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  • 41 подымать на ноги

    I
    • ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ
    [VP]
    =====
    1. подымать на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]
    ⇒ to cure s.o.:
    - X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.
         ♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).
    2. подымать на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]
    ⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):
    - X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;
    - X helped Y find Y's feet.
         ♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).
         ♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).
         ♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).
    3. подымать на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]
    ⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):
    - X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).
         ♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).
    II
    • ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ
    [VP]
    =====
    1. подымать на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]
    ⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:
    - X поднял Y-ов на ноги≈ X got (woke) Ys up;
    - X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).
         ♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).
         ♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).
    2. подымать на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]
    ⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:
    - X поднял Y-а на ноги≈ X roused Y;
    - [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.
         ♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).
    3. подымать на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):
    - X поднял на ноги Y-ов≈ X created a commotion among Ys;
    - X stirred Ys up.
         ♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.
         ♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > подымать на ноги

  • 42 поставить на ноги

    I
    • ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ
    [VP]
    =====
    1. поставить на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]
    ⇒ to cure s.o.:
    - X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.
         ♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).
    2. поставить на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]
    ⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):
    - X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;
    - X helped Y find Y's feet.
         ♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).
         ♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).
         ♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).
    3. поставить на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]
    ⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):
    - X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).
         ♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).
    II
    • ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ
    [VP]
    =====
    1. поставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]
    ⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:
    - X поднял Y-ов на ноги≈ X got (woke) Ys up;
    - X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).
         ♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).
         ♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).
    2. поставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]
    ⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:
    - X поднял Y-а на ноги≈ X roused Y;
    - [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.
         ♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).
    3. поставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):
    - X поднял на ноги Y-ов≈ X created a commotion among Ys;
    - X stirred Ys up.
         ♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.
         ♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > поставить на ноги

  • 43 ставить на ноги

    I
    • ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ
    [VP]
    =====
    1. ставить на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]
    ⇒ to cure s.o.:
    - X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.
         ♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).
    2. ставить на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]
    ⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):
    - X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;
    - X helped Y find Y's feet.
         ♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).
         ♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).
         ♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).
    3. ставить на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]
    ⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):
    - X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).
         ♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).
    II
    • ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ
    [VP]
    =====
    1. ставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]
    ⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:
    - X поднял Y-ов на ноги≈ X got (woke) Ys up;
    - X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).
         ♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).
         ♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).
    2. ставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]
    ⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:
    - X поднял Y-а на ноги≈ X roused Y;
    - [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.
         ♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).
    3. ставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):
    - X поднял на ноги Y-ов≈ X created a commotion among Ys;
    - X stirred Ys up.
         ♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.
         ♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ставить на ноги

  • 44 mano1

    1 = hand.
    Ex. Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.
    ----
    * accionado a mano = hand-powered.
    * agresión a mano armada = armed assault.
    * ahorrar mano de obra = save + manpower.
    * al alcance de la mano = within arm's reach, within easy reach.
    * alargar la mano = reach out.
    * alargar la mano para coger = reach for.
    * a mano = by hand, manually, nearby [near-by], handy, within reach, within easy reach.
    * a mano alzada = by a show of hands.
    * a mano derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a manos de = at the hands of.
    * aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.
    * apretón de manos = handshake.
    * arreglarse las manos = manicure.
    * asalto a mano armada = armed robbery, armed assault, heist.
    * asignado a mano = manually assigned.
    * atar de pies y manos = hogtie.
    * atraco a mano armada = armed robbery, heist, daylight robbery.
    * batidora de mano = food mincer.
    * bolsa de mano = flight bag, carryall bag, travelbag, soft bag.
    * bomba de mano = hand pump.
    * borrador escrito a mano = manuscript draft.
    * caer en manos de = fall into + the hands of.
    * caer en manos enemigas = fall into + enemy hands.
    * cambiar de manos = change + hands.
    * cambio de manos = change of hands.
    * carretilla de mano = pushcart.
    * coche de segunda mano = used car, second-hand car.
    * codificar a mano = hand-code.
    * coger a Alguien con las manos en la masa = catch + Nombre + red-handed, catch + Nombre + in the act.
    * coger de la mano = hold + Posesivo + hand.
    * coger la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.
    * cogerse de la mano = hold + hands.
    * cogerse la mano = join + hands.
    * cogido a mano = hand-picked.
    * confeccionar a mano = handcraft.
    * con las dos manos = two handed [two-handed].
    * con las manos muy largas = light-fingered.
    * con las manos vacías = empty-handed.
    * conocer Algo como la palma de + Posesivo + mano = know + Algo + like the back of + Posesivo + hand.
    * conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, broke, skint.
    * corregir a mano = hand-correct.
    * costes de mano de obra = labour costs.
    * crema de manos = hand cream.
    * crema limpiadora de manos = handcleaner.
    * croché a mano = hand crochet.
    * cubrir Algo con la mano = cup + Posesivo + hand + over + Nombre.
    * cultivado a mano = hand-reared.
    * dar a Alguien una mano y te cogen el brazo = give + Pronombre + an inch and + Pronombre + take a mile.
    * dar en mano = hand (over).
    * dar la mano = extend + Posesivo + hand.
    * dar la mano derecha = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * darse la mano = join + hands, shake + hand.
    * darse un apretón de manos = clasp + hands.
    * dar un apretón de manos = shake + hand.
    * decir adiós con la mano = wave + goodbye.
    * dedicación de mano de obra = expenditure of manpower.
    * dejado de la mano de Dios = God-forsaken.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * de mano = hand-held [handheld].
    * de primera mano = at first hand, first-hand [firsthand], first-person.
    * de segunda mano = second-hand [secondhand].
    * despedir mano de obra = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * de tercera mano = third-hand.
    * de tirar la piedra y esconder la mano = hit-and-run.
    * echarle una mano a = bat for, go to + bat for.
    * echar mano a/de = leverage.
    * echar mano a los ahorros = dip into + savings.
    * echar mano de = fall back on, call into + play.
    * echar una mano = lend + a (helping) hand, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.
    * echar una mano a Alguien = give + Nombre + a hand.
    * el mundo en la palma de la mano = the world in the palm of + Posesivo + hand.
    * en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * encaje de aguja a mano = needlepoint lace.
    * en mano = in hand.
    * en manos de = in the hands of.
    * en manos de extranjeros = foreign-owned.
    * en manos del enemigo = at the hands of enemies, at the hands of the enemy.
    * en manos enemigas = at the hands of enemies, at the hands of the enemy.
    * en + Posesivo + manos = at + Posesivo + hands.
    * entre manos = at hand, in hand.
    * equipaje de mano = carry-on luggage, cabin baggage, cabin luggage.
    * escalera de mano = stepladder.
    * escaparse de las manos de = slip beyond + the grasp of.
    * escasez de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * escribir a mano = handletter.
    * escrito a mano = handwritten [hand-written], in black and white, in handwriting, longhand [long-hand].
    * escritura a mano = handwriting.
    * estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.
    * estar a mano = be on hand, be around.
    * estar en buenas manos = be in safe hands.
    * estar en manos privadas = hold in + private hands.
    * experiencia de primera mano = first-hand experience.
    * extender la mano = put out + Posesivo + hand, reach out, put forth + Posesivo + hand.
    * extender la mano para coger algo = hand + reach for.
    * fabricado a mano = hand-made.
    * falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * freno de mano = hand brake [handbrake].
    * futuro + estar + en + Posesivo + manos = future + be + in + Posesivo + hands.
    * ganarle la mano a Alguien = steal + a march on.
    * ganchillo a mano = hand crochet.
    * golpeo a mano = hand-beating.
    * granada de mano = hand grenade.
    * hacer a mano = handcraft.
    * hacer todo lo que está en nuestras manos = pull out + all the stops.
    * hecho a mano = hand-made, hand-drawn, handcrafted.
    * hilado a mano = handspinning.
    * impulsado a mano = hand-powered.
    * ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.
    * írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand, get out of + hand.
    * írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.
    * juego de manos = sleight-of-hand.
    * juegos de manos = fingergame.
    * labores de croché a mano = hand-crochet work.
    * labores de ganchillo a mano = hand-crochet work.
    * la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world, the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
    * levantar la mano = raise + Posesivo + hand.
    * mano amiga = helping hand.
    * ¿mano blanda o mano dura? = the carrot vs. the stick, the carrot vs. the stick.
    * mano blanda y mano dura = carrots and sticks.
    * mano de hierro = iron fist, iron hand.
    * mano de obra = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour.
    * mano de obra del campo = farm labour force.
    * mano de obra extranjera = foreign labour.
    * mano de obra infantil = child labour.
    * mano de obra inmigrante = foreign labour.
    * mano derecha = right hand.
    * mano dura = iron fist, iron hand.
    * mano fría de, la = cold hand of, the.
    * mano invisible, la = invisible hand, the.
    * mano negra = schemer.
    * manos libres = free hand, hands-free.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando = a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
    * menos blandeces y más mano dura = less of the carrot, more of the stick.
    * mercadillo de prendas de segunda mano = rummage sale.
    * meter las manos en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * meterle mano a = get + stuck into.
    * meter mano = grope.
    * meterse mano = pet.
    * moder la mano del que + dar de comer = bite + the hand that feeds + Pronombre.
    * no caer en buenas manos = fall into + the wrong hands.
    * ofrecer la mano = put forth + Posesivo + hand.
    * ordenador de mano = Palm Pilot.
    * palma de la mano = palm of hand, palm.
    * papel a mano-máquina = mouldmade paper.
    * papel hecho a mano = hand-made paper.
    * pillar a alguien con las manos en la masa = catch + Nombre + red-handed.
    * pintado a mano = hand-painted.
    * poner Algo a mano = put + Nombre + within reach.
    * ponerle la mano encima a = lay + a finger on.
    * ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * quitar de las manos = snap up.
    * realizado a mano = hand-made.
    * recogido a mano = hand-picked.
    * relato de primera mano = eyewitness report, eyewitness account, first-hand account.
    * repartir a manos llenas = dish out.
    * retorcerse las manos = wring + Posesivo + hands.
    * robo a mano armada = armed robbery, highway robbery.
    * ropa de segunda mano = second-hand clothes.
    * separar las manos = spread out + hands.
    * ser torpe con las manos = be all thumbs.
    * sierra de mano = handsaw.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.
    * tallado a mano = hand-carved.
    * tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.
    * tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb.
    * tener entre manos = be up to.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).
    * tomar la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.
    * trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.
    * traerse algo malo entre manos = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * untar la mano = grease + Posesivo + palm, oil + Posesivo + palm.
    * vendedor de coches de segunda mano = used-car dealer, second-hand car dealer.

    Spanish-English dictionary > mano1

  • 45 ridurre

    reduce (a to)
    prezzi, sprechi reduce, cut
    personale reduce, cut back
    ridurre al silenzio reduce to silence
    * * *
    ridurre v.tr.
    1 to reduce, to cut* (down); to curtail; to shorten: ridurre il personale, to cut (down) (o to reduce) the staff; ridurre il prezzo di un articolo, to reduce (o to lower o to bring down) the price of an article; ridurre le spese, lo stipendio, to reduce expenses, wages; ridurre una vacanza, to curtail (o to cut short) a holiday; ridurre la velocità, to reduce speed; (econ.) ridurre il capitale, to reduce capital; ridurre il tasso di sconto, to reduce the discount rate; stiamo cercando di ridurre i tempi, we are trying to shorten (o cut) the time // ridurre un'opera letteraria, to abridge a literary work // (mar.) ridurre la velatura, to shorten (o to take in) sail
    2 ( convertire) to convert, to reduce, to change; ( far diventare) to turn into: ogni volta che vengono gli amici mi riducono la casa un porcile, every time my friends come they turn the house into a pigsty; l'hotel Cavour è stato ridotto in appartamenti l'anno scorso, last year the Hotel Cavour was converted into flats // prima riduci quei dati in metri, first convert those data into metres; ridurre in pezzi, to break into pieces; ridurre in polvere, to turn to dust, to pulverize; ridurre qlco. in briciole, to crumble sthg. up
    3 ( adattare) to adapt: (cinem.) ridurre per lo schermo, to adapt for the screen; ridurre un testo per le scuole, to adapt (o to simplify) a text for schools
    4 (chim.) to reduce: ridurre lo stato di ossidazione di un atomo, to reduce the oxidation state of an atom; ridurre nitrogruppi ad aminogruppi, to reduce nitro groups to amino groups; (metall.) ridurre un minerale di rame a rame metallico, to reduce a copper ore to metallic ore
    5 to reduce: (mat.) ridurre una frazione ai minimi termini, to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms
    6 (indurre, portare a) to drive*, to reduce; to bring*: ridurre alla disperazione, to drive to despair; ridurre in miseria, al silenzio, to reduce to poverty, to silence; ridurre qlcu. all'obbedienza, to force s.o. to obedience; ridurre in rovina, in fin di vita, to bring to ruin, to the brink of death; fu ridotto a rubare, a mendicare, he was reduced (o driven) to steal, to beg; lo ridurranno alla pazzia, pazzo, they'll drive him mad // la malattia l'ha ridotto male, the illness has left him in a sorry state (o in a bad way); nell'incidente ha ridotto a, in pezzi l'auto, he made a wreck of his car in the accident
    7 (un abito ecc.) to take* in (a dress)
    8 (frattura ecc.) to set*; to reduce: ridurre una frattura, to set a broken bone
    9 (rar.) ( ricondurre) to bring* back, to take* back: ridurre il gregge all'ovile, to bring back the sheep to the fold // ridurre qlcu. alla ragione, to make s.o. see reason.
    ◘ ridursi v.intr.pron.
    1 to reduce oneself, to come* (down): non volevo ridurmi a questo, I didn't want to come to this; si ridusse a vendere i suoi mobili, he was reduced (o driven) to selling his furniture; le spese si riducono a poco, the expenses come (down) to very little; si riduce sempre all'ultimo a fare le valigie, he always leaves it to the last minute to pack; ridurre allo stretto necessario, to confine oneself to what is strictly necessary
    2 ( diminuire) to diminish, to decrease; (econ.) ( calcolare) to go* down, to drop: le possibilità di successo si sono ridotte, the possibilities of success have diminished (o decreased); i prezzi si sono ridotti, prices have gone down
    3 ( diventare) to be reduced, to become*: si è ridotto a pelle e ossa, he was reduced to (o became) skin and bone (o to a skeleton)
    4 ( restringersi) to shrink*: la camicia si è ridotta lavandola, the shirt shrank with washing
    5 ( ritirarsi) to retire: si ridusse a vita privata, he retired into private life.
    * * *
    1. [ri'durre]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (gen) Mat to reduce, (prezzo) to reduce, cut, bring down, (pressione) to lessen, (produzione) to cut (back), lower, (spese) to cut down on, cut back on
    2) (opera letteraria: per la radio, TV) to adapt, (accorciare) to abridge, (brano musicale) to arrange
    3)

    (fraseologia) ridurre qc in cenere — to reduce sth to ashes

    è proprio ridotto male o mal ridotto — (oggetto) it's really in bad condition, (persona) he's really in a bad way

    2.

    ridursi vip

    1)

    (quantità) ridursi (a) — to be reduced (to), (fig : questione, problema) to come down (to)

    2)

    (persona) ridursi male — to be in a bad state o way

    * * *
    [ri'durre] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (diminuire) to reduce, to cut* [imposte, spese, costi, personale]; to reduce [dimensioni, velocità, distanza]; to reduce, to shorten [ durata]; to narrow [ divario]; to reduce, to lessen [rischi, probabilità]; to reduce, to bring* down [ disoccupazione]; to reduce, to limit [scelta, influenza]

    ridurre l'inflazione dell'1% — to cut 1% off inflation

    2) (nelle dimensioni) to reduce [foto, documento]; to cut*, to abridge [ testo]
    3) (trasformare) to reduce (in to)

    ridurre qcs. in polvere — to reduce o crush sth. to (a) powder

    ridurre qcs. a brandelli — to tear sth. to ribbons o shreds

    ridurre qcn. al silenzio, in miseria — to reduce sb. to silence, to begging

    5) med. to reset* [ osso fratturato]
    2.
    verbo pronominale ridursi
    1) (diminuire) [costi, ritardo] to be* reduced; [rischi, spese, velocità, disoccupazione, livello] to decrease; [ divario] to narrow, to close
    ••
    * * *
    ridurre
    /ri'durre/ [13]
     1 (diminuire) to reduce, to cut* [imposte, spese, costi, personale]; to reduce [dimensioni, velocità, distanza]; to reduce, to shorten [ durata]; to narrow [ divario]; to reduce, to lessen [rischi, probabilità]; to reduce, to bring* down [ disoccupazione]; to reduce, to limit [scelta, influenza]; ridurre il consumo di alcolici to cut down on alcohol; ridurre l'inflazione dell'1% to cut 1% off inflation; ridurre di un quarto to reduce by a quarter
     2 (nelle dimensioni) to reduce [foto, documento]; to cut*, to abridge [ testo]
     3 (trasformare) to reduce (in to); ridurre qcs. in polvere to reduce o crush sth. to (a) powder; ridurre qcs. a brandelli to tear sth. to ribbons o shreds
     4 (obbligare) ridurre qcn. al silenzio, in miseria to reduce sb. to silence, to begging
     5 med. to reset* [ osso fratturato]
    II ridursi verbo pronominale
     1 (diminuire) [costi, ritardo] to be* reduced; [rischi, spese, velocità, disoccupazione, livello] to decrease; [ divario] to narrow, to close
     2 (limitarsi) tutto si riduce al fatto che it all comes down to the fact that
     3 (diventare) la sua voce si ridusse a un sussurro his voice dropped to a whisper; la strada si riduceva a un sentiero the road narrowed to a track
    - rsi all'ultimo (momento) to leave things to the last minute.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ridurre

  • 46 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 47 estímulo

    m.
    1 encouragement, drive, boost, incentive.
    2 incentive, inducement.
    * * *
    1 stimulus, stimulation
    2 figurado encouragement
    3 COMERCIO incentive
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Psic) stimulus
    2) (=incentivo) incentive
    * * *
    a) ( incentivo) encouragement

    sirve de estímulo a la inversión — it acts as an incentive to investment, it encourages investment

    b) (Biol, Fisiol) stimulus
    * * *
    = boost, incentive, leaven, prodding, spur, stimulation, stimulus [stimuli, -pl.], encouragement, enhancer, facilitator, prod, kick-start [kickstart], kick-start [kickstart], word of encouragement, nudge, titillation, driving force, stimulant, pick-me-up.
    Ex. Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.
    Ex. This article considers the strengths of a pay scale as a work incentive.
    Ex. But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.
    Ex. Computers are quite adroit at such simple yes/no response without much prodding.
    Ex. This was a spur to several other London boroughs who set up shop-front consumer advice centres from 1972.
    Ex. The reader of this work can relive with some degree of verisimilitude the excitement and stimulation created by these institutes and such colloquies as the Kilgour-Lubetzky exchange.
    Ex. This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    Ex. Nevertheless my debts are real, and I particularly want to thank David Foxon for his illuminating commentary on the final sections, and D. F. McKenzie for his encouragement throughout.
    Ex. The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex. Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex. She sat back in her chair and considered her supervisor's gentle prods.
    Ex. That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex. That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex. This he knew happens to employees who are not given a word of encouragement, some recognition.
    Ex. Results showed that student teachers needed additional support, either via nudge or overt expectations, to actually apply what they had learned.
    Ex. At heart, it is a smirkingly adolescent pursuit of cheap laughs and mild titillation, with a surfeit of jokes involving breasts and bums and with new extremes of scatological humiliation.
    Ex. On-line services have been one of the most powerful driving forces moving information away from its traditional definition and towards the commodity view.
    Ex. The system consequently retrieves any record in which the term ' stimulants' appears.
    Ex. Maybe it's just a passing mood or maybe it's a particularly bad string of events, but sometimes in this hectic life we just need a pick-me-up.
    ----
    * dar estímulo = provide + boost.
    * estímulo excesivo = overstimulation.
    * estímulos visuales = visual stimuli.
    * ofrecer estímulo = provide + stimulus.
    * ser un estímulo = be motivating.
    * * *
    a) ( incentivo) encouragement

    sirve de estímulo a la inversión — it acts as an incentive to investment, it encourages investment

    b) (Biol, Fisiol) stimulus
    * * *
    = boost, incentive, leaven, prodding, spur, stimulation, stimulus [stimuli, -pl.], encouragement, enhancer, facilitator, prod, kick-start [kickstart], kick-start [kickstart], word of encouragement, nudge, titillation, driving force, stimulant, pick-me-up.

