terminus

* * *

* * *

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

ab-do, ĭdi, ĭtum, 3, v. a. [2. do].

Lit., to put away, remove: and abdere se, to go away, betake one's self to some place:

ex conspectu eri sui se abdiderunt,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 5:

pedestres copias paulum ab eo loco abditas in locis superioribus constituunt,

removed, withdrawn, Caes. B. G. 7, 79, 2; so with ab:

ascensu abdito a conspectu,

Liv. 10, 14, 14:

procul ardentes hinc precor abde faces,

remove, Tib. 2, 1, 82.—The terminus ad quem is usually expressed by in with acc.:

abdidit se in intimam Macedoniam quo potuit longissime a castris,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 4; so,

se in contrariam partem terrarum,

id. Mur. 41, 89: se in classem, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 2:

se in Menapios,

to depart, Caes. B. G. 6, 5, 5:

In silvam Arduennam,

id. ib. 5, 3, 4:

exercitum in interiora,

to uithdraw, Vell. 2, 110, 3:

ea in insulam Seriphon abdita est (=ex humanā societate quasi expulsa),

banished, exiled, Tac. A. 2, 85:

se in bibliothecam,

i. e. to retire to, Cic. Fam. 7, 28; cf.:

se totum in litteras,

id. ib. 7, 33, 2.—Rarely with other prepositions or with local adv.: Audisne haec, Amphiaraë, sub terram abdite? Poët. (Att.?) ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 25, 60; so with sub, Lucr. 4, 419:

se rus,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 99:

se domum,

Cic. Pis. 38, 92:

se Arpinum,

id. Att. 9, 6, 1.

Transf., to hide, conceal, keep secret, etc. (syn.: occulto, recondo); constr. aliquid, without or with in and abl., with other prepositions, with abl. only, or dat., with a localadv.

Aliquid:

quae partes corporis... aspectum essent deformem habiturae, eas contexit atque abdidit (natura),

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 126:

amici tabellas,

id. Pis. 17, 39:

lacrimas, operire luctum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 6:

abduntur (delphini) occultanturque incognito more,

Plin. H. N. 9, 8, 7, § 22; cf.:

occultare et abdere pavorem,

Tac. H. 1, 88:

pugnare cupiebant, sed retro revocanda et abdenda cupiditas erat,

Liv. 2, 45, 7; so,

sensus suos penitus,

Tac. A. 1, 11:

aliquid dissimulata offensione,

id. ib. 3, 64. —

With in and abl.:

cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tenebris abdidisset,

Cic. Mil. 15, 40; cf.:

qui dispersos homines in agris et in tectis silvestribus abditos... compulit unum in locum,

id. Inr. 1, 2, 2:

abditi in tabernaculis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 4; cf.:

in silvis,

id. ib. 9, 19, 6:

penitus qui in ferrost abditus aër,

Lucr. 6, 1037 al. —

With other prepp.:

cultrum, quem sub veste abditum habebat,

Liv. 1, 58 fin.; cf. Ov. M. 10, 715:

ferrum carvo tenus hamo,

id. ib. 4, 719.—

With abl.:

caput cristatā casside,

Ov. M. 8, 25:

corpus corneā domo,

Phaedr. 2, 6, 5:

gladium sinu,

Tac. A. 5, 7:

latet abditus agro,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 5:

hunc (equum) abde domo,

Verg. G. 3, 96:

ita se litteris abdiderunt, at, etc.,

Cic. Arch. 6, 12; v. Halm ad h. l.—

With dat. ( poet.):

lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem,

he baried, Verg. A. 2, 553.—

With local adv.:

corpus humi,

Flor. 4, 12, 38.—Hence, abditus, a, um, P. a., hidden, concealed, secreted, secret (syn.: reconditus, abscontlitus, occultus, retrusus): sub terram abditi, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 25, 60:

vis abdita quaedum,

Lucr. 5, 1233:

res occultae et penitus abditae,

Cic. N. D. 1, 19:

sunt innumerabiles de his rebus libri neque abditi neque obscuri,

id. de Or. 2, 20, 84: haec esse penitus in mediā philosophiā;

retrusa atque abdita,

id. ib. 1, 19, 87 al.: oppida, remote, Cod. Th. 15, 1, 14. — Comp. abditior, Aug. Conf. 5, 5; 10, 10. —Sup. abditissimus, Aug. Enchir. c. 16. —

In the neutr.: abdĭtum, i, subst.:

terrai abdita,

Lucr. 6, 809; so,

abdita rerum (=abditae res),

Hor. A.P. 49:

in abdito coire,

in concealment, secretly, Plin. 8, 5, 5, § 13. — Adv.: abdĭtē secretly:

latuisse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 73, § 181; Ambros. Job et Dav. 1, 9, 29.

ab-do, ĭdi, ĭtum, 3, v. a. [2. do].

Lit., to put away, remove: and abdere se, to go away, betake one's self to some place:

ex conspectu eri sui se abdiderunt,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 5:

pedestres copias paulum ab eo loco abditas in locis superioribus constituunt,

removed, withdrawn, Caes. B. G. 7, 79, 2; so with ab:

ascensu abdito a conspectu,

Liv. 10, 14, 14:

procul ardentes hinc precor abde faces,

remove, Tib. 2, 1, 82.—The terminus ad quem is usually expressed by in with acc.:

abdidit se in intimam Macedoniam quo potuit longissime a castris,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 4; so,

se in contrariam partem terrarum,

id. Mur. 41, 89: se in classem, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 2:

se in Menapios,

to depart, Caes. B. G. 6, 5, 5:

In silvam Arduennam,

id. ib. 5, 3, 4:

exercitum in interiora,

to uithdraw, Vell. 2, 110, 3:

ea in insulam Seriphon abdita est (=ex humanā societate quasi expulsa),

banished, exiled, Tac. A. 2, 85:

se in bibliothecam,

i. e. to retire to, Cic. Fam. 7, 28; cf.:

se totum in litteras,

id. ib. 7, 33, 2.—Rarely with other prepositions or with local adv.: Audisne haec, Amphiaraë, sub terram abdite? Poët. (Att.?) ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 25, 60; so with sub, Lucr. 4, 419:

se rus,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 99:

se domum,

Cic. Pis. 38, 92:

se Arpinum,

id. Att. 9, 6, 1.

