that+is+not+his+strong+point

(bý; bjó, bjoggum or bjuggum; búinn), v.

1) to prepare, make ready;

búa skip í för, to make a ship ready for a voyage;

búa ferð sína, to make ready for a journey (voyage);

búa veizlu, to prepare (make preparations) for a feast;

búa mál á hendr e-m, to take out a summons against one, be in a lawsuit;

2) to dress, attire, adorn, ornament;

bjó hón hana sem hón kunni bezt, she dressed her as well as she could;

sá þeir konur vel búnar, well dressed;

búa beð, rekkju, to make a bed;

búa öndvegi, hús, to make a high seat, adorn a house (for a feast);

öll umgjörðin var búin gulli ok silfri, adorned (mounted) with gold and silver;

vápn búit mjök, much ornamented;

3) to fix one’s abode in a place, = byggja( þegar munu jötnar Ásgarð búa);

4) to deal with, to treat;

þeir bjuggu búi sem þeim líkaði, they treated it as they liked, viz. recklessly;

Haraldr bjó heldr úsparliga kornum Sveins, used S.’s stores rather unsparingly;

5) to live, dwell (búa í tjöldum);

þeir bjuggu þar um nóttina, they stayed there during the night;

sá maðr bjó á skipi (had his berth) næst Haraldi;

6) to have a household (cattle, sheep, and milk);

meðan þú vilt búa, as long as thou will keep house;

búa á or at, with the name of the place added in dat., to live at or in (hann bjó á Velli; Gunnar bjó at Hlíðarenda);

7) to be, = vera( skip þau öll, er á vatni búa);

búa í skapi, brjósti e-m, to be, dwell in one’s mind (eigi býr þér lítit í skapi);

sýnandi þá hjartaliga gleði, er í brjósti býr, that fills the breast;

8) to behave, conduct onself (bjuggu þeir þar fremr úfriðliga);

9) with preps.:

búa af e-u, to lose;

láta e-n af baugum búa, to let him be deprived of his riches;

búa at e-u, to treat, = búa e-u (cf. 4);

þeir höfðu spurt hvern veg Þórólfr hafði búit at herbergjum þeirra, how Th. had treated their premises;

búa e-t fyrir, to prepare (þeir hlutir, er guð hefir fyrir búit sínum ástvinum);

búa fyrir, to be present (hann ætlar, at Selþórir muni fyrir búa í hverju holti);

búa hjá konu, to lie with a woman;

búa í e-u, to be at the bottom of, = búa undir e-u (en í þessu vináttumerki bjuggu enn fleiri hlutir);

búa með e-m or e-rri, to cohabit with;

búa með konu, to lie with;

búa saman, to live together (as husband and wife, as friends); to have a common household (ef menn búa saman);

búa e-t til, to prepare, take the preparatory steps in a case (búa sök, mál, vígsmál til, cf. 1);

búa til veizlu, to prepare for a feast;

búa til seyðis, to get the fire ready for cooking;

búa til vetrsetu, to make preparations for a winter abode;

búa um e-n, to make one’s bed (var búit um þá Þórodd á seti ok lögðust þeir til svefns);

Þórólfr lét setja upp skip sitt ok um búa, he had his ship laid up and fenced round;

kváðu nú Guðrúnu eiga at búa um rauða skör Bolla, said that G. would have to dress B.’s (her husband’s) bloody head;

búa um andvirki, to fence and thatch hayricks;

at búa svá um, at aldri mátti vökna, to pack it up so that it could not get wet;

búa svá um, at (with subj.), to arrange it so, that;

búa eigi um heilt við e-n, to be plotting something against one;

búa um nökkurn skoll, to brood over some mischief (deceit);

búa um grun, to be suspicious;

búa um hverfan hug, to be fickleminded;

gott er um öruggt at búa, to be in a safe position;

búa undir e-u, to be subject to, suffer, endure (hart mun þykkja undir at búa);

eiga undir slíkum ofsa at búa, to have to put up with such insolence; to be the (hidden) reason of, to be at the bottom of (þat bjó þar undir, at hann vildi taka ríkit undir sik);

þér vitið gørst, hvat yðr býr undir (what reason you have) at girnast eina útlenda mey;

búa e-n veg við e-n, to behave or act so and so towards one;

sárt býr þú nú við mik, Þóra, thou treatest me sorely;

búa við e-t, to enjoy (þú býr við eilífa ást ok bíðr eilífra ömbuna); to submit to, put up with;

ok mun eigi við þat mega búa, it will be too hard to bide;

búa yfir e-u, to hide, conceal;

framhlutr ormsins býr yfir eitri, is venomous;

lítill búkr býr yfir miklu viti, little body holds mickle wit;

búa yfir brögðum, flærð ok vélum, to brood over tricks, falsehood, and deceit;

10) refl., búast.

* * *

pret. sing. bjó, 2nd pers. bjótt, mod. bjóst; plur. bjoggu, bjöggu, and mod. bjuggu, or even buggu; sup. búit, búið, and (rarely) contr. búð; part. búinn; pret. subj. bjöggi, mod. byggi or bjyggi; pres. sing. indic. bý; pl. búm, mod. búum: reflex. forms býsk or býst, bjósk or bjóst, bjöggusk, búisk, etc.: poët. forms with suffixed negative bjó-at, Skv. 3. 39: an obsolete pret. bjoggi = bjó, Fms. ix. 440 (in a verse); bjöggisk = bjósk, Hom. 118. [Búa is originally a reduplicated and contracted verb answering to Goth. búan, of which the pret. may have been baibau: by bûan Ulf. renders Gr. οικειν, κατοικειν; Hel. bûan = habitare; Germ. bauen; Swed. and Dan. bo. The Icel. distinguishes between the strong neut. and originally redupl. verb búa, and the transit. and weak byggja, q. v.: búa seems to be kindred to Gr. φύω, εφυσα (cp. Sansk. bhû, bhavâmi, Lat. fui); byggja to Lat. făcio, cp. Swed.-Dan. bygga, Scot. and North. E. to ‘big,’ i. e. to build; cp. Lat. aedificare, nidificare: again, the coincidence in sense with the Gr. οικος, οικειν, Lat. vicus, is no less striking, cp. the references s. v. bú above. Búa, as a root word, is one of the most interesting words in the Scandin. tongues; bú, bær, bygg, bygð, byggja, etc., all belong to this family: it survives in the North. E. word to ‘big,’ in the Germ. bauen ( to till), and possibly (v. above) in the auxiliary verb ‘to be.’]

A. NEUTER, to live, abide, dwell, = Gr. οικειν, Lat. habitare; sú synd sem í mér býr, Rom. vii. 17, 20; í mér, þat er í mínu holdi, býr ekki gott, 18; hann sem býr í ljósinu, 1 Tim. vi. 16; fyrir Heilagan Anda sem í oss býr, 2 Tim. i. 14; Látið Christs orð ríkulega búa meðal yðar, Col. iii. 16; þá trú … sem áðr fyr bjó í þinni ömmu Loide, 2 Tim. i. 5; þat hit góða sem í oss býr, 14; hann sem býr í ljósinu, þar einginn kann til að komast, 1 Tim. vi. 16; hence íbúð, living in, etc.; in many of those passages some Edd. of N. T. use byggja, but búa suits better: of a temporary abode, hann bjó í tjöldum, he abode in tents, Fms. x. 413.

2. a naut. term; þeir bjuggu þar um nóttina, they stayed, cast anchor during the night, Fms. vii. 3: on board ship, to have one’s berth, sá maðr bjó á skipi næst Haraldi er hét Loðinn, 166; engi maðr skyldi búa á þessu skipi yngri en tvítugr, x. 321.

3. to live together as man and wife; henni hagar að b. við hann, 1 Cor. vii. 12; hagar honum hjá henni að b., 13; b. með húsfrú sinni, Stj. 47; b. við; Helgi prestr bjó við konu þá, er Þórdís hét (of concubinage), Sturl. i. 141; but búa saman, of wedded life, K. Á. 134.

4. b. fyrir, to be present in the place: at Selþórir muni fyrir b. í hverju holti, Fms. iv. 260: recipr., sjór ok skúgr bjoggusk í grend, Skálda 202, Baruch.

5. esp. (v. bú) to have a household, cattle, sheep, and milk; hence búandi, bóndi, bær, and bú; búa við málnytu ( milk), ok hafa kýr ok ær at búi, Nj. 236, Grág. i. 168, 335; b. búi (dat.), 153, K. Þ. K. 90; búa búi sínu, to ‘big ane’s ain biggin,’ have one’s own homestead.

β. absol., meðan þú vilt b., so long as thou wilt keep bouse, Hrafn. 9; b. vel, illa, to be a good (bad) housekeeper; vænt er að kunna vel að búa, Bb. 3. 1; Salomon kóngur kunni að b., 100; fara að b., to begin housekeeping, 2. 6; b. á jörðu, to keep a farm, gefa þeim óðul sín er á bjoggu, Fms. i. 21.

γ. búa á …, at …, i …, with the name of the place added, to live at or in a place; hann bjó á Velli (the farm) á Rangárvöllum (the county), Nj. 1; Höskuldr bjó á Höskuldstöðum, 2: hann bjó at Varmalæk, 22; hann bjó undir Felli, 16; Gunnarr bjó at Hlíðarenda, 29; Njáll bjó at Bergþórshváli, 30, 38, 147, 162, 164, 173, 174, 213, Landn. 39–41, and in numberless passages; Eb., Ld., Eg., Sturl., Bs., Ísl. ii, etc. (very freq.): also b. í brjósti, skapi, huga e-m, to be, dwell in one’s mind, with the notion of rooted conviction or determination, þess hins mikla áhuga, er þér býr í brjósti, Fms. iv. 80; því er mér hefir lengi í skapi búit, 78; ekki muntu leynask fyrir mér, veit ek hvat í býr skapinu, Lv. 16.

II. metaph. and with prepp.; b. um e-t, or b. yfir e-u, almost in an uncanny sense, to brood over hidden schemes, designs, resentment, or the like; búa um hverfan hug, to be of a fickle mind, Skv. 3. 39; b. eigi um heilt, to brood over something against one, to be insincere, Fms. xi. 365; b. um skoll, to brood over some deceit, id.; b. um grun, to be suspicious, ii. 87: in good sense, b. um eitt lunderni, to be of one mind, Jb. 17; b. um þrek, hug, to have a bold heart, Lex. Poët.: b. í or undir e-u, to be at the bottom of a thing; en í þessu vináttu merki bjoggu enn fleiri hlutir, Ó. H. 125; mart býr í þokunni (a proverb), many things bide in the mist; en þat b. mest undir ferð Áka, at …, Fms. xi. 45; þóttusk eigi vita hvat undir myndi b., Nj. 62: b. yfir e-u, to brood over something, conceal; (ormrinn) bjó yfir eitri, i. e. the snake was venomous, Fms. vi. 351: the saying, lítill búkr býr yfir miklu viti, little bulk hides mickle wit, Al.; b. yfir flærð ok vélum, to brood over falsehood and deceit, id.; b. yfir brögðum, Fas. i. 290: b. undir, við e-t, to live under or with a thing, to bide, put up with; eiga undir slíkum ofsa at b., to have to put up with such insolence, Fms. xi. 248; at hart mun þykkja undir at b., Nj. 90, 101; ok mun eigi við þat mega b., i. e. it will be too hard to bide, 164; því at bændr máttu eigi við hitt b., Fms. xi. 224.

III. in a half active sense; b. at e-u, or b. e-u (with dat.), to treat; þeir höfðu spurt hvern veg Þórólfr hafði búit at herbergjum þeirra, how Th. had used their premises, Eg. 85; þeir bjoggu búi sem þeim líkaði (where with dat.), i. e. they treated it recklessly, Bs. i. 544; Haraldr jarl fór til bús Sveins, ok bjó þá heldr úspakliga kornum hans, Orkn. 424 (in all passages in bad sense): búa vel saman, to live well together, be friendly, Fms. xi. 312; hence sam-búð, living together; b. við e-n, to treat one so and so; sárt býr þú við mik, Þóra, thou treatest me sorely, vii. 203.

B. ACTIVE, to make ready: the sense and form here reminds one of the Gr. ποιειν: [this sense is much used in Old Engl., esp. the part. bone, boon, or boun, ready, (‘boun to go,’ Chaucer, etc.); in later Engl. ‘boun’ was corrupted into ‘bound,’ in such naut. phrases as bound for a port, etc.: from this part, the ballad writers formed a fresh verb, to boun, ‘busk ye, boun ye;’ ‘busk’ is a remnant of the old reflex, búask, see Dasent, Burnt Njal, pref. xvi. note, and cp. below III.]

I. to make ready, ‘boun,’ for a journey; b. ferð, för sína; and as a naut. term, b. skip, to make ready for sea; bjoggu þeir ferð sína, Fms. ix. 453; en er þeir vóru búnir, Nj. 122; ok vóru þá mjök brott búnir, they were ‘boun’ for sea, Fms. vii. 101; bjó hann skip sitt, Nj. 128; en skip er brotið, svá at eigi er í för búanda á því sumri, i. e. ship unfit to go to sea, Grág. i. 92; b. sik til göngu, to be ‘boun’ for a walk, Ld. 46; b. sik at keyra, to make one ready for …, Nj. 91.

β. as a law term, b. sök, mál, or adding til, b. til sök, mál á hendr e-m, to take out a summons against one, begin a lawsuit; b. mál í dóm, of the preliminaries to a lawsuit, hence málatilbúningr, in numberless cases in the Grágás and Sagas.

γ. generally to prepare, make; b. smyrsl, to make ointments, Rb. 82.

2. = Old Engl. to boun, i. e. to dress, equip; b. sik, to dress; svá búinn, so dressed, Fms. xi. 272; hence búningr, dress (freq.); vel búinn, well-dressed, Nj. 3, Ísl. ii. 434; spari-búinn, in holiday dress; illa búinn, ill-dressed; síðan bjó hon hana sem hon kunni, she dressed her as well as she could, Finnb. 258; b. beð, rekkjur, to make a bed, Eg. 236; b. upp hvílur, id., Nj. 168; b. öndvegi, hús, to make a high seat, dress a house for a feast, 175, (hús-búnaðr, hús-búningr, tapestry); búa borð, to dress the table, (borð búnaðr, table-service); b. stofu, Fms. iv. 75.

β. búa til veizlu, to make ‘boun’ ( prepare) for a feast, Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 307; b. til seyðis, to make the fire ‘boun’ for cooking, Nj. 199; b. til vetrsetu, to make ‘boun’ for a winter abode, Fms. x. 42; til-búa, and fyrir-b., to prepare; eg fer héðan að til-b. yðr stað, John xiv. 3; eignizt það ríki sem yðr var til-búið frá upphafi veraldar, Matth. xxv. 34.

γ. b. um e-t, in mod. use with the notion of packing up, to make into a bundle, of parcels, letters, etc.; hence um-búningr and um-búðir, a packing, packing-cover; b. um rúm, hvílu, to make a bed; búa um e-n, to make one’s bed; var búið um þá Þórodd í seti, ok lögðusk þeir til svefns, Th.’s bed was made on the benches, and they went to sleep, Ó. H. 153; skaltú nú sjá hvar vit leggumk niðr, ok hversu ek bý um okkr (of the dying Njal), Nj. 701; er mér sagt at hann hafi illa um búit, of a dead body, 51; þeir höfðu (svá) um sik búit ( they had covered themselves so) at þá mátti eigi sjá, 261; kváðu nú Guðrúnu eiga at búa um rauða skör Bolla, said that G. would have to comb B.’s (her husband’s) bloody head, Ld. 244; búa svá um at aldri mátti vökna, pack it up so that it cannot get wet, Fms. vii. 225; Þórólfr lét setja upp skip ok um búa, he had the ship laid up and fenced it round (for the winter), Eg. 199; b. um andvirki, to fence and thatch bay-ricks, Grág. ii. 335: metaph. to manage, preserve a thing, Fms. ix. 52; aumlega búinn, in a piteous state, Hom. 115.

3. to ornament, esp. with metals or artificial work of any kind, of clothes laced with gold; kyrtill hlaðbúinn, Ísl. ii. 434, Nj. 48, Vm. 129: of gloves, B. K. 84: of a belt with stones or artificial work, Fms. xi. 271: of a drinking-horn, D. N. (Fr.); but esp. of a weapon, sword, or the like, enamelled with gold or silver (gull-búinn, silfr-búinn); búin gulli ok silfri, Fms. i. 15; búinn knífr, xi. 271; vápn búit mjök, much ornamented, ii. 255, iv. 77, 130, Eb. 226, 228.

β. part., búinn at e-u, or vel búinn, metaph. endowed with, well endowed; at flestum í þróttum vel búinn, Nj. 61, Fms. x. 295; at auð vel búinn, wealthy, 410; vel búinn at hreysti ok allri atgörvi, Eg. 82; bezt at viti búinn, Fms. xi. 51.

II. particular use of the part. pass, ‘boun,’ ready, willing; margir munu búnir at kaupa, ready, willing to buy, Fms. vi. 218; hann kvaðsk þess fyrir löngu búinn, Ld. 66, Fms. iii. 123; nefna vátta at þeir eru búnir ( ready) at leysa kvið þann af hendi, Grág. i. 54; vóru allir til þess búnir, Fms. xi. 360: compar., engir menn sýna sik búnari ( more willing) til liðveizlu, Sturl. i. 103: the allit. phrase, vera boðinn og búinn til e-s, vide bjóða VI: denoting fitted, adapted, ek em gamall, ok lítt b. at ( little fit to) hefna sona minna, Nj. 200; þótt ek sé verr til b. en hann fyrir vanheilsu sakir, Fms. vii. 275; eiga við búið (mod. vera við búinn), to keep oneself ready, to be on one’s guard, Bs. i. 537.

2. on the point of doing, about to do so and so; hann var búinn til falls, he was just about to tumble, Fms. x. 314; en áðr þeir kómu var búið til hins mesta váða, ix. 444, v. l.

β. neut. búið is used almost adverbially, on the point of, just about to; ok búið við skipbroti, Ísl. ii. 245; búið við váða miklum, Fms. ix. 310; sagði at þá var búit við geig mikinn með þeim feðgum, Eg. 158: this is rare and obsolete in mod. usage; and the Icel. now say, liggja við mér lá við að detta, where an old writer would have said, ek var búinn at detta; the sense would else be ambiguous, as búinn, vera búinn, in mod. usage means to have done; ég er búinn að eta, I have done eating; vera búinn að e-u (a work, business of any kind), to have done with it; also absol., eg er búinn, I have done; thus e. g. vera b. að kaupa, fyrir löngu b., b. at græða, leysa, etc., in mod. sense means to have done, done long ago; only by adding prepp. við, til (vera við búinn, til búinn) the part. resumes its old sense: on the other hand, búinn in the sense of having done hardly ever occurs in old writers.

γ. búð (búið) is even used adverbially = may be, may happen; with subj. with or without ‘at,’ búð, svá sé til ætlað, may be, it will come so to happen, Nj. 114; búð, dragi til þess sem vera vill, 185; búð, eigi fari fjarri því sem þú gazt til, id., Ed. Johns. 508, note c; búð, svá þykki sem ek grípa gulli við þá, 9, note 3; búð, eigi hendi hann slík úgipta annat sinn, 42; búð, ek láta annars víti at varnaði verða, 106; búð, vér þurfim enn hlífanna, Sturl. ii. 137 (vellum MSS.; um ríð, Ed., quite without sense), cp. also Eb. 27 new Ed.: in mod. usage it is freq. to say, það er búið, vel búið, albúið, etc., it is likely, most likely that …

δ. svá búit, adverbially, and proncd. as if one word, as matters stand, or even temp. at present, as yet; eigi mun hlýða svá búit, i. e. it will not do ‘so done,’ i. e. something else must be done, Eg. 507; eigi munu þér fá at unnit svá búið, i. e. not as yet, Fms. vii. 270; stendr þar nú svá búit (i. e. unchanged), um hríð, xi. 81; en berjask eigi svo búit, not fight as yet, Nj. 229; segja Eyjólfi til svá búins, they tell Eyolf the state of things, viz. that nothing had been done, Gísl. 41; þeir skildu við svá búit; þeir lögðu frá við svá búið, implying ‘vain effort,’ Germ. ‘unverrichteter Sache,’ Ísl. ii, Hkr. i. 340: at svá búnu, adverbially, as yet, at present; hann kvaðsk eigi fýsask til Íslands at svá búnu, Nj. 123, Fms. xi. 131; þenna draum segjum vér engum manni at svá búnu, this dream we will not tell to anybody as yet, Nj. 212; en at svá búnu tjár ekki, Fas. i. 364.

III. reflex. to ‘boun’ or ‘busk’ oneself, make oneself ready, equip oneself; gengu menn þá á skip sín, ok bjoggusk sem hvatligast, Fms. v. 15: adding the infinitive of a verb as predicate, bjósk hann at fara norðr til Þrandheims, Eg. 18; or ellipt., where búask thus denotes the act itself, nú býsk hann út til Íslands, i. e. he ‘busked’ him to go …, Nj. 10; bjoggusk þeir fóstbræðr í hernað, they went on a free-booting trip, Landn. 31; seg Agli at þeir búisk þaðan fimmtán, 94: or adding another verb denoting the act, in the same tense, bjósk Haraldr konungr úr Þrándheimi með skipaliði, ok fór suðr á Mæri, he ‘busked’ him … and went south, Eg. 7; the journey added in gen., búask ferðar sinnar, Fms. i. 3; búask menn ferða sinna, Ld. 177.

β. denoting intention, hidden or not put into action; fór sá kurr, at Skúli byggisk á land upp, Fms. ix. 483.

2. to prepare for a thing; búask við boði, veizlu, etc., Nj. 10, Korm. 10; b. (vel, kristilega) við dauða sínum, andláti sínu, (eccl.) to prepare for one’s death, Fs. 80, Bs. i. 74; búask við vetri, to provide for the winter, get store in, Fms. xi. 415; b. við úfriði, vii. 23.

