-
41 private means
s.rentas particulares, rentas. -
42 private means
-
43 private means
(money that does not come from one's work but from investment, inheritance etc.) fortune personnelle -
44 private means
(money that does not come from one's work but from investment, inheritance etc.) meios pessoais -
45 private means
özel gelirler -
46 private means of transport
-
47 private
private ['praɪvɪt](a) (not for the public) privé;∎ the funeral will be private les obsèques auront lieu dans la plus stricte intimité;∎ they want a private wedding ils veulent se marier dans l'intimité(b) (not state-run) privé;∎ they operate a private pension scheme ils ont leur propre caisse de retraite;∎ the private sector le secteur privé(c) (personal) privé, personnel;∎ for private reasons pour des raisons personnelles;∎ don't interfere in my private affairs or business ne vous mêlez pas de mes affaires personnelles;∎ private agreement accord m à l'amiable;∎ I thought we had a private agreement about it je croyais que nous avions réglé ce problème entre nous;∎ for your private information à titre confidentiel;∎ it's my private opinion c'est mon opinion personnelle;∎ it's a private joke c'est une blague entre nous/eux/ etc;∎ she lives in her own private fantasy world elle vit dans un monde imaginaire bien à elle;∎ she keeps her private thoughts to herself elle garde pour elle ses opinions personnelles(d) (confidential) privé, confidentiel, personnel;∎ a private conversation une conversation privée ou à caractère privé;∎ we had a private meeting nous nous sommes vus en privé;∎ I have some private information about him j'ai des renseignements confidentiels à son sujet ou le concernant;∎ keep it private gardez-le pour vous;∎ can I tell him? - no, it's private je peux le lui dire? - non, c'est personnel;∎ private and confidential secret et confidentiel;∎ private (on envelope) personnel∎ she has private lessons in French elle prend des cours particuliers de français;∎ this is a private house c'est une maison particulière ou qui appartient à des particuliers;∎ in my private capacity à titre personnel;∎ for your private use pour votre usage personnel;∎ this is his own private room c'est sa pièce à lui(f) (quiet, intimate) intime, privé;∎ a private place un endroit tranquille;∎ he's a very private person c'est quelqu'un de très discret;∎ do you have a private room where we can talk? avez-vous une pièce où l'on puisse parler tranquillement?∎ a private citizen or individual un (simple) citoyen, un particulier2 nounMilitary (simple) soldat m, soldat m de deuxième classe;∎ it belongs to Private Hopkins ça appartient au soldat Hopkins;∎ the privates and the NCOs la troupe et les gradés;∎ Private Murdoch! soldat Murdoch!(confidentially) en privé, en confidence; (in private life) en privé, dans la vie privée; (with close family) dans l'intimité; (with friends, not in public) dans le privé;∎ to sit in private (assembly) se réunir en séance privée ou à huis clos;∎ Law to hear a case in private juger une affaire à huis clos;∎ to speak to sb in private parler à qn en privé;∎ in private she admitted she was worried en privé, elle a admis qu'elle était inquiète; (to herself) dans son for intérieur elle a admis qu'elle était inquiète►► private address adresse f personnelle, domicile m;Law private agreement acte m sous seing privé;Telecommunications private automatic exchange central m automatique privé;private bank banque f privée;private bar = salon dans un pub;private car voiture f particulière;private citizen simple particulier m;private company entreprise f ou société f privée;private dance bal m sur invitation;private detective détective m privé;private education enseignement m privé;private enterprise entreprise f privée; (principle) libre entreprise f;Press Private Eye = bimensuel satirique britannique fondé en 1960, dont le ton irrévérencieux rappelle celui du 'Canard