Transf., to hide, conceal, keep secret, etc. (syn.: occulto, recondo); constr. aliquid, without or with in and abl., with other prepositions, with abl. only, or dat., with a localadv.

Aliquid:

quae partes corporis... aspectum essent deformem habiturae, eas contexit atque abdidit (natura),

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 126:

amici tabellas,

id. Pis. 17, 39:

lacrimas, operire luctum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 6:

abduntur (delphini) occultanturque incognito more,

Plin. H. N. 9, 8, 7, § 22; cf.:

occultare et abdere pavorem,

Tac. H. 1, 88:

pugnare cupiebant, sed retro revocanda et abdenda cupiditas erat,

Liv. 2, 45, 7; so,

sensus suos penitus,

Tac. A. 1, 11:

aliquid dissimulata offensione,

id. ib. 3, 64. —

With in and abl.:

cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tenebris abdidisset,

Cic. Mil. 15, 40; cf.:

qui dispersos homines in agris et in tectis silvestribus abditos... compulit unum in locum,

id. Inr. 1, 2, 2:

abditi in tabernaculis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 4; cf.:

in silvis,

id. ib. 9, 19, 6:

penitus qui in ferrost abditus aër,

Lucr. 6, 1037 al. —

With other prepp.:

cultrum, quem sub veste abditum habebat,

Liv. 1, 58 fin.; cf. Ov. M. 10, 715:

ferrum carvo tenus hamo,

id. ib. 4, 719.—

With abl.:

caput cristatā casside,

Ov. M. 8, 25:

corpus corneā domo,

Phaedr. 2, 6, 5:

gladium sinu,

Tac. A. 5, 7:

latet abditus agro,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 5:

hunc (equum) abde domo,

Verg. G. 3, 96:

ita se litteris abdiderunt, at, etc.,

Cic. Arch. 6, 12; v. Halm ad h. l.—

With dat. ( poet.):

lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem,

he baried, Verg. A. 2, 553.—

With local adv.:

corpus humi,

Flor. 4, 12, 38.—Hence, abditus, a, um, P. a., hidden, concealed, secreted, secret (syn.: reconditus, abscontlitus, occultus, retrusus): sub terram abditi, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 25, 60:

vis abdita quaedum,

Lucr. 5, 1233:

res occultae et penitus abditae,

Cic. N. D. 1, 19:

sunt innumerabiles de his rebus libri neque abditi neque obscuri,

id. de Or. 2, 20, 84: haec esse penitus in mediā philosophiā;

retrusa atque abdita,

id. ib. 1, 19, 87 al.: oppida, remote, Cod. Th. 15, 1, 14. — Comp. abditior, Aug. Conf. 5, 5; 10, 10. —Sup. abditissimus, Aug. Enchir. c. 16. —

In the neutr.: abdĭtum, i, subst.:

terrai abdita,

Lucr. 6, 809; so,

abdita rerum (=abditae res),

Hor. A.P. 49:

in abdito coire,

in concealment, secretly, Plin. 8, 5, 5, § 13. — Adv.: abdĭtē secretly:

latuisse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 73, § 181; Ambros. Job et Dav. 1, 9, 29.

altus, a, um, participle from alo., lit., grown or become great, great (altus ab alendo dictus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 7 Müll.; cf. the Germ. gross with the Engl. grow), a polar word meaning both high and deep.

Seen from below upwards, high.

Lit.: IN ALTOD MARID PVCNANDOD, etc., Columna Duilii; so, maria alta, Liv. Andron. ap. Macr. S. 6, 5, 10; id. ib. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P.: aequor, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 23 Müll.: parietes, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44:

sub ramis arboris altae,

Lucr. 2, 30:

acervus,

id. 3, 198 al.:

columellam tribus cubitis ne altiorem,

Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 66:

altior illis Ipsa dea est colloque tenus supereminet omnes,

taller, Ov. M. 3, 181:

altis de montibus,

Verg. E. 1, 83:

umbras Altorum nemorum,

Ov. M. 1, 591 al. —With the acc. of measure:

clausi lateribus pedem altis,

a foot high, Sall. H. Fragm. 4, 39 Gerl.; cf. Lind. C. Gr. I. p. 215.—With gen.:

triglyphi alti unius et dimidiati moduli, lati in fronte unius moduli,

Vitr. 4, 3:

majorem turrim altam cubitorum CXX.,

id. 10, 5:

alta novem pedum,

Col. 8, 14, 1:

singula latera pedum lata tricenum, alta quinquagenum,

Plin. 36, 13, 19, § 4.—

Trop., high, lofty, elevated, great, magnanimous, high-minded, noble, august, etc.:

altissimus dignitatis gradus,

Cic. Phil. 1, 6, 14; so id. Clu. 55; id. Dom. 37.—Of mind or thought:

te natura excelsum quendam videlicet et altum et humana despicientem genuit,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 11:

homo sapiens et altā mente praeditus,

highminded, id. Mil. 8:

qui altiore animo sunt,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57 al. —So of gods, or persons elevated in birth, rank, etc.;

also of things personified: rex aetheris altus Juppiter,

Verg. A. 12, 140:

Apollo,

id. ib. 10, 875:

Caesar,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 37:

Aeneas, i. e. deā natus,

id. S. 2, 5, 62:

Roma,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 33:

Carthago,

Prop. 2, 1, 23 al. —Of the voice, high, shrill, loud, clear:

Conclamate iterum altiore voce,

Cat. 42, 18:

haec fatus altā voce,

Sen. Troad. 196:

altissimus sonus,

Quint. 11, 3, 23 (cf.:

vox magna,

Ov. Tr. 4, 9, 24; Juv. 4, 32).— Subst.: altum, i, n., a height:

sic est hic ordo (senatorius) quasi propositus atque editus in altum,

on high, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 98:

aedificia in altum edita,

Tac. H. 3, 71:

quidquid in altum Fortuna tulit, ruitura levat,

Sen. Agam. 100.—Esp.

(Sc. caelum.) The height of heaven, high heaven, the heavens:

ex alto volavit avis,

Enn. Ann. 1, 108:

haec ait, et Maiā genitum demisit ab alto,

Verg. A. 1, 297.—Still more freq.,

(Sc. mare.) The high sea, the deep, the sea: rapit ex alto navīs velivolas, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 224:

ubi sumus provecti in altum, capiunt praedones navem illam, ubi vectus fui,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 39; so id. Men. 1, 2, 2; id. Rud. prol. 66; 2, 3, 64:

terris jactatus et alto,

Verg. A. 1, 3:

in altum Vela dabant,

id. ib. 1, 34:

collectae ex alto nubes,

id. G. 1, 324:

urget ab alto Notus,

id. ib. 1, 443 al.:

alto mersā classe,

Sil. 6, 665:

ab illā parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32:

in alto jactari,

id. Inv. 2, 31, 95:

naves nisi in alto constitui non poterant,

Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

naves in altum provectae,

id. ib. 4, 28: scapha in altum navigat, Sall. Fragm.—So in the plur.:

alta petens,

Verg. A. 7, 362.— Trop.:

quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 6:

imbecillitas... in altum provehitur imprudens,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 42:

te quasi quidam aestus ingenii tui in altum abstraxit,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

Seen from above downwards, deep, profound.

Lit. (hence sometimes opp. summus): Acherusia templa alta Orci, salvete, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 2, 81; Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 48:

quom ex alto puteo sursum ad summum escenderis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 14:

altissimae radices,

Cic. Phil. 4, 5:

altae stirpes,

id. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

altissima flumina,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77:

altior aqua,

id. ib. 1, 25:

alta theatri Fundamenta,

Verg. A. 1, 427:

gurgite in alto,

in the deep whirlpool, id. E. 6, 76:

altum vulnus,

id. A. 10, 857; Petr. 136; Sen. Troad. 48:

altum totā metitur cuspide pectus,

Sil. 4, 292; so id. 6, 580 al.:

unde altior esset Casus,

Juv. 10, 106.—With the abl. of measure:

faciemus (scrobes) tribus pedibus altas,

Pall. Jan. 10, 3.—

Trop. (more freq. in and after the Aug. per.), deep, profound:

somno quibus est opus alto,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 8; so Liv. 7, 35:

sopor,

Verg. A. 8, 27:

quies,

id. ib. 6, 522:

silentium,

id. ib. 10, 63; Quint. 10, 3, 22:

altissima tranquillitas,

Plin. Ep. 2, 1:

altissima eruditio,

id. ib. 4, 30:

altiores artes,

Quint. 8, 3, 2.— Subst.: altum, i, n., the depth, i. e. what is deep or far removed:

ex alto dissimulare,

Ov. Am. 2, 4, 16:

non ex alto venire nequitiam, sed summo, quod aiunt, animo inhaerere,

Sen. Ira, 1, 16 med. al.—Hence, ex alto repetere, or petere, in discourse, to bring from far; as P. a., farfetched:

quae de nostris officiis scripserim, quoniam ex alto repetita sunt,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5:

quid causas petis ex alto?

Verg. A. 8, 395 (cf.:

alte repetere in the same sense,

Cic. Sest. 13; id. Rep. 4, 4, and v. al. infra).—

Poet., in reference to a distant (past) time: cur vetera tam ex alto appetissis discidia, Agamemno? Att. ap. Non. 237, 22 (altum: vetus, antiquum, Non.); cf. Verg. G. 4, 285.—With the access. idea of venerable (cf. antiquus), ancient, old:

genus alto a sanguine Teucri,

Verg. A. 6, 500:

Thebanā de matre nothum Sarpedonis alti,

id. ib. 9, 697;

genus Clauso referebat ab alto,

Ov. F. 4, 305:

altā gente satus,

Val. Fl. 3, 202:

altis inclitum titulis genus,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 338.— Adv.: altē, and very rarely altum, high, deep (v. supra, altus, P. a. init.).

High, on high, high up, from on high, from above (v. altus, P. a., A.).