β. to be on one’s guard, take steps to prevent a thing; nú ríða hér úvinir þínir at þér; skaltu svá við búask, i. e. be sure of that, make up thy mind, Nj. 264; bústu svá við, skal hann kveða, at …, Grág. ii. 244.

γ. such phrases as, búask um = búa um sik, to make one’s own bed, encamp, make oneself comfortable, Nj. 259; tjölduðu búðir ok bjöggusk vel um, 219; var hörð veðrátta, svá at ekki mátti úti um búask, Fms. x. 13. Ld. 348; in the last passage the verb is deponent.

3. metaph., b. við e-u, to expect, freq. in mod. usage; in phrases, það er ekki við að búast, it cannot be expected; búast við e-m, to expect a guest, or the like.

β. to intend, think about; eg býst við að koma, I hope to come; eg bjóst aldrei við því, I never hoped for that, it never entered my mind, and in numberless cases.

4. passive (very rare and not classical); um kveldit er matr bjósk = er m. var búinn, Fms. ix. 364.

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.

Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.

Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.

[br]

ut or ŭtī (old form ŭtei, C. I. L. 1, 196, 4 sq.; 1, 198, 8 et saep.), adv. and conj. [for quoti or cuti, from pronom. stem ka-, Lat. quo-, whence qui, etc., and locat. ending -ti of stem to-, whence tum, etc.].

As adv. of manner.

Interrog. = quomodo, how, in what way or manner.

In independent questions (colloq.; rare in class. prose; not in Cic.): De. Quid? ut videtur mulier? Ch. Non, edepol, mala. De. Ut morata'st? Ch. Nullam vidi melius mea sententia, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 56 sq.:

salve! ut valuisti? quid parentes mei? Valent?

id. ib. 5, 2, 107; id. Pers. 2, 5, 8:

ut vales?

id. Most. 2, 19, 29; 3, 2, 28; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 26:

ut sese in Samnio res habent?

Liv. 10, 18, 11:

ut valet? ut meminit nostri?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 12; id. S. 2, 8, 1.—

In exclamatory sentences (in all periods of the language): ut omnia in me conglomerat mala! Enn. ap. Non. p. 90, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 408 Vahl.):

ut corripuit se repente atque abiit! Hei misero mihi!

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 76:

ut dissimulat malus!

id. ib. 5, 4, 13:

ut volupe est homini si cluet victoria!

id. Poen. 5, 5, 15: ut multa verba feci;

ut lenta materies fuit!

id. Mil. 4, 5, 4:

ut scelestus nunc iste te ludos facit!

id. Capt. 3, 4, 47:

ut saepe summa ingenia in occulto latent,

id. ib. 1, 2, 61; id. Rud. 1, 2, 75; 2, 3, 33 sq.:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 42:

heia! ut elegans est!

id. Heaut. 5, 5, 19:

fortuna ut numquam perpetua est bona!

id. Hec. 3, 3, 46; cf. id. Phorm. 5, 8, 52:

Gnaeus autem noster... ut totus jacet,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1:

quae ut sustinuit! ut contempsit, ac pro nihilo putavit!

id. Mil. 24, 64:

qui tum dicit testimonium ex nostris hominibus, ut se ipse sustentat! ut omnia verba moderatur, ut timet ne quid cupide... dicat!

id. Fl. 5, 12:

quod cum facis, ut ego tuum amorem et dolorem desidero!

id. Att. 3, 11, 2:

quanta studia decertantium sunt! ut illi efferuntur laetitia cum vicerint! ut pudet victos! ut se accusari nolunt! etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

ut vidi, ut perii! ut me malus abstulit error!

Verg. E. 8, 41:

ut melius quidquid erit pati!

Hor. C. 1, 11, 3:

ut tu Semper eris derisor!

id. S. 2, 6, 53:

o superbia magnae fortunae! ut a te nihil accipere juvat! ut omne beneficium in injuriam convertis! ut te omnia nimia delectant! ut to omnia dedecent!

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. 11.—

In dependent questions.

With indic. (ante-class. and poet.): divi hoc audite parumper ut pro Romano populo... animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.): edoce eum uti res se habet, Plaut. [p. 1940] Trin. 3, 3, 21:

hoc sis vide ut avariter merum in se ingurgitat,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 33:

hoc vide ut dormiunt pessuli,

id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

illud vide os ut sibi distorsit carnufex,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 3:

vide ut otiosus it, si dis placet,

id. ib. 5, 3, 10:

illud vide, Ut in ipso articulo oppressit,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 21; 3, 5, 3:

viden ut faces Splendidas quatiunt comas?

Cat. 61, 77:

viden ut perniciter exiluere?

id. 62, 8:

adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata requirunt,

id. 62, 12:

aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia saeclo! (= omnia laetantia),

Verg. E. 4, 52 Forbig. ad loc.:

nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mittit ebur,

id. G. 1, 56; id. E. 5, 6; id. A. 6, 779. —

With subj. (class.):

nescis ut res sit, Phoenicium,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 4, 1:

oppido Mihi illud videri mirum, ut una illaec capra Uxoris dotem simiae ambadederit,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 16:

nam ego vos novisse credo jam ut sit meus pater,

id. Am. prol. 104:

narratque ut virgo ab se integra etiam tum siet,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 70:

tute scis quam intimum Habeam te, et mea consilia ut tibi credam omnia,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 48:

videtis ut omnes despiciat, ut hominem prae se neminem putet, ut se solum beatum se solum potentem putet?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:

videtisne ut Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet?

id. Sen. 10, 31; id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

credo te audisse ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte jugula sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint,

id. Att. 1, 16, 4:

videte ut hoc iste correxerit,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 115:

docebat ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

veniat in mentem, ut trepidos quondam majores vestros... defenderimus,

Liv. 23, 5, 8:

aspice quo submittat humus formosa colores,

Prop. 1, 2, 9:

infinitum est enumerare ut Cottae detraxerit auctoritatem, ut pro Ligario se opposuerit,

Quint. 6, 5, 10:

vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1:

nonne vides, ut... latus et malus Antennaeque gemant,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3 Orell. ad loc.:

audis... positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Juppiter,

id. ib. 3, 10, 7; id. S. 1, 8, 42; 2, 3, 315; Verg. A. 2, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 26; Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 57:

mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur,

Plin. Ep. 1, 6, 2.—

Relative adverb of manner = eo modo quo, as.

Without demonstr. as correlatives: ut aiunt, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 101 Mull. (fr inc. l. 10 Vahl.):

ego emero matri tuae Ancillam... forma mala, ut matrem addecet familias,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 79:

apparatus sum ut videtis,

id. ib. 5, 2, 10:

verum postremo impetravi ut volui,

id. Mil. 4, 5, 5:

ero ut me voles esse,

id. Capt. 2, 1, 32:

faciam ut tu voles,

id. Men. 5, 9, 90: ut vales? Tox. Ut queo, id. Pers. 1, 1, 16:

ut potero feram,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 27:

faciam ut mones,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 97:

Ciceronem et ut rogas amo, et ut meretur et ut debeo,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 9:

cupiditates quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator objecit, ruri semper habitarit?

id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39:

ut ex propinquis ejus audio, non tu in isto artificio callidior es, quam hic in suo,

id. ib. 17, 49:

homo demens, ut isti putant,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

cumulate munus hoc, ut opinio mea fert, effecero,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

non ut clim solebat, sed ut nunc fit, mimum introduxisti,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 7:

Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum, ne proelium committeret nisi, etc., monte occupato nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

cuncta ut gesta erant exposuit,

Liv. 3, 50, 4:

(Postumius) fugerat in legatione, ut fama ferebat, populi judicium,

id. 10, 46, 16:

sed, ut plerumque fit, major pars meliorem vicit,

id. 21, 4, 1:

nec temere, et ut libet conlocatur argentum, sed perite servitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 2:

servus, ut placet Chrysippo, perpetuus mercenarius est,

id. Ben. 3, 22, 1.—Esp. parenthet., to denote that the facts accord with an assumption or supposition made in the principal sentence (= sicut):

si virtus digna est gloriatione, ut est,

Cic. Fin. 4, 18, 51:

quorum etiamsi amplecterer virtutem, ut facio, tamen, etc.,

id. Phil. 10, 9, 18:

quamvis fuerit acutus, ut fuit,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69; cf.:

incumbite in causam, Quirites, ut facitis,

id. Phil. 4, 5, 12:

tu modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis sustenta, ut facis,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 5:

satis enim erat, probatum illum esse populo Romano, ut est,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 37.—

With the correlative ita or sic: VTI LEGASSIT SVPER PECVNIA TVTELAVE SVAE REI, ITA IVS ESTO, Leg. XII. Tab. 5, fr. 3: alii, ut esse in suam rem ducunt, ita sint;

ego ita ero ut me esse oportet,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 24 sq.:

sic sum ut vides,

id. Am. 2, 1, 57:

omnes posthabui mihi res, ita uti par fuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 15:

ut viro forti ac sapienti dignum fuit, ita calumniam ejus obtrivit,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 18.—In partic. with a superlative belonging to the principal sentence, attracted to the relative clause:

haec ut brevissime dici potuerunt, ita a me dicta sunt (= ita breviter dicta sunt ut dici potuerunt),

Cic. de Or. 2, 41, 174.—So ut qui, with sup.:

te enim semper sic colam et tuebor ut quem diligentissime,

Cic. Fam. 12, 62 fin.; without sic or ita:

causas ut honorificentissimis verbis consequi potero, complectar,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 29:

sed exigenda est ut optime possumus,

Quint. 12, 10, 38.—And with comp.:

eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis,

Nep. Epam. 2, 1; cf.:

ad unguem Factus homo, non ut magis alter, amicus,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 33:

cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud,

id. ib. 2, 8, 48.—

Doubled ut ut, as indefinite relative, = utcumque, in whatever manner, howsoever (mostly ante-class.; only with indic.):

gaudeo, ut ut erga me est merita,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 52:

age jam, utut est, etsi'st dedecori, patiar,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 85:

utut est, mihi quidem profecto cum istis dictis mortuo'st,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 76:

utut res sese habet, pergam, etc.,

id. Most. 3, 1, 14:

non potis est pietati opsisti huic, ututi res sunt ceterae,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 36; id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

sed ut ut haec sunt, tamen hoc faciam,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 46; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 4; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 26; id. Ad. 2, 2, 40; 4, 4, 22:

ut ut est res, casus consilium nostri itineris judicabit,

Cic. Att. 15, 25 B. and K. (dub.;

v. Orell. ad loc.): sed ut ut est, indulge valetudini tuae,

id. Fam. 16, 18, 1 dub. (al. ut est).—

Causal, as, = prout, pro eo ut.

Introducing a general statement, in correspondence with the particular assertion of the principal clause, ut = as, considering... that, in accordance with:

atque, ut nunc sunt maledicentes homines, uxori meae mihique objectent, lenociniam facere,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 75:

ut aetas mea est, atque ut huic usus facto est,

id. Men. 5, 2, 1:

haud scio hercle ut homo'st, an mutet animum,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 9:

praesertim, ut nunc sunt mores,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

atque ille, ut semper fuit apertissimus, non se purgavit, sed, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 25, 51:

permulta alia colligit Chrysippus, ut est in omni historia curiosus,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

magnifice et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 65:

Kal. Sextilibus, ut tunc principium anni agebatur, consulatum ineunt,

Liv. 3, 6, 1:

tribuni, ut fere semper reguntur a multitudine magis quam regunt, dedere plebi, etc.,

id. 3, 71, 5:

transire pontem non potuerunt, ut extrema resoluta erant, etc.,

id. 21, 47, 3.—Ellipt.:

mortales multi, ut ad ludos, convenerant (ut fit, si ludi sunt),

Plaut. Men. prol. 30:

Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi,

as was natural, he being a Sicilian, Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; so,

Diogenes, liberius, ut Cynicus... inquit,

id. ib. 5, 33, 92:

ceterum haec, ut in secundis rebus, segniter otioseque gesta,

Liv. 23, 14, 1.—

Reflecting the assertion to particular circumstances, etc., ut = for, as, considering:

hic Geta ut captus est servorum, non malus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 34:

ut est captus hominum,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; Caes. B. G. 4, 3: Themistocles ut apud nos perantiquus, ut apud Athenienses non ita sane vetus, in regard to us, etc., Cic. Brut. 10, 41:

Caelius Antipater, scriptor, ut temporibus illis, luculentus,

for those times, id. ib. 26, 102:

nonnihil, ut in tantis malis est profectum,

considering the unfortunate state of affairs, id. Fam. 12, 2, 2:

(orationis genus) ut in oratore exile,

for an orator, id. Or. 3, 18, 66:

multae (erant in Fabio) ut in homine Romano, litterae,

id. Sen. 4, 12:

consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat,

Liv. 1, 18, 1:

florentem jam ut tum res erant,

id. 1, 3, 3:

Apollonides orationem salutarem, ut in tali tempore, habuit,

id. 24, 28, 1:

Sp. Maelius, ut illis temporibus praedives,

id. 4, 13, 1: insigni, ut illorum temporum habitus erat, triumpho, id. 10, 46, 2:

Ardeam Rutuli habebant, gens ut in ea regione atque in ea aetate divitiis praepollens,

id. 1, 57, 1:

vir, ut inter Aetolos, facundus,

id. 32, 33, 9:

Meneclidas, satis exercitatus in dicendo, ut Thebanus scilicet,

Nep. Epam. 5, 2:

ad magnam deinde, ut in ea regione, urbem pervenit,

Curt. 9, 1, 14:

multum, ut inter Germanos, rationis ac sollertiae,

Tac. G. 30. —

Ut before relatives, with subj., as it is natural for persons who, like one who, since he, since they, etc.; seeing that they, etc. (not in Cic.):

non demutabo ut quod certo sciam,

seeing that I know it for certain, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 153:

prima luce sic ab castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo consilium datum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 31, 6:

facile persuadent (Lucumoni) ut cupido honorum, et cui Tarquinii materna tantum patria esset,

Liv. 1, 34, 6:

inde consul, ut qui jam ad hostes perventum cerneret, explorato, etc., procedebat,

id. 38, 18, 7:

Philippus, ut cui de summa rerum adesset certamen, adhortandos milites ratus, etc.,

id. 33, 4, 11:

Tarquinius ad jus regni nihil praeter vim habebat, ut qui neque populi jussu, neque auctoribus patribus regnaret,

id. 1, 49, 3; 25, 23, 3:

Aequorum exercitus, ut qui permultos annos imbelles egissent, sine ducibus certis, sine imperio,

id. 9, 45, 10:

igitur pro se quisque inermes, ut quibus nihil hostile suspectum esset, in agmen Romanum ruebant,

id. 30, 6, 3; 23, 15, 4; 23, 29, 12:

omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit quod inter multos faciendum est,

as is natural in one who, since he, Quint. 1, 2, 19:

in omni autem speciali inest generalis, ut quae sit prior,

id. 3, 5, 9:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas erret necesse est, ut quae vel multos vel falsos duces habeat,

id. 12, 2, 20; 5, 14, 28; 11, 3, 53.—Rarely with participle:

ne Volsci et Aequi... ad urbem ut ex parte captam venirent,

Liv. 3, 16, 2:

gens ferox cum procul visis Romanorum signis, ut extemplo proelium initura, explicuisset aciem, etc.,

id. 7, 23, 6.—

With perinde or pro eo, with reference to several alternatives or degrees to be determined by circumstances, as, according as, to the extent that, in the measure that, etc.:

perinde ut opinio est de cujusque moribus, ita quid ab eo factum et non factum sit, existimari potest,

Cic. Clu. 25, 70:

in exspectatione civitas erat, perinde ut evenisset res, ita communicatos honores habitura,

Liv. 7, 6, 8: pro eo ut temporis difficultas aratorumque penuria tulit, Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.—

Transf. of local relations, like Gr. hina, where (very rare):

in eopse astas lapide, ut praeco praedicat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 17:

flumen uti adque ipso divortio (aquae sunt),

Lucil. 8, 18 Mull.:

in extremos Indos, Litus ut longe resonante Eoa Tunditur unda,

Cat. 11, 2 sqq.; 17, 10; cf. Verg. A. 5, 329; Lucr. 6, 550 Munro ad loc.

Introducing comparative clauses of manner, = eodem modo quo, as, like.

In gen.

With sic as correlative:

haec res sic est ut narro tibi,

Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 40:

quae si ut animis sic oculis videre possemus, nemo de divina ratione dubitaret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

Pomponium Atticum sic amo ut alterum fratrem,

id. Fam. 13, 1, 5:

si sic ageres ut de eis egisti qui jam mortui sunt... ne tu in multos Autronios incurreres,

id. Brut. 72, 251:

sic, Scipio, ut avus hic tuus, ut ego, justitiam cole,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

ut dicere alia aliis magis concessum est, sic etiam facere,

id. Quint. 11, 3, 150 (for ut... sic, in similes, v. sic, IV. 1. a.).—

With ita as correlative:

ut sementem feceris, ita metes,

Cic. Or. 2, 65, 261:

quamobrem, ut ille solebat, ita nunc mea repetat oratio populi origines,

id. Rep. 2, 1. 3:

non ut injustus in pace rex ita dux belli pravus fuit,

Liv. 1, 53, 1:

ut haec in unum congeruntur, ita contra illa dispersa sunt,

Quint. 9, 3, 39.—

With other correlatives:

in balteo tracta ex caseo ad eundem modum facito ut placentum sine melle,

Cato, R. R. 78:

encytum ad eundem modum facito uti globos,

id. ib. 80:

cum animi inaniter moveantur eodem modo rebus his quae nulla sint ut iis quae sint,

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

disputationem exponimus, eisdem fere verbis, ut disputatumque est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 9: scelerum caput, ut tute es item omnis censes esse' [p. 1941] Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 55:

ut filium bonum patri esse oportet, item ego sum patri,

id. Am. 3, 4, 9:

fecisti item ut praedones solent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 9, § 21:

item ut illo edicto de quo ante dixi... edixit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 45, § 117;

so with item,

id. Or. 60, 202:

is reliquit filium Pariter moratum ut pater eius fuit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 21.—With atque:

nec fallaciam astutiorem ullus fecit Poeta atque ut haec est fabrefacta a nobis,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 7.—And after aliter = than:

si aliter ut dixi accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Without correlative:

rem omnem uti acta erat cognovit,

Sall. J. 71, 5:

quare perge ut instituisti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 11, 22:

apud me, ut apud bonum judicem, argumenta plus quam testes valent,

id. ib. 1, 38, 59:

miscent enim illas et interponunt vitae, ut ludum jocumque inter seria,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 2:

comitetur voluptas, et circa corpus ut umbra versetur,

id. ib. 13, 5:

ut in animum ejus oratio, ut sol in oculos, incurrat,

Quint. 8, 2, 23.—

In partic.

Ut... ita or ut... sic; co-ordinate, introducing contrasted clauses.

= cum... tum, as... so, as on the one hand... so on the other, both and:

ut errare potuisti, sic decipi te non potuisse, quis non videt?

Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2:

ut Poeni ad moenia urbis Romanae nullo prohibente se pervenisse in gloria ponebant, ita pigebat irriti incepti,

Liv. 26, 37, 6:

Dolabellam ut Tarsenses ita Laodiceni ultra arcessierunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 4:

fert sortem suam quisque ut in ceteris rebus ita in amicitiis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 3.—

Concessive, = etsi... tamen, although... yet:

consul, ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliter in praesens certamen, respondit, etc.,

Liv. 4, 6, 2:

Saguntini, ut a proeliis quietem habuerant per aliquot dies, ita non cessaverant ab opere,

id. 21, 11, 5:

ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum nihil cessatum,

id. 21, 8, 1:

haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta,

id. 3, 55, 15:

in agrum Nolanum exercitum traducit, ut non hostiliter statim, ita... nihil praetermissurus,

id. 23, 14, 6; 23, 34, 12:

uti longe a luxuria, ita famae propior,

Tac. Agr. 6:

ut multo infirmior, ita aliquatenus lucidior,

Quint. 10, 1, 74:

ut est utilis saepe... ita obstabit melioribus,

id. 12, 2, 12:

quod, ut optimum est, ita longe quidem, sed sequitur tamen,

id. 5, 12, 9; cf. id. 10, 1, 62.—With certe in place of ita:

ut non demens, crudelis certe videtur,

Quint. 9, 2, 91.—

Ita... ut;

in oaths or strong asseverations: ita me di amabunt ut ego hunc ausculto lubens,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 22:

ita me di ament ut ego nunc non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:

ita me di amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem Miseret me,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

ita vivo ut maximos sumptus facio,

Cic. Att. 5, 15, 2.—So with sic:

sic me di amabunt ut me tuarum miseritum'st fortunarum,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 54.—

In exemplifications.