enchaîné' en France;familiar private eye (private detective) privé m;private finance initiative partenariat m public-privé;private fishing pêche f gardée;private health insurance assurance f maladie privée;Law private hearing audience f à huis clos;private hotel ≃ pension f de famille;private income rentes fpl;∎ to live on or off a private income vivre de ses rentes;private industry privé m;private investigator détective m privé;Finance private investment investissement m ou placement m privé;Finance private investor investisseur(euse) m,f privé(e);private land terrain m privé;private life vie f privée;∎ in (his) private life dans sa vie privée, en privé;∎ she has no private life elle n'a pas de vie privée;Finance private limited company société f à responsabilité limitée;Telecommunications private line ligne f privée;private means rentes fpl, fortune f personnelle;∎ a man of private means un rentier;Parliament private member = simple député m;Parliament private member's bill = proposition de loi faite par un simple député;private ownership propriété f privée;private patient = patient d'un médecin dont les consultations ne sont pas prises en charge par les services de santé;Finance private pension retraite f complémentaire;Theatre private performance représentation f privée;Medicine private practice médecine f privée or non conventionnée;∎ she's in private practice elle a un cabinet (médical) privé;private property propriété f privée;∎ private property, keep out! (sign) propriété privée, défense d'entrer;private pupil élève mf (à qui l'on donne des cours particuliers);∎ he has a lot of private pupils il donne beaucoup de cours particuliers;private road voie f privée;private room (in hospital) chambre f particulière;private sale vente f à l'amiable;private school école f privée;private secretary secrétaire mf particulier(ère); British Politics = haut fonctionnaire dont le rôle est d'assister un ministre;Cinema private showing projection f privée;private soldier simple soldat m, (soldat m de) deuxième classe m;private teacher précepteur(trice) m,f;Art private view vernissage m;Law private wrong atteinte f aux droits d'un individu -
48 ♦ private
♦ private /ˈpraɪvət/A a.1 privato: a private house [road], una casa [strada] privata; private life, vita privata; a private sale, una vendita privata; private address, indirizzo privato; a private bank, una banca privata; (econ.) private consumption, i consumi privati; (econ.) private enterprise, iniziativa privata2 personale; particolare; a private letter, una lettera personale; private reasons, motivi personali3 riservato; confidenziale; segreto: The envelope was marked «private», sulla busta c'era scritto «riservato»; a private conversation, una conversazione confidenziale; The matter was kept private, la faccenda è stata tenuta segretaB n.2 (pl.) (eufem.) parti intime; genitali● ( banca) private banking, ‘private banking’ ( servizi bancari personalizzati per clienti facoltosi) □ (in GB) private bar, bar di tono più elevato ( in un pub; cfr. public bar, sotto public) □ (spec. sport) a private battle, una lotta a due; un duello (fig.) □ (polit.) private bill, legge d'interesse privato; leggina (fam.) □ (trasp.) private carrier, vettore privato □ a private chat, una chiacchierata a quattr'occhi □ a private citizen, un semplice cittadino; un privato □ (fin., ingl.) private company, società di capitali a ristretta base azionaria (le cui azioni non sono quotate in borsa e non possono essere liberamente vendute al pubblico; cfr. public company, sotto public) □ (leg.) private composition, concordato preventivo ( nel fallimento) □ (fin., USA) private corporation = private company ► sopra □ private detective (o private investigator), investigatore privato □ (fam., spec. USA) private eye = private detective ► sopra □ (mil., USA) private first class, soldato scelto (cfr. ingl. lance corporal, sotto