Lit.:

alte ex tuto prospectum aucupo,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 188 Rib.:

colomen alte geminis aptum cornibus,

id. ib. p. 221:

alte jubatos angues,

Naev. ib. p. 9:

jubar erigere alte,

Lucr. 4, 404:

roseā sol alte lampade lucens,

id. 5, 610:

in vineā ficos subradito alte, ne eas vitis scandat,

Cato, R. R. 50:

cruentum alte extollens pugionem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 12, 28: non animadvertis cetarios escendere in malum alte, ut perspiciant pisces? Varr. ap. Non. 49, 15:

(aër) tollit se ac rectis ita faucibus eicit alte,

Lucr. 6, 689:

dextram Entellus alte extulit,

Verg. A. 5, 443:

alte suras vincire cothurno,

high up, id. ib. 1, 337:

puer alte cinctus,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 10, and Sen. Ep. 92:

unda alte subjectat arenam,

Verg. G. 3, 240:

Nihil tam alte natura constituit, quo virtus non possit eniti,

Curt. 7, 11, 10: alte maesti in terram cecidimus, from on high, Varr. ap. Non. 79, 16:

eo calcem cribro succretam indito alte digitos duo,

to the height of two fingers, Cato, R. R. 18, 7; so Col. R. R. 5, 6, 6.— Comp.:

quae sunt humiliora neque se tollere a terrā altius possunt,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37:

tollam altius tectum,

id. Har. Resp. 15, 33:

altius praecincti,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 5:

pullus in arvis altius ingreditur,

Verg. G. 3, 75:

caput altius effert,

id. ib. 3, 553:

altius atque cadant imbres,

id. E. 6, 38 ubi v. Forb.:

altius aliquid tenere,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 5.— Sup.: [p. 96] cum altissime volāsset (aquila), Suet. Aug. 94.—

Trop.:

alte natus,

Albin. 1, 379 (cf.: altus Aeneas, supra, P. a., A. II.):

alte enim cadere non potest,

Cic. Or. 28, 98:

video te alte spectare,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 82; id. Rep. 6, 23, 25.— Comp.:

altius se efferre,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25; 3, 3, 4:

altius irae surgunt ductori,

Verg. A. 10, 813:

altius aliquid agitare,

Cels. 1 prooem.:

attollitur vox altius,

Quint. 11, 3, 65:

verbis altius atque altius insurgentibus,

id. 8, 4, 27.— Sup.:

Ille dies virtutem Catonis altissime illuminavit,

Vell. 2, 35:

ingenium altissime adsurgit,

Plin. Ep. 8, 4.—

Deep, deeply (v. altus, P. a. B.).

Lit.:

ablaqueato ficus non alte,

Cato, R. R. 36:

ferrum haud alte in corpus descendere,

Liv. 1, 41:

alte vulnus adactum,

Verg. A. 10, 850; Ov. M. 6, 266; Curt. 4, 6, 18; Cels. 5, 26, 30:

timidum caput abdidit alte,

Verg. G. 3, 422:

alte consternunt terram frondes,

deeply strew, id. A. 4, 443:

ut petivit Suspirium alte!

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 58 (cf.:

ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo,

Verg. A. 1, 485):

inter cupam pertundito alte digitos primorīs tres,

Cato, R. R. 21, 2:

minimum alte pedem,

Col. de Arb. 30.— Comp.:

ne radices altius agant,

Col. 5, 6, 8:

terra altius effossa,

Quint. 10, 3, 2:

cum sulcus altius esset impressus,

Cic. Div. 2, 23, 50:

frigidus imber Altius ad vivum persedit, Verg G. 3, 441: tracti altius gemitus,

Sen. Ira, 3, 4, 2.— Sup.:

(latronibus gladium) altissime demergo,

App. M. 2, 32.—

Trop., deeply, profoundly, far, from afar:

privatus ut altum Dormiret,

Juv. 1, 16:

alte terminus haerens,

Lucr. 1, 77:

longo et alte petito prooemio respondere,

Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

ratio alte petita,

Quint. 11, 1, 62:

alte et a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18; id. Rep. 4, 4, 4; id. Sest. 13, 31.— Comp.:

qui altius perspiciebant,

had a deeper insight, Cic. Verr. 1, 7, 19:

quae principia sint, repetendum altius videtur,

must be sought out more deeply, id. Off. 1, 16:

altius repetitae causae,

Quint. 11, 1, 62:

de quo si paulo altius ordiri ac repetere memoriam religionis videbor,

Cic. Verr. 4, 105:

Hisce tibi in rebus latest alteque videndum,

Lucr. 6, 647:

altius supprimere iram,

Curt. 6, 7, 35:

altius aliquem percellere,

Tac. A. 4, 54:

altius metuere,

id. ib. 4, 41:

altius animis maerere,

id. ib. 2, 82:

cum verbum aliquod altius transfertur,

Cic. Or. 25, 82:

Altius omnem Expediam primā repetens ab origine famam,

Verg. G. 4, 285;

so,

Tac. H. 4, 12:

altius aliquid persequi,

Plin. 2, 23, 31, § 35:

hinc altius cura serpit,

id. 4, 11, 13, § 87.— Sup.:

qui vir et quantus esset, altissime inspexi,

Plin. Ep. 5, 15, 5.

altus, ūs, m. [alo], a nourishing, support:

terrae altu,

Macr. S. 1, 20 fin.

bis, adv. num. [for duis, from duo; like bellum from duellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66 Müll.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 153, and the letter B], twice, at two times, on two occasions, in two ways, = dis (very freq. in prose and poetry).