In gen., as for example, for instance:

nam aut ipsa cognitio rei perquiritur, ut: virtus suam ne, etc., aut agendi consilium exquiritur, ut: sitne sapienti, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 29, 112:

sunt bestiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, ut in leonibus, ut in canibus, in equis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

in libero populo, ut Rhodi, ut Athenis, nemo est civium qui, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 31, 47:

qui rem publicam constituissent, ut Cretum Minos, Lacedaemoniorum Lycurgus, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 2; id. Ac. 2, 24, 76; id. Inv. 2, 52, 157:

est aliquid quod dominus praestare servo debeat, ut cibaria, ut vestiarium,

Sen. Ben. 3, 21, 2:

est etiam amarum quiddam... et aere, ut illud Crassi Ego te consulem putem? etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 89; 4, 3, 12.—Where several instances are adduced, if each of them singly is made prominent, ut is repeated with each;

if they are taken in a group, ut occurs but once, e. g. quod erant, qui aut in re publica, propter sapientiam florerent, ut Themistocles, ut Pericles, ut Theramenes, aut, qui.. sapientiae doctores essent, ut Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Isocrates, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59.—

Ut si, if for instance; for example, if, etc.; with subj.:

ut si accusetur is qui P. Sulpicium se fateatur occidisse,

Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25:

ut si quis hoc velit ostendere, eum qui parentem necarit, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 15, 48:

ut si qui docilem faciat auditorem, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 18, 26:

ut si qui in foro cantet,

id. Off. 1, 40, 145:

ut si quis ei quem urgeat fames venenum ponat,

Liv. 6, 40, 12; cf. Auct. Her. 2, 26, 4; 2, 27, 43; 3, 2, 2; Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92:

ut si obsessi de facienda ad hostem deditione deliberent,

Quint. 3, 8, 23:

ut si des arma timidis et imbellibus,

id. 12, 5, 2; 5, 10, 34; 2, 4, 18; 9, 2, 79 et saep.—So with cum:

ut cum marem feminamque filios dicimus,

Quint. 9, 3, 63; 1, 6, 22; 3, 8, 30; 9, 1, 3.—

Before an appositive noun, as, the same as, like:

qui canem et felem ut deos colunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 32:

ut militiae Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus,

id. ib. 1, 34, 52:

habuit (ei) honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 38:

Hannibalem, non ut prudentem tantum virum, sed ut vatem omnium quae tum evenirent admirari,

Liv. 36, 15, 2: (Dionysium) dimisi a me ut magistrum Ciceronum non lubenter;

ut hominem ingratum non invitus,

in his capacity of, Cic. Att. 8, 10:

qui ante captas Syracusas non desciverant... ut socii fideles accepti, quos metus post captas Syracusas dediderat, ut victi a victore leges acceperunt,

Liv. 25, 40, 4:

qui et ipsum, ut ambiguae fidei virum, suspectum jam pridem habebat,

id. 24, 45, 12:

Cicero ea quae nunc eveniunt cecinit ut vates,

Nep. Att. 16:

et ipsam (virtutem) ut deos, et professores ejus ut antistites colite,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 7:

hunc ut deum homines intuebuntur,

Quint. 12, 10, 65:

id ut crimen ingens expavescendum est,

id. 9, 3, 35.—

Ut si = quasi, velut si, tamquam si, as if, just as if:

mater coepit studiose... educere ita uti si esset filia,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37:

Rufio tuus ita desiderabatur ut si esset unus e nobis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 20, 1:

ejus negotium sic velim suscipias ut si esset res mea,

id. ib. 2, 14, 1:

ita se gerant in istis Asiaticis itineribus ut si iter Appia via faceres,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6:

qui aliis nocent ut in alios liberales sint, in eadem sunt injustitia ut si in suam rem aliena convertant,

id. Off. 1, 14, 42; id. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

similes sunt ut si qui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant,

like men who should say, Cic. Sen. 6, 17: similiter facere eos... ut si nautae certarent, etc., they act like sailors who, etc., id. Off. 1, 25, 87.—

Ut quisque... ita (sic), with superlatives (= eo magis... quo magis, with indefinite subjects): ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime alios improbos suspicatur, the better a man is, the more difficult it is for him to, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

ut quaeque res est turpissima, sic maxime et maturissime vindicanda est,

id. Caecin. 2, 7:

ut quisque (morbus) est difficillimus, ita medicus nobilissimus quaeritur,

id. Clu. 21, 57:

ut quisque te maxime cognatione... attingebat, ita maxime manus tua putabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 27; id. Off. 1, 16, 50; 1, 19, 64:

nam ut quaeque forma perfectissima ita capacissima est,

Quint. 1, 10, 40.—This construction is variously modified,

With ita understood:

facillime ad res injustas impellitur ut quisque altissimo animo est,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 65. —

With virtual superlatives:

ut quisque in fuga postremus ita in periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

ut quisque optime institutus est, esse omnino nolit in vita, si, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57.—

The superlatives omitted in either clause:

ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet,

Cic. Sen. 18, 64:

ut quisque aetate et honore antecedebat, ita sententiam dixit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 143:

pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum loquebatur,

id. ib. 2, 1, 27, §

68: ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae objectus,

Liv. 9, 6, 1:

ut quisque maxime laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat, aut aliquos mittebat,

id. 34, 38, 6.—And with tum = ita:

nec prodesse tantum, sed etiam amari potest, tum... ut quisque erit Ciceroni simillimus,

in proportion to his resemblance, Quint. 2, 5, 20.—

With a comparative in one of the terms:

major autem (societas est) ut quisque proxime accederet,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19.—

Without superlative, as, according as:

de captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum supplicium est,

Liv. 3, 18, 10 (for ut quisque... ita, in temporal clauses, v. B. 3. g infra).—

Introducing a temporal clause, the principal predicate being an immediate sequence; orig. = quo tempore.

With perf. indic.

In gen., as soon as:

principio ut illo advenimus... continuo Amphitruo delegit viros, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

ut hinc te intro ire jussi, opportune hic fit mi obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 11:

ut abii abs te fit forte obviam Mihi Phormio,

id. Phorm. 4, 3, 12:

ut modo argentum tibi dedimus apud forum, recta domum Sumus profecti,

id. ib. 5, 6, 19; id. Hec. 3, 3, 5; 5, 1, 26; id. Eun. 4, 7, 12:

qui ut peroravit, surrexit Clodius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

eumque ut salutavit, amicissime apprehendit,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 7:

qui ut huc venit... hominesque Romanos bellicis studiis ut vidit incensos, existimavit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 13, 25; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Brut. 8, 30:

ut vero aquam ingressi sunt... tum utique egressis rigere omnibus corpora,

Liv. 21, 54, 9:

ut haec dicta in senatu sunt, dilectus edicitur,

id. 3, 10, 9; 23, 34, 6; 24, 44, 10.—

In oblique discourse:

Ariovistum, ut semel Gallorum copias vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31.—

With primum, when first, as soon as ever:

atque ego, ut primum fletu represso loqui posse coepi, Quaeso inquam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

Siculi, ut primum videre volgari morbos, in suas quisque urbes dilapsi sunt,

Liv. 25, 26, 13: ut primum lingua coepit esse in quaestu, curam morum qui diserti habebantur reliquerunt, Quint. prooem. 13.—

Rarely of coincidence in time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi puto prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46.—

Ut = ex quo tempore. since:

ut Brundusio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,

Cic. Att. 1, 15, 2.—

With imperf. indic.

In gen.: Fabii oratio fuit qualis biennio ante;

deinde, ut vincebatur consensu, versa ad P. Decium collegam poscendum,

Liv. 10, 22, 2:

deinde ut nulla vi perculsos sustinere poterat, Quid ultra moror, inquit, etc.,

id. 10, 28, 20:

Marcellus, ut tanta vis ingruebat mali, traduxerat in urbem suos,

id. 25, 26, 15:

ut vero... exurebatur amoenissimus Italiae ager, villaeque passim incendiis fumabant... tum prope de integro seditione accensi,

id. 22, 14, 1.— And with perf. and imperf. in co-ordinate clauses:

consules, ut ventum ad Cannas est, et in conspectu Poenum habebant,

Liv. 22, 44, 1:

ut in extrema juga ventum, et hostes sub oculis erant,

id. 22, 14, 3:

ut Poenus apparuit in collibus, et pauci... adferebant, etc.,

id. 24, 1, 6.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4.—

With plupf.

= postquam (rare):

ut hinc forte ea ad obstetricem erat missa,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 10:

ut ad mare nostrae cohortes excubuerant, accessere subito prima luce Pompejani,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63.—

In epistolary style = the Engl. perf.:

litteras scripsi... statim ut tuas legeram (= litteras nunc scribo, ut tuas legi),

Cic. Att. 2, 12, 4:

ut Athenas a. d. VII. Kal. Quinct. veneram, exspectabam ibi jam quartum diem Pomptinium (= ut veni, exspecto),

id. ib. 5, 10, 1.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut cujusque sors exciderat... alacer arma capiebat,

Liv. 21, 42, 3 dub.:

ut quisque istius animum offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143:

ut quidque ego apprehenderam, statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,

id. Clu. 19, 52:

ut cuique erat locus attributus, ad munitiones accedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81; cf.:

ut quisque arma ceperat... inordinati in proelium ruunt,

Liv. 23, 27, 5.—With ita as correl.:

ut enim quisque contra voluntatem ejus dixerat, ita in eum judicium de professione jugerum postulabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 39.—

With fut. perf., or, in oblique discourse, plupf. subj.:

neque, ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum... victoriam de Veientibus dari,

Liv. 5, 15, 11 (for ut after simul, v. simul, VI.).—

Introducing substantive clauses, that; always with subj. (cf. ut as interrog. adverb in dependent clauses, I. A. 3. supra).

In object clauses.

In clauses which, if independent, would take the imperative mood, often rendered by the Engl. infinitive.

After verbs denoting [p. 1942] to wish, request, pray, demand, or invite:

malim istuc aliis ita videatur quam uti tu, soror, te collaudes,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 18:

equidem mallem ut ires,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

equidem vellem ut pedes haberent (res tuae),

id. Fam. 7, 31, 2:

volo uti mihi respondeas num quis, etc.,

id. Vatin. 7, 17:

precor (deos) ut his infinitis nostris malis contenti sint,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 9:

postulo ut ne quid praejudicati afferatis,

id. Clu. 2, 5:

petebant uti equites praemitterent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium,

Cic. Quint. 10, 34:

hoc ut aliquando fieret, instabat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 2:

illum Dolabellae dixisse (= eum rogasse) ut ad me scriberet (= me rogaret), ut in Italiam quam primum venirem,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 2:

cupio ut quod nunc natura et impetus est, fiat judicium,

Sen. Clem. 2, 2, 2:

senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant,

Cic. Lael. 2, 4:

exigo a me, non ut optimis par sim, sed ut malis melior,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 3.—With ut ne = ne:

Trebatio mandavi, ut, si quid te eum velles ad me mittere, ne recusaret,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 2; Tac. H. 4, 58 fin. —Also without verb, like utinam, to express a wish;

esp. in imprecations (ante-class.): ut te cum tua Monstratione magnus perdat Juppiter,

Ter. Ad. 4, 6, 2:

ut illum di deaeque perdant,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 10; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 6.—

After verbs expressing or implying advice, suggestion, or exhortation:

ego vos hortari tantum possum ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod suades ut ad Quinctium scribam, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 16, 4:

tibi auctor sum ut eum tibi ordinem reconcilies,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 26:

censeo ut iter reliquum conficere pergas,

I propose, id. Or. 2, 71, 200; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; Liv. 30, 40, 4:

dixeram a principio ut sileremus,

I had advised, Cic. Brut. 42, 157:

Pompejum monebat ut meam domum metueret,

id. Sest. 64, 133:

equidem suasi ut Romam pergeret,

id. Att. 16, 8, 2:

M. Messalae et ipsi Attico dixit ut sine cura essent,

exhorted, id. ib. 16, 16, A, 5.—

After verbs expressing resolution or agreement to do something:

rus ut irem jam heri constitiveram,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 136:

decrevistis ut de praemiis militum primo quoque tempore referretur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

constitueram ut pridie Idus Aquini manerem,

id. Att. 16, 10, 1:

statuunt ut decem millia hominum in oppidum submittantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

Hasdrubal paciscitur cum Celtiberorum principibus ut copias inde abducant,

Liv. 25, 33, 3:

illos induxisse in animum, ut superbo quondam regi, tum infesto exuli proderent (patriam),

id. 2, 5, 7; 27, 9, 9; 42, 25, 11:

ut ne plebi cum patribus essent conubia sanxerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 27, 63:

servitia urbem ut incenderent conjurarunt,

Liv. 4, 45, 1.—

After verbs of command or prohibition:

imperat Laelio ut per collis circumducat equites,

Liv. 28, 33, 11:

illud praecipiendum fuit ut... diligentiam adhiberemus,

Cic. Lael. 16, 60:

M. Aemilio senatus negotium dat ut Patavinorum seditionem comprimeret,

Liv. 41, 27, 3:

consul edicere est ausus ut senatus ad vestitum rediret,

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

jubet sententiam ut dicant suam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 50:

hic tibi in mentem non venit jubere ut haec quoque referret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 28.—With ne:

iis praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitteret, quam ipse esset remissus,

Nep. Them. 7, 3.—

Verbs expressing permission:

atque ille legem mihi de XII. tabulis recitavit quae permittit ut furem noctu liceat occidere,

Cic. Tull. 20, 47:

concedo tibi ut ea praetereas quae, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

dabis mihi hanc veniam ut eorum... auctoritatem Graecis anteponam,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 23:

ille tibi potestatem facturus est ut eligas utrum velis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

illud natura non patitur ut aliorum spoliis nostras facultates augeamus,

id. Off. 3, 5, 22.—

In dependent clauses implying an aim or end.

After verbs denoting direction and inclination of the mind, care, purpose, intention, or striving:

ut plurimis prosimus enitimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

facilior erit ut albam esse nivem probet quam erat Anaxagoras,

he will be more inclined, disposed, id. ib. 2, 36, 117: ne ille longe aberit ut argumento credat philosophorum, far remote from believing = not inclined, id. ib. 2, 47, 144: qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut conrigat mores aliorum, quis huic ignoscat si, who undertakes to correct, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 2:

navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis,

care, id. Fam. 16, 1, 2:

ille intellexit id agi atque id parari ut filiae suae vis afferretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

pater potuit animum inducere ut naturam ipsam vinceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 53:

cum senatus temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam,

id. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

equidem ut honore dignus essem, maxime semper laboravi,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

omni contentione pugnatum est ut lis haec capitis existimaretur,

id. Clu. 41, 116:

omnis spes ad id versa ut totis viribus terra adgrederentur,

Liv. 24, 34, 12:

omnis cura solet in hoc versari, semper ut boni aliquid efficiam dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 2, 75, 306:

se miliens morituros potius quam ut tantum dedecoris admitti patiantur,

Liv. 4, 2, 8; 2, 34, 11.—

Verbs of effecting:

nec potui tamen Propitiam Venerem facere uti esset mihi,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 6:

prior pars orationis tuae faciebat ut mori cuperem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 112:

caritas annonae faciebat ut istuc... tempore magnum videretur,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215:

sol efficit ut omnia floreant,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

potest praestare ut ea causa melior esse videatur,

id. Or. 1, 10, 44:

non committam ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

id. Fam. 5, 5, 3:

di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc praesidium sectorum existimetur,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

effecisti ut viverem et morerer ingratus,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 1:

quibus nihil aliud actum est quam ut pudor hominibus peccandi demeretur,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 6.—

Verbs of obtaining:

Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

quid assequitur, nisi hoc ut arent qui... in agris remanserunt,

what does he gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128:

facile tenuit ut (Chalcidis) portae sibi aperirentur,

Liv. 35, 51, 6:

vicerunt tribuni ut legem perferrent,

id. 4, 25, 13.—

Verbs of inducing and compelling:

nec ut omnia quae praescripta sunt defendamus necessitate ulla cogimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis exirent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 2:

exspectatione promissi tui moveor ut admoneam te,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

Parhedrum excita ut hortum ipse conducat,

id. ib. 16, 18, 2:

ille adduci non potest ut... ne lucem quoque hanc eripere cupiat, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 150:

impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia ut levem auditionem pro re comperta habeant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

ut de clementia scriberem, Nero Caesar, una me vox tua maxime compulit,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 1.—

After verbs implying duty, right, rule, condition, or possibility:

cum mihi ne ut dubitem quidem relinquatur,

not even the possibility of doubt, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

obsides inter se dent, Sequani ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii ut sine maleficio transeant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

se ita a majoribus didicisse ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent,

id. ib. 1, 13:

mea lenitas hoc exspectavit ut id quod latebat erumperet,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

(natura) nobis insculpsit in mentibus, ut eos (deos) aeternos et beatos haberemus,

id. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

hoc mihi Metellus non eripuit, hoc etiam addidit ut quererer hoc sociis imperari,

he gave the additional right, id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

ut vero conloqui cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Homero liceat, quanti tandem aestimatis?

the privilege of conversing, id. Tusc. 1, 41, 98:

respondet Socrates sese meruisse ut amplissimis honoribus decoraretur,

id. Or. 1, 54, 272:

meruit ut suspendatur,

Sen. Ep. 7, 5:

quia enim non sum dignus prae te ut figam palum in parietem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 4.—So after dignus, Liv. 24, 16, 19; Quint. 8, 5, 12.—

After verbs of fearing, where ut implies a wish contrary to the fear; that not:

rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere se dicebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

vereor ut satis diligenter actum sit in senatu de litteris meis,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 2:

verebar ut redderentur,

id. Fam. 12, 19, 1:

sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit,

id. ib. 14, 14, 1:

veretur Hiempsal ut foedus satis firmum sit,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 58:

timeo ut sustineas,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

o puer, ut sis vitalis, metuo, et majorum ne quis amicus Frigore te feriat,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 60.— So sometimes after video, with weakened force: vide ut sit, nearly = perhaps it is not (cf. Roby, Gr. 2, p. 280): considerabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae;

si enim non sunt, videndum est, ut honeste vos esse possitis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 1.—Very rarely ut stands for ne after verbs of fearing:

quia nihil minus, quam ut egredi obsessi moenibus auderent, timeri poterat,

Liv. 28, 22, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut ferula caedas meritum... non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 120 Jan. and Orell. ad loc. —

In interrogative clauses represented as untrue, rejecting a supposition or thought with indignation (nearly = fierine potest ut):

me ut quisquam norit, nisi ille qui praebet cibum?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 52:

te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut umquam te corrigas?

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

egone ut te interpellem?

id. Tusc. 2, 18, 42:

pater ut in judicio capitis obesse filio debeat?

id. Planc. 13, 31:

egone ut prolis meae fundam cruorem?

Sen. Med. 927.—

In subject clauses, with impersonal predicates.

With a predicate adjective.

With the idea of rule, duty, etc.:

id arbitror Adprime in vita utile esse, ut ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

reliquum est ut de Catuli sententia dicendum videatur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 59:

praeclarum est et verum ut eos qui nobis carissimi esse debeant, aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus,

id. Tusc. 3, 29, 73:

ergo hoc sit primum ut demonstremus quem imitetur,

id. de Or. 2, 22, 90:

proximum est ut doceam, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73:

extremum est ut te orem, etc.,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

ei (Dionysio) ne integrum quidem erat ut ad justitiam remigraret,

permission, id. Tusc. 5, 21, 62. —With predicates, aequum est, par (anteclass. and rare):

aequom videtur tibi ut ego alienum quod est Meum esse dicam?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 4:

non par videtur... praesente ibus una paedagogus ut siet,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—

In clauses expressing result and consequence:

magnificum illud etiam et gloriosum ut Graecis de philosophia litteris non egeant, illud,

that result of my labors, Cic. Div. 2, 2, 5:

consentaneum est huic naturae ut sapiens velit gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68. —

In clauses represented as real, true, false, certain, or probable (where the acc. and inf. might be used):

concedetur verum esse ut bonos boni diligant,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50: sin autem illa veriora ut idem interitus animorum et corporum, etc., id. ib 4, 14; cf.:

concedant ut hi viri boni fuerin (= concedant vere factum esse ut, etc.),

id. ib. 5, 18:

si verum est ut populus Romanus omnis gentes virtute superarit, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 1, 1:

de ipso Roscio potest illud quidem esse falsum ut circumligatus fuerit, angui,

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 66:

non est verisimile ut Chrysogonus horum litteras adamarit aut humanitatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 121:

deos verisimile est ut alios indulgentius tractent propter parentis, alios propter futuram posterorum indolem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 32, 1; so,

rarum est ut,

Quint. 3, 19, 3:

quid tam inusitatum quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 21, 62.—And after potius:

multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur... se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt,

Liv. 4, 12, 11.—

With predicate nouns.

Expressing the idea of a verb which would require an object clause, with ut:

quoniam ut aliter facias non est copia,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 30:

Romano in hostico morandi causa erat ut hostem ad certamen eliceret,

Liv. 6, 31, 7:

vetus est lex amicitiae ut idem amici semper velint,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5:

consensus fuit senatus ut mature proficisceremur (= decretum est a senatu),

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

fuit hoc sive meum, sive rei publicae fatum ut in me unum omnis illa inclinatio temporum incumberet,

ordained by fate, id. Balb. 26, 58:

tempus est ut eamus ad forum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 72:

dicasque tempus maximum esse ut eat,

id. ib. 4, 3, 9:

primum est officium ut homo se conservet in naturae statu,

Cic. Fin. 3, 6, 20:

ejus culturae hoc munus est ut efficiat, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 14, 38:

caput illud est ut Lyconem recipias in necessitudinem tuam,

duty, id. Fam. 13, 19, 3; so,

caput est ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

fuit hoc quoddam inter Scipionem et Laelium jus ut Scipio Laelium observaret parentis loco,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

mea ratio in dicendo haec esse solet ut boni quod habeat id amplectar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 292; so,

ratio est ut,

id. Verr. 1, 11, 34: est mos hominum ut [p. 1943] nolint eundem pluribus excellere, id. Brut. 21, 84:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—

Expressing result and consequence:

est hoc commune vitium in magnis liberisque civitatibus ut invidia gloriae comes sit,

Nep. Chabr. 3, 3.—

With impersonal verbs.