lance) □ (med.) private hospital, clinica privata; casa di cura □ (tur.) private hotel, albergo in cui si possono rifiutare i clienti (spec. se privi di prenotazione) □ (fin.) private income, reddito personale; mezzi finanziari ( di una persona) □ (leg.) private individual, persona fisica □ (comput.) private key, chiave privata □ (leg.) private law, diritto privato □ private limited company = private company ► sopra □ ( sport) private machine, motocicletta non sponsorizzata □ private means, rendita (personale): He lives on private means, vive di rendita □ (polit., in GB, Canada, Austral., Nuova Zelanda) private member, parlamentare che non ha incarichi di governo; semplice parlamentare; semplice deputato □ (polit., in GB, Canada, Austral., Nuova Zelanda) private member's bill, disegno di legge presentato da un semplice parlamentare □ (fin.) private money, il denaro dei privati □ (eufem.) private parts, parti intime; genitali □ (med.) private patient, paziente privato □ (leg.) private practice, libera professione □ (leg.) private property, proprietà privata □ private scholar, assegnatario di una borsa di studio elargita da un ente privato; ( anche) studioso indipendente □ (in GB) private school, scuola privata ( a pagamento, e lo sono anche molte cosiddette ► «public schools», ► public) □ private secretary, segretario particolare (o privato) □ (econ.) the private sector, il settore privato □ (teatr.) private theatricals, rappresentazioni private □ (leg.) private treaty, scrittura privata; contratto ( di vendita) stipulato con trattativa privata □ ( arte, pitt., ecc.) private view, anteprima □ private war, guerra tra famiglie; faida □ (leg.) private wrong, illecito civile □ in private, in privato; in confidenza; in segreto □ (leg.) regarding private law, privatisticoprivately avv. -
49 private
C adj1 ( not for general public) [property, land, beach, chapel, jet, vehicle, line, collection, party, viewing] privé ; room with private bath chambre avec salle de bains particulière ; the funeral/the wedding will be private l'enterrement/le mariage aura lieu dans la plus stricte intimité ;2 (personal, not associated with company) [letter, phone call, use of car] personnel/-elle ; [life] privé ; [income, means] personnel/-elle ; [sale] de particulier à particulier ; a person of private means une personne qui a des revenus personnels ; she is making a private visit elle est en visite privée ; to act in a private capacity ou as a private person agir à titre personnel ; the private citizen le (simple) particulier ;3 (not public, not state-run) [sector, healthcare, education, school, hospital, prison, firm] privé ; [housing, accommodation, landlord] particulier/-ière ; private industry le (secteur) privé ; private lessons cours mpl particuliers ;4 ( not to be openly revealed) [conversation, talk, meeting, matter] privé ; [reason, opinion, thought] personnel/-elle ; to come to a private understanding s'arranger à l'amiable ; to keep sth private préserver l'intimité de qch ; a private joke une plaisanterie pour initiés ;5 ( undisturbed) [place, room, corner] tranquille ; let's go inside where we can be private allons dans la maison, nous y serons tranquilles ;6 ( secretive) [person] renfermé (sur soi-même).to go private GB Med se faire soigner dans le (secteur) privé. -
50 private
private [ˊpraɪvət]1. a1) ча́стный; ли́чный;private bill парла́ментский законопрое́кт, каса́ющийся отде́льных лиц или корпора́ций
;private industry ча́стный се́ктор промы́шленности
;private life ча́стная жизнь
;private means ли́чное состоя́ние
;private property ча́стная со́бственность
;а) ча́стное предпринима́тельство;б) ча́стное предприя́тие;on private account на ча́стных нача́лах
;private office ли́чный кабине́т
;private (medical) practitioner частнопрактику́ющий врач
;private secretary ли́чный секрета́рь
;private view закры́тый просмо́тр (кинофильма, выставки и т.п.)