    Ex: Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.

    Ex: This article considers the strengths of a pay scale as a work incentive.
    Ex: But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.
    Ex: Computers are quite adroit at such simple yes/no response without much prodding.
    Ex: This was a spur to several other London boroughs who set up shop-front consumer advice centres from 1972.
    Ex: The reader of this work can relive with some degree of verisimilitude the excitement and stimulation created by these institutes and such colloquies as the Kilgour-Lubetzky exchange.
    Ex: This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    Ex: Nevertheless my debts are real, and I particularly want to thank David Foxon for his illuminating commentary on the final sections, and D. F. McKenzie for his encouragement throughout.
    Ex: The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex: Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex: She sat back in her chair and considered her supervisor's gentle prods.
    Ex: That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex: That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex: This he knew happens to employees who are not given a word of encouragement, some recognition.
    Ex: Results showed that student teachers needed additional support, either via nudge or overt expectations, to actually apply what they had learned.
    Ex: At heart, it is a smirkingly adolescent pursuit of cheap laughs and mild titillation, with a surfeit of jokes involving breasts and bums and with new extremes of scatological humiliation.
    Ex: On-line services have been one of the most powerful driving forces moving information away from its traditional definition and towards the commodity view.
    Ex: The system consequently retrieves any record in which the term ' stimulants' appears.
    Ex: Maybe it's just a passing mood or maybe it's a particularly bad string of events, but sometimes in this hectic life we just need a pick-me-up.
    * dar estímulo = provide + boost.
    * estímulo excesivo = overstimulation.
    * estímulos visuales = visual stimuli.
    * ofrecer estímulo = provide + stimulus.
    * ser un estímulo = be motivating.

    * * *
    1 (incentivo) encouragement
    sirve de estímulo a la inversión it acts as an incentive o a stimulus to investment, it encourages investment
    2 ( Biol, Fisiol) stimulus
    * * *

    Del verbo estimular: ( conjugate estimular)

    estimulo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    estimuló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    estimular    
    estímulo
    estimular ( conjugate estimular) verbo transitivo


    estímulo sustantivo masculino

    b) (Biol, Fisiol) stimulus

    estimular verbo transitivo
    1 (dar ánimos) to encourage
    2 (potenciar, activar) to stimulate
    estímulo sustantivo masculino
    1 (acicate, ánimo) encouragement
    2 Biol Fís stimulus
    (acción) stimulation
    ' estímulo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ánimo
    - incentivo
    - responder
    - respuesta
    - revulsiva
    - revulsivo
    - acicate
    - arriba
    English:
    boost
    - encouragement
    - inspiration
    - lift
    - shot
    - spur
    - stimulation
    - stimulus
    * * *
    1. [aliciente] incentive;
    [ánimo] encouragement;
    servir de estímulo to act o serve as an incentive;
    medidas de estímulo a la creación de empleo measures to encourage job creation
    2. Fisiol stimulus
    * * *
    m
    1 stimulus
    2 ( incentivo) incentive
    * * *
    1) : stimulus
    2) incentivo: incentive, encouragement
    * * *
    estímulo n stimulus [pl. stimuli]

    Spanish-English dictionary > estímulo

  • 48 principio

    m.
    1 beginning, start (comienzo).
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end
    del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish
    a principios de at the beginning of
    al principio at first, in the beginning
    en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday
    en un principio at first
    2 principle (fundamento, ley).
    en principio in principle
    por principio on principle
    3 origin, source (origen).
    4 element (elemento).
    principio activo active ingredient
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: principiar.
    * * *
    1 (inicio) beginning, start
    2 (base) principle
    3 (moral) principle
    1 rudiments
    \
    al principio at first, at the beginning
    en principio in principle
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) beginning, outset
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=comienzo) beginning

    al principio — at first, in the beginning

    a principios del verano — at the beginning of the summer, early in the summer

    desde el principio — from the first, from the outset

    desde el principio hasta el fin — from start to finish, from beginning to end

    en un principio — at first, to start with

    tener principio en algo — to start from sth, be based on sth

    2) pl principios (=nociones) rudiments, first notions

    "Principios de física" — "Introduction to Physics", "Outline of Physics"

    3) (=norma) principle

    el principio de la legalidad — the force of law, the rule of law

    4) (Fil) principle
    5) (Quím) element, constituent
    6) (Culin) entrée
    * * *
    1) ( comienzo) beginning

    el principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer

    en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning

    2)
    a) (concepto, postulado) principle
    b) ( norma moral) principle
    * * *
    1) ( comienzo) beginning

    el principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer

    en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning

    2)
    a) (concepto, postulado) principle
    b) ( norma moral) principle
    * * *
    el principio
    = early days, the

    Ex: The new chemical was expensive, and in the early days it was often mishandled; much of the foxing of early nineteenth-century paper was due to inefficient bleaching.

    principio1
    1 = principle, proposition, tenet, canon, touchstone.

    Ex: Objective 2 results in what could be described as a collocative catalogue, because a catalogue based on this principle collocates the writings of a particular author.

    Ex: They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.
    Ex: This attack summarises her main tenets.
    Ex: The archetypal canon is of course that of the books of the Bible, which are gathered together in a fixed and unchanging order.
    Ex: The touchstone for professional practice are the professional codes of ethics that govern medicine in face-to-face relationships with patients.
    * actuar de acuerdo con los principios de Uno = act on + Posesivo + principles.
    * adherirse a principios = espouse + principles.
    * basado en principios = principled.
    * basarse en un principio = base on + principle.
    * con principios = principled.
    * cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.
    * declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.
    * defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.
    * de principios = principled.
    * de principios muy elevados = high-minded.
    * en principio = in principle, on principle.
    * establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.
    * formular un principio = formulate + principle.
    * infringir un principio = violate + principle.
    * ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.
    * Los Principios de París = Paris Principles.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.
    * por principio = on principle.
    * por principios = as a matter of principle.
    * principio constitutivo = constitutive principle.
    * principio de actuación = governing principle.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * principio de cualificación profesional adecuada para el trabajo en cuestión = principle of rate for the job.
    * principio de gratuidad, el = gratis principle, the.
    * principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.
    * principio de la alfabetización literal = file-as-is principle, file-as-is principle.
    * principio del escalonamiento = scalar principle.
    * principio ético = moral principle.
    * principio fundamental = fundamental, principium [principia, -pl.].
    * principio moral = moral principle.
    * principio orientador = guiding principle.
    * principios = philosophy, ethos, morals.
    * principios elevados = high-mindedness.
    * Principios para la Intercalación Bibliográfica = ISO7154.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * respetar los principios = observe + principles.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.
    * suscribir un principio = subscribe to + principle.
    * traicionar los principios de uno mismo = betray + Posesivo + own principles.
    * una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.
    * violar un principio = violate + principle.

    principio2
    2 = start, eruption, kick-off, startup [start-up], beginning.

    Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.

    Ex: Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.
    Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.
    Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    * abocado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed to + failure, doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed from + the beginning.
    * al principio = at first, at the outset, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], in the early years, originally, to start with, early on, at startup.
    * al principio de = at the beginning (of), at the dawn of, at the onset of, early in.
    * al principio de la imprenta = early printing.
    * al principio y al final = both ends.
    * al principio y al final de = at each end of.
    * a principios de = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.
    * comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar por el principio, empezar desde cero, comen = start from + scratch.
    * condenado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the beginning.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de principio a fin = from start to finish, gavel to gavel, from beginning to end.
    * de principio a fin (documento) = cover to cover.
    * desde el principio = from the start, all along, ab initio, from the outset, from the beginning, from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde el principio de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.
    * desde principio a fin = throughout.
    * desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.
    * el principio de = the dawn of.
    * el principio del fin = the beginning of the end.
    * el principio de + Mes/Estación = early + Mes/Estación.
    * empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * en principio = at first, conceivably, first of all, prima facie.
    * en un principio = at an earlier stage, initially, originally, at one time, to begin with.
    * fracaso desde el principio = doomed failure.
    * hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.
    * leer de principio a fin = read + from cover to cover.
    * muy al principio = in very early days, at the very outset.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * principio, el = early days, the.
    * regresar al principio = go back to + square one, be back to square one.
    * volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.
    * volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.

    * * *
    A (comienzo) beginning
    el principio del verano early summer, the beginning of summer
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end
    el éxito logrado con su primer libro es un buen principio the success she's had with her first book is a good start, the success of her first book has got her off to a good start
    se llegó a un principio de acuerdo en las negociaciones they reached the beginnings of an agreement in the negotiations
    congeniamos desde el principio we got along well from the start
    leyó el libro desde el principio hasta el final sin parar he read the book from cover to cover o from beginning to end o from start to finish without putting it down
    a principios de temporada at the beginning of the season
    a principios de siglo at the turn of the century
    al principio at first
    en un principio se creyó que la Tierra era plana at first o in the beginning people believed the Earth was flat
    B
    1 (concepto, postulado) principle
    es un principio universalmente aceptado it's a universally accepted concept
    la teoría parte de un principio erróneo the theory is based on a false premise
    en principio la reunión es el jueves the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise o provisionally, the meeting is set for Thursday
    en principio estoy de acuerdo, pero no depende sólo de mí I agree in principle, but it isn't only up to me
    2 (norma moral) principle
    es una cuestión de principios it's a question of principle(s)
    es una persona de principios she's a person of principle o a principled person
    por principio on principle
    Compuestos:
    uncertainty principle
    uncertainty principle
    ● principio de placer/realidad
    pleasure/reality principle
    * * *

     

    Del verbo principiar: ( conjugate principiar)

    principio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    principió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    principiar    
    principio
    principio sustantivo masculino
    1 ( comienzo) beginning;

    empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
    eso es un buen principio that's a good start;
    en un or al principio at first, in the beginning
    2 (postulado, norma moral) principle;

    por principio on principle
    principio sustantivo masculino
    1 (comienzo) beginning, start: nos hemos perdido el principio de la película, we've missed the beginning of the film
    2 (causa, origen) premise, origin
    3 (idea fundamental, norma) principle 4 principios, (nociones) rudiments, basics: posee algunos principios de mecánica, she has some rudiments of mechanics
    ♦ Locuciones: al principio, at first
    en principio, in principle
    por principio, on principle
    ' principio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - cien
    - empezar
    - extrema
    - extremo
    - frustrarse
    - germen
    - horterada
    - indirecta
    - vista
    - criterio
    - elemental
    - por
    English:
    at
    - basically
    - begin
    - beginning
    - cornerstone
    - early
    - farce
    - first
    - front
    - further
    - go
    - hear of
    - initially
    - initiation
    - listen
    - maybe
    - originally
    - outset
    - policy
    - principle
    - see
    - soon
    - start
    - stick to
    - tenet
    - wind back
    - from
    - out
    - right
    - throughout
    - turn
    * * *
    1. [comienzo] beginning, start;
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
    al principio at first, in the beginning;
    desde el principio from the beginning;
    se ha llegado a un principio de acuerdo a preliminary agreement has been reached;
    a principios de at the beginning of;
    en un principio at first;
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end;
    del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish
    2. [fundamento, ley] principle
    principio de Arquímedes Archimedes' principle; Filosofía principio de causalidad causality principle;
    principio de incertidumbre uncertainty principle;
    principio de indeterminación uncertainty principle;
    principio del todo o nada all-or-nothing policy
    3. [origen] origin, source
    4. [elemento] element
    principio activo active ingredient
    5.
    principios [reglas de conducta] principles;
    un hombre de principios a man of principles;
    sin principios unprincipled, unscrupulous;
    por principio on principle;
    se negó a hacerlo por principios she refused to do it on principle
    6.
    principios [nociones] rudiments, first principles;
    tiene algunos principios de informática she knows a bit about computing
    7. [primera consideración]
    en principio: en principio, me parece buena la idea in principle, the idea seems good;
    en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday
    * * *
    m
    1 ley, moral principle;
    en principio in principle;
    por principio on principle
    2 en tiempo beginning;
    a principios de abril at the beginning of April;
    al principio, en un principio at first;
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end
    * * *
    1) comienzo: beginning
    2) : principle
    3)
    al principio : at first
    4)
    a principios de : at the beginning of
    a principios de agosto: at the beginning of August
    5)
    en principio : in principle
    * * *
    1. (comienzo) beginning
    2. (concepto) principle
    a principios de... at the beginning of...

    Spanish-English dictionary > principio

  • 49 Schwung

    m; -(e)s, Schwünge
    1. (Bewegung) swing (auch Turnen, Skisport); nach vorne: jump, leap; (Armbewegung, Pendelschwung) sweep; (geschwungene Linie) curve, sweep
    2. nur Sg.; (Geschwindigkeit) speed; (Kraft) force; fig. (Antrieb) impetus; (Energie, Elan) energy, drive, punch; (Schmiss) verve; Schwung holen zum Springen: take a running jump; (ausholen) take a (big) swing; die Tür mit einem solchen Schwung zuschlagen slam the door with such force ( laut: with such a bang); jemanden / etw. in Schwung bringen fig. get s.o. / s.th. going; zwei starke Espresso brachten mich wieder in Schwung two strong espressos revived me ( oder got me going again); das bringt dich wieder in Schwung umg., nach Krankheit etc.: that’ll get you back on your feet again; Schwung in den Laden bringen umg. get things going ( oder moving); Schwung in die Sache bringen umg. liven things up; etw. in Schwung halten umg. (Betrieb, Kreislauf etc.) keep s.th. going; (Garten, Auto etc.) keep s.th. up (auch Fremdsprache etc.), look after (Am. take care of) s.th., Brit. auch keep s.th. in good nick; ( richtig) in Schwung kommen umg. (really) get going; Party, Diskussion etc.: auch hot ( oder heat) up; langsam in Schwung kommen auch gradually pick up steam; Geschäfte: pick up gradually; in ( vollem) Schwung sein umg. be in full swing, be going great guns; wenn er erst einmal in Schwung ist umg. once he gets going, once he gets into the swing of things; siehe auch Fahrt 2
    3. nur Sg.; umg. (Menge, Anzahl) batch, clutch; von Leuten: bunch; von Platten, Heften etc.: pile; ich hab zu Hause noch einen ganzen Schwung alte(r) Micky-Maus-Hefte I have a whole pile ( oder stack) of old Mickey Mouse comics at home
    * * *
    der Schwung
    sweep; emphasis; zip; vivacity; vim; impetus; swing; verve
    * * *
    Schwụng [ʃvʊŋ]
    m -(e)s, -e
    ['ʃvʏŋə]
    1) swing; (= ausholende Handbewegung) flourish; (= Sprung) leap

    jdm/einer Sache einen Schwung geben — to give sb/sth a push

    2) no pl lit = Antrieb) momentum; (fig = Elan) verve, zest

    in Schwung kommen (lit: Schlitten etc) — to gather or gain momentum; (fig auch) to get going

    an Schwung gewinnen/verlieren (fig) — to gain/lose momentum

    jdn/etw in Schwung bringen (lit, fig) — to get sb/sth going

    Schwung in die Sache or den Laden bringen (inf) — to put a bit of life into things, to liven things up

    jdm/einer Sache Schwung geben or verleihen (lit) — to give sb/sth momentum; (fig auch) to get sb/sth going

    in Schwung sein (lit: Schlitten etc) — to be going full pelt (esp Brit inf) or at full speed; (fig) to be in full swing

    voller/ohne Schwung (fig) — full of/lacking life or verve or zest

    3) (= Linienführung) sweep
    4) no pl inf = Menge) (Sachen) stack, pile (inf); (Leute) bunch
    * * *
    der
    1) (energy: She has a lot of bounce.) bounce
    2) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) dash
    3) (energy: She's full of go.) go
    4) (an informal word for energy: full of pep.) pep
    5) (energy and determination: He has enough push to do well in his job.) push
    6) (a swinging movement: the swing of the dancers' skirts.) swing
    7) (a strong dancing rhythm: The music should be played with a swing.) swing
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Schwünge>
    [ʃvʊŋ, pl ˈʃvʏŋə]
    m
    1. (schwingende Bewegung) swing[ing movement]
    \Schwung holen to build up [or gain] momentum
    2. kein pl (Antriebskraft) drive, verve
    etw in \Schwung bringen (fam) to knock [or whip] sth into shape
    in \Schwung kommen (fam) to get going
    [richtig] in \Schwung sein (fam: in Fahrt) to be in full swing; (reibungslos funktionieren) to be doing really well
    4. (fam: größere Anzahl) stack fam, pile fam, sackful; Besucher, Gäste, Touristen batch, bunch
    * * *
    der; Schwung[e]s, Schwünge
    1) (Bewegung) swing
    2) (Linie) sweep

    der elegante Schwung ihrer Brauen/ihrer Nase — the elegant arch of her eyebrows/curve of her nose

    3) o. Pl. (Geschwindigkeit) momentum

    Schwung holen — build or get up momentum; (auf einer Schaukel usw.) work up a swing

    etwas in Schwung bringen — (fig. ugs.) get something going

    in Schwung sein — (fig. ugs.) (in guter Stimmung) have livened up; (wütend) be worked up; (gut laufen) <business, practice> do a lively trade; (gut vorankommen) be getting on well; be right in the swing [of it]

    in Schwung kommen — (fig. ugs.) (in gute Stimmung kommen) get going; liven up; (wütend werden) get worked up; (gut vorankommen) get right in the swing [of it]; < business> pick up

    4) o. Pl. (Antrieb) drive; energy
    5) o. Pl. (mitreißende Wirkung) sparkle; vitality
    6) o. Pl. (ugs.): (größere Menge) stack (coll.); (von Menschen) crowd; bunch (sl.)
    * * *
    Schwung m; -(e)s, Schwünge
    1. (Bewegung) swing (auch Turnen, Skisport); nach vorne: jump, leap; (Armbewegung, Pendelschwung) sweep; (geschwungene Linie) curve, sweep
    2. nur sg; (Geschwindigkeit) speed; (Kraft) force; fig (Antrieb) impetus; (Energie, Elan) energy, drive, punch; (Schmiss) verve;
    Schwung holen zum Springen: take a running jump; (ausholen) take a (big) swing;
    die Tür mit einem solchen Schwung zuschlagen slam the door with such force ( laut: with such a bang);
    jemanden/etwas in Schwung bringen fig get sb/sth going;
    zwei starke Espresso brachten mich wieder in Schwung two strong espressos revived me ( oder got me going again);
    das bringt dich wieder in Schwung umg, nach Krankheit etc: that’ll get you back on your feet again;
    Schwung in den Laden bringen umg get things going ( oder moving);
    Schwung in die Sache bringen umg liven things up;
    etwas in Schwung halten umg (Betrieb, Kreislauf etc) keep sth going; (Garten, Auto etc) keep sth up (auch Fremdsprache etc), look after (US take care of) sth, Br auch keep sth in good nick;
    (richtig) in Schwung kommen umg (really) get going; Party, Diskussion etc: auch hot ( oder heat) up;
    langsam in Schwung kommen auch gradually pick up steam; Geschäfte: pick up gradually;
    in (vollem) Schwung sein umg be in full swing, be going great guns;
    wenn er erst einmal in Schwung ist umg once he gets going, once he gets into the swing of things; → auch Fahrt 2
    3. nur sg; umg (Menge, Anzahl) batch, clutch; von Leuten: bunch; von Platten, Heften etc: pile;
    ich hab zu Hause noch einen ganzen Schwung alte(r) Micky-Maus-Hefte I have a whole pile ( oder stack) of old Mickey Mouse comics at home
    * * *
    der; Schwung[e]s, Schwünge
    1) (Bewegung) swing
    2) (Linie) sweep

    der elegante Schwung ihrer Brauen/ihrer Nase — the elegant arch of her eyebrows/curve of her nose