In gen.:

inde ad nos elisa bis advolat (imago),

Lucr. 4, 315; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 6; Hor. Epod. 5, 33; id. A. P. 358; 440; Verg. A. 6, 32; Ov. M. 4, 517 al.:

non semel sed bis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 77, § 179:

semel aut bis,

Quint. 11, 2, 34:

bis ac saepius,

id. 10, 5, 7; Nep. Thras. 2, 5:

bis mori,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 15: bis consul, who has been twice consul in all (diff. from iterum consul, who is a second time consul), Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 13; id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; Liv. 23, 30, 15; 23, 31, 6; 23, 34, 15; 25, 5, 3; cf. Val. Max. 4, 1, 3; Suet. Ner. 35.—Sometimes (among later writers) for iterum, now a second time:

bis consul,

Mart. 10, 48, 20; Prid. Kal. Febr.; Coll. Leg. Mos. et Rom. 1, § 11.—

Bis is followed by,

Semel... iterum, Cic. Dom. 52, 134:

bis dimicavit: semel ad Dyrrhachium, iterum in Hispaniā,

Suet. Caes. 36; so id. Aug. 25; id. Tib. 6; 72; id. Claud. 6; cf. Wolf, ejusd. id. Tib. 6.—

Primo... rursus, Suet. Aug. 17; 28.—

Et rursus, without a preceding primo, Suet. Aug. 22; id. Tib. 48.—

Transf., doubly, twofold, in two ways, in a twofold manner:

bis periit amator, ab re atque animo simul,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 26: nam qui amat cui odio ipsus est, bis facere stulte duco;

laborem inanem ipsus capit, et illi molestiam adfert,

Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 8 sq.:

in unā civitate bis improbus fuisti, cum et remisisti quod non oportebat, et accepisti quod non licebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

in quo bis laberis, primum, quod... deinde, quod, etc.,

id. Phil. 8, 4, 13:

inopi beneficium bis dat qui dat celeriter, Publ. Syr. v. 235 Rib.: bis gratum est,

id. v. 44 ib.:

bis est mori alterius arbitrio mori,

id. v. 50 ib.—

Particular connections.

Bis in die, mense, anno, etc., or bis die, mense, anno, etc., twice a day, month, year, etc.; cf. Suet. Aug. 31 Oud.; id. Galb. 4; id. Vit. Ter. 2:

bis in die,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 35, 100; Cato, R. R. 26; 87:

bis die,

Tib. 1, 3, 31; Verg. E. 3, 34; Hor. C. 4, 1, 25; Cels. 1, 1; 1, 8; 3, 27, n. 2; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 146; cf.

cotidie,

Liv. 44, 16, 5:

in mense,

Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 59; Suet. Aug. 35:

in anno,

Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 7:

anno,

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 184.—

With other numerals, and particularly with distributives (class. in prose and poetry):

bis binos,

Lucr. 5, 1299; Cic. N. D. 2, 18, 49:

bis quinos dies,

Verg. A. 2, 126; Mart. 10, 75, 3; Ov. F. 3, 124:

bis senos dies,

Verg. E. 1, 44:

bis septeni,

Plin. 8, 36, 54, § 127:

bis octoni,

Ov. M. 5, 50:

bis deni,

Verg. A. 1, 381; Prop. 2 (3), 9, 3; Mart. 9. 78:

bis quinquageni,

id. 12, 67: bis milies, Liv. 38, 55, 12; Auct. B. Afr. 90; Val. Max. 3, 7, 1.—

Esp., with cardinal numbers to express twice a given number (in the poets very freq., but not in prose):

bis mille sagittae,

Lucr. 4, 408; so Hor. Epod. 9, 17: bis sex, Varr. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31, p. 354 Lion.; Verg. A. 11, 9:

bis quinque viri,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 24; Ov. M. 8, 500; 8, 579; 11, 96:

bis trium ulnarum toga,

Hor. Epod. 4, 8:

duo,

Ov. M. 13, 642:

centum,

id. ib. 5, 208 and 209;

12, 188: quattuor,

id. ib. 12, 15:

sex,

id. ib. 6, 72; 6, 571; 4, 220; 12, 553; 12, 554;

15, 39: septem,

id. ib. 11, 302:

novem,

id. ib. 14, 253 al.—

Bis terve, two or three times, very rarely:

a te bis terve summum et eas perbrevis (litteras) accepi,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

quem bis terve bonum cum risu miror,

Hor. A. P. 358.—

Bis terque, several times, repeatedly, Mart. 4, 82, 3; cf.:

stulte bis terque,

utterly, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 6. —

Bis tanto or tantum, twice as great, twice as much:

bis tanto amici sunt inter se quam prius,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 62; id. Men. 4, 3, 6; id. Merc. 2, 2, 26:

bis tantum quam tuus fundus reddit,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 15:

Tartarus ipse Bis patet in praeceps tantum, quantus, etc.,

Verg. A. 6, 578.—

Bis ad eundem (sc.: lapidem offendi, as in Aus. Ep. 11 med.);

prov.,

to commit the same error twice, Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2.—

Bis minus, in an old enigma in Gell. 12, 6, 2, whose solution is Terminus (ter-minus): semel minusne an bis minus, non sat scio: at utrumque eorum, ut quondam audivi dicier, Jovi ipsi regi noluit concedere.

dis, loses the s: biceps, bidens, bifer, bigener, bijugus, bilix, etc.;

hence bissenus,

Sen. Agam. 812; id. Herc. Fur. 1282; Stat. Th. 3, 574;

and bisseni,

id. ib. 12, 811; Aus. Monos. Idyll. 12, and Prud. Cath. 12, 192, are better written as two words: bis senus (seni); so either bisextus, or as two words, bis sextus (Stat. S. 4, 1, 9); v. bisextus.

cĭĕo, cīvi, cĭtum, 2 (from the primitive form cĭo, cīre, prevailing in the compounds accio, excio, etc. (cf. Prisc. pp. 865, 905, and 908 P.), are also found: pres. cio, Mart. 4, 90, 4:

cit,

Verg. Cul. 201; Col. 6, 5, 1 Schneid.:

cimus,

Lucr. 1, 213; 5, 211:

ciunt,

Lact. Ep. 4 dub.:

ciant,

App. Flor. 2, n. 17, p. 358; Mart. Cap. 1, § 91: ciuntur, id. de Mundo, 22, p. 67), v. a. [kindr. with kiô, to go; and by the addition of the causative signif. like kineô, causative from kiô; v. 1. ci.].

