear wrong coll. ослышаться; so I heard так я слышал /слыхал/, так мне говорили3. III1) hear smth., smb. hear a noise (a voice, a groan, the sound of laughter, the murmuring of a brook, the firing of artillery, her singing, etc.) (услышать шум и т. д., I hear you я вас слышу; speak louder, I can't hear you говорите громче, мне вас не слышно2) hear smb., smth. hear the speaker (an ambassador, a messenger, a witness, the expert, a speech, the evidence, a person's explanations, etc.) слушать /выслушивать/ докладчика и т. д., hear a concert (a recital, a play, a musical performance, Kreisler, a famous singer, etc.) слушать концерт и т. д.; hear a course of lectures прослушать курс лекций3) hear smth. hear news (a piece of news, an interesting story, etc.) узнать /услышать/ новости и т. д.4) hear smth. hear a law case разбирать судебное дело; the judge hears different kinds of cases судья разбирает различные дела4. IV1) hear smb., smth. in some manner hear smb., smth. distinctly (indistinctly, vaguely, confusedly, faintly, accidentally, unconsciously, etc.) ясно и т. д. слышать кого-л., что-л.2) hear smb., smth. in some manner hear smb., smth. eagerly (keenly, occasionally, etc.) жадно и т. д. слушать /выслушивать/ кого-л., что-л.; hear smb., smth. at some time I never heard such nonsense я никогда не слышал такого вздора /такой чуши/!; last night we heard a new violinist (his lecture, a broadcast, etc.) вчера мы слушали нового скрипача и т. д.5. VIIhear smb., smth. do smth. hear him speak (him go out, him groan, a dog bark, a bird sing, a lark warble, a clock strike, the wind roar, etc.) (у)слышать, как он разговаривает и т. д.; did you hear him sing? вы слышали, как он поет?; I just heard the telephone ring я только что слышал телефонный звонок; he likes to hear himself talk он любит слушать самого себя; I heard him say something about it я слышал, как /что/ он что-то говорил об этом6. VIIIhear smb., smth. doing smth. hear someone laughing (him calling for help, him speaking, the clock striking, a watch ticking, a lark warbling in the sky, the wind roaring in the forest, etc.) (услышать, как кто-л. смеется и т. д.7. IXhear smth., smb. done I heard my name mentioned я слышал, что упоминали мое имя; I have heard her desribed as a beauty я слышал, что ее называют красавицей; I have often heard it said that... я часто слыхал [как говорят], что...8. XI1) be heard there was nothing to be heard but the dry rustle of the leaves ничего не было слышно, кроме шороха сухих листьев; make oneself heard I could hardly make myself heard они почта не слышали /было почти невозможно услышать/, что я говорю; be heard to do smth. he was heard to speak (to groan, to call for help, etc.) слышно было, как он говорит и т. д., be heard doing smth. he could be heard singing (snoring, speaking to himself, etc.) слышно было, как он пел и т. д.; be heard in some place the firing of a gun was heard in the distance вдали слышалась орудийная стрельба; such an expression is never heard here это выражение здесь /у нас/ не употребляют2) be heard of she hasn't (since) been heard of о ней (с тех пор) так и не слышали3) be heard at some time the case will be heard in January дело будет слушаться в январе; be heard in some place the case was heard in open court дело слушалось при открытых дверях /на открытом заседании/9. XVI1) hear at (from) some place can you hear at the back? там сзади хорошо слышно?; we could not hear from our seats (from the last row, from here, etc.) с наших мест и т. д. было не слышно; what do you hear from home? что вам пишут из дому? hear about /of/ smb., smth. hear about her father (about him, about the robbery, of his sudden death, of smb.'s misfortune, etc.) услышать об ее отце и т. д. hear of one's friends (of his arrival, of the event, etc.) слышать /узнавать, получать известия/ о своих друзьях и т. д.; be sure and let me hear of your safe arrival обязательно дайте мне знать /сообщите мне/ о своем благополучном прибытии; I only heard of it yesterday я только вчера услыхал /узнал/ об этом; I never heard of such a thing мне ничего подобного не приходилось слышать!; I hear of nothing else мне все уши прожужжали об этом; this is the first I have heard of it в первый раз об этом слышу; you shall hear of /about/ it тебе еще достанется, я с тобой еще поговорю [так и знай]; hear from smb. how often do you hear from your sister? как часто вы получаете весточки от сестры?, как часто вам пишет сестра?2) hear of smth. he would not hear of reconciliation он и слышать не хотел о примирении; they offered to put me up for the night, but I