    3) o. Pl. (Geschwindigkeit) momentum

    Schwung holen — build or get up momentum; (auf einer Schaukel usw.) work up a swing

    etwas in Schwung bringen — (fig. ugs.) get something going

    in Schwung sein — (fig. ugs.) (in guter Stimmung) have livened up; (wütend) be worked up; (gut laufen) <business, practice> do a lively trade; (gut vorankommen) be getting on well; be right in the swing [of it]

    in Schwung kommen — (fig. ugs.) (in gute Stimmung kommen) get going; liven up; (wütend werden) get worked up; (gut vorankommen) get right in the swing [of it]; < business> pick up

    4) o. Pl. (Antrieb) drive; energy
    5) o. Pl. (mitreißende Wirkung) sparkle; vitality
    6) o. Pl. (ugs.): (größere Menge) stack (coll.); (von Menschen) crowd; bunch (sl.)
    * * *
    -¨e m.
    batch n.
    (§ pl.: batches)
    buoyancy n.
    drive n.
    pep n.
    verve n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Schwung

  • 50 travail

    travail (plural - aux) [tʀavaj, o]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = activité) le travail work
    • avoir du travail/beaucoup de travail to have some work/a lot of work to do
    • horaire/vêtements de travail work schedule/clothes
    • conditions/méthodes/groupe/déjeuner de travail working conditions/methods/group/lunch
    • à travail égal, salaire égal equal pay for equal work
    • améliorer la communication, c'est tout un travail ! improving communications is quite a task!
       b. ( = tâche) work uncount, job ; ( = résultat) work uncount
    • travaux de recherche/de construction research/building work
    • « pendant les travaux, le magasin restera ouvert » "business as usual during alterations"
    • « attention ! travaux ! » "caution! work in progress!" ; (sur la route) "roadworks ahead!" (Brit) "roadwork ahead!" (US)
       c. ( = métier, profession) job ; ( = situation) work uncount, job
    • avoir un travail intéressant/lucratif to have an interesting/a highly paid job
    • travail d'équipe or en équipe team work
       d. ( = façonnage) [de bois, cuir, fer] working
       e. ( = accouchement) labour (Brit), labor (US)
    ► un travail de fourmi a long, painstaking job
    * * *

    1.
    pl - aux tʀavaj, o nom masculin
    2) (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work [U]

    j'ai un travail fou — I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on

    3) ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work [U], job; ( lieu) work
    4) Économie, Sociologie (activité, population active) labour [BrE] [U]

    division du travail — division of labour [BrE]

    5) ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work [U]
    6) ( ouvrage érudit) work ( sur on)

    le travail de — working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]

    apprendre le travail du bois/métal — to learn woodwork/metalwork

    8) (technique, exécution) workmanship
    9) Physique work
    10) ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of)
    11) ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping

    2.
    travaux nom masculin pluriel
    1) ( en chantier) work [U]; ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork [U] US

    travaux de construction — construction work [U]

    ‘fermé pour travaux’ — ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’

    ‘attention, travaux’ — gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’

    2) (recherche, études) work [U] ( sur on)
    3) ( débats) deliberations

    les travaux agricoles/de la ferme — agricultural/farm work [U]

    travaux de couture — needlework [U]

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    tʀavaj, o travaux pl
    1. nm
    1) (= activité, effort) work

    J'ai beaucoup de travail. — I've got a lot of work.

    C'est un travail épuisant. — It's exhausting work.

    se mettre au travail — to start work, to get down to work

    outils de travail — working tools, work tools

    2) (= tâche spécifique) job

    Donne-lui un travail facile. — Give him an easy job.

    3) (= emploi, gagne-pain) job, work no pl

    Il a un travail intéressant. — He's got an interesting job.

    Il est sans travail depuis un an. — He has been out of work for a year.

    4) (= lieu) work

    Au travail, je m'entends bien avec mes collègues. — I get on well with my colleagues at work.

    5) ÉCONOMIE (= ressource, facteur) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA

    la législation du travail — labour law, labour legislation

    6) MÉDECINE (de l'accouchement) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA
    7) (= façonnage)
    2. travaux nmpl
    (= chantier) (de réparation, agricoles) work, (sur route) roadworks, [construction] building work, building
    * * *
    I.
    travail, pl - aux
    A nm
    1 ( contraire de repos) work; le travail intellectuel intellectual work; le travail scolaire schoolwork; ça demande des mois de travail it requires months of work; se mettre au travail to get down to work, to start work; être en plein travail to be busy working;
    2 (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work ¢; faire un travail to do a job; distribuer le travail to allocate jobs; ce n'est pas mon travail it's not my job; c'est un travail de professionnel ( à faire) it's a job for a professional; ( bien fait) it's a very professional job; c'est un travail d'homme it's man's work; commencer un travail to start a job; mener un travail de recherche to do research work; avoir du travail to have work to do; j'ai un travail fou I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on; les enfants, ça donne du travail, les enfants, c'est du travail children make a lot of work; les gros travaux the heavy work; s'occuper à de petits travaux to do little jobs; faire quelques travaux de jardinage to do a few gardening jobs; (félicitations) c'est du beau travail! aussi iron you've done a great job on that; qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? what do you call this?; et voilà le travail! that's that done!;
    3 ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work ¢, job; ( lieu) work; ne me téléphone pas à mon travail don't call me at work; chercher du/un travail to look for work/a job; bien content d'avoir du/un travail glad to be in work/to have a job; être sans travail to be out of work; donner du travail à qn ( employer) to give sb a job; reprendre le travail to go back to work; cesser le travail to stop work; aller au travail to go to work; être au travail to be at work; que fais-tu comme travail? what do you do?, what's your job?; il ne fait que son travail he's only doing his job; le travail en usine/de bureau factory/office ou clerical work; le travail temporaire/à mi-temps temporary/part-time work; un travail à mi-temps a part-time job; le travail en équipe team work; le travail en équipes shiftwork; le travail de nuit nightwork; il a un travail de nuit he works nights; le travail indépendant freelance work, self-employment; conditions/semaine de travail working conditions/week; vivre de son travail to work for one's living; ⇒ salaire;
    4 Écon, Sociol (activité, population active) labourGB ¢; le capital et le travail capital and labourGB; organisation/division du travail organization/division of labourGB; force de travail workforce; entrer dans le monde du travail to enter the world of work; la psychologie du travail industrial psychology;
    5 ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work ¢; le travail du cœur the work done by the heart; le travail musculaire muscular effort, the work done by the muscles;
    6 ( ouvrage érudit) work (sur on); publier un travail sur la Renaissance to publish a work on the Renaissance;
    7 ( façonnage) le travail de working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]; le travail de l'ivoire est difficile working with ou in ivory is difficult; apprendre le travail du bois/métal to learn woodwork/metalwork;
    8 (technique, exécution) workmanship; un travail superbe a superb piece of workmanship; un coffret d'un beau travail a beautifully made box; une dentelle d'un travail délicat a delicate piece of lacework;
    9 Mécan, Phys work;
    10 ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of); le travail du temps the work of time;
    11 ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping;
    12 Méd ( pendant accouchement) labourGB; entrer/être en travail to go into/be in labourGB; salle de travail labourGB ward.
    B travaux nmpl
    1 ( en chantier) work (sg); ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US; travaux de construction/réfection/soutènement construction/renovation/retaining work ¢; travaux de terrassement earthworks; travaux d'aménagement ( de bâtiment) alterations (de to), improvements (de to); ( d'un site) redevelopment ¢ (de of); ( d'une route) roadworks (de on); faire faire des travaux dans sa maison to have work done in one's house; nous sommes en plein travaux we're in the middle of having some work done; ‘fermé pour travaux’ ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’; ‘attention, travaux’ gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’;
    2 (recherche, études) work ¢ (sur on); publier le résultat de ses travaux to publish the results of one's work;
    3 ( débats) (d'assemblée, de commission) deliberations;
    4 ( opérations de même nature) les travaux agricoles/de la ferme agricultural/farm work; travaux de couture needlework.
    travail à la chaîne assembly-line work; travail clandestin work for which no earnings are declared; travail à domicile working at or from home; travail des enfants child labourGB; travail d'intérêt général Jur community service; travail manuel manual work; travail au noir○ gén work for which no earnings are declared; ( exercice d'un second emploi non déclaré) moonlighting; travail aux pièces piece work; travail posté shift work; travail de Romain Herculean task; travail de titan = travail de Romain; travaux d'aiguille needlework ¢; travaux des champs agricultural ou farm work ¢; travaux de dame fancywork ¢; travaux dirigés, TD Univ practical (sg); travaux forcés Jur hard labourGB (sg); fig slave labourGB ¢; travaux manuels Scol handicrafts; travaux ménagers housework ¢; travaux pratiques, TP Scol, Univ practical work ¢; ( en laboratoire) lab work ¢; travaux préparatoires Jur ( pour un texte de loi) preliminary documents; travaux publics, TP ( travail) civil engineering ¢; ( ouvrages) civil engineering works, public works; travaux routiers roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US.
    II.
    travail, pl travails nm ( appareil) trave.
    I
    ( pluriel travaux) [travaj, o] nom masculin
    A.[ACTION]
    1. [occupation]
    le travail de jour/nuit day/night work
    le travail posté ou par roulement shift work
    a. [occasionnel] undeclared casual work, moonlighting
    b. [comme pratique généralisée] black economy
    a. [généralement] temporary work
    b. [dans un bureau] temping
    2. [tâches imposées] work
    3. [tâche déterminée] job
    faire un travail de recherche/traduction to do a piece of research/a translation
    c'est un travail de bagnard ou forçat it's back-breaking work ou a back-breaking job
    4. [efforts] (hard) work
    5. [exécution] work
    on lui a confié les peintures et elle a fait du bon/mauvais travail she was responsible for doing the painting and she made a good/bad job of it
    je ne retrouve pas une seule disquette, qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? I can't find a single floppy disc, what's going on here?
    6. [façonnage] working
    elle est attirée par le travail du bois/de la soie she's interested in working with wood/with silk
    7. [poste] job, occupation, post
    [responsabilité] job
    chercher du ou un travail to be job-hunting, to be looking for a job
    sans travail unemployed, jobless, out of work
    8. [dans le système capitaliste] labour
    9. [contrainte exercée - par la chaleur, l'érosion] action
    10. PHYSIOLOGIE [accouchement] labour
    le travail n'est pas commencé/est commencé the patient has not yet gone/has gone into labour
    [activité] work
    réduire le travail du cœur/des reins to lighten the strain on the heart/on the kidneys
    11. MÉCANIQUE & PHYSIQUE work
    B.[RÉSULTAT, EFFET]
    1. [écrit] piece
    2. [transformation - généralement] work
    [modification interne - dans le bois] warping ; [ - dans le fromage] maturing ; [ - dans le vin] working
    C.[LIEU D'ACTIVITÉ PROFESSIONNELLE] work, workplace
    travaux nom masculin pluriel
    1. [tâches] work, working
    ‘fermé pendant les travaux’ ‘closed for ou during alterations’
    ‘attention, travaux’ ‘caution, work in progress’
    a. [généralement] arts and crafts
    a. [généralement] practical work
    b. [en laboratoire] lab work
    2. [d'une commission] work
    ————————
    au travail locution adverbiale
    1. [en activité] at work, working
    allez, au travail! come on, get to work!
    2. [sur le lieu d'activité] at work, in the workplace
    ————————
    de travail locution adjectivale
    1. [horaire, séance] working
    [vêtement, camarade, permis] work (modificateur)
    2. [d'accouchement - période] labour (modificateur) ; [ - salle] labour (modificateur), delivery (modificateur)
    ————————
    du travail locution adjectivale
    [accident, sociologie, législation] industrial
    ————————
    en travail adverbe
    entrer en travail to go into ou to start labour
    II
    ( pluriel travails) [travaj] nom masculin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > travail

  • 51 tirare

    1. v/t pull
    ( tendere) stretch
    ( lanciare) throw
    ( sparare) fire
    ( tracciare) draw
    tirare fuori take out
    bambino bring up
    tirare giù take down
    2. v/i pull
    di abito be too tight
    di vento blow
    ( sparare) shoot
    tirare avanti ( arrangiarsi) get by, manage
    ( continuare) keep going
    tirare dritto go straight on
    tirare a sorte draw lots
    * * *
    tirare v.tr.
    1 to pull; to draw*; ( trascinare) to drag: tira, non spingere, pull, don't push; tirare una corda, to pull a rope; una carrozza tirata da quattro cavalli, a coach drawn by four horses; tirava un sacco pesante, he was dragging a heavy sack; tirò il tavolo vicino al muro, he drew the table near the wall; tirare la manica a qlcu., tirare qlcu. per la manica, to pull (o to pluck) s.o.'s sleeve; tirare il campanello, to pull the bell; tirare le reti, to haul in the nets // una parola tira l'altra, one thing leads to another // una ciliegia tira l'altra, cherries are moreish // il suo comportamento tira gli schiaffi, his behaviour gets my goat // tirare il fiato, to get one's breath back // tirarsi gente in casa, to bring people home // tirare qlcu. dalla propria parte, to bring s.o. round to one's point of view // tirare giù, to pull down, to let down; ( abbassare) to lower: tirare giù la saracinesca, to pull down the shutter (o to let the shutter down); tirare giù un libro da uno scaffale, to take down a book from a shelf; (comm.) tirare giù un prezzo, to lower (o to reduce) a price // tirare su, to pull up; ( raccogliere) to pick up: tira su quel pezzo di carta dal pavimento, pick up that piece of paper from the floor; tirarsi su le calze, to pull up one's socks; tirarsi su i capelli, to put up one's hair; tirare su un muro, to build a wall; tirare su un bambino, to bring up a child; le vacanze l'hanno tirato su, the holidays have set him up again // tirare dentro, to bring in; hanno tirato dentro anche me, they dragged me into it too // tirare fuori, to draw out: tirò fuori l'abito dalla valigia, she drew out the dress from the case; tira fuori le mani di tasca, take your hands out of your pockets; tira fuori tutto quello che hai da dire, spill the beans; tirare fuori la verità, to come out with the truth; tirare fuori qlcu., ( di prigione) to have (o to get) s.o. out (of prison) // tirare via, ( togliere) to take away; to pull out (o off o away): tira via la sedia, take away the chair; hanno tirato via l'etichetta, they have pulled off the label; tirò via un chiodo, he pulled out a nail; tirare via un lavoro, ( non farlo accuratamente) to finish off a job // tirarsi dietro, to draw (o to pull) after oneself; ( portare con sé) to drag after oneself: si tirò dietro la porta, he pulled the door to after him; devo sempre tirarmi dietro mio fratello, I always have to drag my brother around after me // tirarsi addosso le critiche di tutti, to make oneself the object of everybody's criticism
    2 ( lanciare) to throw*: tirare un sasso a un cane, to throw a stone at a dog; tirare una freccia, to shoot an arrow; tirare ( il pallone) in porta, a rete, to shoot // tirare i dadi, to throw dice // tirare calci, pugni, to kick, to punch
    3 ( tendere) to draw*: tirare le tende, to draw the curtains; tirare un filo, to put up a line, ( delle calze) to pull a thread (in one's stockings) // tirare una riga, to draw a line // tirare l'arco, to bend (o to draw) the bow // tirarla, ( vivere in ristrettezze) to have trouble making ends meet // tirare tardi, giorno, mattina, (region.) to stay up late; tirare notte, to pass the time
    4 ( ricavare) to draw; ( fare) to make*: tirare una conclusione, to draw a conclusion; tirare le somme, to sum up (anche fig.) // tirare la paga, l'affitto, (antiq.) to draw (o to collect) one's wages, the rent
    5 ( far diventare): tirare a lucido, a cera, to polish; essere tirato a lucido, (fig.) to be dolled up
    6 ( stampare) to print, to run* off: tirare 1000 copie di un libro, to print (o to run off) 1000 copies of a book; tirare le bozze, to pull proofs
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 to go* on, to carry on: ''Come va?'' ''Si tira avanti'', ''How are you?'' ''Not so bad'' (o ''Could be worse''); tirarono avanti per parecchi chilometri, they went on for many kilometres
    2 ( mirare, tendere) to approach, to tend: un grigio che tira all'azzurro, a bluish grey // tirare ai soldi, to aim at money
    3 (fig. fam.) ( avere inclinazione) to prefer (sthg.): tira più per la pallacanestro che per il calcio, he prefers basketball to football
    4 ( sparare) to shoot*; ( far fuoco) to fire: sa tirare bene, he is a good shot; ordinò loro di tirare, he ordered them to fire; tirare a qlcu., to shoot (o to fire) at s.o. // tirare di scherma, di spada, to fence; tirare di boxe, to box
    5 ( soffiare) to blow*: tira vento, the wind is blowing (o it is windy) // tira aria di tempesta, (fig.) a storm is in the air (o there is a stormy atmosphere)
    6 ( avere tiraggio) to draw*: il camino non tira, the chimney doesn't draw; questo sigaro tira bene, this cigar draws well // (econ.): l'industria automobilistica tira, the car industry is thriving; questa azienda non tira, this firm is not doing well
    8 ( di strada) to go* uphill, to run* uphill
    9 ( di indumenti, stringere) to be tight: questo vestito tira sui fianchi, this dress is too tight on the hips
    10 ( essere teso) to feel* tight: mi tira la pelle della faccia, the skin of my face feels tight
    11 ( contrattare) to bargain: tirare sul prezzo, to bargain (o to haggle)
    12 (non com.) ( somigliare) to take* after: tira dalla nonna, she takes after her grandmother.
    ◘ tirarsi v.rifl.
    1 to draw*; to drag: si tirò da parte, he drew to one side // tirare su, ( alzarsi) to draw oneself up; ( riprendersi) to feel better: si tirò su quando mi vide, he drew himself up (o stood up) when he saw me // tirare indietro, to draw back, (fig.) to hold back
    2 (ant.) to go*.
    * * *
    [ti'rare]
    1. vt
    1) (gen) to pull, (slitta) to pull, drag, (rimorchio) to tow, (Culin : pasta) to stretch

    tirare qn da parte — to take o draw sb aside

    tirare qn per i capelli — to pull sb's hair, fig to force sb

    tirare fuori — to pull out, take out

    tirare su qn/qc — to pull sb/sth up

    tirare su qn — (fig : rallegrare) to cheer sb up, (allevare) to bring sb up

    tirarsi dietro qn — to bring o drag sb along

    tirarsi addosso qc — to pull sth down on top of o.s., fig to bring sth upon o.s.