Including the idea of a verb requiring an object clause, with ut:

convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio, urbem, agrum... seque uti dederent,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

mihi cum Dejotaro convenit ut ille in meis castris esset,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14:

placitum est ut in aprico loco considerent,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

postea mihi placuit ut, etc.,

id. Or. 1, 34, 155:

ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset,

id. Sen. 6, 16.—So after fit, it happens:

fit ut natura ipsa ad ornatius dicendi genus incitemur,

Cic. Or. 2, 83, 338:

potest fieri ut res verbosior haec fuerit, illa verior,

it may be that, id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190.—

So with accidit, evenit, contigit: accidit... ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63; so id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

sed tamen hoc evenit ut in vulgus insipientium opinio valeat,

id. Tusc. 2, 26, 63:

utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset optimo cuique carissimus,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49.—

Denoting consequence:

ex quo efficitur ut quidquid honestum sit, idem sit utile,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 10:

sequitur ut dicamus quae beneficia danda sint et quemadmodum,

Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 1:

sequitur ut causa ponatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 81, 331.—

Est, in the meaning fit, or causa est:

est ut plerique philosophi nulla tradant praecepta dicendi,

it is a fact that, Cic. Or. 2, 36, 152:

non est igitur ut mirandum sit ea praesentiri,

there is no reason for wondering, id. Div. 1, 56, 128:

quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48; so, in eo est ut, prope est ut, to be on the point of, to be near to:

jam in eo rem fore ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

Liv. 8, 27, 3:

cum jam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur,

Nep. Paus. 5, 1; id. Milt. 7, 3:

jam prope erat ut ne consulum quidem majestas coerceret iras hominum,

Liv. 2, 23, 14:

prope est ut lamentationem exigat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 4.— Here belongs the circumlocution of the periphrastic future by futurum esse or fore, with ut; generally in the inf.:

arbitrabar fore ut lex de pecuniis repetundis tolleretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 14, 41.—Very rarely in the indic.:

futurum est ut sapiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 29.—

In attributive clauses, dependent on nouns not belonging to the predicate.

With the idea of resolve, etc.:

vicit sententia ut mitterentur coloni,

Liv. 9, 26, 4:

sententiam dixit (= censuit) ut judicum comitia haberentur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2; id. Fam. 4, 4, 5; id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; id. Leg. 3, 15, 33.—

Of agreement:

fide accepta ut remitterent eum,

Liv. 24, 48, 8. —

Of law, rule, etc.:

praetores rogationem promulgarunt ut omnes regiae stirpis interficerentur,

Liv. 24, 25, 10:

senatus consultum factum est ut M. Fulvius litteras extemplo ad consulem mitteret,

id. 35, 24, 2:

haec ei est proposita condicio ut aut juste accusaret aut acerbe moreretur,

Cic. Clu. 14, 42:

Suevi in eam se consuetudinem induxerunt ut locis frigidissimis lavarentur in fluminibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1.—

Of duty:

jusjurandum poscit ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent,

Caes. B. G. 8, 6. —

Of purpose, inclination, etc.:

vobis dent di mentem oportet ut prohibeatis, etc.,

make you inclined, Liv. 6, 18, 9:

causa mihi fuit huc veniendi ut quosdam hinc libros promerem,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 8:

confectio tabularum hanc habet vim (= efficit) ut quidquid fingatur aut non constet, appareat,

id. Font. 2, 3.—

Of effect, result, etc.:

fuit ista quondam virtus ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam hostem everterent,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

habet hoc virtus ut viros fortis species ejus et pulchritudo etiam in hoste posita delectet,

id. Pis. 32, 81:

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4.—

In clauses of manner, that, so that.

With ita, sic, adeo, tantus, talis, or tam as antecedent (v. hh. vv.;

anteclass. ut qui = ut): Adeon' me fungum fuisse ut qui illi crederem?

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.—

With is or hic as antecedent: eos deduxi testes et eas litteras deportavi ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini possit, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91:

ejusmodi res publica debet esse ut inimicus neque deesse nocenti possit, neque obesse innocenti (ejusmodi = talis),

id. ib. 2, 3, 69, §

162: eo perducam servum ut in multa liber sit,

Sen. Ben. 3, 19, 2:

non eo loco res humanae sunt ut vobis tantum otii supersit,

id. Vit. Beat. 27, 6:

haec aequitas in tuo imperio fuit, haec praetoris dignitas ut servos Siculorum dominos esse velles,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 38, § 87:

hoc jure sunt socii ut eis ne deplorare quidem de suis incommodis liceat,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, § 65.—

Without antecedents, so that:

cujus aures clausae veritati sunt ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, hujus salus desperanda est,

Cic. Lael. 24, 90:

in virtute multi sunt ascensus, ut is maxima gloria excellat qui virtute plurimum praestet,

id. Planc. 25, 60:

mons altissimus impendebat ut perpauci prohibere possent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

accessit quod Domitius Heraclea iter fecerat, ut ipsa fortuna illum obicere Pompejo videretur,

id. B. C. 3, 79:

pecunia a patre exacta crudeliter, ut divenditis omnibus bonis aliquamdiu trans Tiberim veluti relegatus viveret,

Liv. 3, 13, 10:

fama Gallici belli pro tumultu valuit ut et dictatorem dici placeret,

id. 8, 17, 6:

nihilo minus... magnas percipiendum voluptates, ut fatendum sit, etc.,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 1.—

Idiomat. with non.

Ut non, when the principal sentence is negative, without: non possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortunam amittere ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem, without dragging, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

flaminem Quirinalem neque mittere a sacris neque retinere possumus ut non deum aut belli deseramus curam,

Liv. 24, 8, 10:

non ita fracti animi civitatis erant ut non sentirent, etc.,

id. 45, 25, 12:

nusquam oculi ejus flectentur ut non quod indignentur inveniant,

Sen. Ira, 2, 7, 2:

ajunt, nec honeste quemquam vivere ut non jucunde vivat, nec jucunde ut non honeste quoque,

id. Vit. Beat. 6, 3:

nemo in eo quod daturus es gratiam suam facere potest ut non tuam minuat,

id. Ben. 2, 4, 3; cf. also: ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius;

neque enim est conferenda (= ut omittam conferre),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 45.—

Non ut, followed by sed quod, causal (= non quod, sed quod;

rare): earum exempla tibi misi non ut deliberarem reddendaene essent, sed quod non dubito, etc.,

not that... but because, Cic. Att. 14, 17, 4:

haec ad te scribo non ut queas tu demere solitudinem, sed, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 15, 3.—Followed by sed ut:

benigne accipe (beneficium): rettulisti gratiam, non ut solvisse te putes, sed ut securior debeas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 35, 5; and in reversed order: quorsum haec praeterita? Quia sequitur illud, etc.;

non ut eas res causam adferrent amoris,

Cic. Fat. 15, 35.—Rarely nedum ut, in the sense of nedum alone, much less that, not to mention that (mostly post-class.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 573): ne voce quidem incommoda, nedum ut illa vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo mansuefecerant plebem,

Liv. 3, 14, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

quando enim... fama in totam urbem penetrat? nedum ut per tot provincias innotescat,

Tac. Or. 10.—

Conditional or concessive.

Granting that ( for argument's sake):

quod ut ita sit—nihil enim pugno—quid habet ista res aut laetabile aut gloriosum?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

sed ut haec concedantur, reliqua qui tandem intellegi possunt?

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

ut tibi concedam hoc indignum esse, tu mihi concedas necesse est, etc.,

id. Clu. 53, 146:

quae, ut essent vera, conjungi debuerunt,

id. Fin. 4, 15, 40:

quae natura ut uno consensu juncta sit et continens... quid habere mundus potest cum thesauri inventione conjunctum?

id. Div. 2, 14, 33:

nihil est prudentia dulcius, quam, ut cetera auferat, adfert certe senectus,

id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94.—

Even if, although:

qui (exercitus) si pacis... nomen audiverit, ut non referat pedem, insistet certe,

Cic. Phil. 12, 3, 8:

ut ea pars defensionis relinquatur, quid impediet actionem? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

ut quaeras omnia, quomodo Graeci ineptum appellant non reperies,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 18:

ut enim neminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogasset, scire potuit, illo ipso die a Milone prodi flaminem,

id. Mil. 17, 46: verum ut hoc non sit, tamen praeclarum spectaculum mihi propono, id. Att. 2, 15; id. Leg. 1, 8, 23; id. Fat. 5, 9; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151; 2, 1, 45, § 117; id. Planc. 25, 62:

qui, ut non omnis peritissimus sim belli, cum Romanis certe bellare didici,

Liv. 36, 7, 20:

neque equites armis equisque salvis tantum vim fluminis superasse verisimile est, ut jam Hispanos omnes inflati travexerint utres,

id. 21, 47, 5:

at enim, ut jam ita sint haec, quid ad vos, Romani?

id. 34, 32, 13:

ut jam Macedonia deficiat,

id. 42, 12, 10:

cum jam ut virtus vestra transire alio possit, fortuna certe loci hujus transferri non possit,

id. 5, 54, 6; 22, 50, 2; cf.:

ac jam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

ut desint vires tamen est laudanda voluntas,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 79:

ut dura videatur appellatio, tamen sola est,

Quint. 3, 8, 25; 6, prooem. 15.—Ut maxime = si maxime:

quaere rationem cur ita videatur: quam ut maxime inveneris... non tu verum testem habere, sed eum non sine causa falsum testimonium dicere ostenderis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81.—With nihilominus:

quae (res) nihilominus, ut ego absim, confici poterunt,

Cic. Fam. 10, 2, 2.—

Provided that:

ambulatiuncula, ut tantum faciamus quantum in Tusculano fecimus, prope dimidio minoris constabit isto loco,

Cic. Att. 13, 39, 2: dabo egenti, sed ut ipse non egeam;

succurram perituro, sed ut ipse non peream,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 1.—

In clauses of purpose (final clauses; distinguished from object clauses with ut; v. C. 1., in which the verb itself contains the idea of purpose, the clause completing the idea of the verb), in order that, so that, so as to.

In gen.:

quin voco, ut me audiat, nomine illam suo?

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 17:

haec acta res est uti nobiles restituerentur in civitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

intellego, tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse ut odio... totum ordinem liberetis,

id. Verr. 1, 15, 43:

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52.—And with ut ne, instead of ne, lest:

id ut ne fiat, haec res sola est remedio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 49; v. 1. ne, I. B. 4. a.—Very rarely, ut non for ne, expressing a negative purpose:

ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem quantum valeat (= ut praeteream),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. d. a fin. supra.—

Esp., after certain antecedents.

After id, for the purpose (ante-class.):

id huc reverti uti me purgarem tibi,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 28.—

After idcirco:

idcirco amicitiae comparantur ut commune commodum mutuis officiis gubernetur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 111:

legum idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus,

id. Clu. 53, 146; id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

After ideo and eo:

non ideo Rhenum insedimus ut Italiam tueremur, sed ne quis, etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 73:

Marionem ad te eo misi ut aut tecum ad me quam primum veniret, aut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 1, 1.—

After ad eam rem, ad hoc, in hoc:

ad eam rem vos delecti estis ut eos condemnaretis quos sectores jugulare non potuissent?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

praebere se facilem ad hoc ut quem obligavit etiam exsolvi velit?

Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 6:

homo natus in hoc ut mores liberae civitatis Persica servitute mutaret,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2.—

After ea mente, hac mente:

navis onerarias Dolabella ea mente comparavit ut Italiam peteret,

Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 1:

hac mente laborem Sese ferre senes ut in otia tuta recedant Ajunt,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 30.—

After potius quam:

potius ad delendam memoriam dedecoris, quam ut timorem faciat,

Liv. 6, 28, 8:

potius quodcumque casus ferat passuros, quam ut sprevisse Tarentinos videantur,

id. 9, 14, 8.—

Idiomat.

With the principal predicate, referring to the conception of the writer, understood; mostly parenthet. = the Engl. inf.: ut in pauca conferam, testamento facto mulier moritur, to be brief, etc., Cic. Caecin. 6, 17:

ecquid tibi videtur, ut ad fabulas veniamus, senex ille Caecilianus minoris facere filium rusticum?

to come to the drama, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46:

reliquum judicium de judicibus, et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est,

to tell the truth, id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177:

Murena, si nemini, ut levissime dicam, odio fuit,

to say the least, id. Mur. 40, 87: ut nihil de illo tempore, nihil de calamitate rei publicae [p. 1944] querar, hoc tibi respondeo, etc., not to complain of that time, etc., id. Caecin. 33, 95: quae cum se disposuit, et partibus suis consensit, et, ut ita dicam concinuit, summum bonum tetigit, and, so to speak, chimes in, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5:

ecce— ut idem in singulos annos orbis volveretur —Hernici nuntiant Volscos et Aequos reficere, etc.,

Liv. 3, 10, 8.—

Satis ut, enough to (lit. enough for the purpose of):

satis esse magna incommoda accepta ut reliquos casus timerent,

disasters large enough to make them afraid, Caes. B. C. 3, 10.—

Quam ut after comparatives, too much to:

quod praeceptum, quia major erat quam ut ab homine videretur, idcirco adsignatum est deo,

too great to come from man, Cic. Fin. 5, 16, 44:

quis non intellegit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

id. Brut. 18, 70:

clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset,

too clear to be covered up, Liv. 26, 51, 11:

potentius jam id malum apparuit quam ut minores per magistratus sedaretur,

id. 25, 1, 11:

est tamen aliquis minor quam ut in sinu ejus condenda sit civitas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 16, 2.

ut or ŭtī (old form ŭtei, C. I. L. 1, 196, 4 sq.; 1, 198, 8 et saep.), adv. and conj. [for quoti or cuti, from pronom. stem ka-, Lat. quo-, whence qui, etc., and locat. ending -ti of stem to-, whence tum, etc.].

As adv. of manner.

Interrog. = quomodo, how, in what way or manner.

In independent questions (colloq.; rare in class. prose; not in Cic.): De. Quid? ut videtur mulier? Ch. Non, edepol, mala. De. Ut morata'st? Ch. Nullam vidi melius mea sententia, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 56 sq.:

salve! ut valuisti? quid parentes mei? Valent?

id. ib. 5, 2, 107; id. Pers. 2, 5, 8:

ut vales?

id. Most. 2, 19, 29; 3, 2, 28; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 26:

ut sese in Samnio res habent?

Liv. 10, 18, 11:

ut valet? ut meminit nostri?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 12; id. S. 2, 8, 1.—

In exclamatory sentences (in all periods of the language): ut omnia in me conglomerat mala! Enn. ap. Non. p. 90, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 408 Vahl.):

ut corripuit se repente atque abiit! Hei misero mihi!

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 76:

ut dissimulat malus!

id. ib. 5, 4, 13:

ut volupe est homini si cluet victoria!

id. Poen. 5, 5, 15: ut multa verba feci;

ut lenta materies fuit!

id. Mil. 4, 5, 4:

ut scelestus nunc iste te ludos facit!

id. Capt. 3, 4, 47:

ut saepe summa ingenia in occulto latent,

id. ib. 1, 2, 61; id. Rud. 1, 2, 75; 2, 3, 33 sq.:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 42:

heia! ut elegans est!

id. Heaut. 5, 5, 19:

fortuna ut numquam perpetua est bona!

id. Hec. 3, 3, 46; cf. id. Phorm. 5, 8, 52:

Gnaeus autem noster... ut totus jacet,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1:

quae ut sustinuit! ut contempsit, ac pro nihilo putavit!

id. Mil. 24, 64:

qui tum dicit testimonium ex nostris hominibus, ut se ipse sustentat! ut omnia verba moderatur, ut timet ne quid cupide... dicat!

id. Fl. 5, 12:

quod cum facis, ut ego tuum amorem et dolorem desidero!

id. Att. 3, 11, 2:

quanta studia decertantium sunt! ut illi efferuntur laetitia cum vicerint! ut pudet victos! ut se accusari nolunt! etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

ut vidi, ut perii! ut me malus abstulit error!

Verg. E. 8, 41:

ut melius quidquid erit pati!

Hor. C. 1, 11, 3:

ut tu Semper eris derisor!

id. S. 2, 6, 53:

o superbia magnae fortunae! ut a te nihil accipere juvat! ut omne beneficium in injuriam convertis! ut te omnia nimia delectant! ut to omnia dedecent!

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. 11.—

In dependent questions.

With indic. (ante-class. and poet.): divi hoc audite parumper ut pro Romano populo... animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.): edoce eum uti res se habet, Plaut. [p. 1940] Trin. 3, 3, 21:

hoc sis vide ut avariter merum in se ingurgitat,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 33:

hoc vide ut dormiunt pessuli,

id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

illud vide os ut sibi distorsit carnufex,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 3:

vide ut otiosus it, si dis placet,

id. ib. 5, 3, 10:

illud vide, Ut in ipso articulo oppressit,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 21; 3, 5, 3:

viden ut faces Splendidas quatiunt comas?

Cat. 61, 77:

viden ut perniciter exiluere?

id. 62, 8:

adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata requirunt,

id. 62, 12:

aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia saeclo! (= omnia laetantia),

Verg. E. 4, 52 Forbig. ad loc.:

nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mittit ebur,

id. G. 1, 56; id. E. 5, 6; id. A. 6, 779. —

With subj. (class.):

nescis ut res sit, Phoenicium,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 4, 1:

oppido Mihi illud videri mirum, ut una illaec capra Uxoris dotem simiae ambadederit,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 16:

nam ego vos novisse credo jam ut sit meus pater,

id. Am. prol. 104:

narratque ut virgo ab se integra etiam tum siet,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 70:

tute scis quam intimum Habeam te, et mea consilia ut tibi credam omnia,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 48:

videtis ut omnes despiciat, ut hominem prae se neminem putet, ut se solum beatum se solum potentem putet?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:

videtisne ut Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet?

id. Sen. 10, 31; id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

credo te audisse ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte jugula sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint,

id. Att. 1, 16, 4:

videte ut hoc iste correxerit,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 115:

docebat ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

veniat in mentem, ut trepidos quondam majores vestros... defenderimus,

Liv. 23, 5, 8:

aspice quo submittat humus formosa colores,

Prop. 1, 2, 9:

infinitum est enumerare ut Cottae detraxerit auctoritatem, ut pro Ligario se opposuerit,

Quint. 6, 5, 10:

vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1:

nonne vides, ut... latus et malus Antennaeque gemant,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3 Orell. ad loc.:

audis... positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Juppiter,

id. ib. 3, 10, 7; id. S. 1, 8, 42; 2, 3, 315; Verg. A. 2, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 26; Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 57:

mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur,

Plin. Ep. 1, 6, 2.—

Relative adverb of manner = eo modo quo, as.

Without demonstr. as correlatives: ut aiunt, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 101 Mull. (fr inc. l. 10 Vahl.):

ego emero matri tuae Ancillam... forma mala, ut matrem addecet familias,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 79:

apparatus sum ut videtis,

id. ib. 5, 2, 10:

verum postremo impetravi ut volui,

id. Mil. 4, 5, 5:

ero ut me voles esse,

id. Capt. 2, 1, 32:

faciam ut tu voles,

id. Men. 5, 9, 90: ut vales? Tox. Ut queo, id. Pers. 1, 1, 16:

ut potero feram,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 27:

faciam ut mones,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 97:

Ciceronem et ut rogas amo, et ut meretur et ut debeo,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 9:

cupiditates quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator objecit, ruri semper habitarit?

id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39:

ut ex propinquis ejus audio, non tu in isto artificio callidior es, quam hic in suo,

id. ib. 17, 49:

homo demens, ut isti putant,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

cumulate munus hoc, ut opinio mea fert, effecero,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

non ut clim solebat, sed ut nunc fit, mimum introduxisti,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 7:

Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum, ne proelium committeret nisi, etc., monte occupato nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

cuncta ut gesta erant exposuit,

Liv. 3, 50, 4:

(Postumius) fugerat in legatione, ut fama ferebat, populi judicium,

id. 10, 46, 16:

sed, ut plerumque fit, major pars meliorem vicit,

id. 21, 4, 1:

nec temere, et ut libet conlocatur argentum, sed perite servitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 2:

servus, ut placet Chrysippo, perpetuus mercenarius est,

id. Ben. 3, 22, 1.—Esp. parenthet., to denote that the facts accord with an assumption or supposition made in the principal sentence (= sicut):

si virtus digna est gloriatione, ut est,

Cic. Fin. 4, 18, 51:

quorum etiamsi amplecterer virtutem, ut facio, tamen, etc.,

id. Phil. 10, 9, 18:

quamvis fuerit acutus, ut fuit,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69; cf.:

incumbite in causam, Quirites, ut facitis,

id. Phil. 4, 5, 12:

tu modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis sustenta, ut facis,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 5:

satis enim erat, probatum illum esse populo Romano, ut est,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 37.—

With the correlative ita or sic: VTI LEGASSIT SVPER PECVNIA TVTELAVE SVAE REI, ITA IVS ESTO, Leg. XII. Tab. 5, fr. 3: alii, ut esse in suam rem ducunt, ita sint;

ego ita ero ut me esse oportet,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 24 sq.:

sic sum ut vides,

id. Am. 2, 1, 57:

omnes posthabui mihi res, ita uti par fuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 15:

ut viro forti ac sapienti dignum fuit, ita calumniam ejus obtrivit,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 18.—In partic. with a superlative belonging to the principal sentence, attracted to the relative clause:

haec ut brevissime dici potuerunt, ita a me dicta sunt (= ita breviter dicta sunt ut dici potuerunt),

Cic. de Or. 2, 41, 174.—So ut qui, with sup.:

te enim semper sic colam et tuebor ut quem diligentissime,

Cic. Fam. 12, 62 fin.; without sic or ita:

causas ut honorificentissimis verbis consequi potero, complectar,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 29:

sed exigenda est ut optime possumus,

Quint. 12, 10, 38.—And with comp.:

eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis,

Nep. Epam. 2, 1; cf.:

ad unguem Factus homo, non ut magis alter, amicus,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 33:

cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud,

id. ib. 2, 8, 48.—

Doubled ut ut, as indefinite relative, = utcumque, in whatever manner, howsoever (mostly ante-class.; only with indic.):

gaudeo, ut ut erga me est merita,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 52:

age jam, utut est, etsi'st dedecori, patiar,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 85:

utut est, mihi quidem profecto cum istis dictis mortuo'st,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 76:

utut res sese habet, pergam, etc.,

id. Most. 3, 1, 14:

non potis est pietati opsisti huic, ututi res sunt ceterae,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 36; id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

sed ut ut haec sunt, tamen hoc faciam,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 46; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 4; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 26; id. Ad. 2, 2, 40; 4, 4, 22:

ut ut est res, casus consilium nostri itineris judicabit,

Cic. Att. 15, 25 B. and K. (dub.;

v. Orell. ad loc.): sed ut ut est, indulge valetudini tuae,

id. Fam. 16, 18, 1 dub. (al. ut est).—

Causal, as, = prout, pro eo ut.