wouldn't hear of it они предложили мне переночевать у них, но я и слышать об этом не хотел10. XVIIhear of doing smth. who ever heard of going to bed at ten? где это слыхано, чтобы ложиться спать в десять часов?; I will not hear of your going я о вашем отъезде и слушать не хочу11. XXI11) hear smth. from smb., smth. I've heard nothing from him он мне ни строчки не написал, он мне ничего не сообщил; I heard it from his own lips я узнал /услыхал/ об этом от него самого2) hear smth. from (on, etc.) smth. hear a song from the house (a melody on the air, such an expression on British lips, etc.) слышать песню [доносящуюся] из дома и т. д.; hear smb., smth. with smth. hear smb., smth. with surprise (with astonishment, with fright, with terror; with stupor, etc.) слушать / выслушивать/ кого-л., что-л. с удивлением и т. д., hear smb. after smth. he will hear you after classes он выслушает вас после занятий; hear smb. to smth. hear me to the end выслушайте меня до конца12. XXV1) hear what... hear what is said слышать, что говорят; I can't hear what he is saying я не расслышал его слов2) hear what... hear what one has to say слушать /выслушивать/ кого-л.3) hear [that] hear [that] the play was a success (he has been ill, he was engaged, that there were no empty rooms available, etc.) (услышать / узнать/, что пьеса имела большой успех и т. д.; I'm sorry to hear you've been having flu in the family я с огорчением узнал, что ваша семья переболела гриппом; hear how... let me hear how you get on напишите мне, как у вас идут дела -
78 Buckle, William
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 29 July 1794 Alnwick, Northumberland, Englandd. 30 September 1863 London, England[br]English mechanical engineer who introduced the first large screw-cutting lathe to Boulton, Watt \& Co.[br]William Buckle was the son of Thomas Buckle (1759–1849), a millwright who later assisted the 9th Earl of Dundonald (1749–1831) in his various inventions, principally machines for the manufacture of rope. Soon after the birth of William, the family moved from Alnwick to Hull, Yorkshire, where he received his education. The family again moved c.1808 to London, and William was apprenticed to Messrs Woolf \& Edwards, millwrights and engineers of Lambeth. During his apprenticeship he attended evening classes at a mechanical drawing school in Finsbury, which was then the only place of its kind in London.After completing his apprenticeship, he was sent by Messrs Humphrys to Memel in Prussia to establish steamboats on the rivers and lakes there under the patronage of the Prince of Hardenburg. After about four years he returned to Britain and was employed by Boulton, Watt \& Co. to install the engines in the first steam mail packet for the service between Dublin and Holyhead. He was responsible for the engines of the steamship Lightning when it was used on the visit of George IV to Ireland.About 1824 Buckle was engaged by Boulton, Watt \& Co. as Manager of the Soho Foundry, where he is credited with introducing the first large screw-cutting lathe. At Soho about 700 or 800 men were employed on a wide variety of engineering manufacture, including coining machinery for mints in many parts of the world, with some in 1826 for the Mint at the Soho Manufactory. In 1851, following the recommendations of a Royal Commission, the Royal Mint in London was reorganized and Buckle was asked to take the post of Assistant Coiner, the senior executive officer under the Deputy Master. This he accepted, retaining the post until the end of his life.At Soho, Buckle helped to establish a literary and scientific institution to provide evening classes for the apprentices and took part in the teaching. He was an original member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, which was founded in Birmingham in January 1847, and a member of their Council from then until 1855. He contributed a number of papers in the early years, including a memoir of William Murdock whom he had known at Soho; he resigned from the Institution in 1856 after his move to London. He was an honorary member of the London Association of Foreman Engineers.[br]Bibliography1850, "Inventions and life of William Murdock", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 2 (October): 16–26.RTS -
79 Curr, John