    2) (chiudere: tende) to draw, close, pull

    tirare la porta — to close the door, pull the door to

    3) (tracciare, disegnare) to draw, trace, (stampare) to print
    4) (lanciare: sasso, palla) to throw, fling, (colpo, freccia) to fire, (fig : bestemmie, imprecazioni) to hurl, let fly
    2. vi
    (aus avere) (sogg : pipa, camino) to draw, (vestito, indumento) to be tight

    tirare avanti — (fig : vivere) to get by, (proseguire) to struggle on

    tirare tardi/mattina — to stay up late/till the early hours o dawn

    tirare col fucile/con l'arco — to shoot with a rifle/with a bow and arrow

    che aria tira? fig — what are things like?, what's the situation like?

    il mercato/l'economia tira — the market/the economy is thriving

    3. vr (tirarsi)

    tirarsi indietro — to draw o move back, fig to back out

    tirarsi su — to pull o.s. up, fig to cheer o.s. up

    * * *
    [ti'rare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (esercitare una trazione su) to pull [catena, corda, leva, freno a mano]; to pull, to tug [ capelli]; (per chiudere) to draw*, to pull [ tende]

    tirare qcn. per il braccio — to pull sb. by the arm o sb.'s arm

    2) (lanciare) to throw*, to toss, to fling* [ pallone]; to throw*, to cast* [sasso, dadi]; to shoot*, to fire [ freccia]; (sparare) to shoot*, to fire [proiettile, granata]; to fire, to take* [ colpo]

    tirare qcs. a qcn. — to throw sth. at sb., to toss sb. sth

    tirare calci — [persona, animale] to kick (out)

    tirare un rigore — sport to kick a penalty

    4) (tendere) to stretch, to tighten [ filo]; to draw* [ arco]; (stendere) gastr. to roll out [ pasta]
    5) (trainare) to draw*, to pull [roulotte, carro, aratro, slitta]
    6) (tracciare) to draw* [linea, tratto]
    8) (trarre, ricavare) to draw* [acqua, vino]
    9) tip. to print [ libro]; to run* off [ copia]
    10) tirare dentro (portare dentro) to bring* in(side); fig. (coinvolgere) to bring* into, to drag into
    11) tirare dietro to throw* [sth.] behind

    te li tirano dietro — fig. they are two o ten a penny, they are a dime a dozen

    12) tirare fuori to take* out, to draw* out, to get* out, to pull out [documenti, ombrello, portafogli]; to get* out [ auto]; to bring* out, to get* out, to pull out [fazzoletto, pistola]; to come* up with [idea, risposta]; to come* out with [scusa, verità]; to poke out, to put* out, to stick* out [ lingua]

    tirare fuori da qcs. — to take o draw [sth.] out of sth., to produce [sth.] from sth. [ oggetto]

    tirami fuori di qui! — (fare uscire) get me out of this place!

    tirare qcn. fuori dai guai — to get sb. out of trouble

    13) tirare giù (abbassare) to take* down, to pull down [pantaloni, mutande]; to draw* down [tapparella, velo, tenda]; to let* down [ orlo]; to fold down [ lenzuolo]; to roll down [ maniche]; to wind* down, to put* down [ finestrino]; fig. to bring* down, to knock back [ prezzo]; (buttare per terra) to throw* [sb., sth.] to the ground; (abbattere) to shoot* down [ aereo]

    tirare giù qcn. dal letto — to get o drag o haul sb. out of bed

    14) tirare indietro to put* back, to throw* back [ spalle]; to slide* back [ sedile]; (pettinare) to push back [ capelli]
    15) tirare in dentro to pull in [ pancia]
    16) tirare su (alzare) to pull up, to lift, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]; to raise, to draw* up [tenda, tapparella]; to take* up [ orlo]; to pull up, to hitch up [ coperte]; to turn up [ colletto]; to roll up [ maniche]; to wind* up, to put* up [ finestrino]; to raise, to lift, to put* up [testa, braccia, gambe]; to pin up, to put* up [ capelli]; fig. to put* up, to raise, to push up [ prezzo]; (sollevare) to pick up, to catch* up [bambino, borsa]; (costruire) to build* [parete, casa]; (allevare) to bring* up [bambino, figlio]; fig. (risollevare) to uplift, to cheer up [ persona]; to raise, to uplift, to boost [ morale]

    tirare su qcs. dal pavimento — to pick sth. off the floor

    tirare su col naso — to sniff(le), to snuffle

    17) tirare via (togliere) to draw* away [mano, piede]; to pull off [ coperchio]; (strappare) to pull off [ adesivo]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)
    2) (soffiare) to blow*; (avere tiraggio) [camino, pompa] to draw*

    oggi tira vento — it's windy o the wind is blowing today

    sentire o vedere che aria tira fig. to see which way the wind blows; con l'aria che tira! — at the rate things are going!

    3) (con un'arma) to shoot* (su, a at)

    tirare di boxe — sport to box

    tirare di scherma — sport to fence

    tirare in vita — [ vestito] to be (too) tight around one's waist

    5) fig. (aver successo) [ affari] to go* well; [ prodotto] to sell*

    tirare sul prezzo — to haggle over the price, to bargain

    7) gerg. (sniffare)
    8) tirare avanti (continuare) to go* on, to carry on, to press on; (vivacchiare) to bear* up, to struggle along; (sopravvivere economicamente) to cope, to get* along, to scrape by
    3.
    verbo pronominale tirarsi

    - rsi i capelli — to pull at one's hair; (l'un l'altro) to pull at each other's hair

    -rsi i baffi, il labbro — to tug at one's moustache, lip

    - rsi in là — to budge up o over, to shove over

    tirati da parte — step o move aside

    3) (lanciarsi) to throw* [sth.] to each other [ pallone]; to throw* [sth.] at each other, to throw* [sth.] against each other [sassi, colpi]
    4) tirarsi addosso to bring* (down) [sth.] upon oneself; fig. (attirarsi) to bring* down, to incur [dispiacere, collera]; to bring* [sth.] down [ critiche]
    5) tirarsi dietro to bring* along [ persona]; fig. to bring* about [problemi, complicazioni]
    6) tirarsi fuori da to wriggle one's way out of, to clamber out of

    - rsi fuori dai guai — fig. to wriggle off the hook

    7) tirarsi indietro (scansarsi) to move aside, to step aside; (ritirarsi) to back down, to flinch, to hang* back; (pettinarsi)
    8) tirarsi su (alzarsi) to rise*, to draw* oneself up, to raise oneself up; (mettersi dritto) to rise*, to stand* up, to get* up; (mettersi seduto) to sit* upright, to raise oneself to a sitting position; fig. (risollevarsi) (moralmente) to cheer up; (fisicamente) to gather oneself, to recover, to bounce back; (economicamente) to bounce back; (raccogliere) to put* up, to pin up [ capelli]; to pull up, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]
    9) tirarsela colloq. to put* on airs, to get* above oneself
    ••

    tirare per le lunghe, in lungo — to spin out [storia, discussione]; to drag out [riunione, discorso]

    tirarla per le lunghe — to drag one's feet o heels, to hang fire

    * * *
    tirare
    /ti'rare/ [1]
     1 (esercitare una trazione su) to pull [catena, corda, leva, freno a mano]; to pull, to tug [ capelli]; (per chiudere) to draw*, to pull [ tende]; tirare qcn. per il braccio to pull sb. by the arm o sb.'s arm; tirare il collo a un pollo to wring a chicken's neck; tirare le reti to pull the nets (out)
     2 (lanciare) to throw*, to toss, to fling* [ pallone]; to throw*, to cast* [sasso, dadi]; to shoot*, to fire [ freccia]; (sparare) to shoot*, to fire [proiettile, granata]; to fire, to take* [ colpo]; tirare qcs. a qcn. to throw sth. at sb., to toss sb. sth.
     3 (sferrare) tirare calci [persona, animale] to kick (out); tirare un pugno to throw a punch; tirare un rigore sport to kick a penalty
     4 (tendere) to stretch, to tighten [ filo]; to draw* [ arco]; (stendere) gastr. to roll out [ pasta]
     5 (trainare) to draw*, to pull [roulotte, carro, aratro, slitta]
     6 (tracciare) to draw* [linea, tratto]
     7 (portare con sé) una parola tira l'altra one word leads to another
     8 (trarre, ricavare) to draw* [acqua, vino]
     9 tip. to print [ libro]; to run* off [ copia]
     10 tirare dentro (portare dentro) to bring* in(side); fig. (coinvolgere) to bring* into, to drag into
     11 tirare dietro to throw* [sth.] behind; te li tirano dietro fig. they are two o ten a penny, they are a dime a dozen
     12 tirare fuori to take* out, to draw* out, to get* out, to pull out [documenti, ombrello, portafogli]; to get* out [ auto]; to bring* out, to get* out, to pull out [fazzoletto, pistola]; to come* up with [idea, risposta]; to come* out with [scusa, verità]; to poke out, to put* out, to stick* out [ lingua]; tirare fuori da qcs. to take o draw [sth.] out of sth., to produce [sth.] from sth. [ oggetto]; tirami fuori di qui! (fare uscire) get me out of this place! cosa tirerà fuori adesso! what (will he come out with) next! tirare qcn. fuori dai guai to get sb. out of trouble
     13 tirare giù (abbassare) to take* down, to pull down [pantaloni, mutande]; to draw* down [tapparella, velo, tenda]; to let* down [ orlo]; to fold down [ lenzuolo]; to roll down [ maniche]; to wind* down, to put* down [ finestrino]; fig. to bring* down, to knock back [ prezzo]; (buttare per terra) to throw* [sb., sth.] to the ground; (abbattere) to shoot* down [ aereo]; tirare giù qcn. dal letto to get o drag o haul sb. out of bed
     14 tirare indietro to put* back, to throw* back [ spalle]; to slide* back [ sedile]; (pettinare) to push back [ capelli]; tirare indietro le lancette dell'orologio to put the clock back
     15 tirare in dentro to pull in [ pancia]
     16 tirare su (alzare) to pull up, to lift, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]; to raise, to draw* up [tenda, tapparella]; to take* up [ orlo]; to pull up, to hitch up [ coperte]; to turn up [ colletto]; to roll up [ maniche]; to wind* up, to put* up [ finestrino]; to raise, to lift, to put* up [testa, braccia, gambe]; to pin up, to put* up [ capelli]; fig. to put* up, to raise, to push up [ prezzo]; (sollevare) to pick up, to catch* up [bambino, borsa]; (costruire) to build* [parete, casa]; (allevare) to bring* up [bambino, figlio]; fig. (risollevare) to uplift, to cheer up [ persona]; to raise, to uplift, to boost [ morale]; tirami su! lift me up! tirare su qcs. dal pavimento to pick sth. off the floor; tirare su col naso to sniff(le), to snuffle
     17 tirare via (togliere) to draw* away [mano, piede]; to pull off [ coperchio]; (strappare) to pull off [ adesivo]
     (aus. avere)
     1 (esercitare una trazione) to pull; tira forte! pull hard!
     2 (soffiare) to blow*; (avere tiraggio) [camino, pompa] to draw*; oggi tira vento it's windy o the wind is blowing today; sentire o vedere che aria tira fig. to see which way the wind blows; con l'aria che tira! at the rate things are going!
     3 (con un'arma) to shoot* (su, a at); tirare con l'arco to shoot with a bow and arrow; tirare di boxe sport to box; tirare di scherma sport to fence
     4 (stringere) tirare in vita [ vestito] to be (too) tight around one's waist
     5 fig. (aver successo) [ affari] to go* well; [ prodotto] to sell*
     6 fig. (contrattare) tirare sul prezzo to haggle over the price, to bargain
     7 gerg. (sniffare) tirare di coca to sniff coke
     8 tirare avanti (continuare) to go* on, to carry on, to press on; (vivacchiare) to bear* up, to struggle along; (sopravvivere economicamente) to cope, to get* along, to scrape by; questo mi basta per tirare avanti this is enough to keep me going
    III tirarsi verbo pronominale
     1 (esercitare una trazione) - rsi i capelli to pull at one's hair; (l'un l'altro) to pull at each other's hair; -rsi i baffi, il labbro to tug at one's moustache, lip
     2 (spostarsi) - rsi in là to budge up o over, to shove over; tirati da parte step o move aside
     3 (lanciarsi) to throw* [sth.] to each other [ pallone]; to throw* [sth.] at each other, to throw* [sth.] against each other [sassi, colpi]
     4 tirarsi addosso to bring* (down) [sth.] upon oneself; fig. (attirarsi) to bring* down, to incur [dispiacere, collera]; to bring* [sth.] down [ critiche]
     5 tirarsi dietro to bring* along [ persona]; fig. to bring* about [problemi, complicazioni]; tirati dietro la porta close the door behind you
     6 tirarsi fuori da to wriggle one's way out of, to clamber out of; - rsi fuori dai guai fig. to wriggle off the hook
     7 tirarsi indietro (scansarsi) to move aside, to step aside; (ritirarsi) to back down, to flinch, to hang* back; (pettinarsi) - rsi indietro i capelli to tie back one's hair
     8 tirarsi su (alzarsi) to rise*, to draw* oneself up, to raise oneself up; (mettersi dritto) to rise*, to stand* up, to get* up; (mettersi seduto) to sit* upright, to raise oneself to a sitting position; fig. (risollevarsi) (moralmente) to cheer up; (fisicamente) to gather oneself, to recover, to bounce back; (economicamente) to bounce back; (raccogliere) to put* up, to pin up [ capelli]; to pull up, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]
     9 tirarsela colloq. to put* on airs, to get* above oneself
    tirare per le lunghe, in lungo to spin out [storia, discussione]; to drag out [riunione, discorso]; tirarla per le lunghe to drag one's feet o heels, to hang fire.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > tirare

  • 52 насос


    pump
    -, аварийный — emergency pump
    -, аварийный ручной — emergency hand pump
    -, вакуумный — vacuum pump
    насос для создания разрежения в линии или системе, — а pump which maintains а vacuum in а line or system.
    -, включенный — operating pump
    - впрыска топлива — fuel injection pump
    - высокого давления (топлива) — high pressure fuel (main) pump, hp pump
    для повышения давления топлива, поступающего к форсункам.
    -, гидравлический — hydraulic pump
    -, главный топливный — main fuel pump
    - (-) датчик (плунжерный топливный насос высокого давления переменной производительности) (нд) — variable-delivery high pressure (hp) fuel pump
    -, двухступенчатый (с двумя ступенями повышения давления) — two-stage pump
    -, двухступенчатый (с двумя камерами подачи к или откачки масла от двух разных элементов двигателя) — two-section /-element/ pump
    -, диафрагменный — diaphragm-type pump
    - для впрыска топлива — fuel injection pump
    -, дозирующий (масляный) — (oil) metering pump
    -, дополнительный (топливный, всу) — auxiliary pump
    -, заливочный (пд) — fuel priming /primer/ pump
    -, коловратный — rotary pump
    -, лопаточный — vane pump

    a pump which utilizes eccentrically mounted rotating vanes to entrap and force fluid.
    -, масляный — oil pump
    -, масляный нагнетающий — oil pressure pump
    -, масляный (подпитки) — oil replenishment pump
    -, многокамерный — multi-section pump
    -, многоступенчатый (с несколькими ступенями повышения давления) — multi-stage pump
    -, многоступенчатый (многокамерный, обслуживающий несколько автономных линий) — multi-section pump
    -, нагнетательный — pressure pump
    -, нагнетающий (масляный) — (oil) pressure pump
    - (смонтированный) на двигателе — engine pump
    - непосредственного впрыска (нв) — direct-injection pump
    дозирующий насос для впрыска топлива в цилиндры поршневого двигателя, — а fuel-metering pump which injects the fuel direct to the individual engine cylinders.
    - низкого давления (топливный) — low pressure (lp) pump
    насос на двигателе в топливной магистрали за подкачивающим насосом топливного бака. — an engine-driven pump асting as а back-up pump for а tank booster pump.
    -, объемный (объемного типа, напр., плунжерный) — displacement pump
    -, объемный (нагнетающий) — positive displacement pump
    -, одноступенчатый — single-stage pump
    -, одноступенчатый (однокамерный) — single-section (-element) pump
    - (передней) опоры (масляный), нагнетающий — (front) bearing (oil) pressure pump
    - (передней) опоры (масляный), откачивающий — (front) bearing (oil) scavenge pump
    -, основной масляный (омн) — main oil pump
    -, основной топливный — main fuel pump
    -, откачивающий (в маслосистеме двигателя) (mho) — oil scavenge pump
    откачивает масло из опор двигателя в маслобак, — prevents oil accumulation in engine bearings and returns it to oil tank.
    -, откачивающий (в линию слива) — return (oil) pump
    -, откачивающий (для удаления воздуха из чехла упакованного изделия) — vacuum /suction/ pump
    -, отсасывающий — suction pump
    - охлаждающий жидкости — coolant pump
    -, перекачивающий — transfer pump
    -, перекачивающий топливный (i -ой, 2-ой очереди) — (first, second) fuel consumed tank transfer pump
    - перекачки — transfer pump
    - перекачки топлива — fuel transfer pump, fuel tank
    для перекачки топлива из одной группы баков в другую — feed pump
    - перекаки топлива в основной (расходный) бак — main tank fuel feed pump
    - переменной производительности — variable-delivery pump
    -, плунжерный — plunger (type) pump
    -, подкачивающий (в топливном баке) — boost(er) pump
    -, подкачивающий самолетный (в топливном расходном баке) — boost(er) pump а pump in а fuel system, used to provide additional or auxiliary pressure when needed.
    - (подкачивающий) непокрытый топливом — uncovered (boost) pump sustained nose high attitudes could cause boost pumps to be uncovered.
    -, подкачивающий топливный (на двигателе для создания давления топлива на входе в насос регулятор) — fuel back-up /boost/ pump
    -, подкачивающий топливный (низкого давления) — low pressure fuel pump acts as back-up pump for wing tank boost pump.
    - подкачки (в топливном баке) — boost(er) pump
    - подпитки (подкачивающий масло) — (oil) replenishment pump
    для подпитки маслосистемы двигателя путем подачи маcла на вход нагнетающего наcoca. — delivers oil at а suitable pressure from the oil tank for replenishing the engine lubricating system.
    -, поршневой — piston pump
    - постоянной производительности — constant /fixed/-delivery pump
    - приемистости — accelerating pump
    насос в карбюраторе поршневого двигателя для кратковременного обогащения топливной смеси при даче газа — a pump on the carburetor which enriches the mixture momentarily while the engine is accelerating.
    -, пусковой топливный — fuel starting pump
    (-) регулятор (включает качающий и топливодозирующий узлы) — fuel (flow) control unit (fcu), fuel flow regulator (f.f.r.) the fcu receives various signals from the engine, compares to the throttle position and controls the hp pump fuel flow output.
    -, ручной топливный — hand fuel pump
    - смыва (унитаза) — (closet pan) flushing pump
    -, струйный (эжекторный) — jet pump
    -, топливоподкачивающий (на двигателе) — (engine-driven) fuel back-up /boost/ pump
    - (-) ускоритель (приемистости — accelerating pump
    - утопленного типа, подкачивающий — immersion boost(er) pump
    - флюгирования винта — propeller feathering pump
    - форсажной камеры, топливный — afterburner fuel pump
    -, форсажный — afterburner /thrust augmentor/ fuel pump
    -, центробежный — centrifugal pump
    -, шестеренчатый — gear pump
    объемный насос, в котором перемещение жидкости совершается впадинами помещенных в корпусе шестерен. — a pump, which utilizes the rotary action of a set of gears to force fluid thru a system or to build up fluid pressure.
    -, эжекторный (маслорадиатоpa) — (oil cooler) jet pump for ground operation, cooling air is circulated through the oil cooler exit by a jet pump.
    -, эжекторный (струйный) — jet pump

    creates aspirator action, drawing in ventilating and cooling air.
    вход h. — pump inlet
    выход h. — pump outlet
    на входе н. — at pump inlet, in inlet to pump
    на выходе из н. — at pump outlet, in outlet from pump
    перегрузка h. — pump overload
    производительность h. — pump delivery (rate)
    включать h. — start the pump
    выключать h. — stop the pump
    проверять герметичность н. — test the pump for leakage

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > насос

  • 53 ставить

    несов. - ста́вить, сов. - поста́вить; (вн.)

    поста́вить кого́-л на́ ноги — put / set smb on his feet

    ста́вить декора́ции — set the scenery

    2) ( помещать) put (d), place (d), set (d)

    ста́вить в ряд [круг] — put (d) in a row [circle]

    ста́вить цветы́ в во́ду — put / set the flowers in water

    ста́вить кувши́н на стол — put / stand the jug on the table

    ста́вить ча́йник на плиту́ — put the teapot on the stove

    ста́вить но́гу на зе́млю — plant / set one's foot on the ground

    3) разг. (сооружать, воздвигать) set up (d), put up (d); ( строить) build (d)

    ста́вить пала́тку — set / put up a tent

    ста́вить забо́р — put up a fence

    ста́вить дом — build a house

    ста́вить па́мятник (дт.) — erect [put up] a monument (to)

    4) ( прикладывать) apply (d)

    ста́вить ба́нки — apply cupping glasses

    ста́вить кому́-л термо́метр — take smb's temperature

    5) (устанавливать для работы, действия) install (d); информ. тж. set up (d)

    ста́вить себе́ телефо́н — have a telephone installed

    ста́вить програ́мму на компью́тер — install a program on one's computer

    6) ( проигрывать) play (d)

    поста́вить плёнку [пласти́нку] — start / play a tape [record]

    поста́вьте Ба́ха разг. — play Bach [bɑːh]

    ста́вить га́лочку (про́тив) — put a check / tick брит. / mark (against), check off (d); tick off (d) брит.