Introducing a general statement, in correspondence with the particular assertion of the principal clause, ut = as, considering... that, in accordance with:

atque, ut nunc sunt maledicentes homines, uxori meae mihique objectent, lenociniam facere,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 75:

ut aetas mea est, atque ut huic usus facto est,

id. Men. 5, 2, 1:

haud scio hercle ut homo'st, an mutet animum,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 9:

praesertim, ut nunc sunt mores,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

atque ille, ut semper fuit apertissimus, non se purgavit, sed, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 25, 51:

permulta alia colligit Chrysippus, ut est in omni historia curiosus,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

magnifice et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 65:

Kal. Sextilibus, ut tunc principium anni agebatur, consulatum ineunt,

Liv. 3, 6, 1:

tribuni, ut fere semper reguntur a multitudine magis quam regunt, dedere plebi, etc.,

id. 3, 71, 5:

transire pontem non potuerunt, ut extrema resoluta erant, etc.,

id. 21, 47, 3.—Ellipt.:

mortales multi, ut ad ludos, convenerant (ut fit, si ludi sunt),

Plaut. Men. prol. 30:

Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi,

as was natural, he being a Sicilian, Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; so,

Diogenes, liberius, ut Cynicus... inquit,

id. ib. 5, 33, 92:

ceterum haec, ut in secundis rebus, segniter otioseque gesta,

Liv. 23, 14, 1.—

Reflecting the assertion to particular circumstances, etc., ut = for, as, considering:

hic Geta ut captus est servorum, non malus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 34:

ut est captus hominum,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; Caes. B. G. 4, 3: Themistocles ut apud nos perantiquus, ut apud Athenienses non ita sane vetus, in regard to us, etc., Cic. Brut. 10, 41:

Caelius Antipater, scriptor, ut temporibus illis, luculentus,

for those times, id. ib. 26, 102:

nonnihil, ut in tantis malis est profectum,

considering the unfortunate state of affairs, id. Fam. 12, 2, 2:

(orationis genus) ut in oratore exile,

for an orator, id. Or. 3, 18, 66:

multae (erant in Fabio) ut in homine Romano, litterae,

id. Sen. 4, 12:

consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat,

Liv. 1, 18, 1:

florentem jam ut tum res erant,

id. 1, 3, 3:

Apollonides orationem salutarem, ut in tali tempore, habuit,

id. 24, 28, 1:

Sp. Maelius, ut illis temporibus praedives,

id. 4, 13, 1: insigni, ut illorum temporum habitus erat, triumpho, id. 10, 46, 2:

Ardeam Rutuli habebant, gens ut in ea regione atque in ea aetate divitiis praepollens,

id. 1, 57, 1:

vir, ut inter Aetolos, facundus,

id. 32, 33, 9:

Meneclidas, satis exercitatus in dicendo, ut Thebanus scilicet,

Nep. Epam. 5, 2:

ad magnam deinde, ut in ea regione, urbem pervenit,

Curt. 9, 1, 14:

multum, ut inter Germanos, rationis ac sollertiae,

Tac. G. 30. —

Ut before relatives, with subj., as it is natural for persons who, like one who, since he, since they, etc.; seeing that they, etc. (not in Cic.):

non demutabo ut quod certo sciam,

seeing that I know it for certain, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 153:

prima luce sic ab castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo consilium datum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 31, 6:

facile persuadent (Lucumoni) ut cupido honorum, et cui Tarquinii materna tantum patria esset,

Liv. 1, 34, 6:

inde consul, ut qui jam ad hostes perventum cerneret, explorato, etc., procedebat,

id. 38, 18, 7:

Philippus, ut cui de summa rerum adesset certamen, adhortandos milites ratus, etc.,

id. 33, 4, 11:

Tarquinius ad jus regni nihil praeter vim habebat, ut qui neque populi jussu, neque auctoribus patribus regnaret,

id. 1, 49, 3; 25, 23, 3:

Aequorum exercitus, ut qui permultos annos imbelles egissent, sine ducibus certis, sine imperio,

id. 9, 45, 10:

igitur pro se quisque inermes, ut quibus nihil hostile suspectum esset, in agmen Romanum ruebant,

id. 30, 6, 3; 23, 15, 4; 23, 29, 12:

omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit quod inter multos faciendum est,

as is natural in one who, since he, Quint. 1, 2, 19:

in omni autem speciali inest generalis, ut quae sit prior,

id. 3, 5, 9:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas erret necesse est, ut quae vel multos vel falsos duces habeat,

id. 12, 2, 20; 5, 14, 28; 11, 3, 53.—Rarely with participle:

ne Volsci et Aequi... ad urbem ut ex parte captam venirent,

Liv. 3, 16, 2:

gens ferox cum procul visis Romanorum signis, ut extemplo proelium initura, explicuisset aciem, etc.,

id. 7, 23, 6.—

With perinde or pro eo, with reference to several alternatives or degrees to be determined by circumstances, as, according as, to the extent that, in the measure that, etc.:

perinde ut opinio est de cujusque moribus, ita quid ab eo factum et non factum sit, existimari potest,

Cic. Clu. 25, 70:

in exspectatione civitas erat, perinde ut evenisset res, ita communicatos honores habitura,

Liv. 7, 6, 8: pro eo ut temporis difficultas aratorumque penuria tulit, Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.—

Transf. of local relations, like Gr. hina, where (very rare):

in eopse astas lapide, ut praeco praedicat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 17:

flumen uti adque ipso divortio (aquae sunt),

Lucil. 8, 18 Mull.:

in extremos Indos, Litus ut longe resonante Eoa Tunditur unda,

Cat. 11, 2 sqq.; 17, 10; cf. Verg. A. 5, 329; Lucr. 6, 550 Munro ad loc.

Introducing comparative clauses of manner, = eodem modo quo, as, like.

In gen.

With sic as correlative:

haec res sic est ut narro tibi,

Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 40:

quae si ut animis sic oculis videre possemus, nemo de divina ratione dubitaret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

Pomponium Atticum sic amo ut alterum fratrem,

id. Fam. 13, 1, 5:

si sic ageres ut de eis egisti qui jam mortui sunt... ne tu in multos Autronios incurreres,

id. Brut. 72, 251:

sic, Scipio, ut avus hic tuus, ut ego, justitiam cole,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

ut dicere alia aliis magis concessum est, sic etiam facere,

id. Quint. 11, 3, 150 (for ut... sic, in similes, v. sic, IV. 1. a.).—

With ita as correlative:

ut sementem feceris, ita metes,

Cic. Or. 2, 65, 261:

quamobrem, ut ille solebat, ita nunc mea repetat oratio populi origines,

id. Rep. 2, 1. 3:

non ut injustus in pace rex ita dux belli pravus fuit,

Liv. 1, 53, 1:

ut haec in unum congeruntur, ita contra illa dispersa sunt,

Quint. 9, 3, 39.—

With other correlatives:

in balteo tracta ex caseo ad eundem modum facito ut placentum sine melle,

Cato, R. R. 78:

encytum ad eundem modum facito uti globos,

id. ib. 80:

cum animi inaniter moveantur eodem modo rebus his quae nulla sint ut iis quae sint,

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

disputationem exponimus, eisdem fere verbis, ut disputatumque est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 9: scelerum caput, ut tute es item omnis censes esse' [p. 1941] Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 55:

ut filium bonum patri esse oportet, item ego sum patri,

id. Am. 3, 4, 9:

fecisti item ut praedones solent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 9, § 21:

item ut illo edicto de quo ante dixi... edixit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 45, § 117;

so with item,

id. Or. 60, 202:

is reliquit filium Pariter moratum ut pater eius fuit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 21.—With atque:

nec fallaciam astutiorem ullus fecit Poeta atque ut haec est fabrefacta a nobis,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 7.—And after aliter = than:

si aliter ut dixi accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Without correlative:

rem omnem uti acta erat cognovit,

Sall. J. 71, 5:

quare perge ut instituisti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 11, 22:

apud me, ut apud bonum judicem, argumenta plus quam testes valent,

id. ib. 1, 38, 59:

miscent enim illas et interponunt vitae, ut ludum jocumque inter seria,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 2:

comitetur voluptas, et circa corpus ut umbra versetur,

id. ib. 13, 5:

ut in animum ejus oratio, ut sol in oculos, incurrat,

Quint. 8, 2, 23.—

In partic.

Ut... ita or ut... sic; co-ordinate, introducing contrasted clauses.

= cum... tum, as... so, as on the one hand... so on the other, both and:

ut errare potuisti, sic decipi te non potuisse, quis non videt?

Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2:

ut Poeni ad moenia urbis Romanae nullo prohibente se pervenisse in gloria ponebant, ita pigebat irriti incepti,

Liv. 26, 37, 6:

Dolabellam ut Tarsenses ita Laodiceni ultra arcessierunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 4:

fert sortem suam quisque ut in ceteris rebus ita in amicitiis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 3.—

Concessive, = etsi... tamen, although... yet:

consul, ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliter in praesens certamen, respondit, etc.,

Liv. 4, 6, 2:

Saguntini, ut a proeliis quietem habuerant per aliquot dies, ita non cessaverant ab opere,

id. 21, 11, 5:

ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum nihil cessatum,

id. 21, 8, 1:

haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta,

id. 3, 55, 15:

in agrum Nolanum exercitum traducit, ut non hostiliter statim, ita... nihil praetermissurus,

id. 23, 14, 6; 23, 34, 12:

uti longe a luxuria, ita famae propior,

Tac. Agr. 6:

ut multo infirmior, ita aliquatenus lucidior,

Quint. 10, 1, 74:

ut est utilis saepe... ita obstabit melioribus,

id. 12, 2, 12:

quod, ut optimum est, ita longe quidem, sed sequitur tamen,

id. 5, 12, 9; cf. id. 10, 1, 62.—With certe in place of ita:

ut non demens, crudelis certe videtur,

Quint. 9, 2, 91.—

Ita... ut;

in oaths or strong asseverations: ita me di amabunt ut ego hunc ausculto lubens,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 22:

ita me di ament ut ego nunc non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:

ita me di amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem Miseret me,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

ita vivo ut maximos sumptus facio,

Cic. Att. 5, 15, 2.—So with sic:

sic me di amabunt ut me tuarum miseritum'st fortunarum,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 54.—

In exemplifications.

In gen., as for example, for instance:

nam aut ipsa cognitio rei perquiritur, ut: virtus suam ne, etc., aut agendi consilium exquiritur, ut: sitne sapienti, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 29, 112:

sunt bestiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, ut in leonibus, ut in canibus, in equis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

in libero populo, ut Rhodi, ut Athenis, nemo est civium qui, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 31, 47:

qui rem publicam constituissent, ut Cretum Minos, Lacedaemoniorum Lycurgus, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 2; id. Ac. 2, 24, 76; id. Inv. 2, 52, 157:

est aliquid quod dominus praestare servo debeat, ut cibaria, ut vestiarium,

Sen. Ben. 3, 21, 2:

est etiam amarum quiddam... et aere, ut illud Crassi Ego te consulem putem? etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 89; 4, 3, 12.—Where several instances are adduced, if each of them singly is made prominent, ut is repeated with each;

if they are taken in a group, ut occurs but once, e. g. quod erant, qui aut in re publica, propter sapientiam florerent, ut Themistocles, ut Pericles, ut Theramenes, aut, qui.. sapientiae doctores essent, ut Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Isocrates, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59.—

Ut si, if for instance; for example, if, etc.; with subj.:

ut si accusetur is qui P. Sulpicium se fateatur occidisse,

Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25:

ut si quis hoc velit ostendere, eum qui parentem necarit, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 15, 48:

ut si qui docilem faciat auditorem, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 18, 26:

ut si qui in foro cantet,

id. Off. 1, 40, 145:

ut si quis ei quem urgeat fames venenum ponat,

Liv. 6, 40, 12; cf. Auct. Her. 2, 26, 4; 2, 27, 43; 3, 2, 2; Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92:

ut si obsessi de facienda ad hostem deditione deliberent,

Quint. 3, 8, 23:

ut si des arma timidis et imbellibus,

id. 12, 5, 2; 5, 10, 34; 2, 4, 18; 9, 2, 79 et saep.—So with cum:

ut cum marem feminamque filios dicimus,

Quint. 9, 3, 63; 1, 6, 22; 3, 8, 30; 9, 1, 3.—

Before an appositive noun, as, the same as, like:

qui canem et felem ut deos colunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 32:

ut militiae Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus,

id. ib. 1, 34, 52:

habuit (ei) honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 38:

Hannibalem, non ut prudentem tantum virum, sed ut vatem omnium quae tum evenirent admirari,

Liv. 36, 15, 2: (Dionysium) dimisi a me ut magistrum Ciceronum non lubenter;

ut hominem ingratum non invitus,

in his capacity of, Cic. Att. 8, 10:

qui ante captas Syracusas non desciverant... ut socii fideles accepti, quos metus post captas Syracusas dediderat, ut victi a victore leges acceperunt,

Liv. 25, 40, 4:

qui et ipsum, ut ambiguae fidei virum, suspectum jam pridem habebat,

id. 24, 45, 12:

Cicero ea quae nunc eveniunt cecinit ut vates,

Nep. Att. 16:

et ipsam (virtutem) ut deos, et professores ejus ut antistites colite,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 7:

hunc ut deum homines intuebuntur,

Quint. 12, 10, 65:

id ut crimen ingens expavescendum est,

id. 9, 3, 35.—

Ut si = quasi, velut si, tamquam si, as if, just as if:

mater coepit studiose... educere ita uti si esset filia,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37:

Rufio tuus ita desiderabatur ut si esset unus e nobis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 20, 1:

ejus negotium sic velim suscipias ut si esset res mea,

id. ib. 2, 14, 1:

ita se gerant in istis Asiaticis itineribus ut si iter Appia via faceres,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6:

qui aliis nocent ut in alios liberales sint, in eadem sunt injustitia ut si in suam rem aliena convertant,

id. Off. 1, 14, 42; id. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

similes sunt ut si qui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant,

like men who should say, Cic. Sen. 6, 17: similiter facere eos... ut si nautae certarent, etc., they act like sailors who, etc., id. Off. 1, 25, 87.—

Ut quisque... ita (sic), with superlatives (= eo magis... quo magis, with indefinite subjects): ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime alios improbos suspicatur, the better a man is, the more difficult it is for him to, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

ut quaeque res est turpissima, sic maxime et maturissime vindicanda est,

id. Caecin. 2, 7:

ut quisque (morbus) est difficillimus, ita medicus nobilissimus quaeritur,

id. Clu. 21, 57:

ut quisque te maxime cognatione... attingebat, ita maxime manus tua putabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 27; id. Off. 1, 16, 50; 1, 19, 64:

nam ut quaeque forma perfectissima ita capacissima est,

Quint. 1, 10, 40.—This construction is variously modified,

With ita understood:

facillime ad res injustas impellitur ut quisque altissimo animo est,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 65. —

With virtual superlatives:

ut quisque in fuga postremus ita in periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

ut quisque optime institutus est, esse omnino nolit in vita, si, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57.—

The superlatives omitted in either clause:

ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet,

Cic. Sen. 18, 64:

ut quisque aetate et honore antecedebat, ita sententiam dixit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 143:

pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum loquebatur,

id. ib. 2, 1, 27, §

68: ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae objectus,

Liv. 9, 6, 1:

ut quisque maxime laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat, aut aliquos mittebat,

id. 34, 38, 6.—And with tum = ita:

nec prodesse tantum, sed etiam amari potest, tum... ut quisque erit Ciceroni simillimus,

in proportion to his resemblance, Quint. 2, 5, 20.—

With a comparative in one of the terms:

major autem (societas est) ut quisque proxime accederet,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19.—

Without superlative, as, according as:

de captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum supplicium est,

Liv. 3, 18, 10 (for ut quisque... ita, in temporal clauses, v. B. 3. g infra).—

Introducing a temporal clause, the principal predicate being an immediate sequence; orig. = quo tempore.

With perf. indic.

In gen., as soon as:

principio ut illo advenimus... continuo Amphitruo delegit viros, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

ut hinc te intro ire jussi, opportune hic fit mi obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 11:

ut abii abs te fit forte obviam Mihi Phormio,

id. Phorm. 4, 3, 12:

ut modo argentum tibi dedimus apud forum, recta domum Sumus profecti,

id. ib. 5, 6, 19; id. Hec. 3, 3, 5; 5, 1, 26; id. Eun. 4, 7, 12:

qui ut peroravit, surrexit Clodius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

eumque ut salutavit, amicissime apprehendit,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 7:

qui ut huc venit... hominesque Romanos bellicis studiis ut vidit incensos, existimavit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 13, 25; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Brut. 8, 30:

ut vero aquam ingressi sunt... tum utique egressis rigere omnibus corpora,

Liv. 21, 54, 9:

ut haec dicta in senatu sunt, dilectus edicitur,

id. 3, 10, 9; 23, 34, 6; 24, 44, 10.—

In oblique discourse:

Ariovistum, ut semel Gallorum copias vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31.—

With primum, when first, as soon as ever:

atque ego, ut primum fletu represso loqui posse coepi, Quaeso inquam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

Siculi, ut primum videre volgari morbos, in suas quisque urbes dilapsi sunt,

Liv. 25, 26, 13: ut primum lingua coepit esse in quaestu, curam morum qui diserti habebantur reliquerunt, Quint. prooem. 13.—

Rarely of coincidence in time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi puto prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46.—

Ut = ex quo tempore. since:

ut Brundusio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,

Cic. Att. 1, 15, 2.—

With imperf. indic.

In gen.: Fabii oratio fuit qualis biennio ante;

deinde, ut vincebatur consensu, versa ad P. Decium collegam poscendum,

Liv. 10, 22, 2:

deinde ut nulla vi perculsos sustinere poterat, Quid ultra moror, inquit, etc.,

id. 10, 28, 20:

Marcellus, ut tanta vis ingruebat mali, traduxerat in urbem suos,

id. 25, 26, 15:

ut vero... exurebatur amoenissimus Italiae ager, villaeque passim incendiis fumabant... tum prope de integro seditione accensi,

id. 22, 14, 1.— And with perf. and imperf. in co-ordinate clauses:

consules, ut ventum ad Cannas est, et in conspectu Poenum habebant,

Liv. 22, 44, 1:

ut in extrema juga ventum, et hostes sub oculis erant,

id. 22, 14, 3:

ut Poenus apparuit in collibus, et pauci... adferebant, etc.,

id. 24, 1, 6.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4.—

With plupf.

= postquam (rare):

ut hinc forte ea ad obstetricem erat missa,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 10:

ut ad mare nostrae cohortes excubuerant, accessere subito prima luce Pompejani,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63.—

In epistolary style = the Engl. perf.:

litteras scripsi... statim ut tuas legeram (= litteras nunc scribo, ut tuas legi),

Cic. Att. 2, 12, 4:

ut Athenas a. d. VII. Kal. Quinct. veneram, exspectabam ibi jam quartum diem Pomptinium (= ut veni, exspecto),

id. ib. 5, 10, 1.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut cujusque sors exciderat... alacer arma capiebat,

Liv. 21, 42, 3 dub.:

ut quisque istius animum offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143:

ut quidque ego apprehenderam, statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,

id. Clu. 19, 52:

ut cuique erat locus attributus, ad munitiones accedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81; cf.:

ut quisque arma ceperat... inordinati in proelium ruunt,

Liv. 23, 27, 5.—With ita as correl.:

ut enim quisque contra voluntatem ejus dixerat, ita in eum judicium de professione jugerum postulabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 39.—

With fut. perf., or, in oblique discourse, plupf. subj.:

neque, ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum... victoriam de Veientibus dari,

Liv. 5, 15, 11 (for ut after simul, v. simul, VI.).—

Introducing substantive clauses, that; always with subj. (cf. ut as interrog. adverb in dependent clauses, I. A. 3. supra).

In object clauses.

In clauses which, if independent, would take the imperative mood, often rendered by the Engl. infinitive.