[br]b. 1756 Kyo, near Lanchester, or in Greenside, near Ryton-on-Tyne, Durham, Englandd. 27 January 1823 Sheffield, England[br]English coal-mine manager and engineer, inventor of flanged, cast-iron plate rails.[br]The son of a "coal viewer", Curr was brought up in the West Durham colliery district. In 1777 he went to the Duke of Norfolk's collieries at Sheffield, where in 1880 he was appointed Superintendent. There coal was conveyed underground in baskets on sledges: Curr replaced the wicker sledges with wheeled corves, i.e. small four-wheeled wooden wagons, running on "rail-roads" with cast-iron rails and hauled from the coal-face to the shaft bottom by horses. The rails employed hitherto had usually consisted of plates of iron, the flange being on the wheels of the wagon. Curr's new design involved flanges on the rails which guided the vehicles, the wheels of which were unflanged and could run on any hard surface. He appears to have left no precise record of the date that he did this, and surviving records have been interpreted as implying various dates between 1776 and 1787. In 1787 John Buddle paid tribute to the efficiency of the rails of Curr's type, which were first used for surface transport by Joseph Butler in 1788 at his iron furnace at Wingerworth near Chesterfield: their use was then promoted widely by Benjamin Outram, and they were adopted in many other English mines. They proved serviceable until the advent of locomotives demanded different rails.In 1788 Curr also developed a system for drawing a full corve up a mine shaft while lowering an empty one, with guides to separate them. At the surface the corves were automatically emptied by tipplers. Four years later he was awarded a patent for using double ropes for lifting heavier loads. As the weight of the rope itself became a considerable problem with the increasing depth of the shafts, Curr invented the flat hemp rope, patented in 1798, which consisted of several small round ropes stitched together and lapped upon itself in winding. It acted as a counterbalance and led to a reduction in the time and cost of hoisting: at the beginning of a run the loaded rope began to coil upon a small diameter, gradually increasing, while the unloaded rope began to coil off a large diameter, gradually decreasing.Curr's book The Coal Viewer (1797) is the earliest-known engineering work on railway track and it also contains the most elaborate description of a Newcomen pumping engine, at the highest state of its development. He became an acknowledged expert on construction of Newcomen-type atmospheric engines, and in 1792 he established a foundry to make parts for railways and engines.Because of the poor financial results of the Duke of Norfolk's collieries at the end of the century, Curr was dismissed in 1801 despite numerous inventions and improvements which he had introduced. After his dismissal, six more of his patents were concerned with rope-making: the one he gained in 1813 referred to the application of flat ropes to horse-gins and perpendicular drum-shafts of steam engines. Curr also introduced the use of inclined planes, where a descending train of full corves pulled up an empty one, and he was one of the pioneers employing fixed steam engines for hauling. He may have resided in France for some time before his death.[br]Bibliography1788. British patent no. 1,660 (guides in mine shafts).1789. An Account of tin Improved Method of Drawing Coals and Extracting Ores, etc., from Mines, Newcastle upon Tyne.1797. The Coal Viewer and Engine Builder's Practical Companion; reprinted with five plates and an introduction by Charles E.Lee, 1970, London: Frank Cass, and New York: Augustus M.Kelley.1798. British patent no. 2,270 (flat hemp ropes).Further ReadingF.Bland, 1930–1, "John Curr, originator of iron tram roads", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 11:121–30.R.A.Mott, 1969, Tramroads of the eighteenth century and their originator: John Curr', Transactions of the Newcomen Society 42:1–23 (includes corrections to Fred Bland's earlier paper).Charles E.Lee, 1970, introduction to John Curr, The Coal Viewer and Engine Builder's Practical Companion, London: Frank Cass, pp. 1–4; orig. pub. 1797, Sheffield (contains the most comprehensive biographical information).R.Galloway, 1898, Annals of Coalmining, Vol. I, London; reprinted 1971, London (provides a detailed account of Curr's technological alterations).WK / PJGR -
80 Elkington, George Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham Englandd. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England[br]English pioneer in electroplating.[br]He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.[br]Bibliography1864, Journal of the Royal Society for Arts (29 January).LRDBiographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard
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