    ста́вить печа́ть (на пр.) — affix a stamp (to), stamp (d)

    ста́вить по́дпись — fix / affix / append one's signature

    ста́вить ви́зу — stamp a visa

    здесь на́до ста́вить запяту́ю — a comma should be used here

    9) (в вн.; оформлять знаками препинания) enclose (d in), put (d in), use (d in)

    ста́вить в ско́бки (вн.) — bracket (d), put (d) in brackets

    ста́вить в кавы́чки — enclose / put (d) in quotes [quotation marks]; put / set / place (d) in inverted commas брит.

    10) (в вн.; преобразовывать в какую-л словоформу) change (d into)

    поста́вить глаго́л в проше́дшее вре́мя — use / form the past tense of a verb

    11) (дт.; выставлять - оценку) give (i d)

    ста́вить кому́-л отме́тки — give smb marks брит. / grades амер.

    ста́влю тебе́ за э́то дво́йку — I grade your work as very poor; I give you a D for this

    12) ( осуществлять постановку - пьесы) put (d) on the stage, stage (d), produce (d); (кинофильма, представления) direct (d)
    13) (отрабатывать правильную постановку - голоса, движений и т.п.) train (d)

    ста́вить го́лос кому́-л — train smb's voice

    14) (устанавливать, настраивать) set (d)

    ста́вить часы́ — set the clock

    поста́вьте буди́льник на 5 часо́в — set the alarm to 5 o'clock

    15) (на вн.; делать ставку) stake (d on); (про́тив) bet (d to)

    он ста́вит две́сти рубле́й — he stakes two hundred roubles

    он ста́вит две́сти рубле́й про́тив пяти́десяти — he'll bet [is willing to bet] two hundred roubles to fifty

    ста́вить на ло́шадь — back a horse; place a bet on a horse

    16) (выдвигать, предлагать к обсуждению) raise (d), put forth (d)

    ста́вить пробле́му — raise a problem

    ста́вить вопро́с (о) — raise the question (of)

    ста́вить пе́ред кем-л вопро́с (о пр.) — bring smb's attention to the issue (of)

    ста́вить вопро́с ребро́м — put a question point-blank

    ста́вить на голосова́ние — put (d) to the vote

    ста́вить вопро́с на обсужде́ние — bring up an issue for discussion

    ста́вить усло́вия — make terms, lay down conditions / terms

    17) ( формулировать) put (d), formulate (d)

    вы непра́вильно ста́вите вопро́с — you put the question incorrectly

    как поста́влено усло́вие зада́чи? — how is the problem formulated?

    18) ( определять) set (d); define (d)

    ста́вить зада́чу кому́-л — set smb the task

    ста́вить цель — define the goal

    ста́вить це́лью — make it one's aim, set oneself smth as an object; (+ инф.) seek (+ to inf)

    ста́вить за пра́вило — make it a rule

    19) ( ценить) rank (d), rate (d)

    ста́вить кого́-л в оди́н ряд с выдаю́щимися ли́дерами — rank smb among the most oustanding leaders

    высоко́ ста́вить кого́-л — think highly of smb

    ни в грош [ни во что] не ста́вить кого́-л разг. — think little of smb; not to give a pin / damn for smb

    20) разг. (кому́-л; угощать) offer (d to); give (i d)

    ста́вить угоще́ние кому́-л — treat smb to a meal or drink

    ста́вить стол кому́-л — set out a dinner for smb

    ста́вить буты́лку вина́ кому́-л — treat smb to a bottle of wine; give smb a bottle of wine; ( в ресторане) order a bottle of wine for smb

    21) ( назначать) appoint (d)

    ста́вить команди́ром — appoint smb commander; put smb in command

    ста́вить кого́-л во главе́ (рд.) — put smb at the head [in charge] (of)

    ста́вить на дежу́рство — assign smb to duty

    ста́вить часово́го — post a sentry

    22) (в вн.; пе́ред; вводить в какое-л положение) put (d in, before)

    ста́вить кого́-л в нело́вкое положе́ние — put smb in an awkward position

    ста́вить кого́-л в безвы́ходное положе́ние — drive smb into a corner

    ста́вить кого́-л пе́ред тру́дной зада́чей — give smb a difficult task

    ста́вить кого́-л пе́ред вы́бором — make smb choose

    ста́вить кого́-л пе́ред (соверши́вшимся) фа́ктом — present smb with a fait accompli [,feɪt ə'kɒmpliː]

    ста́вить в изве́стность — let (d) know, inform (d)

    ста́вить в необходи́мость уст. — compel (d)

    ••

    ста́вить всё на ка́рту — stake one's all

    ста́вить в тупи́к кого́-л — nonplus smb, puzzle smb, baffle smb

    ста́вить препя́тствия кому́-л — place / put obstacles in smb's way

    ста́вить что-л в вину́ кому́-л — blame smb for smth, accuse smb of smth

    ста́вить в упрёк что-л кому́-л — reproach smb with smth, blame smth on smb

    ста́вить в приме́р кого́-л — hold smb up as an example

    ста́вить на коле́ни кого́-л — bring / force smb to his knees

    ста́вить в у́гол (в виде наказания) — stand (d) in the corner

    ста́вить реко́рд — establish / set a record

    ста́вить те́сто — make dough [dəʊ]

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > ставить

  • 54 вгонять

    1) General subject: force
    2) Engineering: force in
    3) Polygraphy: lead out (строку), take back, take back (строку или букву), take in, take in (строку или букву)
    4) Mechanic engineering: set

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вгонять

  • 55 puerta

    f.
    1 door.
    de puerta en puerta from door to door
    puerta blindada reinforced door
    puerta corrediza sliding door
    puerta giratoria revolving door
    puerta principal front door; (en casa) main door o entrance (en hotel, museo, hospital)
    puerta trasera back door; (en casa) rear entrance (en hotel, museo, hospital)
    puerta vidriera glass door
    2 gateway, opening.
    3 goal, goalmouth (sport).
    4 gate.
    * * *
    1 door
    2 (verja) gate
    \
    a las puertas de on the threshold of, close to
    a puerta cerrada in private, behind closed doors
    dar a alguien con la puerta en las narices familiar to slam the door in somebody's face
    de puerta a puerta (from) door to door
    de puertas adentro in private
    en puertas very close
    entrar por la puerta grande to make a grand entrance
    salir por la puerta grande to make a grand exit
    puerta corredera sliding door
    puerta de la calle main door, front door
    puerta de servicio service entrance
    puerta giratoria revolving door
    tiro a puerta shot at goal
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) door
    2) gate
    * * *
    SF
    1) [para bloquear el paso] [de casa, vehículo, armario] door; [de jardín, ciudad] gate

    puerta principal — [de una casa] front door; [de edificio público] main entrance

    puerta ventana, puerta vidriera — French window

    2) (=abertura en la pared) doorway
    3) [locuciones]

    • puerta a puerta, servicio puerta a puerta — door-to-door service

    hacer el puerta a puerta — (Pol) to doorstep

    • de puertas abiertas, jornada de puertas abiertas — open day

    • a puerta cerrada — [gen] behind closed doors; (Jur) in camera

    • de puerta en puerta — from door to door

    a las puertas de —

    ahora, a las puertas de la vejez, lo comprendo — now that I am approaching old age, I understand

    en septiembre, ya a las puertas del otoño — in September, with autumn just around the corner

    un sirviente de puertas adentro — LAm a live-in servant

    de puertas afuera —

    lo que pasa de puertas afuera — (=fuera de casa) what happens outside of this home; (=en el extranjero) what happens abroad

    de puertas afuera se dice que... — publicly it is being said that...

    por la puerta chica —

    estar en puertas —

    equivocarse de puerta —

    por la puerta grande —

    salir por la puerta grande — [torero] to make a triumphant exit

    si me voy, lo haré por la puerta grande — if I leave, I'll leave with my head held high

    4) (Aer) gate
    5) (Dep) goal

    un disparo o remate a puerta — a shot at goal

    6) (Inform) port
    * * *
    1) (de casa, coche, horno) door; (en jardín, valla) gate

    llamar a la puerta — to ring the doorbell/knock on the door

    de puerta a puerta tardo media hora — it takes me half an hour, door to door

    coger la puerta (y largarse) — (Esp fam) to leave

    darle con la puerta en las narices a alguien — to slam the door in somebody's face

    de puertas (para) adentro — in private, behind closed doors

    de puertas para fuera or (AmL) puertas afuera — in public

    en puertas: la Navidad está en puertas Christmas is just around the corner; estar a las puertas de algo: el ejército estaba ya a las puertas de la ciudad the army was already at the gates of the city; estaba a las puertas de la muerte he was at death's door; se quedó a las puertas del triunfo she narrowly missed winning; por la puerta grande: el torero salió por la puerta grande the bullfighter made a triumphal exit; volvió a Hollywood por la puerta grande — she returned to Hollywood in triumph

    2) (Dep)

    un tiro or remate a puerta — a shot (at goal)

    b) ( en esquí) gate
    * * *
    = door, doorway, gate, backyard.
    Ex. If it were decided to introduce a cloakroom, it would be planned in the space presently used by either newspapers or the short-loan collection, by opening a door from the entrance lobby.
    Ex. Heads started appearing in the doorway, muttering, 'Oh! So this is the library'.
    Ex. The fifth kind of relationship is that in which an entity is defined by one of its attributes; for example, in Lewis Carroll's poem, 'I'll tell thee everything I can: I saw an aged, aged man, a-sitting on a gate'.
    Ex. The article 'Coming soon to your backyard' argues that Britain has the highest potential for wind power in Europe.
    ----
    * abrir la puerta a = throw + open the door to.
    * abrir la puerta empujándola = push + open + door.
    * abrir las puertas de = unlock.
    * abrir puertas = open + avenues, open + doors.
    * acompañar a la puerta = usher + Nombre + out.
    * a las puertas de = on the threshold of.
    * a puerta cerrada = behind closed doors.
    * coche de cinco puertas = hatchback.
    * dejar la puerta abierta a = open + the door to.
    * dejar la puerta abierta de par en par = leave + the door wide open.
    * de puertas abiertas = open door.
    * de puertas adentro = back-office.
    * de puertas hacia dentro = backroom.
    * esterilla de la puerta = doormat.
    * hablando de Roma, por la puerta asoma = speak of the devil, talk of the devil.
    * imán para la puerta del frigorífico = refrigerator magnet.
    * imán para la puerta del frigorífico = fridge magnet.
    * jamba de la puerta = door jamb.
    * jornada de puertas abiertas = open day.
    * llamar a la puerta = knock on + door, rap at + door.
    * manilla de la puerta = door handle.
    * manivela de la puerta = door handle.
    * marco de la puerta = door frame.
    * pomo de la puerta = doorknob.
    * puerta automática = automatic door.
    * puerta batiente = swinging door, swing door.
    * puerta corredera = sliding door.
    * puerta corredera automática = automatic sliding door.
    * puerta corredera de cristal = sliding glass door.
    * puerta de acceso = gateway.
    * puerta de cristales = glazed door.
    * puerta de embarque = boarding gate.
    * puerta de entrada = entrance gate, entrance door.
    * puerta de la ciudad = city gate.
    * puerta del maletero = tailgate.
    * puerta de salida = exit door.
    * puerta en enlace = gateway.
    * puerta giratoria = revolving door.
    * puerta lateral = side door.
    * puerta oscilante = swinging door, swing door.
    * puerta principal = front door.
    * puertas abiertas = open house.
    * puerta trasera = back door.
    * recogida en su propia puerta = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * reunión a puertas abiertas = open meeting.
    * ser una puerta abierta a = be an open invitation to.
    * sesión de puertas abiertas = public hearing, open hearing.
    * timbre de la puerta = doorbell.
    * umbral de la puerta = doorstep.
    * * *
    1) (de casa, coche, horno) door; (en jardín, valla) gate

    llamar a la puerta — to ring the doorbell/knock on the door

    de puerta a puerta tardo media hora — it takes me half an hour, door to door

    coger la puerta (y largarse) — (Esp fam) to leave

    darle con la puerta en las narices a alguien — to slam the door in somebody's face

    de puertas (para) adentro — in private, behind closed doors

    de puertas para fuera or (AmL) puertas afuera — in public

    en puertas: la Navidad está en puertas Christmas is just around the corner; estar a las puertas de algo: el ejército estaba ya a las puertas de la ciudad the army was already at the gates of the city; estaba a las puertas de la muerte he was at death's door; se quedó a las puertas del triunfo she narrowly missed winning; por la puerta grande: el torero salió por la puerta grande the bullfighter made a triumphal exit; volvió a Hollywood por la puerta grande — she returned to Hollywood in triumph

    2) (Dep)

    un tiro or remate a puerta — a shot (at goal)

    b) ( en esquí) gate
    * * *
    = door, doorway, gate, backyard.

    Ex: If it were decided to introduce a cloakroom, it would be planned in the space presently used by either newspapers or the short-loan collection, by opening a door from the entrance lobby.

    Ex: Heads started appearing in the doorway, muttering, 'Oh! So this is the library'.
    Ex: The fifth kind of relationship is that in which an entity is defined by one of its attributes; for example, in Lewis Carroll's poem, 'I'll tell thee everything I can: I saw an aged, aged man, a-sitting on a gate'.
    Ex: The article 'Coming soon to your backyard' argues that Britain has the highest potential for wind power in Europe.
    * abrir la puerta a = throw + open the door to.
    * abrir la puerta empujándola = push + open + door.
    * abrir las puertas de = unlock.
    * abrir puertas = open + avenues, open + doors.
    * acompañar a la puerta = usher + Nombre + out.
    * a las puertas de = on the threshold of.
    * a puerta cerrada = behind closed doors.
    * coche de cinco puertas = hatchback.
    * dejar la puerta abierta a = open + the door to.
    * dejar la puerta abierta de par en par = leave + the door wide open.
    * de puertas abiertas = open door.
    * de puertas adentro = back-office.
    * de puertas hacia dentro = backroom.
    * esterilla de la puerta = doormat.
    * hablando de Roma, por la puerta asoma = speak of the devil, talk of the devil.
    * imán para la puerta del frigorífico = refrigerator magnet.
    * imán para la puerta del frigorífico = fridge magnet.
    * jamba de la puerta = door jamb.
    * jornada de puertas abiertas = open day.
    * llamar a la puerta = knock on + door, rap at + door.
    * manilla de la puerta = door handle.
    * manivela de la puerta = door handle.
    * marco de la puerta = door frame.
    * pomo de la puerta = doorknob.
    * puerta automática = automatic door.
    * puerta batiente = swinging door, swing door.
    * puerta corredera = sliding door.
    * puerta corredera automática = automatic sliding door.
    * puerta corredera de cristal = sliding glass door.
    * puerta de acceso = gateway.
    * puerta de cristales = glazed door.
    * puerta de embarque = boarding gate.
    * puerta de entrada = entrance gate, entrance door.
    * puerta de la ciudad = city gate.
    * puerta del maletero = tailgate.
    * puerta de salida = exit door.
    * puerta en enlace = gateway.
    * puerta giratoria = revolving door.
    * puerta lateral = side door.
    * puerta oscilante = swinging door, swing door.
    * puerta principal = front door.
    * puertas abiertas = open house.
    * puerta trasera = back door.
    * recogida en su propia puerta = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * reunión a puertas abiertas = open meeting.
    * ser una puerta abierta a = be an open invitation to.
    * sesión de puertas abiertas = public hearing, open hearing.
    * timbre de la puerta = doorbell.
    * umbral de la puerta = doorstep.

    * * *
    A (de una casa, un coche) door; (de un horno, lavaplatos) door; (en un jardín, una valla) gate
    te espero en la puerta del teatro I'll meet you at the entrance of the theater
    tropezamos en la puerta we collided in the doorway
    te acompaño a la puerta I'll see o show you out
    no la dejan ni salir a la puerta they won't even let her set foot outside the door
    si no estás conforme, ya sabes donde está la puerta or ahí tienes la puerta if you don't agree, you know where the door is
    servicio puerta a puerta door-to-door service
    de puerta a puerta tardo media hora it takes me half an hour, door to door
    alguien llamó a la puerta somebody rang the doorbell/knocked on the door
    abre/cierra la puerta open/close the door
    no están dispuestos a abrir las puertas a la democracia they are not prepared to open their doors to democracy
    su intransigencia cerró las puertas a un acuerdo her intransigence put an end to o put paid to any hope of an agreement
    cuando cambió de idea, encontró la puerta cerrada when he changed his mind he found that he had missed his chance
    un coche de dos puertas a two-door car
    [ S ] necesito empleada puertas adentro ( Chi); live-in maid required
    [ S ] se necesita empleada puertas afuera ( Chi); daily help needed
    trabajo puertas afuera ( Chi); I don't live in
    a puerta(s) cerrada(s) behind closed doors
    la reunión se celebró a puerta(s) cerrada(s) the meeting was held in private o in camera o behind closed doors
    la causa se vio a puerta cerrada the case was heard in camera
    darle con la puerta en las narices a algn to slam the door in sb's face
    le pedí ayuda y me dio con la puerta en las narices I asked him for help and he refused point blank
    de puertas (para) adentro in private, behind closed doors
    de puertas para fuera or ( AmL) puertas afuera in public
    en puerta ( RPl); on the way
    me parece que hay casamiento en puerta I think there's a wedding on the way o I think I hear the sound of wedding bells
    en puertas: la Navidad está en puertas Christmas is just around the corner o is very close now o is almost upon us
    estar a las puertas de algo: el ejército estaba ya a las puertas de la ciudad the army was already at the gates of the city
    estaba a las puertas de la muerte he was at death's door
    se quedó a las puertas del triunfo she narrowly missed winning
    ir de puerta en puerta (literal) to go from door to door
    tuve que ir de puerta en puerta por todas las editoriales I had to do the rounds of all the publishers, I had to go from one publisher to another
    fui de puerta en puerta pidiendo ayuda I went around (to) everybody asking for help
    llamar a todas las puertas to go anywhere/ask anyone for help
    cuando una puerta se cierra otra se abre as one door closes so another one opens
    por la puerta grande: el torero salió por la puerta grande the bullfighter made a triumphal exit
    hizo su debut en el teatro por la puerta grande he made a grand entrance to the theatrical world
    Compuestos:
    inside door
    ● puerta corredera or corrediza
    sliding door
    sliding door
    gate
    (de una casa) front door; (de un edificio) main door o entrance
    service entrance, tradesman's entrance ( BrE)
    swing door
    revolving door
    back door
    French door(s) ( AmE), French window(s) ( BrE)
    B ( Dep)
    1
    (en fútbol): un tiro or remate a puerta a shot (at goal)
    saca de puerta Esnaola Esnaola takes the goal kick
    marcó a puerta vacía he put the ball into the empty net
    C ( Inf) gate
    * * *

     

    puerta sustantivo femenino (de casa, coche, horno) door;
    (en jardín, valla) gate;
    ◊ llamar a la puerta to ring the doorbell/knock on the door;

    te espero en la puerta del teatro I'll meet you at the entrance of the theater;
    te acompaño a la puerta I'll see o show you out;
    servicio puerta a puerta door-to-door service;
    un coche de dos puertas a two-door car;
    puerta de embarque gate;
    puerta principal or de la calle ( de casa) front door;

    ( de edificio público) main door or entrance;

    puerta sustantivo femenino
    1 door
    (en una valla, de una ciudad) gate
    puerta corredera, sliding door
    puerta de embarque, (boarding) gate
    puerta principal (de edificio), main entrance
    2 Dep goal
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cogió la puerta, off he went
    dar con la puerta en las narices a alguien, to slam the door in sb's face
    a puerta cerrada, behind closed doors
    a las puertas, near: está a las puertas de la muerte, he's at death's door
    se quedaron a las puertas de la victoria, they narrowly failed to achieve their victory
    de puertas adentro, in private
    de puertas afuera, in public
    por la puerta grande, in triumph
    en puertas, just around the corner: el otoño está en puertas, autumn is almost here