Lit., to put in motion; hence, to move, stir, shake (syn.: moveo, commoveo, concito, excito al.;

class. in prose and poetry): calcem,

to make a move in the game of chess, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 86:

natura omnia ciens et agitans,

Cic. N. D. 3, 11, 27: inanimum est omne, quod pulsu agitatur externo;

quod autem est animal, id motu cietur interiore et suo,

id. Tusc. 1, 23, 54 (for which, in the same chapter, several times movere; cf. also id. N. D. 2, 9, 23):

remos,

Stat. Th. 6, 801:

imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo,

stirs up, Verg. A. 2, 419:

puppes sinistrorsum citae,

Hor. Epod. 9, 20.—

In judic. lang. t. t.:

ciere erctum (lit. to put in motion, i. e.),

to divide the inheritance, Cic. de Or. 1, 56, 237; cf. erctum.—

Trop., to put in motion, to rouse up, disturb: natura maris per se immobilis est, et venti et aurae cient, Liv. 28, 27, 11:

saltum canibus ciere,

Lucr. 5, 1250: fontes et stagna, Cic. poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15:

tonitru caelum omne ciebo,

Verg. A. 4, 122:

loca sonitu cientur,

Lucr. 4, 608; cf.:

reboat raucum regio cita barbara bombum,

id. 4, 544 Lachm. N. cr. —

With reference to the terminus ad quem, to move, excite, or call to ( poet. or in Aug. and post-Aug. prose for the common accire):

ad sese aliquem,

Cat. 68, 88:

ad arma,

Liv. 5, 47, 4; Sil. 7, 43:

in pugnam,

id. 4, 272:

armatos ad pugnam,

Vell. 2, 6, 6:

aere ciere viros,

Verg. A. 6, 165:

quos e proximis coloniis ejus rei fama civerat,

Tac. A. 15, 33:

aliquem in aliquem,

id. H. 1, 84, 5:

ab ultimis subsidiis cietur miles (sc. in primam aciem),

Liv. 9, 39, 8:

ille cieri Narcissum postulat,

Tac. A. 11, 30.—

To call upon for help, to invoke; of invoking superior beings:

nocturnos manes,

Verg. A. 4, 490:

luctificam Alecto dirarum ab sede sororum,

id. ib. 7, 325:

vipereasque ciet Stygiā de valle sorores (i. e. Furias),

Ov. M. 6, 662:

numina nota ciens,

Val. Fl. 4, 549:

foedera et deos,

Liv. 22, 14, 7.—

In gen., to call upon any one by name, to mention by name:

erum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 11:

comites magnā voce,

Lucr. 4, 578:

animamque sepulcro Condimus et magnā supremum voce ciemus,

Verg. A. 3, 68:

lamentatione flebili majores suos ciens ipsumque Pompeium,

Tac. A. 3, 23:

singulos nomine,

id. ib. 2, 81; so Suet. Ner. 46: triumphum nomine ciere, i. e. to call Io triumphe! Liv. 45, 38, 12.—Hence,

In a civil sense: patrem, to name one ' s father, i. e. show one ' s free birth, Liv. 10, 8, 10.—

To put any course of action in progress or any passion in motion, i. e. to excite, stimulate, rouse, to produce, effect, cause, occasion, begin (very freq., esp. in poetry):

solis uti varios cursus lunaeque meatus Noscere possemus quae vis et causa cierent,

Lucr. 5, 773:

motus,

id. 3, 379; Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 20:

varias voces,

Lucr. 5, 1059:

lamenta virum commoliri atque ciere,

id. 6, 242 Lachm. N. cr.:

tinnitus aere,

Cat. 64, 262; Verg. G. 4, 64 (cie tinnitus):

singultus ore,

Cat. 64, 131:

gemitus,

Verg. G. 3, 517:

fletus,

id. A. 3, 344:

lacrimas,

id. ib. 6, 468:

mugitus,

id. ib. 12, 103:

murmur,

id. G. 1, 110; Liv. 9, 7, 3:

bellum,

id. 5, 37, 2; Vell. 2, 54; Tac. H. 3, 41 fin.; Verg. A. 1, 541:

belli simulacra,

id. ib. 5, 674:

seditiones,

Liv. 4, 52, 2:

tumultum,

id. 28, 17, 16; 41, 24, 18:

vires intimas molemque belli,

Tac. A. 15, 2 fin.; cf. id. H. 3, 1:

pugnam,

Liv. 1, 12, 2; 2, 47, 1; 9, 22, 7; Tac. A. 3, 41:

proelium,

Liv. 2, 19, 10; 4, 33, 3; 7, 33, 12;