After verbs denoting [p. 1942] to wish, request, pray, demand, or invite:

malim istuc aliis ita videatur quam uti tu, soror, te collaudes,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 18:

equidem mallem ut ires,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

equidem vellem ut pedes haberent (res tuae),

id. Fam. 7, 31, 2:

volo uti mihi respondeas num quis, etc.,

id. Vatin. 7, 17:

precor (deos) ut his infinitis nostris malis contenti sint,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 9:

postulo ut ne quid praejudicati afferatis,

id. Clu. 2, 5:

petebant uti equites praemitterent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium,

Cic. Quint. 10, 34:

hoc ut aliquando fieret, instabat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 2:

illum Dolabellae dixisse (= eum rogasse) ut ad me scriberet (= me rogaret), ut in Italiam quam primum venirem,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 2:

cupio ut quod nunc natura et impetus est, fiat judicium,

Sen. Clem. 2, 2, 2:

senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant,

Cic. Lael. 2, 4:

exigo a me, non ut optimis par sim, sed ut malis melior,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 3.—With ut ne = ne:

Trebatio mandavi, ut, si quid te eum velles ad me mittere, ne recusaret,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 2; Tac. H. 4, 58 fin. —Also without verb, like utinam, to express a wish;

esp. in imprecations (ante-class.): ut te cum tua Monstratione magnus perdat Juppiter,

Ter. Ad. 4, 6, 2:

ut illum di deaeque perdant,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 10; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 6.—

After verbs expressing or implying advice, suggestion, or exhortation:

ego vos hortari tantum possum ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod suades ut ad Quinctium scribam, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 16, 4:

tibi auctor sum ut eum tibi ordinem reconcilies,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 26:

censeo ut iter reliquum conficere pergas,

I propose, id. Or. 2, 71, 200; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; Liv. 30, 40, 4:

dixeram a principio ut sileremus,

I had advised, Cic. Brut. 42, 157:

Pompejum monebat ut meam domum metueret,

id. Sest. 64, 133:

equidem suasi ut Romam pergeret,

id. Att. 16, 8, 2:

M. Messalae et ipsi Attico dixit ut sine cura essent,

exhorted, id. ib. 16, 16, A, 5.—

After verbs expressing resolution or agreement to do something:

rus ut irem jam heri constitiveram,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 136:

decrevistis ut de praemiis militum primo quoque tempore referretur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

constitueram ut pridie Idus Aquini manerem,

id. Att. 16, 10, 1:

statuunt ut decem millia hominum in oppidum submittantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

Hasdrubal paciscitur cum Celtiberorum principibus ut copias inde abducant,

Liv. 25, 33, 3:

illos induxisse in animum, ut superbo quondam regi, tum infesto exuli proderent (patriam),

id. 2, 5, 7; 27, 9, 9; 42, 25, 11:

ut ne plebi cum patribus essent conubia sanxerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 27, 63:

servitia urbem ut incenderent conjurarunt,

Liv. 4, 45, 1.—

After verbs of command or prohibition:

imperat Laelio ut per collis circumducat equites,

Liv. 28, 33, 11:

illud praecipiendum fuit ut... diligentiam adhiberemus,

Cic. Lael. 16, 60:

M. Aemilio senatus negotium dat ut Patavinorum seditionem comprimeret,

Liv. 41, 27, 3:

consul edicere est ausus ut senatus ad vestitum rediret,

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

jubet sententiam ut dicant suam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 50:

hic tibi in mentem non venit jubere ut haec quoque referret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 28.—With ne:

iis praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitteret, quam ipse esset remissus,

Nep. Them. 7, 3.—

Verbs expressing permission:

atque ille legem mihi de XII. tabulis recitavit quae permittit ut furem noctu liceat occidere,

Cic. Tull. 20, 47:

concedo tibi ut ea praetereas quae, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

dabis mihi hanc veniam ut eorum... auctoritatem Graecis anteponam,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 23:

ille tibi potestatem facturus est ut eligas utrum velis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

illud natura non patitur ut aliorum spoliis nostras facultates augeamus,

id. Off. 3, 5, 22.—

In dependent clauses implying an aim or end.

After verbs denoting direction and inclination of the mind, care, purpose, intention, or striving:

ut plurimis prosimus enitimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

facilior erit ut albam esse nivem probet quam erat Anaxagoras,

he will be more inclined, disposed, id. ib. 2, 36, 117: ne ille longe aberit ut argumento credat philosophorum, far remote from believing = not inclined, id. ib. 2, 47, 144: qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut conrigat mores aliorum, quis huic ignoscat si, who undertakes to correct, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 2:

navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis,

care, id. Fam. 16, 1, 2:

ille intellexit id agi atque id parari ut filiae suae vis afferretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

pater potuit animum inducere ut naturam ipsam vinceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 53:

cum senatus temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam,

id. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

equidem ut honore dignus essem, maxime semper laboravi,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

omni contentione pugnatum est ut lis haec capitis existimaretur,

id. Clu. 41, 116:

omnis spes ad id versa ut totis viribus terra adgrederentur,

Liv. 24, 34, 12:

omnis cura solet in hoc versari, semper ut boni aliquid efficiam dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 2, 75, 306:

se miliens morituros potius quam ut tantum dedecoris admitti patiantur,

Liv. 4, 2, 8; 2, 34, 11.—

Verbs of effecting:

nec potui tamen Propitiam Venerem facere uti esset mihi,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 6:

prior pars orationis tuae faciebat ut mori cuperem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 112:

caritas annonae faciebat ut istuc... tempore magnum videretur,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215:

sol efficit ut omnia floreant,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

potest praestare ut ea causa melior esse videatur,

id. Or. 1, 10, 44:

non committam ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

id. Fam. 5, 5, 3:

di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc praesidium sectorum existimetur,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

effecisti ut viverem et morerer ingratus,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 1:

quibus nihil aliud actum est quam ut pudor hominibus peccandi demeretur,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 6.—

Verbs of obtaining:

Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

quid assequitur, nisi hoc ut arent qui... in agris remanserunt,

what does he gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128:

facile tenuit ut (Chalcidis) portae sibi aperirentur,

Liv. 35, 51, 6:

vicerunt tribuni ut legem perferrent,

id. 4, 25, 13.—

Verbs of inducing and compelling:

nec ut omnia quae praescripta sunt defendamus necessitate ulla cogimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis exirent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 2:

exspectatione promissi tui moveor ut admoneam te,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

Parhedrum excita ut hortum ipse conducat,

id. ib. 16, 18, 2:

ille adduci non potest ut... ne lucem quoque hanc eripere cupiat, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 150:

impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia ut levem auditionem pro re comperta habeant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

ut de clementia scriberem, Nero Caesar, una me vox tua maxime compulit,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 1.—

After verbs implying duty, right, rule, condition, or possibility:

cum mihi ne ut dubitem quidem relinquatur,

not even the possibility of doubt, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

obsides inter se dent, Sequani ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii ut sine maleficio transeant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

se ita a majoribus didicisse ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent,

id. ib. 1, 13:

mea lenitas hoc exspectavit ut id quod latebat erumperet,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

(natura) nobis insculpsit in mentibus, ut eos (deos) aeternos et beatos haberemus,

id. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

hoc mihi Metellus non eripuit, hoc etiam addidit ut quererer hoc sociis imperari,

he gave the additional right, id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

ut vero conloqui cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Homero liceat, quanti tandem aestimatis?

the privilege of conversing, id. Tusc. 1, 41, 98:

respondet Socrates sese meruisse ut amplissimis honoribus decoraretur,

id. Or. 1, 54, 272:

meruit ut suspendatur,

Sen. Ep. 7, 5:

quia enim non sum dignus prae te ut figam palum in parietem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 4.—So after dignus, Liv. 24, 16, 19; Quint. 8, 5, 12.—

After verbs of fearing, where ut implies a wish contrary to the fear; that not:

rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere se dicebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

vereor ut satis diligenter actum sit in senatu de litteris meis,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 2:

verebar ut redderentur,

id. Fam. 12, 19, 1:

sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit,

id. ib. 14, 14, 1:

veretur Hiempsal ut foedus satis firmum sit,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 58:

timeo ut sustineas,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

o puer, ut sis vitalis, metuo, et majorum ne quis amicus Frigore te feriat,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 60.— So sometimes after video, with weakened force: vide ut sit, nearly = perhaps it is not (cf. Roby, Gr. 2, p. 280): considerabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae;

si enim non sunt, videndum est, ut honeste vos esse possitis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 1.—Very rarely ut stands for ne after verbs of fearing:

quia nihil minus, quam ut egredi obsessi moenibus auderent, timeri poterat,

Liv. 28, 22, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut ferula caedas meritum... non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 120 Jan. and Orell. ad loc. —

In interrogative clauses represented as untrue, rejecting a supposition or thought with indignation (nearly = fierine potest ut):

me ut quisquam norit, nisi ille qui praebet cibum?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 52:

te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut umquam te corrigas?

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

egone ut te interpellem?

id. Tusc. 2, 18, 42:

pater ut in judicio capitis obesse filio debeat?

id. Planc. 13, 31:

egone ut prolis meae fundam cruorem?

Sen. Med. 927.—

In subject clauses, with impersonal predicates.

With a predicate adjective.

With the idea of rule, duty, etc.:

id arbitror Adprime in vita utile esse, ut ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

reliquum est ut de Catuli sententia dicendum videatur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 59:

praeclarum est et verum ut eos qui nobis carissimi esse debeant, aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus,

id. Tusc. 3, 29, 73:

ergo hoc sit primum ut demonstremus quem imitetur,

id. de Or. 2, 22, 90:

proximum est ut doceam, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73:

extremum est ut te orem, etc.,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

ei (Dionysio) ne integrum quidem erat ut ad justitiam remigraret,

permission, id. Tusc. 5, 21, 62. —With predicates, aequum est, par (anteclass. and rare):

aequom videtur tibi ut ego alienum quod est Meum esse dicam?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 4:

non par videtur... praesente ibus una paedagogus ut siet,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—

In clauses expressing result and consequence:

magnificum illud etiam et gloriosum ut Graecis de philosophia litteris non egeant, illud,

that result of my labors, Cic. Div. 2, 2, 5:

consentaneum est huic naturae ut sapiens velit gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68. —

In clauses represented as real, true, false, certain, or probable (where the acc. and inf. might be used):

concedetur verum esse ut bonos boni diligant,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50: sin autem illa veriora ut idem interitus animorum et corporum, etc., id. ib 4, 14; cf.:

concedant ut hi viri boni fuerin (= concedant vere factum esse ut, etc.),

id. ib. 5, 18:

si verum est ut populus Romanus omnis gentes virtute superarit, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 1, 1:

de ipso Roscio potest illud quidem esse falsum ut circumligatus fuerit, angui,

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 66:

non est verisimile ut Chrysogonus horum litteras adamarit aut humanitatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 121:

deos verisimile est ut alios indulgentius tractent propter parentis, alios propter futuram posterorum indolem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 32, 1; so,

rarum est ut,

Quint. 3, 19, 3:

quid tam inusitatum quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 21, 62.—And after potius:

multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur... se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt,

Liv. 4, 12, 11.—

With predicate nouns.

Expressing the idea of a verb which would require an object clause, with ut:

quoniam ut aliter facias non est copia,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 30:

Romano in hostico morandi causa erat ut hostem ad certamen eliceret,

Liv. 6, 31, 7:

vetus est lex amicitiae ut idem amici semper velint,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5:

consensus fuit senatus ut mature proficisceremur (= decretum est a senatu),

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

fuit hoc sive meum, sive rei publicae fatum ut in me unum omnis illa inclinatio temporum incumberet,

ordained by fate, id. Balb. 26, 58:

tempus est ut eamus ad forum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 72:

dicasque tempus maximum esse ut eat,

id. ib. 4, 3, 9:

primum est officium ut homo se conservet in naturae statu,

Cic. Fin. 3, 6, 20:

ejus culturae hoc munus est ut efficiat, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 14, 38:

caput illud est ut Lyconem recipias in necessitudinem tuam,

duty, id. Fam. 13, 19, 3; so,

caput est ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

fuit hoc quoddam inter Scipionem et Laelium jus ut Scipio Laelium observaret parentis loco,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

mea ratio in dicendo haec esse solet ut boni quod habeat id amplectar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 292; so,

ratio est ut,

id. Verr. 1, 11, 34: est mos hominum ut [p. 1943] nolint eundem pluribus excellere, id. Brut. 21, 84:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—

Expressing result and consequence:

est hoc commune vitium in magnis liberisque civitatibus ut invidia gloriae comes sit,

Nep. Chabr. 3, 3.—

With impersonal verbs.

Including the idea of a verb requiring an object clause, with ut:

convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio, urbem, agrum... seque uti dederent,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

mihi cum Dejotaro convenit ut ille in meis castris esset,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14:

placitum est ut in aprico loco considerent,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

postea mihi placuit ut, etc.,

id. Or. 1, 34, 155:

ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset,

id. Sen. 6, 16.—So after fit, it happens:

fit ut natura ipsa ad ornatius dicendi genus incitemur,

Cic. Or. 2, 83, 338:

potest fieri ut res verbosior haec fuerit, illa verior,

it may be that, id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190.—

So with accidit, evenit, contigit: accidit... ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63; so id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

sed tamen hoc evenit ut in vulgus insipientium opinio valeat,

id. Tusc. 2, 26, 63:

utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset optimo cuique carissimus,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49.—

Denoting consequence:

ex quo efficitur ut quidquid honestum sit, idem sit utile,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 10:

sequitur ut dicamus quae beneficia danda sint et quemadmodum,

Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 1:

sequitur ut causa ponatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 81, 331.—

Est, in the meaning fit, or causa est:

est ut plerique philosophi nulla tradant praecepta dicendi,

it is a fact that, Cic. Or. 2, 36, 152:

non est igitur ut mirandum sit ea praesentiri,

there is no reason for wondering, id. Div. 1, 56, 128:

quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48; so, in eo est ut, prope est ut, to be on the point of, to be near to:

jam in eo rem fore ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

Liv. 8, 27, 3:

cum jam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur,

Nep. Paus. 5, 1; id. Milt. 7, 3:

jam prope erat ut ne consulum quidem majestas coerceret iras hominum,

Liv. 2, 23, 14:

prope est ut lamentationem exigat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 4.— Here belongs the circumlocution of the periphrastic future by futurum esse or fore, with ut; generally in the inf.:

arbitrabar fore ut lex de pecuniis repetundis tolleretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 14, 41.—Very rarely in the indic.:

futurum est ut sapiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 29.—

In attributive clauses, dependent on nouns not belonging to the predicate.

With the idea of resolve, etc.:

vicit sententia ut mitterentur coloni,

Liv. 9, 26, 4:

sententiam dixit (= censuit) ut judicum comitia haberentur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2; id. Fam. 4, 4, 5; id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; id. Leg. 3, 15, 33.—

Of agreement:

fide accepta ut remitterent eum,

Liv. 24, 48, 8. —

Of law, rule, etc.:

praetores rogationem promulgarunt ut omnes regiae stirpis interficerentur,

Liv. 24, 25, 10:

senatus consultum factum est ut M. Fulvius litteras extemplo ad consulem mitteret,

id. 35, 24, 2:

haec ei est proposita condicio ut aut juste accusaret aut acerbe moreretur,

Cic. Clu. 14, 42:

Suevi in eam se consuetudinem induxerunt ut locis frigidissimis lavarentur in fluminibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1.—

Of duty:

jusjurandum poscit ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent,

Caes. B. G. 8, 6. —

Of purpose, inclination, etc.:

vobis dent di mentem oportet ut prohibeatis, etc.,

make you inclined, Liv. 6, 18, 9:

causa mihi fuit huc veniendi ut quosdam hinc libros promerem,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 8:

confectio tabularum hanc habet vim (= efficit) ut quidquid fingatur aut non constet, appareat,

id. Font. 2, 3.—

Of effect, result, etc.:

fuit ista quondam virtus ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam hostem everterent,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

habet hoc virtus ut viros fortis species ejus et pulchritudo etiam in hoste posita delectet,

id. Pis. 32, 81:

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4.—

In clauses of manner, that, so that.

With ita, sic, adeo, tantus, talis, or tam as antecedent (v. hh. vv.;

anteclass. ut qui = ut): Adeon' me fungum fuisse ut qui illi crederem?

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.—

With is or hic as antecedent: eos deduxi testes et eas litteras deportavi ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini possit, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91:

ejusmodi res publica debet esse ut inimicus neque deesse nocenti possit, neque obesse innocenti (ejusmodi = talis),

id. ib. 2, 3, 69, §

162: eo perducam servum ut in multa liber sit,

Sen. Ben. 3, 19, 2:

non eo loco res humanae sunt ut vobis tantum otii supersit,

id. Vit. Beat. 27, 6:

haec aequitas in tuo imperio fuit, haec praetoris dignitas ut servos Siculorum dominos esse velles,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 38, § 87:

hoc jure sunt socii ut eis ne deplorare quidem de suis incommodis liceat,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, § 65.—

Without antecedents, so that:

cujus aures clausae veritati sunt ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, hujus salus desperanda est,

Cic. Lael. 24, 90:

in virtute multi sunt ascensus, ut is maxima gloria excellat qui virtute plurimum praestet,

id. Planc. 25, 60:

mons altissimus impendebat ut perpauci prohibere possent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

accessit quod Domitius Heraclea iter fecerat, ut ipsa fortuna illum obicere Pompejo videretur,

id. B. C. 3, 79:

pecunia a patre exacta crudeliter, ut divenditis omnibus bonis aliquamdiu trans Tiberim veluti relegatus viveret,

Liv. 3, 13, 10:

fama Gallici belli pro tumultu valuit ut et dictatorem dici placeret,

id. 8, 17, 6:

nihilo minus... magnas percipiendum voluptates, ut fatendum sit, etc.,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 1.—

Idiomat. with non.

Ut non, when the principal sentence is negative, without: non possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortunam amittere ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem, without dragging, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

flaminem Quirinalem neque mittere a sacris neque retinere possumus ut non deum aut belli deseramus curam,

Liv. 24, 8, 10:

non ita fracti animi civitatis erant ut non sentirent, etc.,

id. 45, 25, 12:

nusquam oculi ejus flectentur ut non quod indignentur inveniant,

Sen. Ira, 2, 7, 2:

ajunt, nec honeste quemquam vivere ut non jucunde vivat, nec jucunde ut non honeste quoque,

id. Vit. Beat. 6, 3:

nemo in eo quod daturus es gratiam suam facere potest ut non tuam minuat,

id. Ben. 2, 4, 3; cf. also: ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius;

neque enim est conferenda (= ut omittam conferre),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 45.—

Non ut, followed by sed quod, causal (= non quod, sed quod;

rare): earum exempla tibi misi non ut deliberarem reddendaene essent, sed quod non dubito, etc.,

not that... but because, Cic. Att. 14, 17, 4:

haec ad te scribo non ut queas tu demere solitudinem, sed, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 15, 3.—Followed by sed ut:

benigne accipe (beneficium): rettulisti gratiam, non ut solvisse te putes, sed ut securior debeas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 35, 5; and in reversed order: quorsum haec praeterita? Quia sequitur illud, etc.;

non ut eas res causam adferrent amoris,

Cic. Fat. 15, 35.—Rarely nedum ut, in the sense of nedum alone, much less that, not to mention that (mostly post-class.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 573): ne voce quidem incommoda, nedum ut illa vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo mansuefecerant plebem,

Liv. 3, 14, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

quando enim... fama in totam urbem penetrat? nedum ut per tot provincias innotescat,

Tac. Or. 10.—

Conditional or concessive.

Granting that ( for argument's sake):

quod ut ita sit—nihil enim pugno—quid habet ista res aut laetabile aut gloriosum?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

sed ut haec concedantur, reliqua qui tandem intellegi possunt?

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

ut tibi concedam hoc indignum esse, tu mihi concedas necesse est, etc.,

id. Clu. 53, 146:

quae, ut essent vera, conjungi debuerunt,

id. Fin. 4, 15, 40:

quae natura ut uno consensu juncta sit et continens... quid habere mundus potest cum thesauri inventione conjunctum?

id. Div. 2, 14, 33:

nihil est prudentia dulcius, quam, ut cetera auferat, adfert certe senectus,

id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94.—

Even if, although:

qui (exercitus) si pacis... nomen audiverit, ut non referat pedem, insistet certe,

Cic. Phil. 12, 3, 8:

ut ea pars defensionis relinquatur, quid impediet actionem? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

ut quaeras omnia, quomodo Graeci ineptum appellant non reperies,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 18:

ut enim neminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogasset, scire potuit, illo ipso die a Milone prodi flaminem,

id. Mil. 17, 46: verum ut hoc non sit, tamen praeclarum spectaculum mihi propono, id. Att. 2, 15; id. Leg. 1, 8, 23; id. Fat. 5, 9; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151; 2, 1, 45, § 117; id. Planc. 25, 62:

qui, ut non omnis peritissimus sim belli, cum Romanis certe bellare didici,

Liv. 36, 7, 20:

neque equites armis equisque salvis tantum vim fluminis superasse verisimile est, ut jam Hispanos omnes inflati travexerint utres,

id. 21, 47, 5:

at enim, ut jam ita sint haec, quid ad vos, Romani?

id. 34, 32, 13:

ut jam Macedonia deficiat,

id. 42, 12, 10:

cum jam ut virtus vestra transire alio possit, fortuna certe loci hujus transferri non possit,

id. 5, 54, 6; 22, 50, 2; cf.:

ac jam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

ut desint vires tamen est laudanda voluntas,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 79:

ut dura videatur appellatio, tamen sola est,

Quint. 3, 8, 25; 6, prooem. 15.—Ut maxime = si maxime:

quaere rationem cur ita videatur: quam ut maxime inveneris... non tu verum testem habere, sed eum non sine causa falsum testimonium dicere ostenderis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81.—With nihilominus:

quae (res) nihilominus, ut ego absim, confici poterunt,

Cic. Fam. 10, 2, 2.—

Provided that:

ambulatiuncula, ut tantum faciamus quantum in Tusculano fecimus, prope dimidio minoris constabit isto loco,

Cic. Att. 13, 39, 2: dabo egenti, sed ut ipse non egeam;

succurram perituro, sed ut ipse non peream,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 1.—

In clauses of purpose (final clauses; distinguished from object clauses with ut; v. C. 1., in which the verb itself contains the idea of purpose, the clause completing the idea of the verb), in order that, so that, so as to.

In gen.:

quin voco, ut me audiat, nomine illam suo?

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 17:

haec acta res est uti nobiles restituerentur in civitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

intellego, tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse ut odio... totum ordinem liberetis,

id. Verr. 1, 15, 43:

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52.—And with ut ne, instead of ne, lest:

id ut ne fiat, haec res sola est remedio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 49; v. 1. ne, I. B. 4. a.—Very rarely, ut non for ne, expressing a negative purpose:

ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem quantum valeat (= ut praeteream),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. d. a fin. supra.—

Esp., after certain antecedents.

After id, for the purpose (ante-class.):

id huc reverti uti me purgarem tibi,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 28.—

After idcirco:

idcirco amicitiae comparantur ut commune commodum mutuis officiis gubernetur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 111:

legum idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus,

id. Clu. 53, 146; id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

After ideo and eo:

non ideo Rhenum insedimus ut Italiam tueremur, sed ne quis, etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 73:

Marionem ad te eo misi ut aut tecum ad me quam primum veniret, aut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 1, 1.—

After ad eam rem, ad hoc, in hoc:

ad eam rem vos delecti estis ut eos condemnaretis quos sectores jugulare non potuissent?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

praebere se facilem ad hoc ut quem obligavit etiam exsolvi velit?

Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 6:

homo natus in hoc ut mores liberae civitatis Persica servitute mutaret,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2.—

After ea mente, hac mente:

navis onerarias Dolabella ea mente comparavit ut Italiam peteret,

Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 1:

hac mente laborem Sese ferre senes ut in otia tuta recedant Ajunt,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 30.—

After potius quam:

potius ad delendam memoriam dedecoris, quam ut timorem faciat,

Liv. 6, 28, 8:

potius quodcumque casus ferat passuros, quam ut sprevisse Tarentinos videantur,

id. 9, 14, 8.—

Idiomat.

With the principal predicate, referring to the conception of the writer, understood; mostly parenthet. = the Engl. inf.: ut in pauca conferam, testamento facto mulier moritur, to be brief, etc., Cic. Caecin. 6, 17:

ecquid tibi videtur, ut ad fabulas veniamus, senex ille Caecilianus minoris facere filium rusticum?

to come to the drama, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46:

reliquum judicium de judicibus, et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est,

to tell the truth, id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177:

Murena, si nemini, ut levissime dicam, odio fuit,

to say the least, id. Mur. 40, 87: ut nihil de illo tempore, nihil de calamitate rei publicae [p. 1944] querar, hoc tibi respondeo, etc., not to complain of that time, etc., id. Caecin. 33, 95: quae cum se disposuit, et partibus suis consensit, et, ut ita dicam concinuit, summum bonum tetigit, and, so to speak, chimes in, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5:

ecce— ut idem in singulos annos orbis volveretur —Hernici nuntiant Volscos et Aequos reficere, etc.,

Liv. 3, 10, 8.—

Satis ut, enough to (lit. enough for the purpose of):

satis esse magna incommoda accepta ut reliquos casus timerent,

disasters large enough to make them afraid, Caes. B. C. 3, 10.—

Quam ut after comparatives, too much to:

quod praeceptum, quia major erat quam ut ab homine videretur, idcirco adsignatum est deo,

too great to come from man, Cic. Fin. 5, 16, 44:

quis non intellegit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

id. Brut. 18, 70:

clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset,

too clear to be covered up, Liv. 26, 51, 11:

potentius jam id malum apparuit quam ut minores per magistratus sedaretur,

id. 25, 1, 11:

est tamen aliquis minor quam ut in sinu ejus condenda sit civitas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 16, 2.

γίνομαι (in the form γίγνομαι [s. below] Hom.+; as γίν. since Aristot.+; and s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 391; Schwyzer I 215; KBrugmann⁴-AThumb, Griech. Gramm. 1913, 126; Mayser p. 165 and lit. there). Impf. ἐγινόμην; fut. γενήσομαι; 2 aor. ἐγενόμην, 3 sg. opt. γένοιτο; very rare v.l. (B-D-F §81, 3) γενάμενος (GJs 6:1; 16;1; 25:1 [s. deStrycker 249]; also found in Ps.-Callisth. 1, 20, 1; 1, 41, 11; ApcEsdr 1:3 p. 24, 7 Tdf.; Mel., P. 49, 346 [Bodm.]). Pass.: fut. ptc. τῶν γενηθησομένων (Eccl 1:11 v.l.); 1 aor. ἐγενήθην (Doric, H. Gk.; Phryn. 108 Lob.; pap fr. III B.C., Mayser I/2² ’38, 157f [w. lit.]; ins [Schweizer 181; Nachmanson 168; Thieme 13]; LXX), impv. γενηθήτω; pf. γεγένημαι (Meisterhans³-Schw.: Att. ins since 376 B.C.; Mayser 391) uncontested use in NT only J 2:9; GJs 24:3 (γεγένν-pap); apolog. On pf. γέγονα s. Meisterhans³-Schw.: since 464 B.C.; Mayser 372; on the aoristic use of γέγονα s. Mlt. 145f; 238; 239; PChantraine, Histoire du parfait grec 1927, 233–45; 3 pl. γέγοναν Ro 16:7 (v.l. γεγόνασιν) and Rv 21:6; s. KBuresch, Γέγοναν: RhM 46, 1891, 193ff; Mlt. 52 n.; ptc. γεγονώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἐγεγόνει (1 Macc. 4:27; 2 Macc. 13:17; J 6:17; Just.), without augment γεγόνει (Ac 4:22; v.l. ἐγεγόνει), s. B-D-F §78; Mlt-H. 190. On the variation γίνομαι and γίγνομαι s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108. A verb with numerous nuances relating to being and manner of being. Its contrast to the more static term εἰμί can be seen in Kaibel 595, 5 οὐκ ἤμην καὶ ἐγενόμην=I was not and then I came to be (cp. Ath. 4, 2 in 3 below).

① to come into being through process of birth or natural production, be born, be produced (SIG 1168, 6; Epict. 2, 17, 8; Wsd 7:3; Sir 44:9; Just., A I, 13, 3; Tat. 26, 2) J 8:58; w. ἔκ τινος foll. (Diod S 3, 64, 1; Appian, Basil. 5 §1; Parthenius 1, 4; Athen. 13, 37 p. 576c ἐξ ἑταίρας; PPetr III, 2, 20; PFlor 382, 38 ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ γενόμενος υἱός; 1 Esdr 4:16; Tob 8:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 216) Ro 1:3; Gal 4:4 (cp. 1QS 11:21). Also of plants 1 Cor 15:37. Of fruits ἔκ τινος be produced by a tree Mt 21:19 (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 13 ὁ ἐκ τ. χώρας γιγνόμενος σῖτος). W. ἀπό τινος foll. Ox 1081 (SJCh), 11 γε̣[ινόμε]νον, 14 γέγ[ονος], 14f γε[ι]νομεν[ον], 19 γέγονος.

② to come into existence, be made, be created, be manufactured, be performed

ⓐ gener. ὸ̔ γέγονεν J 1:3c (s. ref. to Vawter, below); w. διά τινος vs. 3a (MTeschendorf, D. Schöpfungsged. im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 337–72). W. χωρίς τινος vs. 3b (IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 15 [103 A.D.] Ἐμοῦ δὲ χωρὶς γείνετʼ οὐδὲν πώποτε; Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus 15 [Stoic. I 537=Coll. Alex. no. 1 p. 227] οὐδέ τι γίγνεται ἔργον σοῦ δίχα; note the related style 1QH 1:20; on the syntax of J 1:3f see BVawter, CBQ 25, ’63, 401–6, who favors a full stop after οὐδὲ ἕν, s. εἷς 2b and lit. cited there on J 1:3). W. ἔκ τινος Hb 11:3. Of cult images διὰ χειρῶν γινόμενοι made w. hands Ac 19:26 (cp. PRyl 231, 3 [40 A.D.] τοὺς ἄρτους γενέσθαι). Of miracles: be done, take place (Tob 11:15; Wsd 19:13 v.l. Swete) Mt 11:20f, 23; Lk 10:13; Ac 8:13. ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο on whom this miracle had been performed 4:22. W. mention of the author διά τινος (cp. 4 Macc 17:11) 2:43; 4:16, 30; 12:9; 24:2. διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τινος Mk 6:2; Ac 14:3. ὑπό τινος (Herodian 8, 4, 2; OGI 168, 46 [115 B.C.] τὰ γεγονότα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς φιλάνθρωπα; UPZ III, 3, 7 [116 B.C.]; PTebt 786, 14 [II B.C.]; Wsd 9:2; Jos., Ant. 8, 111; 347; Just., D. 35, 8 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ [Jesus] καὶ νῦν γινομένων δυνάμεων) Lk 9:7 v.l.; 13:17; 23:8; Eph 5:12. Of commands, instructions be fulfilled, performed γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου thy will be done (Appian, Liby. 90 §423 τὸ πρόσταγμα δεῖ γενέσθαι; Syntipas p. 25, 3 γενέσθω τὸ αἴτημα) Mt 6:10; 26:42; Lk 11:2; cp. 22:42. γέγονεν ὸ̔ ἐπέταξας your order has been carried out 14:22. γενέσθαι τὸ αἴτημα αὐτῶν that their demand should be granted 23:24. Of institutions: be established, the Sabbath for the sake of humans Mk 2:27 (Crates, Ep. 24 οὐ γεγόνασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τ. ἵππων χάριν, ἀλλʼ οἱ ἵπποι τ. ἀνθρώπων).

ⓑ w. mention of the special nature of an undertaking: ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί in order to have such action taken in my case 1 Cor 9:15. ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ τί γένηται; what will be done when it (the wood) is dry? Lk 23:31.

③ come into being as an event or phenomenon from a point of origin, arise, come about, develop (Alcaeus 23 Diehl² [320 L-P.] καί κʼ οὐδὲν ἐκ δένος γένοιτο=nothing could originate from nothing; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὸ̓ν)

ⓐ of events or phenomena in nature (Sir 40:10; Ex 10:22; Job 40:23; Jos., Ant. 9, 36): lightning, thunder (X., An. 3, 1, 11) J 12:29; Rv 8:5; 11:19; calm (on the sea) Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; Lk 8:24; storm Mk 4:37; a cloud (cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 36) 9:7; Lk 9:34; Hv 4, 3, 7; flood Lk 6:48; earthquake (Parian Marbles [III B.C.]=FGrH: 239B, 24) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Ac 16:26; Rv 6:12; 11:13; 16:18; darkness Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; J 6:17; hail, fire Rv 8:7. Of a dawning day ὅτε δὲ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο (cp. περὶ ἀρχομένην ἡμέραν ‘about dawn’ Jos., Vi 15: in a related story of shipwreck) Ac 27:39.

ⓑ of other occurrences (Arrian, Anab. 4, 4, 3 τὰ ἱερὰ οὐκ ἐγίγνετο=the sacrifice did not turn out [favorably]; 1 Macc 1:25; 4:58; 9:27; 13:44; Jdth 7:29; 14:19 al.): complaining Ac 6:1; persecution, oppression Mt 13:21; 24:21; Mk 4:17; 13:19; Ac 11:19; discussion J 3:25; Ac 15:7; tumult Mt 26:5; 27:24; GJs 21:1 and 25:1; a sound Ac 2:2, 6; weeping 20:37; clamor 23:9; Mt 25:6; AcPl Ha 4, 6; famine Lk 4:25; 15:14; Ac 11:28; ὁρμή (q.v.) 14:5; war Rv 12:7; sharp contention Ac 15:39; tear (in a garment) Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21; Lk 6:49; silence (s. σιγή) Ac 21:40; Rv 8:1; στάσις (q.v. 2) Lk 23:19; Ac 15:2; 23:7, 10; concourse 21:30; confusion 19:23; shout, loud voice 2:6; 19:34; Rv 11:15; dispute Lk 22:24; envy, strife 1 Ti 6:4; astonishment AcPl Ha 4, 25; joy 6, 3; prayer 6, 7; offering 6, 37.

ⓒ of the various divisions of a day (Jdth 13:1; 1 Macc 5:30; 4 Macc 3:8 al.) γενομένης ἡμέρας when day came (Jos., Ant. 10, 202, Vi. 405) Lk 4:42; Ac 12:18; 16:35; 23:12; cp. Lk 6:13; 22:66; Ac 27:29, 33, 39. Difft. Mk 6:21 γενομένης ἡμέρας εὐκαίρου when a convenient/opportune day arrived. ὀψέ (cp. Gen 29:25; 1 Km 25:37) 11:19. ὀψίας γενομένης Mt 8:16; 14:15, 23; 16:2; 26:20; 27:57; Mk 1:32; 6:47; 14:17; 15:42; cp. J 6:16. πρωί̈ας Mt 27:1; J 21:4. νύξ Ac 27:27. ὥρας πολλῆς γενομένης when it had grown late Mk 6:35; cp. 15:33; Lk 22:14; Ac 26:4.

④ to occur as process or result, happen, turn out, take place (Dicaearch., Fgm. 102 W.: a campaign ‘takes place’; Diod S 32 Fgm. 9c τὰς εἰς τ. πατέρα γεγενημένας ἁμαρτίας=the misdeeds ‘perpetrated’ against his father; 2 Macc 1:32; 13:17; 3 Macc 1:11; 4:12; 5:17 al.)

ⓐ gener. τοῦτο ὅλον γέγονεν all this took place w. ἵνα foll. Mt 1:22; 26:56. ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται until all has taken place (=is past) 5:18. πάντα τὰ γενόμενα everything that had happened (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 121 §508 τὰ γενόμενα; 1 Esdr 1:10; Jdth 15:1; 1 Macc 4:20; 2 Macc 10:21; 3 Macc 1:17) 18:31; cp. 21:21; 24:6, 20, 34; 26:54; 27:54; 28:11; Mk 5:14. ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονός let us see this thing that has taken place Lk 2:15 (TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 15 [Stone p. 40]) θανάτου γενομένου since a death has occurred, i.e. since he has died Hb 9:15. τούτου γενομένου after this had happened (Jos., Ant. 9, 56; 129) Ac 28:9. τὸ γεγονός what had happened (Diod S 12, 49, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 18 §496; Jos., Ant. 14, 292) Lk 8:34; 24:12. τὰ γεγονότα AcPl Ha 11, 1.—μὴ γένοιτο strong negation, in Paul only after rhet. questions (cp. TestJob 38:1; JosAs 25:8; Epict., index p. 540e; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 1, 2, Dial. Meretr. 13, 4; Achilles Tat. 5, 18, 4; Aristaen., Ep. 1, 27) by no means, far from it, God forbid (Goodsp., Probs., 88; AMalherbe, HTR 73, ’80, 231–41) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 6, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21. In more extensive phrasing (the LXX has exx. only of this usage: Gen 44:17; 3 Km 20:3 al.; cp. Josh 22:29; Demosth. 10, 27; Alciphron 2, 5, 3 al.; Ael. Aristid. 23, 80 K.=42 p. 795 D.; 30 p. 578 D.; 54 p. 679 ὸ̔ μὴ γένοιτο) Gal 6:14; w. ἵνα foll. AcPl Ha 7, 40. τί γέγονεν ὅτι (cp. Eccl 7:10) why is it that J 14:22.—Of festivals: be held, take place, come (X., Hell. 7, 4, 28 τὰ Ὀλύμπια; 4, 5, 1; 4 Km 23:22f; 2 Macc 6:7) feast of dedication J 10:22; passover Mt 26:2; sabbath Mk 6:2; wedding J 2:1.—Abs. impv. (put twice for emphasis as Lucian, Pisc. 1 βάλλε, βάλλε; Philostrat., Ep. 35, 1 λάβε λάβε; Procop. Soph., Ep. 45) γενηθήτω γενηθήτω so let it be as a closing formula 1 Cor 16:24 v.l. (cp. Herodas 4, 85, where the sacristan closes his prayer to Asclepius with the words: ὧδε ταῦτʼ εἴη=so may it be).—On γένοιτο ἀμήν GJs 6:2 s. ἀμήν 1a.

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. affected

α. w. inf. foll. (UPZ 24, 29 al.; 1 Macc 13:5; Jos., Ant. 6, 232) ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι so that he would not have to lose time Ac 20:16.

β. w. adv. or adv. phrase added (1 Esdr 6:33) κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν γενηθήτω ὑμῖν according to your faith let it be done to you, i.e. you believe, and you won’t be disappointed Mt 9:29; cp. 8:13. γένοιτό μοι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου may that happen to me as you have said Lk 1:38. πῶς ἐγένετο τῷ δαιμονιζομένῳ what had happened to the possessed man Mk 5:16. ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται that it may be well w. you Eph 6:3 (Dt 5:16; cp. Epict. 2, 5, 29 εὖ σοι γένοιτο; Aelian, VH 9, 36). γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done for you as you desire, i.e. your wish is granted Mt 15:28.

γ. w. nom. of thing (1 Macc 4:25; Sir 51:17; Ar. 15:5) γίνεταί τινί τι someth. happens to or befalls a person Mk 9:21. ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν σοί τι γένηται lest someth. worse come upon you J 5:14. τί ἐγένετο αὐτῷ what has happened to him Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1, 23; AcPl Ha 5, 20). τὸ γεγενημένον αὐτῷ Ac 3:10 D. ἐγίνετο πάσῃ ψυχῄ φόβος fear came upon everyone (cp. Tob 11:18) 2:43. λύπη AcPl Ha 6, 16. Freq. γέγονε ἐμοί τι someth. has come to me= I have someth.: πώρωσις τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν a hardening (of heart) has befallen Israel Ro 11:25; σωτηρία τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γεγένηται GJs 19:2; cp. Lk 19:9; διὰ τὴν ὀπτασίαν τὴν γενομένην Παύλῳ AcPl Ha 3, 15; ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα if a man has a hundred sheep Mt 18:12. τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται those outside receive everything in parables Mk 4:11. μήποτε γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι that you may receive no repayment Lk 14:12; cp. 19:9; J 15:7; 1 Cor 4:5.

ⓒ w. gen. of pers. (Diod S 16, 64, 2 τὸν τῆς Ἑλένης γεγενημένον ὅρμον=the necklace that had belonged to Helen): ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν the kingdom of the world has come into the possession of our Lord Rv 11:15.

ⓓ γίνεταί τι ἐπί τινι someth. happens in the case of or to a person Mk 5:33 v.l.; ἐν v.l. This can also be expressed w. εἴς τινα Ac 28:6 or the double nom. τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter 12:18 (cp. Jos., Vi. 296 οἱ εἴκοσι χρυσοῖ τὶ γεγόνασιν).

ⓔ w. inf. foll., to emphasize the actual occurrence of the action denoted by the verb: ἐὰν γένηται εὑρεῖν αὐτό if it comes about that he finds it= if he actually finds it Mt 18:13 (s. PCatt V, 19f [=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 V] ἐὰν γένηταί με ἀποδημεῖν; PAmh 135, 10; BGU 970, 5). ἐγένετο αὐτὸν παραπορεύεσθαι he happened to be passing Mk 2:23; cp. Lk 6:1, 6. ἐγένετο ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν just then the heaven opened Lk 3:21; cp. 16:22 (ἐν τῷ ἀποθανεῖν P⁷⁵); Ac 4:5; 9:3, 32, 37, 43; 11:26; 14:1; 16:16; 19:1; 21:1, 5; 22:6, 17; 27:44; 28:8 (UPZ 62, 29 [161 B.C.] γίνεται γὰρ ἐντραπῆναι).

ⓕ καὶ ἐγένετο (ἐγένετο δέ) periphrastic like וַיְהִי with וַ foll. to indicate the progress of the narrative; it is followed either by a conjunction like ὅτε, ὡς etc., or a gen. abs., or a prepositional constr., and joined to it is a finite verb w. καί (Jdth 5:22; 10:1; Sus 19 Theod.; 1 Macc 1:1; 5:1; Gen 39:7, 13, 19; 42:35; JosAs 11:1; 22:1; AscIs 3:2) Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15 v.l.; Lk 2:15; 5:1, 12, 17; 8:1, 22; 14:1.—Without the second καί (Jdth 2:4; 12:10; 13:12; 1 Macc 6:8; 7:2 v.l.; 9:23; Sus 28 Theod.; Bel 18 Theod.; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 1 [Stone p. 58] and 6 p. 109, 27 [Stone p. 66]; TestJob 31:1; JosAs 1:1; 3:1) Mt 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 1:9; 4:4; Lk 1:8, 23, 41, 59; 2:1, 6, 46; 6:12 al. At times it is followed by an inf. The phrase is usually omitted in translation; older versions transl. it came to pass.—Mlt. 16f; MJohannessohn, Das bibl. καὶ ἐγένετο u. s. Geschichte: ZVS 53, 1926, 161–212 (LXX); s. MDibelius, Gnomon 3, 1927, 446–50; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évangiles 1927, 189–99; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 29–62; JReiling, BT 16, ’65, 153–63; EDelebecque, Études grecques sur l’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65.

⑤ to experience a change in nature and so indicate entry into a new condition, become someth.

ⓐ w. nouns (Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915, p. 16, 5 θεὸς ἐγένου ἐξ ἀνθρώπου [IV/III]; Arrian, Anab. 5, 26, 5; Sir 51:2; 1 Esdr 4:26; Wsd 8:2; 4 Macc 16:6; En 103:11; Tat. 19, 2 τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονηταὶ γίνεσθε): ὅπως γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν that you may become sons of your father Mt 5:45; ποιήσω ὑμᾶς γενέσθαι ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων I will turn you into fishers of people Mk 1:17; a traitor Lk 6:16; friends 23:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 121); children of God J 1:12; children of light 12:36; a Christian Ac 26:29; apostle AcPlCor 2:4; a father Ro 4:18; a fool 1 Cor 3:18; a spectacle 4:9; a man, an adult 13:11 (Tob 1:9); a curse Gal 3:13. οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασεν γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα he did not exalt himself to be made high priest Hb 5:5; ἐγένετο ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ Σαμουήλ Samuel became (high priest) in his place GJs 10:2. W. double nom. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 3, 15 δράκων λίθος ἐγένετο; Quint. Smyrn. 12, 507; Bel 28; 4 Macc 18:7) οἱ λίθοι ἄρτοι γίνονται the stones turn into loaves Mt 4:3. τὸ αἵμα αὐτοῦ λίθον γεγενημένον GJs 24:3. ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (the reverse PBerl 13044, col. III, 28ff [UWilcken, SBBerlAk 1923, 161f] τί ποιῶν ἄν τις γένοιτο θεός;). τὸ ὕδωρ γενήσεται πηγή 4:14. ἡ περιτομὴ ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν Ro 2:25. ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ διάκονος I became a courier Col 1:23 (cp. Herodian 2, 6, 8 ἀνὴρ ἔπαρχος γενόμενος).—Also γ. εἴς τι (Menand., Peric. 49f Kö. [169f S.] τὸ κακὸν εἰς ἀγαθὸν ῥέπει γινόμενον; 1 Km 4:9; Jdth 5:18; 1 Macc 2:11, 43; 3:58; En 19:2 al.; B-D-F §145, 1): ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον it became a tree Lk 13:19; εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; Ac 4:11; 1 Pt 2:7 (all in ref. to Ps 117:22); εἰς χαρὰν γ. change (or, turn) into joy J 16:20. εἰς οὐδέν come to nothing Ac 5:36. εἰς παγίδα Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23); εἰς κενὸν γ. be done in vain 1 Th 3:5. εἰς ἄψινθον Rv 8:11. Cp. AcPl Ha 6, 6. Also w. γίνεσθαι omitted: εἰς κατάκριμα (sc. ἐγένετο τὸ κρίμα) Ro 5:18.