    ' puerta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abalanzarse
    - acompañar
    - aglomerarse
    - al
    - antepenúltima
    - antepenúltimo
    - aporrear
    - batirse
    - blindada
    - blindado
    - calambre
    - cancelar
    - carril
    - cegar
    - cerrada
    - cerrado
    - cerrarse
    - cierre
    - comunicar
    - corredera
    - corredero
    - crujido
    - dar
    - de
    - debajo
    - delante
    - desatrancar
    - desencajada
    - desencajado
    - desquiciar
    - disparar
    - embarque
    - enfrente
    - entornar
    - entornada
    - entornado
    - entreabierta
    - entreabierto
    - falsa
    - falso
    - golpe
    - golpear
    - hoja
    - larguero
    - legión
    - madera
    - marco
    - montante
    - oxidada
    - oxidado
    English:
    ajar
    - answer
    - at
    - back
    - bang
    - bar
    - behind
    - blast
    - block up
    - bolt
    - break down
    - busy
    - by
    - catch
    - chink
    - close
    - courteous
    - dash
    - departure gate
    - disturbing
    - door
    - door stop
    - door stopper
    - door-to-door
    - doorbell
    - elaborate
    - exit
    - fix
    - force
    - fourth
    - frame
    - French door
    - French window
    - frisk
    - front door
    - gape
    - gate
    - gateway
    - get
    - goal
    - grab
    - handle
    - hurtle
    - instruct
    - itself
    - jam
    - jump leads
    - key
    - knob
    - knock
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de casa, habitación, vehículo, armario] door;
    [de jardín, ciudad, aeropuerto] gate;
    te acompaño hasta la puerta I'll see you out;
    cerrar la puerta a alguien to close the door on sb;
    echar la puerta abajo to knock the door down;
    te espero en la o [m5] a la puerta del cine I'll wait for you outside the entrance to the cinema;
    llaman a la puerta there's somebody at the door;
    viven en la puerta de al lado they live next door;
    no obstruyan las puertas [en letrero] keep the doors clear;
    un turismo de cuatro puertas a four-door saloon;
    servicio (de) puerta a puerta door-to-door service;
    de puerta en puerta from door to door;
    se gana la vida vendiendo de puerta en puerta he's a door-to-door salesman;
    su despacho y el mío están puerta con puerta his office is right next to mine;
    a las puertas de [muy cerca de] on the verge of;
    se quedó a las puertas de batir el récord she came within an inch of beating the record;
    a las puertas de la muerte at death's door;
    a puerta cerrada [reunión] behind closed doors;
    [juicio] in camera; [partido] behind closed gates, in an empty stadium;
    de puertas adentro: no me importa lo que hagas de puertas adentro I don't care what you do in the privacy of your own home;
    de puertas afuera: de puertas afuera parecía una persona muy amable he seemed like a nice person to the outside world;
    Esp Fam
    dar puerta a alguien to give sb the boot, to send sb packing;
    dar a alguien con la puerta en las narices to slam the door in sb's face;
    RP Fam
    en puerta: parece que hay casorio en puerta I think I can hear wedding bells (ringing);
    estar en puertas [acercarse] to be knocking on the door, to be imminent;
    estar en puertas de hacer algo [a punto de] to be about to do sth, to be on the verge of doing sth;
    Méx Fam
    no hallar la puerta: ya no hallo la puerta [no aguanto más] I can't take any more;
    Alma no halla la puerta con las exigencias de su jefa [no tiene tregua] Alma doesn't get a moment's peace with her boss's constant demands;
    salir por la puerta grande to make a triumphant exit
    puerta blindada reinforced door;
    puerta corredera sliding door;
    puerta corrediza sliding door;
    puerta de embarque [en aeropuerto] departure gate;
    puerta falsa secret door;
    puerta giratoria revolving door;
    puerta principal [en casa] front door;
    [en hotel, museo, hospital] main door o entrance;
    puerta de servicio service entrance;
    puerta trasera [en casa] back door;
    [en hotel, museo, hospital] rear entrance;
    puerta vidriera glass door
    2. [posibilidad] gateway, opening;
    dejó una puerta abierta a otras sugerencias she left the door open to other suggestions;
    cerró la puerta a cualquier negociación he closed the door on o put an end to any prospect of negotiation;
    se le cerraban todas las puertas he found all avenues blocked
    3. Dep [portería] goal, goalmouth;
    hubo varios tiros o [m5] remates a puerta there were several shots on goal;
    marcar a puerta vacía to put the ball into an empty net;
    fallar un gol a puerta vacía to miss an open goal;
    va a sacar de puerta el guardameta the goalkeeper is going to take the goal kick
    4. Dep [en esquí, piragüismo] gate
    5. Informát gate
    ♦ interj
    Esp Fam [¡largo!] the door's over there!, get out!
    * * *
    f
    1 en pared door; en valla gate;
    a puerta cerrada JUR in camera;
    por la puerta grande fig in triumph;
    en puertas be very near;
    abrir la(s) puerta(s) a algo fig open one’s doors to sth;
    dar puerta a alguien fam show s.o. the door;
    dar a alguien con la puerta en las narices tb fig slam the door in s.o.’s face;
    de puertas (para) adentro in private, behind closed doors;
    2 DEP goal;
    disparos a puerta shots on goal
    * * *
    puerta nf
    1) : door, entrance, gate
    2)
    a puerta cerrada : behind closed doors
    * * *
    1. (en general) door
    2. (de un jardín, ciudad) gate
    3. (portería) goal

    Spanish-English dictionary > puerta

  • 56 AF

    of
    * * *
    prep. w. dat.
    I. Of place:
    1) off, from;
    G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;
    ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;
    Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;
    Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;
    hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;
    Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;
    tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;
    bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;
    hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;
    vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;
    muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;
    rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;
    vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;
    lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;
    vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;
    2) out of;
    verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;
    gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;
    Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.
    Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.
    II. Of time; past, beyond:
    af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;
    ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;
    þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;
    var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.
    III. In various other relations:
    1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;
    hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;
    vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;
    féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;
    þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;
    þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;
    ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;
    2) off, of;
    höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;
    vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;
    þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;
    absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;
    fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;
    3) of, among;
    hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;
    4) with;
    hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;
    fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;
    5) of (= ór which is more frequent);
    húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;
    6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;
    hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;
    7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;
    ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;
    kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;
    8) by, of (after passive);
    ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;
    ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;
    9) on account of, by reason of, by;
    úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;
    ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;
    af ástæld hans, by his popularity;
    af því, therefore;
    af hví, wherefor why;
    af því at, because;
    10) by means of, by;
    framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;
    af sínu fé, by one’s own means;
    absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;
    11) with adjectives, in regard to;
    mildr af fé, liberal of money;
    góðr af griðum, merciful;
    12) used absol. with a verb, off away;
    hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;
    ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;
    sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.
    * * *
    prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.
    A. Loc.
    I. With motion, off, from:
    1. prop. corresp. to á,
    α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.
    β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.
    γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.
    δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.
    ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.
    ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).
    2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).
    II. WITHOUT MOTION:
    1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.
    2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.
    β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.
    γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.
    3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.
    β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.
    4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.
    B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:
    1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.
    2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.
    3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.
    C. In various other relations:
    I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.
    1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.
    2. where an object is taken by force:
    α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.
    β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.
    γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.
    3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.
    β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.
    II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.
    β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.
    γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.
    2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.
    β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.
    γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.
    δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.
    3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.
    III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.
    2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.
    IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:
    1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.
    β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.
    2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.
    β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.
    V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:
    1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.
    2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.
    VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:
    1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.
    β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.
    2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.
    β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.
    3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.
    4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.
    5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.
    VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:
    1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.
    β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.
    2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.
    VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.
    IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.
    β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;
    γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.
    δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.
    X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.
    2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.
    XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).
    D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:
    I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.
    II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AF

  • 57 NEMA

    * * *
    I)
    conj.
    1) except, save, but;
    þoriga ek segja nema þér einum, I dare not tell any one save thee alone;
    engi … nema, no … but, no (not any) other than (Grani vildi undir øngum manni ganga nema Sigurði);
    2) with subj. unless;
    engir þóttu lögligir dómar dœmdir, nema hann væri við, unless he had a hand in them;
    nema ek hálsaða herjans stilli einu sinni, save that I once fell on the king’s neck;
    4) veit ek eigi nema, hverr veit nema, I don’t know, (who knows) but that;
    may be, perhaps (hverr veit nema ek verða víða frægr um síðir);
    5) því at eins, nema, only in the case, if;
    ráðit þér því at eins á þá nema þér séð allir sem øruggastir, do not attack them unless you are all most steadfast and dauntless;
    6) nema heldr, but rather (eigi má þat menn kalla, nema heldr hunda);
    7) nor, = né, hvárki sverð nema øxi, neither sword nor axe.
    (nem; nam, námum; numinn), v.
    1) to take, take in use, take possession of (ef þú nemr þér jörð á Íslandi);
    nema land, to take possession of land, as a settler (hann nam Eyjafjörð allan);
    nema konu, to carry off, abduct a woman;
    nema stað or staðar, stop, halt (hér munum vér stað or staðar nema);
    nema yndi, to find rest in a place (hvárki nam hann yndi á Íslandi né í Noregi);
    2) nema e-n e-u, to bereave one of a thing (nema e-n höfði, aldri, fjörvi);
    3) to reach, touch (pilzit var svá sítt, at nam hæl);
    hvárt nam þik eða eigi, did it touch thee or not? þótt þik nótt um nemi, though the night overtake thee;
    4) to amount to, be equivalent to (honum þótti landauðn nema);
    5) as an auxiliary verb, with infin.;
    hann nam at vaxa ok vel dafna, he grew apace and throve well;
    inn nam at ganga, he stepped in;
    6) to percieve, catch, hear, of sound;
    varð þá svá mikit úhljóð, at engi nam annars mál, that no one could hear the other’s voice;
    eigi skulu vér þat mál svá nema, we shall not understand it so;
    7) to learn (nema lög, fjölkyngi);
    to learn by heart (vísur þessar námu margir);
    nema e-t at (or af) e-m, to learn, get information, about a thing from one (Glúmr hafði numit þenna atburð at þeim manni, er hét Arnór);
    8) with preps. and advs.:
    nema e-t af, to abolish (var sú heiðni af numin sem önnur);
    nema brott konu, to carry off a woman;
    nema eptir e-u, to imitate;
    nema e-t frá, to except (nema konur eða þeir menn, er hann næmi frá);
    nema e-t upp, to pick up (nam ek upp rúnar);
    nema við, to resist, make a stand (hann vill enn við nema, þótt liðsmunr væri mikill);
    to stop, halt (þar námu þeir Hrafn við í nesinu);
    nema við e-u, to touch (gaddhjaltit nam við borðinu);
    to be a hindrance to (ef þat nemr við förinni, at þú þykkist hafa fé of lítit);
    impers., nemr við e-u, there is an obstacle, or stop (en er þeir kómu at kirkjudurum, þá nam þar við);
    9) refl., nemast e-t, to refuse, withhold from doing;
    nemast förina, to refuse to go;
    nemast orðsendingar hans, to disregard his messages;
    also with infin. (hann bað hann eigi nemast með öllu at gøra sem bœndr vildu).
    * * *
    1.
    conj. [compounded of the negative particle ne, and the adverb if or ef (q. v.) in an older dissyllabic form ifa; for the change of f into m see the introduction; cp. Ulf. nibai; A. S. nemne, nimne; O. H. G. nibu, nibi, nubi; Hel. nebu; early Swed. num; cp. Lat. ni-si, see Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 724.]
    B. Except, save, but; manngi, nema einn Agnarr, Gm. 2; nema þér einum, Vkv. 24; allra nema einna, 26, Ls. 11; nema við þat lík at lifa, Hm. 96; nema sá einn Áss, Ls. 11; hvar kómu feðr várir þess, … hvar nema alls hvergi? Ísl. ii. 236; öngu nema lífinu, Nj. 7; öllu gózi nema búinu, Fms. ix. 470; engi nema þú einn, Barl. 207; engi nema Bergþórr, Fms. vii. 141; kom viðrinn á kirkju-sand, nema tvau tré kómu á Raufarnes, save that two trees came to R., Landn. 51, v. l.; Ólafr hafði mörg sár ok flest smá, nema tvau vóru nökkvi mest, Fb. i. 501; nema ek hélt, Óg. 23; þeir blandask eyvitar við aðra ísa nema sér einum heldr hann, Sks. 176 B; vætki of sýti’k nema hræðumk helvíti, Hallfred; lét Koðran skíra sik ok hjú hans öll, nema Ormr vildi eigi við trú taka, Bs. i. 5.
    II. with subj. unless; aldrei, nema okkr væri báðum borit, Ls 9; nema þú hánum vísir … eða mey nemir, Hkv. 1. 19; nema ek dauðr sjá’k, 20; nema geðs viti, Hm. 19; nema hann mæli til mart, 26; nema haldendr eigi, 28; nema til kynnis komi, 32; nema reisi niðr at nið, 71; nema einir viti, 97; nema ek þik hafa, Hkv. Hjörv. 7; nema sjálfr ali, Stor. 16; nema þeir felldi hann, Edda 36; öngir þóttu lögligir dómar nema hann væri í, Nj. 1; nema maðr verði sjúkr eða sárr, Grág. i. 141; nema lands-fólkit kristnaðisk, Hkr. i. 248; nema mér banni hel, Fb. ii. 59; hann heyrði eigi nema æpt væri at honum, Fms. iv. 204, and in countless instances in old and mod. usage.
    2. in phrases such as ‘veit ek eigi nema …,’ like Lat. nescio an, implying an affirmation; þú veizt eigi nema sá verði fégjarn, Sks. 28; nú veit ek eigi nema nökkurr verði virðing af at hafa þessu máli, Band. 34 new Ed.; hverr veit nema ek verða víða frægr um síðir, who can tell but that I shall be a widely known man some day? Fms. vi. (in a verse); nú veit ek eigi nema yðr þykki minna vega mín reiði en Sigurðar konungs, now know I not if, vii. 141; eigi veit ek nema þetta væri ráðligt, en eigi má ek þat vita …, viii. 95:—with indic., kveðkat ek dul nema hún hefir, there is no doubt but that she has, Ýt. 7; hver sé if nema rögn stýra, who can doubt that? Vellekla.
    III. irreg. usages; ef nokkurr maðr ferr á jörðu, nema (in the case that, supposing that) sá vili á búa, sem fé á í jörðu, þá rænir sá hann, Gþl. 357: því at eins, nema, only in that case, if ( but not else); ráðit þér því at eins á þá nema pér sét allir sem öruggastir, only in the case if, i. e. do not attack them unless, Nj. 228; því at eins mun hann sættask vilja, nema hann gjaldi ekki, 254; skal hann því at eins í braut hafa þann hval, nema hann láti bera vitni, Jb. 326: þat man því at eins, nema ek nái ráða-hag við Melkorku, Ld. 70; því at eins ferjanda, nema fjörbaugr komi fram, Nj. 240; oss þykkir þú því at eins veita skylda þjónustu konungi, nema þú leggir af tignar-klæðin, Fms. ix. 432.
    2. nema heldr, but rather; eigi má þat menn kalla, nema heldr hunda, not men, but rather dogs, Bær. 9; sver ek eigi at eins fyrir mik, nema heldr fyrir allra þeirra sálir, Gþl. 69; hón hafði eigi hreinlífi at eins, nema heldr ok alla gæzku, Hom. 128; nema enn, but on the contrary; at glæpask eigi lengr í félags-skap við Philistim, nema enn skulu þér …, Stj. 412, 428, 442: eigi at eins óttaðisk hann um sjálfs síns líf, nema jamvel um alla aðra sína frændr, but also, Barl. 73: fyrr nema = fyrr enn, fyrr skal dólga dynr, nema ek dauðr sják (= fyrr en ek sé dauðr), Hkv. 1. 20:—hefi ek vist sét þat gull, at öngum mun er verra, nema betra sé, which is not worse, if it is not even better, Fb. i. 348.
    2.
    pres. nem; pret. nam, namt, nam, pl. námu; subj. næmi; part. numinn, older nominn, N. G. L. i. 200, Hom. 100; with neg., suff. nam-a, Hkv. 2. 15; a pret. numdi in mod. usage, formed from the part. numinn, as if from a verb nymja; örvaðist geð á allan hátt er eg numdi sjónum föður-landið heldr hátt hafít upp úr sjónum, Eggert: [Ulf. niman = λαμβάνειν; A. S. neman; Germ. nehmen; freq. in Early Engl.; in mod. Engl., where it is superseded by the Scandin. taka, it survives in nimble and numb = A. S. be-numen = lcel. numinn.]
    A. To take; the use of the word in this, its proper sense, is limited, for taka (q. v.) is the general word, whereas nema remains in special usages; nema upp, to pick up, Hm. 140; nema e-n ór nauðum, Fsm.; þar er gull numit upp í söndum, Rb. 350; at hann nemr hann ór kviðnum, ok kveða á hvert hann nemr hann ór sínu órnámi, eða annars manns, Grág. i. 51; reifa mál þeirra er ór dóminum eru numnir, 79; hann á kost at nema þá upp alla senn, 51:—nema af, to abolish; þessi heiðni var af numin á fára vetra fresti, Nj. 165, Íb. 4:—nema frá, to except; nema konur eða þeir menn er hann næmi frá, 5; á þeim tíðum er uú eru frá numnar, Grág. i. 325:—upp numinn, taken up into heaven; Enoch var upp numinn, Stj. 41.
    2. to take by force, seize upon; þá menn er konu hafa numit ( carried off), Grág. i. 354; hann nam sér konu af Grikklandi, Rb. 404; Jupiter þá er hann nam Europam, 732. 17; Björn nam Þóru á brott, Eg. 155; ek nam konu þessa er hér er hjá mér, Nj. 131; hann segir hann hafa numit sik í burt af Grænlandi undan Sólar-fjöllum, Bárð. 32 new Ed.: nema nes-nám, Danir ok Svíar herjuðu mjök í Vestr-víking ok kómu þá opt í Eyjarnar er þeir fóru vestr eða vestan, ok námu þar nesnám, Fms. iv. 229, (see nesnám, landnám):—in a lawful sense, nema land, to take possession of a land, as a settler (landnám II); hann nam Eyjafjörð allan.
    3. nema e-n e-u, to bereave one of a thing; nema e-n höfði, aldri, fjörvi, Gkv. 2. 31, 42; verða ek á fitjum þeim er mik Niðaðar námu rekkar, Vkv.; hví namtú hann sigri þá? Em. 6; sigri numnir, Fms. xi. 306 (in a verse); numinn máli, bereft of speech, Geisli 34; fjörvi numna, life-bereft, Eb. (in a verse); hann lá þar lami ok öllu megni numinn, Hom. 116; þar til er lands-menn námu þá ráðum, used force, coerced them, Bs. i. 24; ríkir menn verða þá ráðum nomnir, Hom. 100; ef hann vill eigi nema trúa því, if he will not believe it, N. G. L. i. 88.
    4. to reach, touch, hit; í hvítu pilzi, þat var svá sítt at þat nam hæl, Fas. ii. 343; nema hjöltin við neðra gómi, Edda 20; allir þeir sem oddrinn nam, Skíða R. 183; hvárt nam þik eðr eigi! Nj. 97; ok nema hann þar nauðsynjar, at hann má eigi lík færa, and if he is held back by necessity, N. G. L. i. 14, K. Á. 70; þótt þik nótt um nemi, if the night overtake thee, Sdm. 26: hence the saying, láta þar nótt sem nemr, to leave it to the night as it takes one = to take no care of the morrow:—nema stað, to take up one’s position, halt, Nj. 133, 197, Fms. i. 167, vii. 68, Eg. 237.
    5. spec. phrases; Kolskeggr nam þar eigi yndi, Nj. 121; ef hann vildi þar staðfestask ok nema yndi, Fms. i. 103:—nema staðar = nema stað, Nj. 54, 205, 265, Ld. 104, Stj. 486, Fms. i. 206: of a weapon, hefi ek þat sverð er hvergi nemr í höggi stað, I have so keen a sword that it never stops in its stroke, i. e. it cuts clean through anything, Fas. ii. 535; oddrinn nam í brynjunni staðar, Al. 76; svá at staðar nam (naf Cod. Reg.) höndin við sporðinn, Edda 40; nema hvíld, to take rest, Alm. 1; nema veiðar, to take the prey, to hunt, Hým. 1.
    6. to amount to, be equivalent to; ef eigi nemr kúgildi, Grág. ii. 233; honum þótti landauðn nema, Íb. 4; það nemr öngu, litlu, miklu, it is of no, of small, of great importance; bríkr þær er greyping hefir numit, Gþl. 345.
    7. nema við, to strike against so as to stop, come no further; nam þar við ok gékk eigi lengra, Fms. xi. 278; en gadd-hjaltið nam við borðinu, Eb. 36.
    8. metaph. to stop, halt; hér munu vér við nema, Finnb. 236; þar námu þeir Hrafn við í nesinu, Ísl. ii. 266; hann býsk við, ok vill enn við nema, þótt liðs-munr væri mikill, Bjarn. 54; konungr verðr glaðr við er hann skal fyrir hafa funnit þá menn er eigi spara viðr at nema, Al. 46; en ef þat nemr við förinni, at þú þykisk hafa fé oflítið, þá …, Ld. 70; er þat úvizka at bera eigi slíkt, ok mun þat eigi við nema, Glúm. 327; at konungr mundi fátt láta við nema, at sættir tækisk, i. e. that he would do anything for the sake of peace, Eg. 210.
    II. as an auxiliary verb, emphatic, like Engl. do, did, with infin.; Höðr nam skjóta (H. did shoot) … sá nam einnættr vega, Vsp. 37; þá nam at vaxa, Hkv. 1. 9; hann nam at vaxa (he ‘took to growing’) ok vel dafna, Rm. 19; inn nam at ganga, 2; lind nam at skelfa, 9, 35; nam hón sér Högna heita at rúnum, Skv. 3. 14; róa námu ríki, they did row mightily, Am. 35; nam hann vittugri valgaldr kveða, Vtkv. 4; nama Högna mær of hug mæla, Hkv. 2. 15; þat nam at mæla, Og. 9: seldom in prose, ek nam eigi trúa á þat er hann sagði, Post.; Falka hestr Þiðreks nemr þetta at sjá, Þiðr. 117.
    B. Metaph. to take in a mental sense or by the senses, to perceive, like Lat. apprehendere, comprehendere, freq. in old and mod. usage:
    I. to perceive, catch, hear, of sound; en svá mikill ákafi var at hvassleik veðrsins þá er konungr tók at mæla, at varla námu þeir er næstir vóru, Fms. viii. 55; sem þeir vóru langt brottu komnir, svá at þó mátti nema kail milli þeirra ok manna Saul, Stj. 486; þeir skulu svá nær sitjask, at hvárirtveggju nemi orð annarra, Grág. i. 69; engi nam mál annars, Nj. 164; mál nam í milli þeirra, Fms. v. 31; eigi skulu vér þat mál svá nema, we shall not understand it so, Hom. 156.
    II. to learn; klök nam fugla, Rm.; hann hafði numit svá lög, at hann var enn þriðr mestr laga-maðr á Íslandi, Nj. 164; inir hæstu turnar hafa numit honum at hníga, Al. 90; nú var Þórir þar ok nam þar fjölkyngi, Fb. iii. 245; Óðinn var göfgastr, ok at honum námu þeir allir íþróttirnar, Hkr. i; nema nám, to take in, acquire learning, Bs. i. 92, 127; see nám:—to ‘catch,’ learn by heart, þær kváðu vísur þessar en hann nam, Nj. 275; vísur þessar námu menn þegar, Ó. H. 207; en hinn nemi, er heyrir á, Darrl.; Þórdís nam þegar vísuna, Gísl. 33:—to learn from, þvar namtu þessi hnæfilegu orð? nam ek at mönnum …, Hbl.; nema ráð, Hm.; menn nemi mál mín ! Ó. H. (in a verse):—nema e-t at e-m, to learn something, derive information from one, ek hefi hér verit at nema kunnustu at Finnum, Fms. i. 8; hann nam lögspeki at Þorsteini, Ísl. ii. 205; hann nam kunnáttu at Geirríði, Eb. 44; Glúmr hafði numit þenna atburð at þeim manni er hét Arnórr, Fms. i. 266; en Oddr nam at Þorgeiri afráðs-koll …, Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði Snorra dóttur Goða … hann hafði numit af gömlum mönnum ok vitrum, … eptir því sem vér höfum numit af fróðum mönnum, … þótt hverr maðr hafi síðan numit at öðrum, … ok hafa menn síðan at þeim numit, Ó. H. (pref.); nemi þér af mér, Fms. viii. 55.
    C. Reflex., prop. to take, seize for oneself:
    1. to take by force; ef maðr nemsk konu, ok samþykkjask þau síðan, þá …, H. E. i. 247.
    β. to stop; ok hafða ek þat sverð, sem aldri hefir í höggi stað numisk (= numit), Fas. ii. 208; friðr namsk, ceased.
    γ. to refuse, withhold from doing; hann bað hann eigi nemask með öllu at göra sem bændr vildu, Hkr. i. 142; hverr bóndi er þat nemsk ( who makes default), gjaldi …, K. Á. 40; þar var kominn fjöldi liðs ór Austr-löndum til móts við hann, ok námusk förina ( refused to go) ef hann kæmi eigi, Fb. ii. 71; en ef maðr nemsk leiðangrs-görð, eðr leiðangrs-ferð, þá hafi ármaðr sótt þat fyrr en skip komi á hlunn, … at hann hafi leiðangr görvan ok eigi fyrir nomisk, N. G. L. i. 200; en þó vil ek eigi fyrir minn dauða at nemask ( disregard) hans orðsendingar, O. H. L. 29.
    2. to learn; láttú nemask þat, learn, take heed that, Skv. 1, passim; eptir þetta nemask af aptrgöngur hans, Ld. 54.
    II. part. numinn, as adj. numb, seized, palsied; hann var allr numinn öðrum megin, ok mátti eigi mæla hálfum munni, Ann.; þá varð ek sem ek væra numinn, Mar.; vera frá sér numinn, to be beside oneself, from joy, astonishment, or the like, cp. the references above (A. 3).