10, 28, 8: Martem,

Verg. A. 9, 766:

acies, stragem,

id. ib. 6, 829; cf. Liv. 22, 39, 7:

rixam,

Vell. 1, 2 al. —

In medic.:

alvum,

to cause evacuation, Plin. 20, 9, 38, § 96:

urinam,

id. 27, 7, 28, § 48:

menses,

to cause menstruation, id. 26, 15, 90, § 151 sq. al.—Hence, cĭtus, a, um, P. a., lit. put in motion; hence, quick, swift, rapid (opp. tardus, Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216; Sall. C. 15, 5; class.; esp. freq. in poetry;

rare in Cic.): ad scribendum citus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 86:

quod jubeat citis quadrigis citius properet persequi,

id. Aul. 4, 1, 14; Verg. A. 8, 642:

bigae,

Cat. 55, 26:

puppis,

id. 64, 6; Tib. 4, 1, 69:

classis,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 24:

navis,

Ov. M. 15, 732; Tac. A. 2, 6:

axis,

Ov. M. 2, 75:

fugae,

id. ib. 1, 543:

plantae,

id. ib. 10, 591:

incessus,

Sall. C. 15, 5:

via,

Liv. 33, 48, 1:

venator,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 18:

cum militibus,

Tac. A. 11, 1:

legionibus,

id. ib. 14, 26:

agmine,

id. ib. 1, 63;

4, 25: cohortes,

id. ib. 12, 31:

mors,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 29; id. S. 1, 1, 8:

pes, i. e. iambus,

id. A. P. 252.— Comp.: nullam ego rem citiorem apud homines esse quam famam reor, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Fest. p. 61 Müll.; Val. Max. 3, 8, ext. 1.— Sup., Quint. 6, 4, 14 dub.; v. Spald. and Zumpt in h. l.—

In the poets very freq. (also a few times in Tac.) instead of the adv. cito:

citi ad aedis venimus Circae, Liv. And. ap. Fest. s. v. topper, p. 352, 6 Müll.: equites parent citi,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 88; id. Stich. 2, 2, 70; Lucr. 1, 386:

somnus fugiens citus abiit,

Cat. 63, 42: solvite vela citi, Verg, A. 4, 574; cf. id. ib. 9, 37; 12, 425; Hor. S. 1, 10, 92; cf. id. C. 3, 7, 27:

ite citi,

Ov. M. 3, 562; Tac. H. 2, 40:

si citi advenissent,

id. A. 12, 12.—Hence,

cĭto, adv.

Quickly, speedily, soon (freq. in prose and poetry of all periods):

quam tarda es! non vis citius progredi?

Phaedr. 3, 6, 2; [p. 331] Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 44:

eloquere,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 83:

abi cito et suspende te,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 20; 3, 1, 16:

labascit victus uno verbo: quam cito!

id. Eun. 1, 2, 98:

quod eum negasti, qui non cito quid didicisset, umquam omnino posse perdiscere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 36, 146; cf. Hor. A. P. 335; Quint. 12, 8, 3; 11, 2, 2; 10, 6, 2:

non multum praestant sed cito,

id. 1, 3, 4 et saep.: sat cito si sat bene, a moral saying of Cato in Hier. Ep. 66, n. 9:

cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris,

Phaedr. 3, 14, 10:

ad paenitendum properat cito qui judicat, Publ. Syr. Sent. 6: scribere,

Quint. 10, 3, 10:

nimis cito diligere,

Cic. Lael. 21, 78:

cito absolvere, tarde condemnare,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26.— Comp.:

citius,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 14; Pers. 3, 3, 31; Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 23; Lucr. 1, 557; 2, 34; Cic. Sen. 2, 4:

Noto citius, Verg.A.5, 242 et saep.: dicto,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 80; Verg. A. 1, 142:

supremā die, i. e. ante supremam diem,

Hor. C. 1, 13, 20:

serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam (for which serius ocius,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26), sooner or later, Ov. M. 10, 33.— Sup.:

citissime,

Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. al.—

With the negative, sometimes equivalent to non facile, not easily (cf. the Gr. tacha):

haud cito,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 89:

neque verbis aptiorem cito alium dixerim, neque sententiis crebriorem,

Cic. Brut. 76, 264: quem tu non tam cito rhetorem dixisses quam politikon, id. ib. § 265.—

Sometimes in comp. without the negative, = potius, sooner, rather:

ut citius diceres, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 67, 238 fin.:

citius dixerim, jactasse se aliquos, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 11, 25; id. Fam. 5, 2, 10; id. Off. 1, 18, 59; Hor. S. 2, 5, 35.—

cĭtē, quickly, Scrib. Comp. 198.

com-mĕo ( conm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. n., to go and come, pass to and fro: remeare redire, ut commeare ultro citroque ire, unde commeatus (leave of absence;

v. commeatus, II. B.) dari dicitur, id est tempus, quo ire et redire commode quis possit,

Fest. p. 276, 5, and p. 277, 25.—Hence freq. with ultro and citro (in good prose; freq. in Cic. and the histt.; not in Quint.).

In gen.

Usu. of living beings:

pisciculi ultro ac citro commeant,

Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 16; Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84; Liv. 25, 30, 5; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 104; Suet. Calig. 19:

cum terra in aquam se vertit et cum ex aquā oritur aër, ex aëre aether, cumque eadem vicissim retro commeant,

Cic. N. D. 3, 12, 31; 2, 19, 49:

ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36 fin.:

inter Veios Romamque,

Liv. 5, 47, 11; cf.:

commeantibus invicem nuntiis,

Tac. A. 13, 38:

quā viā omnes commeabant,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Plin. 10, 23, 32, § 63; Plin. Ep. 2, 7, 6. —

Transf., of inanim. and abstr. objects: alterum (genus siderum) spatiis inmutabilibus ab ortu ad occasum commeans. Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49: (fossam) latitudinis, [p. 378] quā contrariae quinqueremes commearent, pass to and fro, Suet. Ner. 31; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 46; Tac. A. 2, 28; 4, 41:

quadrigae inter se occurrentes, sine periculo commeare dicuntur,

Curt. 5, 1, 25:

spiritum a summo ore in pulmonem, atque inde sursum in os commeare,

Gell. 17, 11, 3.— Impers. commeatur, we, they, etc., go, Dig. 43, 8, 2, § 21 al.—