ⓑ used w. an adj. to paraphrase the passive (Jdth 11:11; 1 Esdr 7:3; 2 Macc 3:34; Sus 64 Theod.; En 103:9; Ath. 37, 1 πάντων ὑποχειρίων γιγνομένων): ἁπαλὸν γ. become tender Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28; ἀπειθῆ γ. Ac 26:19; ἀποσυνάγωγον γ. be expelled fr. the synagogue J 12:42; ἄφαντον γ. disappear Lk 24:31; σκωληκόβρωτον γ. be eaten by worms Ac 12:23; γνωστόν, φανερὸν γ. become known (Just., A I, 63, 6) Mk 6:14; Ac 1:19; 9:42; 19:17; 1 Cor 3:13; 14:25; Phil 1:13; δόκιμον γ. pass the test Js 1:12; ἑδραῖον γ. 1 Cor 15:58; ἔκδηλον γ. 2 Ti 3:9; AcPlCor 1:16; ἔξυπνον γ. Ac 16:27 (1 Esdr 3:3=Jos., Ant. 11:34); s. ἀπόπληκτος, ἐλεύθερος, ἐμφανής, ἔμφοβος, ἐνεργής, ἔντρομος, καθαρός, μέγας, περιδάκρυτος, περικρατής, πλήρης, πρηνής, τυφλός, ὑγιής, ὑπήκοος, ὑπόδικος, φανερός 1.

ⓒ w. ἐν of a state of being (Stoic. III 221, 16; Diod S 20, 62, 4 ἐν ἀνέσει γ.; Plut., Tit. Flam. 378 [16, 1] ἐν ὀργῇ γ.; Lucian, Tim. 28; PPetr II, 20; III, 12 [252 B.C.] ἐν ἐπισχέσει γ.; BGU 5 II, 19 ἐν νόσῳ; POxy 471 IV, 77f; 4 Km 9:20; 1 Macc 1:27 v.l.; Sus 8 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 320, Ant. 16, 372; Mel., P. 18 ἐν πόνοις … ἐν πληγαῖς etc.) ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ Lk 22:44. ἐν ἐκστάσει Ac 22:17. ἐν πνεύματι under the Spirit’s influence Rv 1:10; 4:2; AcPl Ha 6, 28. ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων be like human beings Phil 2:7. ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ, φόβῳ, τρόμῳ 1 Cor 2:3. ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:7. ἐν ἑαυτῷ γ. come to one’s senses (Soph., Phil. 950; X., An. 1, 5, 17; Polyb. 1, 49, 8; Chariton 3, 9, 11) Ac 12:11; γ. ἐν Χριστῷ be a Christian Ro 16:7. Cp. 7 below.

⑥ to make a change of location in space, move

ⓐ εἴς τι (Hdt. 5, 87 al.; Philo, Op. M. 86; 2 Macc 1:13; also ἐν: Just., A II, 9, 3 ἐγενόμεθα ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ τόπω): εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα γ. (Jos., Ant. 10, 42) Ac 20:16; 21:17; 25:15. εἰς τὸν ἀγρόν Hv 3, 1, 4. Of a voice: ἐγένετο εἰς τὰ ὦτά μου reached my ear Lk 1:44. Fig. (cp. Bar 4:28) of Abraham’s blessing εἰς τὰ ἔθνη come to the Gentiles Gal 3:14; cp. 2 Cor 8:14 (s. περίσσευμα 1, ὑστέρημα 1).

ⓑ ἔκ τινος (Job 28:2): γ. ἐκ μέσου be removed, Lat. e medio tolli (cp. Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 6 ἐκ μέσου γενομένων ἐκείνων; Plut., Timol. 238 [5, 3]; Achilles Tat. 2, 27, 2) 2 Th 2:7 (HFulford, ET 23, 1912, 40f: ‘leave the scene’). Of a voice fr. heaven: ἐκ τ. οὐρανῶν γ. sound forth fr. heaven (2 Macc 2:21; cp. Da 4:31 Theod.) Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; 9:35; cp. vs. 36.

ⓒ ἐπί τι: ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον go to the tomb Lk 24:22; ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμούς when he was at the steps Ac 21:35. Of fear that befalls someone (2 Macc 12:22) Lk 1:65; 4:36; Ac 5:5. Of ulcers: break out on someone Rv 16:2 (Ex 9:10f). Of divine commands: go out to someone Lk 3:2. ἐπί is somet. used w. the gen. (Appian, Liby. 93 §440; Alex. Aphr., Mixt. II 2 p. 213, 21) instead of the acc.: γενόμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου when he had arrived at the place 22:40 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 327, 18 ἐπὶ τ. τόπων γινόμενος).—J 6:21.

ⓓ w. κατά and gen. of place: τὸ γενόμενον ῥῆμα καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the message that has spread throughout all Judea Ac 10:37. W. acc. of place (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 15; Apollon. Paradox. 3 κατὰ τόπους γ.; Jos., Ant. I, 174; cp. 2 Macc 9:8): γενόμενος κατὰ τὸν τόπον Lk 10:32; γενόμενοι κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον Ac 27:7.

ⓔ w. πρός and acc. of the direction and goal (PLond III, 962, 1 p. 210 [III A.D.] γενοῦ πρὸς Ἄταϊν τὸν ποιμένα; PFlor 180, 45) 1 Cor 2:3; 2J 12. Of divine instructions be given to someone (Gen 15:1, 4; Jer 1:2, 11; 13:8; Ezk 6:1; Hos 1:1; cp. ἐπί w. acc.) J 10:35; Ac 7:31 v.l.; 10:13; 13:32.

ⓕ w. σύν and the dat. join someone (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 8; 2 Macc 13:13) Lk 2:13.

ⓖ w. ἐγγύς (X., An. 1, 8, 8, Cyr. 7, 1, 7; cp. γίν. πλησίον Philo, Mos. 1, 228; Jos., Ant. 4, 40): ἐγγὺς τοῦ πλοίου γίνεσθαι come close to the boat J 6:19. Fig. of the relation of believers to Christ: come near Eph 2:13.

ⓗ w. ὧδε come here J 6:25;

ⓘ ἔμπροσθέν τινος γ. J 1:15, 30 s. on ἔμπροσθεν 1bζ and ὀπίσω 2b.

⑦ to come into a certain state or possess certain characteristics, to be, prove to be, turn out to be (on relation to the forms of εἰμί [here and in 8–10] s. ALink, StKr 69, 1896, 420ff). Used w. the nom. (Wsd 16:3; Jdth 16:21; Sir 31:22; 1 Macc 3:58) γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι be prudent Mt 10:16. ἄκαρπος γίνεται 13:22; Mk 4:19.—W. other words: vs. 22; 9:50; Lk 1:2; 2:2; 6:36 and very oft. Freq. the dat. of advantage (dat. commodi) is added (1 Macc 10:47; 2 Macc 7:37; 4 Macc 6:28; 12:17): ἀγαπητόν τινι γ. be dear to someone 1 Th 2:8. ἀπρόσκοπον γ. τινι be inoffensive to someone 1 Cor 10:32; γ. τινι μαθητήν J 15:8; μισθαποδότην γ. τινι be a rewarder of someone Hb 11:6; γ. ὁδηγόν τινι Ac 1:16. Cp. παρηγορία, σημεῖον, τύπος.—γ. ὁμοθυμαδόν come together in unanimity or reach unanimity Ac 15:25.—τὶ γίνεταί τινί τι a thing results in someth. for someone τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγ. θάνατος; Ro 7:13. ἡ ἐξουσία πρόσκομμα τοῖς ἀσθενέσιν 1 Cor 8:9.—γίνομαι ὡς, ὥσπερ, ὡσεί τις (Ps 21:15; 31:9; 37:15; 82:11; 87:5 al.) be, become, show oneself like Mt 6:16; 10:25; 18:3; 28:4; Lk 22:26, 44; 1 Cor 4:13; 9:20f; Gal 4:12. καθὼς ἐγένετο … οὕτως ἔσται as it was … so it will be Lk 17:26, 28. οὐ χρὴ ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι this should not be so Js 3:10. ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως καὶ ἀμέμπτως ὑμῖν ἐγενήθημεν we proved/showed ourselves … toward you 1 Th 2:10.—In statements pert. to age (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 16 γεγονότα [sc. τὸν Πυθαγόραν] ἐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα; Demetr. of Phaleron [IV–III B.C.], Fgm. 153 Wehrli [’49]; Demetr: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 10, 50) ἐτῶν δώδεκα Lk 2:42; cp. 1 Ti 5:9.—Here prob. also belongs ἐγένετο γνώμης he decided Ac 20:3 (cp. Plut., Phoc. 752 [23, 4] ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γ.; Cass. Dio 61, 14 τ. ἐπιθυμίας γ.; Jos., Bell. 6, 287).

⑧ to be present at a given time, be there ([Ps.-]Jos., Ant. 18, 63) Mk 1:4; J 1:6, hence exist (Diod S 3, 52, 4 γέγονε γένη γυναικῶν=there have been nations of women; Appian, Maced. 18 §3 τὸ χρυσίον τὸ γιγνόμενον=the gold that was at hand; Bar 3:26; 2 Macc 10:24) Ro 11:5; 1J 2:18. ἐγένετο there lived Lk 1:5. ἔν τινι 2 Pt 2:1. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Rv 16:18 (Da 12:1 Theod.).

⑨ to be closely related to someone or someth., belong to

ⓐ gen. of the possessor (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 79 §336 a slave γεγένητο Πομπηίου=had belonged to Pompey: B-D-F §162, 7) belong to someone Lk 20:14, 33 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 83 §350 γυνὴ Κράσσου γεγενημένη=who had been the wife of [the younger] Crassus).

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. belong to someone (PPetr II, 40b, 7 [277 B.C.]; O. Wilck II, 1530, 2f [120 B.C.] τὸ γινόμενόν μοι=what belongs to me) of a woman ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ Ro 7:3f (cp. Ruth 1:12f; Dt 24:2).

ⓒ w. prep. μετά τινος (Josh 2:19) Ac 9:19; 20:18. οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his intimate friends Mk 16:10. πρός τινα be w. someone 1 Cor 16:10 ( make him [Timothy] feel quite at home with you Mft.) ὑπό τινα be under the authority of someone or someth. (1 Macc 10:38) Gal 4:4.

ⓓ Here perh. belongs ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται it is not a matter of private interpretation 2 Pt 1:20.

⑩ to be in or at a place, be in, be there

ⓐ ἔν τινι to designate one’s present or future place of residence (X., An. 4, 3, 29; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 4 §15 Ἀντώνιος ἐν Ἐφέσῳ γενόμενος; Aelian, VH 4, 15; Herodian 2, 2, 5; POxy 283, 11; 709, 6 ἐν Μένφει γενόμενος; PTebt 416, 3; BGU 731 II, 6 ἐν οἰκίᾳ μου; Num 11:35; Judg 17:4; 1 Ch 14:17; Jdth 5:7 al. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 18 Jac.) Mt 26:6; Mk 9:33; Ac 7:38; 13:5; 2 Ti 1:17; Rv 1:9; AcPl Ha 7, 23.

ⓑ w. adv.: ἐκεῖ (X., An. 6, 5, 20; 3 Km 8:8 v.l.; Jos., Ant. 10, 180) Ac 19:21. κατὰ μόνας Mk 4:10.—B. 637. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι. M-M. TW.

λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).

① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, word

ⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.

α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl³ μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).

β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).

γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).

δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.

ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).

ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.

② computation, reckoning

ⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.

ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.

ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.

ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).

ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.

ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).

③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG³ I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT⁴ ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 2⁴ 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (² ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.³ 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW.

* * *

I.:

[ gå i stå] stop ( fx he stopped in the middle of a sentence; the watch

(, clock) stopped; his heart stopped), come to a standstill ( fx

production (, operations) came to a standstill), come to a stop,

( langsomt) grind to a halt ( fx the train ground to a halt; when the strike began production ground to a halt);

( glemme hvad man skal (, vil) sige, T) get stuck, dry up ( fx he

dried up in the middle of his speech);

( om motor) stop, stall,

T conk out, go on the blink;

[ han er gået åndeligt i stå] he has come to a mental halt; he is

psychologically arrested;

[ sætte i stå] stop, bring ( fx industry) to a standstill.

II. vb (stod, stået)

(mods: sidde, ligge) stand ( fx I have been standing all day), be standing up;

(= være) be ( fx there is a tree in front of the house);

[ stå alene] be alone ( fx I was alone in the world);

[ stå og], se ndf;

[ som sagerne står] as matters stand;

[ stå stille], se II. stille;

[ uret står] the watch (, clock) has stopped;

( finde sted) take place ( fx when will the marriage take place?), be (

fx when is the marriage (to be)? there was a debate about it; there was a battle);

[ brylluppet stod i domkirken] the wedding took place (, F: was solemnized) in the cathedral;

[ brylluppet stod i London] the wedding took place (, F: was celebrated) in London;

[ der stod et slag]

( også) a battle was fought;

[ der står at...]

(i brev etc) it says that...;

[ det står 3-2]

( om sportskamp) the score is 3-2;

[ det står hos Byron, det står i avisen], se ndf;

[ med vb:]

[ sagen står og falder med...] the case stands or falls with...; the case hangs on...;

[ det hele står og falder med ham] it all depends on him; he is the kingpin of the whole undertaking;

[ kom som du står og går] come as you are;

[ det tøj jeg står og går i] the clothes I stand up in;

[ lade noget stå] let something stand,

(= lade det være i fred) leave something alone,

( ikke slette det) leave something in, keep something;

[ lade døren stå] leave the door open;

[ lade skægget stå], se I. skæg;

[ han stod og så på mig] he stood looking (el. and looked) at me;

[ stå og skulle til at] be about to, be on the point of -ing;

[ med sig:]

[ stå sig]

( hævde sig) hold one's own;

[ stå sig godt med] be on good terms with, stand well with;

[ kunne stå sig mod (el. over for) én] be a match for somebody;

[ stå sig ved] serve oneself well (, best) by, profit by;

[ jeg står mig ved at vente]

( også) it pays me to wait;

[ med præp & adv:]

[ stå `af]

(dvs af køretøj) get off,

( af hest, cykel) get off,

F dismount;

(dvs melde fra) opt out ( fx when they began to get violent I opted out);

[ stå af bussen]

(etc) get off the bus (etc);

[ stå af cyklen] get off one's bicycle,

F dismount from one's bicycle;

[ stå bag]

(dvs støtte) stand behind;

(dvs være ophavsmanden) be behind;

[ stå bag én]

(dvs støtte også) back somebody up;

[ det er ham der står bag ved]

(dvs er ophavsmanden) he is the one behind it all, he is the one who pulls the strings;

[ stå én bi] stand by somebody ( fx stand by one's friend),

F aid;

[ lykken står den kække bi] fortune favours the brave;

[ så det står efter] with a vengeance, like anything;

[ stå fast] stand firm;

[ det står fast at] it is an established fact that, the fact remains that;

[ stå fast på] insist on;

[ stå fast ved] stick to;

[ stå ` for] screen somebody (, something) from view,

( om flere) stand round somebody (, something) in a ring;

[` stå for]

( betyde) stand for ( fx what do the letters GATT stand for?),

(mene etc) stand for ( fx I don't know what he stands for),

( lede) be in charge of ( fx the arrangements), manage ( fx the

house);

[ kunne stå for] be able to resist ( fx they made him an offer he could not resist); stand up to ( fx this furniture will stand up to any amount of rough treatment; the theory will not (, did not) stand up to close examination);

[ kunne stå for kritik] be proof against criticism,

(om bog etc) pass muster;

[ hans ansigt står stadig for mig]

(dvs for mit indre blik) his face is still before me (el. still haunts me);

[ hun er ikke til at stå for] she is irresistible;

(se også skud);

[ stå foran] stand in front of;

[ når der står en vokal foran] when preceded by a vowel;

[ stå frem] stand forward,

( rage frem) stand out;

(se også ndf: stå ud);

[ stå frit]

( være uafhængig) be independent,

( have handlefrihed) have a free hand;

[ det står dig frit for] you can do it if you like;

[ det står dig frit for at] you are at liberty to ( fx accept the offer if you wish);

[ det står dig frit for om du vil gøre det eller ej] you can decide for yourself whether you will do it or not;

[ lade det stå hen] leave it open (el. undecided),

F leave it in abeyance;

[ som der står hos Byron] as Byron has it;

[ det står hos Byron] it is in Byron;

[ stå ` hos] stand by;

[ det står i avisen] it is (el. it says so) in the paper;

[ der står i avisen at han er her] it says in the paper (el. the paper says) that he is here;

[ det står i akkusativ] it is in the accusative;

[ aktierne står i pari] the shares are quoted at par;

[ pengene står i en bank] the money is (deposited) in a bank;

[ pengene står i landejendomme] the money is invested in landed property;

[huset stod ham i £50.000] the house cost him £50,000;

(se også blomst, I. fare, forhold, I. lue, I. lære, magt, vej);

[ stå noget igennem] come through something;

[ vi håber hun vil stå det igennem] we hope she will pull through;

[ stå ` imod] resist;

[ få noget (dvs at spise) til at stå imod med] have something to put one on;

[ lægge lidt penge til side til at stå imod med] put a little money away for a rainy day;

[ stå ind mod land] head for the shore;

[ stå inde for] answer for, vouch for,

(se også indestå);

[ stå lige], se III. lige;

[` stå op] stand, be standing up;

[ stå `op] stand up,

( af sengen) get up,

F rise ( fx rise with the sun),

( om solen, månen etc) rise;

[ stå op af døde, stå op fra de døde] rise from the dead;

[ stå op på] get up on ( fx the table),

F mount;

[ få noget op at stå]

(fig) get something off the ground; get something going;

[ få det op at stå]

( også) get the show on the road;

[ stå over]

( overvåge) stand over,

( være højere stillet end) be above,

( være bedre end) be superior to;

[ de der står over ham] his superiors;

[ stå over for] face, stand facing,

F be confronted by ( fx when he left the house he was confronted by a policeman),

(fig, om vanskeligheder etc) face ( fx growing opposition), be faced with ( fx a choice),

F be confronted by ( fx a difficult task);

( kunne se frem til) be able to look forward to ( fx we can now look forward to falling unemployment);

[ stå `på]

( stige ind) get up, get in;

[ barometeret står på regnvejr] the barometer is at rain;

[ den står på bøf hver dag] we (, they) have steak every day;

[ stå på cyklen] get on one's bicycle,

F mount one's bicycle;

[ en plade på hvilken der stod...] a tablet bearing the inscription...; a tablet on which was written...;

[ stå på et tog (, en bus etc)]

(dvs stige ind) get on a train (, bus etc), board a train (, bus etc);

[ termometeret står på 90ø] the thermometer stands at 90ø;

[ viseren står på 3] the hand points to 3;

[ stå på sin ret] stand on one's rights;

[ mens det stod `på] while it lasted, while it was going on;

[ mens forhandlingerne stod `på] during (, F: pending) the negotiations;

[ den side hvor vinden står `på] the windward side, the side exposed to the wind;

[ når solen står `på] when (it is) exposed to the sun;

(se også ben, hoved, pind, vagt);

[ stå sammen] stand together,

T stick together ( fx we must stick together);

[ stå stærkt (, svagt)] be in a strong (, weak) position;

[` stå til]

( passe til) go well with,

( om farver også) match;

[ mit håb står kun til dig] I set all my hopes on you;

[ han står til 4 år] he stands to get 4 years;

[ lade stå ` til]

( tage chancen) chance it,

( opgive ævred) let things slide;

[ hvordan står det til ( med dig, etc)?] how are you (etc)?

T how are you (etc) doing?

[ det står dårligt til] things are not (any) too good;

[ det står dårligt til med ham]

T he is in a bad way;

[ det står dårligt til med økonomien]

(dvs i landet) the economy is in a bad shape;

[ stå til søs (el. havs)] put to sea;

[ det står til ( Deres) disposition] it is at your disposal;

[ det står til dig at gøre det] it is up to you to do it;

[ hvis det stod til ham] if he had his way;

[ han står ikke til at redde] he is past praying for;

(se også regnskab);

[ stå tilbage]

( være til rest) be left,

F remain;

( i udvikling) be backward;

[ stå tilbage for] be inferior to, fall short of;

[ han står ikke tilbage for nogen] he is second to none;

[ stå ud]

(fx af vogn) get out,

( rage frem) stick out,

F project,

( iøjnefaldende) jut out,

F protrude;

[ stå ud af sengen] get out of bed;

[ stå ud fra land]

(mar) stand off the land;

[ stå udenfor]

(fig) have no part in it;

( være holdt ude) be left out;

[ stå under én]

( under éns kommando) be under (the command of) somebody,

( i rang) rank below somebody;

( være ringere end én) be inferior to somebody, be below somebody;

[ stå ved sit løfte] stand by one's promise;

[ han tør stå ved sine meninger] he has the courage of his convictions;

(se også magt, ror).

too much, far too much, a bit much, much too much.

too, much, too much, all too.

too much.

past participle of spanish verb: demasiarse.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (singular) too much; (plural) too many

■ tienes demasiados discos you've got too many records

■ hay demasiado pan there's too much bread

► adverbio

1 (modificador de adjetivo) too; (modificador de verbo) too much

■ es demasiado gordo he's too fat

■ bebes demasiado you drink too much

* * *