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > NEMA

  • 58 rēiciō

        rēiciō (not reiiciō; imper. reice, disyl., V.), rēiēcī, iectus, ere    [re-+iacio], to throw back, fling back, hurl back: telum in hostīs, Cs.: togam ab umero, L.: ex umeris amictum, V.: de corpore vestem, O.: paenulam: ab ore colubras, O.: Capillus circum caput Reiectus neglegenter, T.: scutum, throw over the back (in flight): fatigata membra, i. e. stretch on the ground, Cu.: a se mea pectora, to push back, O.: (librum) e gremio suo, fling away, O.: oculos Rutulorum reicit arvis, averts, V.: pascentīs a flumine reice capellas, drive back, V.: in postremam aciem, throw to the rear, L.: se in eum, into his arms, T.— To force back, beat back, repel, repulse: eos in oppidum, Cs.: Tusci reiecti armis, V. ab Antiocheā hostem.— Pass, to be driven back: navīs tempestate reiectas revertisse, Cs.: reflantibus ventis reici: ex cursu Dyrrachium reiecti, L.—Fig., to drive back, drive away, cast off, remove, repel, reject: ad famem hunc ab studio, T.: ferrum et audaciam: retrorsum Hannibalis minas, H.— To reject contemptuously, refuse, scorn, disdain, despise: nos, T.: petentem, O.: Lydiam, H.: refutetur ac reiciatur ille clamor: quae cum reiecta relatio esset, when the appeal was overruled, L.: volgarīs taedas, O.: Reiectā praedā, H.: dona nocentium, H.— P. n. as s<*>bst.: reicienda, evils to be rejected: reiecta.—Of judges, to set aside, challenge peremptorily, reject: ex CXXV iudicibus quinque et LXX: potestas reiciendi, right of challenge.—Of persons, to refer, direct, assign: ad ipsam te epistulam: in hunc gregem Sullam, transfer (in your judgment).—In public life, to refer, turn over (for deliberation or decision): totam rem ad Pompeium, Cs.: ab tribunis ad senatum res est reiecta, L.: id cum ad senatum relatum esset, L.: ut nihil huc reicias: legati ab senatu reiecti ad populum, referred, L.—In time, to defer, postpone: a Kal. Febr. legationes in Idūs Febr. reiciebantur: repente abs te in mensem Quintilem reiecti sumus.
    * * *
    reicere, rejeci, rejectus V TRANS
    throw back; drive back; repulse, repel; refuse, reject, scorn

    Latin-English dictionary > rēiciō

  • 59 Kopf

    m; -(e)s, Köpfe
    1. head (auch von Sachen und TECH.); (Briefkopf) letterhead; einer Seite etc.: top; einer Pfeife: bowl; Kopf an Kopf closely packed; beim Rennen etc.: neck and neck; Kopf stehen stand on one’s head; FLUG. nose over; umg., fig. go mad (bes. Am. crazy) ( wegen over); es steht auf dem Kopf it’s upside down; etw. auf den Kopf stellen turn s.th. upside down; die Bude auf den Kopf stellen umg. (durchsuchen, in Unordnung bringen) turn the place upside down; (ausgelassen feiern) have a wild fling; die Tatsachen auf den Kopf stellen turn the facts on their head, twist things ( oder the facts); und wenn du dich auf den Kopf stellst umg. you can do what you like, you can talk until you’re blue in the face; von Kopf bis Fuß from head to foot, from top to toe; den Kopf hängen lassen hang one’s head; den Kopf oben behalten umg. keep one’s chin (Brit. auch pecker) up; Kopf hoch! umg. chin up!; einen dicken oder schweren Kopf haben umg. have a headache; umg. have a thick head; vom Alkohol: have a hangover; einen roten Kopf bekommen go red, blush; jemandem den Kopf waschen wash s.o.’s hair; umg., fig. give s.o. a piece of one’s mind; Fisch 1
    2. (Sinn, Verstand, Urteil) head, mind; (Willen) head; (Gedächtnis) memory; aus dem Kopf aufsagen: from memory, by heart; im Kopf ausrechnen work out in one’s head; ich habe andere Dinge im Kopf I’ve got other things on my mind ( oder to think about); er hat nur Fußball im Kopf all he ever thinks about is football; er ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf umg. he’s got a screw loose; wo hatte ich nur meinen Kopf? what was I thinking of?; den Kopf voll haben have a lot ( oder too much) on one’s mind; das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen you can forget (about) that; das will mir nicht aus dem Kopf I can’t get it out of my mind; das hältste ja im Kopf nicht aus umg. it’s enough to drive you (a)round the bend; sich (Dat) etw. durch den Kopf gehen lassen think s.th. over; jemandem im Kopf herumgehen go (a)round and (a)round in s.o.’s mind; er hat es sich in den Kopf gesetzt, es zu tun he’s determined to do it; umg. he’s dead set on doing it; geht das nicht in deinen Kopf? can’t you get that into your head?; jemandem in den Kopf oder zu Kopf steigen go to s.o.’s head; sich (Dat) den Kopf zerbrechen rack one’s brains; seinen eigenen Kopf haben have a mind of one’s own; es kann nicht immer alles nach deinem Kopf gehen you can’t get your own way all of the time; mir steht der Kopf nicht danach I don’t really feel like it; einen kühlen Kopf bewahren keep a cool head; (nicht zornig werden) keep one’s cool umg.
    3. fig. (Geist, Denker) (great) thinker; (Führer) head, leader; (treibende Kraft) mastermind, driving force; ein fähiger / kluger Kopf a capable / intelligent person; der Kopf von etw. sein mastermind s.th.
    4. (einzelne Person) person, head; (Stück) piece; pro Kopf a head, per person, each
    5. fig. (Leben) seinen Kopf retten save one’s skin; Kopf und Kragen riskieren risk one’s neck; das wird ihn den Kopf kosten! it’ll cost him his life; das kann den Kopf nicht kosten it can’t cost the earth
    6. sonstige Wendungen: er wird dir schon nicht gleich den Kopf abreißen he won’t bite your head off; den Kopf in den Sand stecken hide one’s head in the sand; den Kopf ( nicht) verlieren (not) lose one’s head; den Kopf aus der Schlinge ziehen wriggle out of it, bes. Am. auch beat the rap umg.; sich (Dat) einen Kopf machen umg. worry; darüber mach ich mir keinen Kopf umg. I’m not going to worry about that; er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen umg. he’s no fool; ich weiß nicht, wo mir der Kopf steht umg. I don’t know whether I’m coming or going; jemandem den Kopf verdrehen umg. turn s.o.’s head; jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken umg. bring s.o. to his ( oder her) senses, sort s.o. out; sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen umg. blow one’s money; immer mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen umg. be pigheaded; bis über den Kopf in Schulden stecken be up to one’s neck (umg. eyeballs) in debt; jemandem über den Kopf wachsen umg. outgrow s.o.; Arbeit etc.: get too much for s.o.; über seinen Kopf hinweg over his head, without consulting him; jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen umg. put s.o.’s nose out of joint; jemandem Beleidigungen an den Kopf werfen hurl insults at s.o.; wie vor den Kopf geschlagen speechless; Köpfe werden rollen heads will roll; da fasst man sich doch an den Kopf it really makes you wonder; was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben a short memory makes work for the legs; Kopf oder Zahl? heads or tails?
    7. ein Kopf Salat / Blumenkohl a (head of) lettuce / cauliflower
    * * *
    der Kopf
    head
    * * *
    Kọpf
    * * *
    der
    1) (a clever person: He's one of the best brains in the country.) brain
    2) (the top part of the human body, containing the eyes, mouth, brain etc; the same part of an animal's body: The stone hit him on the head; He scratched his head in amazement.) head
    3) (a person's mind: An idea came into my head last night.) head
    4) (anything that is like a head in shape or position: the head of a pin; The boy knocked the heads off the flowers.) head
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Köpfe>
    [kɔpf, pl ˈkœpfə]
    m
    1. (Haupt) head
    \Kopf runter! duck!
    \Kopf weg! (fam) out the way! fam
    \Kopf an \Kopf shoulder to shoulder; (bei Wettrennen) neck and neck
    bis zu den letzten hundert Metern lagen sie \Kopf an \Kopf they were neck and neck until the last hundred metres
    mit besoffenem \Kopf (sl) pissed out of one's head sl
    bis über den \Kopf above one's head; (fig) up to one's neck [or ears]
    mit bloßem \Kopf bareheaded
    jdm brummt der \Kopf (fam) sb's head is thumping fam
    einen dicken [o schweren] \Kopf haben (fam) to have a sore head fam
    den \Kopf einziehen to lower one's head
    jds \Kopf fordern (a. fig) to demand sb's head a. fig
    wir fordern seinen \Kopf! off with his head!
    von \Kopf bis Fuß from head to foot [or top to toe]
    einen [halben] \Kopf größer/kleiner als jd sein to be [half a] head taller/smaller than sb
    den \Kopf in die Hände stützen to rest one's head in one's hands
    den \Kopf hängen lassen (a. fig) to hang one's head a. fig
    jdn den \Kopf kosten to cost sb their head; (fig) to cost sb their job; (Amt) to cost sb their position; (Karriere) to cost sb their career
    den \Kopf in den Nacken werfen to throw one's head back
    mit dem \Kopf nicken to nod one's head
    einen [ganz] roten \Kopf bekommen to go red in the face; (vor Scham a.) to blush
    den \Kopf schütteln to shake one's head
    jdm schwindelt der \Kopf, jds \Kopf schwindelt sb's head is spinning
    den \Kopf sinken lassen to lower one's head
    auf dem \Kopf stehen to stand on one's head
    jdm über den \Kopf wachsen to grow taller than sb; (fig) to be too much for sb
    sich dat den \Kopf waschen to wash one's hair
    [mit dem] \Kopf voraus [o voran] headfirst, headlong AM
    2. (oberer, vorderer Teil) head; (Briefkopf) [letter]head; einer Pfeife bowl; eines Plattenspielers head
    \Kopf oder Zahl? heads or tails?
    die Blumen lassen schon die Köpfe [o den \Kopf] hängen the flowers are already drooping
    am \Kopf der Tafel sitzen to sit at the head of the table
    auf dem \Kopf stehen to be upside down
    3. HORT head
    ein \Kopf Kohl/Salat a head of cabbage/lettuce
    4. kein pl (Gedanken) head, mind; (Erinnerung) memory
    aus dem \Kopf from memory, by heart
    sie kann das Gedicht aus dem \Kopf hersagen she can recite the poem from memory [or by heart]
    etw geht jdm durch den \Kopf sb is thinking about sth
    mir geht so viel durch den \Kopf! there is so much going through my mind!
    sich dat etw durch den \Kopf gehen lassen to consider sth, to mull sth over
    den \Kopf voll [mit etw dat] haben (fam) to be preoccupied [with sth]
    ich habe den \Kopf so voll, dass ich mich kaum konzentrieren kann I've got so much on my mind I find it difficult to concentrate
    ich habe den \Kopf schon voll genug! I've got enough on my mind!
    im \Kopf in one's head
    etw im \Kopf behalten to keep sth in one's memory
    die Einzelheiten kann ich nicht alle im \Kopf behalten I can't remember all the details
    etw im \Kopf haben (sich erinnern) to have made a mental note of sth; (sich mit etw beschäftigen) to be thinking about sth
    anderes [o andere Dinge] im \Kopf haben to have other things to worry about
    nur [o nichts als] Arbeit/Fußball im \Kopf haben to think of nothing but work/football
    die Melodie im \Kopf haben to remember the tune
    etw im \Kopf rechnen to calculate sth in one's head
    in den Köpfen [der Menschen] spuken to haunt people's thoughts
    diese Vorstellung spukt noch immer in den Köpfen vieler Menschen this idea still haunts many people's thoughts
    jdm kommt etw in den \Kopf sb remembers sth
    mir ist neulich in den \Kopf gekommen, dass... it crossed my mind the other day, that...
    sich dat keinen \Kopf machen (fam) to not worry
    etw schießt jdm durch den \Kopf sth flashes through sb's mind
    jdm schwirrt der \Kopf (fam) sb's head is buzzing
    jdm durch den \Kopf schwirren (fam) to buzz around sb's head
    nicht [o kaum] wissen, wo einem der \Kopf steht (fam) to not know whether one is coming or going fam
    etw will jdm nicht aus dem \Kopf sb can't get sth out of their head
    sich dat [über etw akk] den \Kopf zerbrechen (fam) to rack one's brains [over sth] fam
    5. kein pl (Verstand, Intellekt) mind
    du hast wohl was am \Kopf! (sl) you're not quite right in the head! fam
    ein heller [o kluger] [o schlauer] \Kopf sein (fam) to have a good head on one's shoulders, to be clever
    du bist ein kluger \Kopf! you are a clever boy/girl! fam
    einen klaren \Kopf behalten to keep a clear head
    einen kühlen \Kopf bewahren [o behalten] to keep a cool head
    nicht auf den \Kopf gefallen sein to be no fool
    jdm den \Kopf verdrehen (fam) to turn sb's head
    den \Kopf verlieren (fam) to lose one's head
    jdm den \Kopf zurechtsetzen [o zurechtrücken] (fam) to make sb see sense
    nicht ganz richtig [o klar] im \Kopf sein (fam) to be not quite right in the head fam
    etw im \Kopf nicht aushalten (fam) to not be able to bear sth
    etw geht [o will] jdm nicht in den \Kopf (fam) sb just can't understand sth
    will dir das denn nicht in den \Kopf? can't you get that into your head?
    es im \Kopf haben (fam) to have [got] brains fam
    dafür muss man's im \Kopf haben you need brains for that fam
    6. kein pl (Wille) mind
    seinen \Kopf durchsetzen to get one's way
    nach jds \Kopf gehen to go [or be] the way sb wants
    seinen eigenen \Kopf haben (fam) to have a mind of one's own
    über jds \Kopf hinweg over sb's head
    sich dat etw aus dem \Kopf schlagen to get sth out of one's head
    sich dat in den \Kopf setzen, etw zu tun to get it into one's head to do sth
    sie hat es sich in den \Kopf gesetzt, Schauspielerin zu werden she's got it into her head to become an actress
    jdm steht der \Kopf nicht nach etw dat sb doesn't feel like sth
    7. kein pl (Person) head, person
    eine Belohnung [o Summe] auf jds \Kopf aussetzen to put a price on sb's head
    auf den \Kopf dieses Mörders waren 500 Dollar Belohnung ausgesetzt a reward of $500 had been offered for the murderer's capture
    eine hundert \Kopf starke Gruppe a group of hundred people
    pro \Kopf per head [or form capita
    8. (Führer) leader; (Denker) brains pl, mastermind
    die besten Köpfe arbeiten für uns the best brains are working for us
    ▪ der \Kopf einer S. gen the person behind sth
    9.
    ▶ jdm nicht [gleich] den \Kopf abreißen (fam) to not bite sb's head off fam
    ▶ was man nicht im \Kopf hat, [das] muss man in den Beinen haben (prov) bad memory means a lot of legwork fam
    ▶ sich [gegenseitig] die Köpfe einschlagen (fam) to be at each other's throats fam
    ▶ sich dat an den \Kopf fassen [o greifen] to shake one's head in disbelief fig
    ▶ etw vom \Kopf auf die Füße stellen (fam) to set sth right [or straight]
    ▶ jd ist nicht auf den \Kopf gefallen (fam) sb wasn't born yesterday fig fam
    ▶ wie vor den \Kopf geschlagen sein (fam) to be dumbstruck
    ▶ etw auf den \Kopf hauen (fam) to spend all of sth
    ▶ sich die Köpfe heißreden (fam) to talk oneself into a frenzy
    ▶ jdm auf dem \Kopf herumtanzen (fam) to do as one likes with sb
    ▶ den \Kopf [für jdn/etw] hinhalten (fam) to take the blame [for sb/sth]
    ▶ \Kopf hoch! [keep your] chin up! fig
    ▶ den \Kopf hoch tragen to keep one's head held high
    ▶ sich akk um \Kopf und Kragen reden to talk oneself into trouble
    ▶ \Kopf und Kragen riskieren (Leben, Gesundheit) to risk life and limb; (Existenz, Job) to risk one's neck fig
    ▶ jdn einen \Kopf kürzer machen (sl) to chop sb's head off fig sl
    ▶ sich einen \Kopf [über etw] machen to ponder sth, to not be able to stop thinking about sth
    ▶ den \Kopf oben behalten to keep one's chin up, to not loose heart
    halt den \Kopf oben, Junge (fam) chin up, kid fam
    ▶ jdm raucht der \Kopf (fam) sb's head is spinning
    ▶ Köpfe werden rollen heads will roll
    ▶ den \Kopf in den Sand stecken to bury one's head in the sand fig
    ▶ den \Kopf aus der Schlinge ziehen to dodge danger
    ▶ bis über den \Kopf in Schwierigkeiten stecken to be up to one's neck in problems fam
    ▶ jdm auf den \Kopf spucken können (fam) to be head and shoulders above sb fam
    ▶ sich dat nicht auf den \Kopf spucken lassen (sl) to not let people walk all over one
    ▶ jdm in den \Kopf [o zu Kopf[e]] steigen to go to sb's head
    ▶ etw auf den \Kopf stellen (durchsuchen) to turn sth upside down [or inside out]; (ins Gegenteil verkehren) to turn sth on its head fig
    ▶ du kannst dich auf den \Kopf stellen, [aber]... (fam)
    ▶ und wenn du dich auf den \Kopf stellst,... (fam) you can talk until you're blue in the face, [but]... fam
    ▶ jdn vor den \Kopf stoßen to offend sb
    ▶ jd vergisst noch mal seinen \Kopf (fam) sb would forget their head if it wasn't screwed on fam
    ▶ mit dem \Kopf durch die Wand [rennen] wollen (fam) to be determined to get one's way
    ▶ jdm den \Kopf waschen to give sb a telling-off
    ▶ seinen \Kopf darauf wetten, dass... (fam) to bet one's bottom dollar that... fam
    ▶ jdm etw an den \Kopf werfen [o (fam) schmeißen] to chuck [or sling] sth at sb fam
    jdm Beleidigungen an den \Kopf werfen to hurl insults at sb
    ▶ jdm etw auf den \Kopf zusagen to tell sb sth to their face
    * * *
    der; Kopf[e]s, Köpfe
    1) head