Rarely with cognate acc. vias, Dig. 48, 10, 27, § 2 (for Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 82, v. 1. commeto).—

With particular reference to the terminus ad quem, to go, come, travel somewhere repeatedly or frequently; to visit a place often, to frequent:

insula Delos, quo omnes undique cum mercibus commeabant,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf. Cic. Att. 8, 9, 3; Gell. 6, 10:

in urbem,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 100; Plaut. Truc. 3, 2, 14; Tac. A. 1, 46.—

Transf. to inanim. or abstr. things:

nam illaec catapultae ad me crebro commeant,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 28:

cujus in hortos, domum, Baias jure suo libidines omnium commearent,

Cic. Cael. 16, 38:

crebro illius litterae ab aliis ad nos commeant,

id. Att. 8, 9, 3; cf. Tac. A. 4, 41.

com-mĕo ( conm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. n., to go and come, pass to and fro: remeare redire, ut commeare ultro citroque ire, unde commeatus (leave of absence;

v. commeatus, II. B.) dari dicitur, id est tempus, quo ire et redire commode quis possit,

Fest. p. 276, 5, and p. 277, 25.—Hence freq. with ultro and citro (in good prose; freq. in Cic. and the histt.; not in Quint.).

In gen.

Usu. of living beings:

pisciculi ultro ac citro commeant,

Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 16; Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84; Liv. 25, 30, 5; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 104; Suet. Calig. 19:

cum terra in aquam se vertit et cum ex aquā oritur aër, ex aëre aether, cumque eadem vicissim retro commeant,

Cic. N. D. 3, 12, 31; 2, 19, 49:

ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36 fin.:

inter Veios Romamque,

Liv. 5, 47, 11; cf.:

commeantibus invicem nuntiis,

Tac. A. 13, 38:

quā viā omnes commeabant,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Plin. 10, 23, 32, § 63; Plin. Ep. 2, 7, 6. —

Transf., of inanim. and abstr. objects: alterum (genus siderum) spatiis inmutabilibus ab ortu ad occasum commeans. Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49: (fossam) latitudinis, [p. 378] quā contrariae quinqueremes commearent, pass to and fro, Suet. Ner. 31; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 46; Tac. A. 2, 28; 4, 41:

quadrigae inter se occurrentes, sine periculo commeare dicuntur,

Curt. 5, 1, 25:

spiritum a summo ore in pulmonem, atque inde sursum in os commeare,

Gell. 17, 11, 3.— Impers. commeatur, we, they, etc., go, Dig. 43, 8, 2, § 21 al.—

Rarely with cognate acc. vias, Dig. 48, 10, 27, § 2 (for Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 82, v. 1. commeto).—

With particular reference to the terminus ad quem, to go, come, travel somewhere repeatedly or frequently; to visit a place often, to frequent:

insula Delos, quo omnes undique cum mercibus commeabant,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf. Cic. Att. 8, 9, 3; Gell. 6, 10:

in urbem,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 100; Plaut. Truc. 3, 2, 14; Tac. A. 1, 46.—

Transf. to inanim. or abstr. things:

nam illaec catapultae ad me crebro commeant,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 28:

cujus in hortos, domum, Baias jure suo libidines omnium commearent,

Cic. Cael. 16, 38:

crebro illius litterae ab aliis ad nos commeant,

id. Att. 8, 9, 3; cf. Tac. A. 4, 41.

con-termĭnus, a, um, adj., bordering upon, neighboring, having a common border (not ante-Aug.; perh. first used by Ovid).

Prop.

In gen.

With dat.:

morus fonti,

Ov. M. 4, 90; 1, 774; 15, 315:

stabula ripae,

id. ib. 8, 553:

quercus tiliae,

id. ib. 8, 621:

Aethiopia Aegypto,

Plin. 13, 14, 28, § 90 et saep.—

With gen.:

locos jugi,

App. M. 6, p. 178, 38; 6, p. 180, 16:

aesculus aedis,

Sil. 5, 510.—

With abl.:

locum lacu aliquo,

App. M. 4, p. 150, 12.—

Absol.:

ager,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 35.—

Substt.

contermĭnum, i, n., a neighboring region, a confine, border:

in contermino Arabiae,

Plin. 37, 9, 40, § 122:

in longinqua et contermina Scythiae fugam maturavit,

Tac. A. 6, 36.—

contermĭ-nus, i, m., a neighbor, Col. 1, 3, 7.—

Trop.:

virtus morti,

Stat. Th. 7, 702.

cursōrĭus, a, um, adj. [id.], of or pertaining to running or to a race-course (late Lat.).

Adj.:

terminus,

Front. Colon. p. 141 Goes.—

Subst.

cursōrĭa, ae, f. (sc. navis), a yacht, cutter, Sid. Ep. 1, 5.—

cursōrĭum, ĭi, n., = cursus publicus, a public post, mail, Auct. Lim. p. 261 Goes.

cursōrĭus, a, um, adj. [id.], of or pertaining to running or to a race-course (late Lat.).

Adj.:

terminus,

Front. Colon. p. 141 Goes.—

Subst.

cursōrĭa, ae, f. (sc. navis), a yacht, cutter, Sid. Ep. 1, 5.—

cursōrĭum, ĭi, n., = cursus publicus, a public post, mail, Auct. Lim. p. 261 Goes.