    jemandem den Kopf waschen — wash somebody's hair; (fig. ugs.): (jemanden zurechtweisen) give somebody a good talking-to (sl.); give somebody what for (sl.)

    [um] einen ganzen/halben Kopf größer sein — be a good head/a few inches taller

    sie haben sich die Köpfe heiß geredet — the conversation/debate became heated

    Kopf an Kopf — (im Wettlauf) neck and neck

    den Kopf einziehen — duck; (fig.): (sich einschüchtern lassen) be intimidated

    ich werde/er wird dir nicht gleich den Kopf abreißen — (ugs.) I'm/he's not going to bite your head off

    jemandem schwirrt/raucht der Kopf — somebody's head is spinning

    nicht wissen, wo einem der Kopf steht — not know whether one is coming or going

    einen dicken Kopf haben — (vom Alkohol) have a thick head (coll.) or a hangover

    jemandem od. jemanden den Kopf kosten — cost somebody dearly; (jemanden das Leben kosten) cost somebody his/her life

    den Kopf hinhalten [müssen] — (ugs.) [have to] face the music; [have to] take the blame or (coll.) rap

    den Kopf hoch tragen — hold one's head high

    jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken — (ugs.) bring somebody to his/her senses

    sich [gegenseitig] die Köpfe einschlagen — be at each other's throats

    sich (Dat.) an den Kopf fassen od. greifen — (ugs.) throw up one's hands in despair

    sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen — (ugs.) blow one's money (coll.)

    etwas auf den Kopf stellen — (ugs.) turn something upside down

    auf dem Kopf stehen — (ugs.) be upside down

    Kopf stehen — stand on one's head; (ugs.): (überrascht sein) be bowled over

    den Ablauf der Ereignisse auf den Kopf stellen — get the order of events completely or entirely wrong

    jemandem auf dem Kopf herumtanzen — (ugs.) treat somebody just as one likes; do what one likes with somebody

    jemandem auf den Kopf spucken können — (salopp scherzh.) be head and shoulders taller than somebody

    er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen — (ugs.) there are no flies on him (fig. coll.)

    jemandem in den od. zu Kopf steigen — go to somebody's head

    mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen (ugs.) /sich (Dat.) den Kopf einrennen — beat or run one's head against a brick wall

    etwas über jemandes Kopf [hin]weg entscheiden/über jemandes Kopf hinwegreden — decide something/talk over somebody's head

    jemandem über den Kopf wachsen — (ugs.) outgrow somebody; (jemanden überfordern) become too much for somebody

    bis über den Kopf in etwas stecken — (ugs.) be up to one's ears in something

    es geht um Kopf und Kragen — (ugs.) it's a matter of life and death

    sich um Kopf und Kragen reden — (ugs.) risk one's neck with careless talk

    jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen — (ugs.) offend somebody; s. auch Hand 3)

    2) (Person) person

    ein kluger/fähiger Kopf sein — be a clever/able man/woman

    pro Kopf — per head or person

    5) (Verstand) mind; head

    er hat die Zahlen im Kopf — (ugs.) he has the figures in his head

    er hat nur Autos im Kopf — (ugs.) all he ever thinks about is cars

    sie ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf — (ugs.) she's not quite right in the head

    einen klaren/kühlen Kopf bewahren od. behalten — keep a cool head; keep one's head

    jemandem den Kopf verdrehen — (ugs.) steal somebody's heart [away]

    sich (Dat.) den Kopf zerbrechen — (ugs.) rack one's brains (über + Akk. over); (sich Sorgen machen) worry (über + Akk. about)

    aus dem Kopf — (aus dem Gedächtnis) off the top of one's head

    das geht od. will ihm nicht aus dem Kopf — he can't get it out of his mind

    sich (Dat.) etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen — put something out of one's head

    sich (Dat.) etwas durch den Kopf gehen lassen — think something over

    jemandem im Kopf herumgehen — (ugs.) go round and round in somebody's mind

    jemandem/sich etwas in den Kopf setzen — put something into somebody's head/get something into one's head

    etwas im Kopf [aus]rechnen — work something out in one's head

    was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben — a short memory makes work for the legs

    jemandem geht od. will etwas nicht in den Kopf [hinein] — (ugs.) somebody can't get something into his/her head

    6) (von Nadeln, Nägeln, Blumen) head; (von Pfeifen) bowl
    7)

    ein Kopf Salat/Blumenkohl/Rotkohl — a lettuce/cauliflower/red cabbage

    8) (oberer Teil) head

    Kopf [oder Zahl?] — heads [or tails?]

    * * *
    Kopf m; -(e)s, Köpfe
    1. head ( auch von Sachen und TECH); (Briefkopf) letterhead; einer Seite etc: top; einer Pfeife: bowl;
    Kopf an Kopf closely packed; beim Rennen etc: neck and neck;
    es steht auf dem Kopf it’s upside down;
    etwas auf den Kopf stellen turn sth upside down;
    die Bude auf den Kopf stellen umg (durchsuchen, in Unordnung bringen) turn the place upside down; (ausgelassen feiern) have a wild fling;
    die Tatsachen auf den Kopf stellen turn the facts on their head, twist things ( oder the facts);
    und wenn du dich auf den Kopf stellst umg you can do what you like, you can talk until you’re blue in the face;
    von Kopf bis Fuß from head to foot, from top to toe;
    den Kopf hängen lassen hang one’s head;
    den Kopf oben behalten umg keep one’s chin (Br auch pecker) up;
    Kopf hoch! umg chin up!;
    schweren Kopf haben umg have a headache; umg have a thick head; vom Alkohol: have a hangover;
    jemandem den Kopf waschen wash sb’s hair; umg, fig give sb a piece of one’s mind; → Fisch 1
    2. (Sinn, Verstand, Urteil) head, mind; (Willen) head; (Gedächtnis) memory;
    aus dem Kopf aufsagen: from memory, by heart;
    im Kopf ausrechnen work out in one’s head;
    ich habe andere Dinge im Kopf I’ve got other things on my mind ( oder to think about);
    er hat nur Fußball im Kopf all he ever thinks about is football;
    er ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf umg he’s got a screw loose;
    wo hatte ich nur meinen Kopf? what was I thinking of?;
    den Kopf vollhaben have a lot ( oder too much) on one’s mind;
    das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen you can forget (about) that;
    das will mir nicht aus dem Kopf I can’t get it out of my mind;
    das hältste ja im Kopf nicht aus umg it’s enough to drive you (a)round the bend;
    sich (dat)
    jemandem im Kopf herumgehen go (a)round and (a)round in sb’s mind;
    er hat es sich in den Kopf gesetzt, es zu tun he’s determined to do it; umg he’s dead set on doing it;
    geht das nicht in deinen Kopf? can’t you get that into your head?;
    zu Kopf steigen go to sb’s head;
    sich (dat)
    den Kopf zerbrechen rack one’s brains;
    seinen eigenen Kopf haben have a mind of one’s own;
    es kann nicht immer alles nach deinem Kopf gehen you can’t get your own way all of the time;
    mir steht der Kopf nicht danach I don’t really feel like it;
    einen kühlen Kopf bewahren keep a cool head; (nicht zornig werden) keep one’s cool umg
    3. fig (Geist, Denker) (great) thinker; (Führer) head, leader; (treibende Kraft) mastermind, driving force;
    ein fähiger/kluger Kopf a capable/intelligent person;
    der Kopf von etwas sein mastermind sth
    4. (einzelne Person) person, head; (Stück) piece;
    pro Kopf a head, per person, each
    5. fig (Leben)
    seinen Kopf retten save one’s skin;
    Kopf und Kragen riskieren risk one’s neck;
    das wird ihn den Kopf kosten! it’ll cost him his life;
    das kann den Kopf nicht kosten it can’t cost the earth
    den Kopf in den Sand stecken hide one’s head in the sand;
    den Kopf (nicht) verlieren (not) lose one’s head;
    den Kopf aus der Schlinge ziehen wriggle out of it, besonders US auch beat the rap umg;
    sich (dat)
    einen Kopf machen umg worry;
    darüber mach ich mir keinen Kopf umg I’m not going to worry about that;
    ich weiß nicht, wo mir der Kopf steht umg I don’t know whether I’m coming or going;
    jemandem den Kopf verdrehen umg turn sb’s head;
    jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken umg bring sb to his ( oder her) senses, sort sb out;
    sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen umg blow one’s money;
    bis über den Kopf in Schulden stecken be up to one’s neck (umg eyeballs) in debt;
    jemandem über den Kopf wachsen umg outgrow sb; Arbeit etc: get too much for sb;
    über seinen Kopf hinweg over his head, without consulting him;
    jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen umg put sb’s nose out of joint;
    Köpfe werden rollen heads will roll;
    da fasst man sich doch an den Kopf it really makes you wonder;
    was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben a short memory makes work for the legs;
    Kopf oder Zahl? heads or tails?
    7.
    ein Kopf Salat/Blumenkohl a (head of) lettuce/cauliflower
    * * *
    der; Kopf[e]s, Köpfe
    1) head

    jemandem den Kopf waschen — wash somebody's hair; (fig. ugs.): (jemanden zurechtweisen) give somebody a good talking-to (sl.); give somebody what for (sl.)

    [um] einen ganzen/halben Kopf größer sein — be a good head/a few inches taller

    sie haben sich die Köpfe heiß geredet — the conversation/debate became heated

    Kopf an Kopf — (im Wettlauf) neck and neck

    den Kopf einziehen — duck; (fig.): (sich einschüchtern lassen) be intimidated

    ich werde/er wird dir nicht gleich den Kopf abreißen — (ugs.) I'm/he's not going to bite your head off

    jemandem schwirrt/raucht der Kopf — somebody's head is spinning

    nicht wissen, wo einem der Kopf steht — not know whether one is coming or going

    einen dicken Kopf haben — (vom Alkohol) have a thick head (coll.) or a hangover

    jemandem od. jemanden den Kopf kosten — cost somebody dearly; (jemanden das Leben kosten) cost somebody his/her life

    den Kopf hinhalten [müssen] — (ugs.) [have to] face the music; [have to] take the blame or (coll.) rap

    jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken — (ugs.) bring somebody to his/her senses

    sich [gegenseitig] die Köpfe einschlagen — be at each other's throats

    sich (Dat.) an den Kopf fassen od. greifen — (ugs.) throw up one's hands in despair

    sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen — (ugs.) blow one's money (coll.)

    etwas auf den Kopf stellen — (ugs.) turn something upside down

    auf dem Kopf stehen — (ugs.) be upside down

    Kopf stehen — stand on one's head; (ugs.): (überrascht sein) be bowled over

    jemandem auf dem Kopf herumtanzen — (ugs.) treat somebody just as one likes; do what one likes with somebody

    jemandem auf den Kopf spucken können — (salopp scherzh.) be head and shoulders taller than somebody

    er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen — (ugs.) there are no flies on him (fig. coll.)

    jemandem in den od. zu Kopf steigen — go to somebody's head

    mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen (ugs.) /sich (Dat.) den Kopf einrennen — beat or run one's head against a brick wall

    etwas über jemandes Kopf [hin]weg entscheiden/über jemandes Kopf hinwegreden — decide something/talk over somebody's head

    jemandem über den Kopf wachsen — (ugs.) outgrow somebody; (jemanden überfordern) become too much for somebody

    bis über den Kopf in etwas stecken — (ugs.) be up to one's ears in something

    es geht um Kopf und Kragen — (ugs.) it's a matter of life and death

    sich um Kopf und Kragen reden — (ugs.) risk one's neck with careless talk

    jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen — (ugs.) offend somebody; s. auch Hand 3)

    2) (Person) person

    ein kluger/fähiger Kopf sein — be a clever/able man/woman

    pro Kopf — per head or person

    5) (Verstand) mind; head

    er hat die Zahlen im Kopf — (ugs.) he has the figures in his head

    er hat nur Autos im Kopf — (ugs.) all he ever thinks about is cars

    sie ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf — (ugs.) she's not quite right in the head

    einen klaren/kühlen Kopf bewahren od. behalten — keep a cool head; keep one's head

    jemandem den Kopf verdrehen — (ugs.) steal somebody's heart [away]

    sich (Dat.) den Kopf zerbrechen — (ugs.) rack one's brains (über + Akk. over); (sich Sorgen machen) worry (über + Akk. about)

    aus dem Kopf — (aus dem Gedächtnis) off the top of one's head

    das geht od. will ihm nicht aus dem Kopf — he can't get it out of his mind

    sich (Dat.) etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen — put something out of one's head

    sich (Dat.) etwas durch den Kopf gehen lassen — think something over

    jemandem im Kopf herumgehen — (ugs.) go round and round in somebody's mind

    jemandem/sich etwas in den Kopf setzen — put something into somebody's head/get something into one's head

    etwas im Kopf [aus]rechnen — work something out in one's head

    was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben — a short memory makes work for the legs

    jemandem geht od. will etwas nicht in den Kopf [hinein] — (ugs.) somebody can't get something into his/her head

    6) (von Nadeln, Nägeln, Blumen) head; (von Pfeifen) bowl
    7)

    ein Kopf Salat/Blumenkohl/Rotkohl — a lettuce/cauliflower/red cabbage

    Kopf [oder Zahl?] — heads [or tails?]

    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    head n.
    heading n.
    pate n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kopf

  • 60 odbijać

    1. (-am, -asz); perf odbić; vt
    (światło, fale, obraz) to reflect; (piłkę: z powrotem) to return; ( o ziemię) to bounce; (pieczęć, stempel) to put; ( ślady) to leave; (więźnia, jeńca) to rescue, ( tynk) to hammer down; ( drukować) to print; ( odzyskiwać) to retake, to recapture
    2. vi
    ( odłączać się od grupy) to break away

    odbijać od czegoś — ( kontrastować) to stand out against sth

    odbijać (od brzegu) — ( o łodzi) to set sail, to cast off

    odbić komuś dziewczynę/chłopaka — to steal sb's girlfriend/boyfriend

    * * *
    ipf.
    1. ( o zmianie kierunku) reflect, deflect; odbić piłkę return a ball; odbijać piłkę bounce a ball; odbijać głos reflect the voice, echo, resound, reverberate; odbijać światło reflect light.
    2. (= odzwierciedlać) reflect.
    3. (= otwierać) hit open, open; odbić butelkę pot. hit a bottle open.
    4. (= odrywać) break l. force open; break off, detach; odbijać tynk hammer down.
    5. (= uszkodzić, ranić) beat (up), rough up; odbić komuś nerki kidney punch sb.
    6. (= powielać) copy; print; odbijać ślady leave traces; odbijać pieczątkę put a stamp, stamp.
    7. (= odpierać) ward off, repulse, repel; odbijać cios parry a blow.
    8. ( o statku) (= odpływać) set sail, depart.
    9. (= skręcać) turn; odbijać w prawo turn right.
    10. (= uwalniać) free, rescue; odbić więźniów/jeńców free l. rescue prisoners/prisoners of war.
    11. (= odzyskać własność) recapture, retake, win back.
    12. ( w tańcu) cut in on.
    13. pot. (= uwodzić cudzą żonę, dziewczynę) steal.
    14. (= powetować) recoup, make up for, compensate.
    15. odbić na kimś swój gniew vent one's anger on sb.
    16. (= kontrastować) contrast, differ ( od czegoś from sth).
    17. ( o broni palnej) recoil, kick back.
    18. pot. (= wariować) go crazy; szajba komuś odbiła sb went crazy l. berserk; palma komuś odbiła sb went crazy l. berserk.
    ipf.
    1. ( zmieniać kierunek) be reflected l. deflected; odbijać się jak groch od ściany fall on deaf ears; odbijać się głośnym echem reverberate.
    2. (= skakać) take off; odbić się od dna rebound, bounce back.
    3. (wytworzyć obraz w wodzie, szybie) be reflected.
    4. (= przejawiać się) manifest o.s.
    5. (= odciskać się) leave a trace, be impressed l. imprinted.
    6. przen. leave a mark, influence, have an impact on.
    7. (= odłączać się) break away, leave.
    8. pot. (= powetować sobie) recoup o.s., make o.s. up for.
    9. (= bekać) belch, burp.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > odbijać

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