2) та́йный, конфиденциа́льный;for one's own private ear по секре́ту
;to keep a thing private держа́ть что-л. в та́йне
3) не находя́щийся на госуда́рственной слу́жбе, не занима́ющий официа́льного поста́; неофициа́льный;private member член парла́мента, не занима́ющий никако́го госуда́рственного поста́
;private eye разг. ча́стный сы́щик
;private detective ча́стный детекти́в
4) уединённый5) рядово́й ( о солдате)2. n1) рядово́й2) pl разг. половы́е о́рганы3):a) наедине́; конфиденциа́льно;б) в ча́стной жи́зни; в дома́шней обстано́вке;в) втихомо́лку, в душе́, в глубине́ души́ -
51 private
1. adjective1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) privado2) (having no public or official position or rank: It is your duty as a private citizen to report this matter to the police.) particular
2. noun(in the army, an ordinary soldier, not an officer.) soldado raso- privacy- privately
- private enterprise
- private means
- in private
private adj privado / particulartr['praɪvət]1 (own, for own use - property, house, class) particular; (- letter, income) personal2 (confidential) privado,-a, confidencial3 (not state-controlled) privado,-a; (school) privado,-a, de pago4 (not official) privado,-a, personal5 (person) reservado,-a1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL soldado raso\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLprivate citizen particular nombre masulino o femeninoprivate detective detective nombre masulino o femenino privado,-aprivate eye detective nombre masulino o femenino privado,-aprivate individual particular nombre masulino o femeninoprivate investigator detective nombre masulino o femenino privado,-aprivate parts euphemistic use partes nombre femenino plural pudendas, intimidades nombre femenino pluralprivate ['praɪvət] adj1) personal: privado, particularprivate property: propiedad privada2) independent: privado, independienteprivate studies: estudios privados3) secret: secreto4) secluded: aislado, privado♦ privately advprivate n: soldado m rasoadj.• confidencial adj.• excusado, -a adj.• particular adj.• privado, -a adj.• privativo, -a adj.• reservado, -a adj.• secreto, -a adj.• soldado (raso) adj.• íntimo, -a adj.
I 'praɪvət, 'praɪvɪt1)a) ( confidential) < conversation> privado; < matter> privado, confidencial; < letter> personalb)in private: she told me in private me lo dijo confidencialmente or en confianza; can we talk in private? ¿podemos hablar en privado?; what you do in private is your own affair — lo que hagas en la intimidad or en tu vida privada es cosa tuya
2)a) ( restricted)private view — ( Art) vernissage m
private hearing — ( Law) vista f a puerta cerrada
private — privado; ( on envelope) personal
b) (for own use, in own possession) <road/lesson/secretary> particular; < income> personalprivate property — propiedad f privada
a gentleman of private means — (frml) un señor que vive de las rentas
private income — rentas fpl
3)a) ( not official) <visit/correspondence> privadob) ( unconnected to the state) < school> privado, particular, de pago (Esp); < ward> reservado; < patient> particularto be in private practice — ( Med) ejercer* la medicina privada; ( in US) ( Law) ocuparse de asuntos civiles
4)a) <thoughts/doubts> íntimotime is set aside for private study — se establecen ciertas horas para que cada uno estudie por su cuenta
it's a private joke — es un chiste que los dos entendemos/entienden
b) < person> reservado
II
1) ( rank) soldado mf raso2) privates pl ( genitals) (colloq & euph) partes fpl pudendas (euf & hum), intimidades fpl (euf & hum)['praɪvɪt]1. ADJ1) (=not public) [conversation, visit, land, matter] privado; [letter, reason, opinion] personal; [language] secreto; [thoughts, grief, fantasy] íntimoit was a private wedding, the wedding was private — la boda se celebró en la intimidad
private — (on door) privado; (on envelope) confidencial
private fishing — coto m de pesca
private parking — aparcamiento m or (LAm) estacionamiento m privado
•
it's a silly private joke of ours — es un chiste tonto que solo nosotras entendemos•
to keep sth private — [+ beliefs] no hablar de algo; [+ opinions, views, doubts] guardarse algo, reservarse algohe was diagnosed with AIDS in 1994 but kept it private — en 1994 le diagnosticaron SIDA pero lo mantuvo en secreto
strictly•
I've always tried to keep my private life private — [famous person] siempre he intentado mantener mi vida privada alejada de la mirada del público; [ordinary person] siempre he intentado mantener mi vida privada fuera del alcance de los demás2) (=own, individual) [car, house, lesson, room] particular; [bank account] personal76 bedrooms, all with private bathrooms — 76 habitaciones, cada una con su baño particular
3) (=independent) [medicine, education, finance] privado; [school] privado, particular; [patient, tutor, teacher] particulara private hospital — una clínica (privada), un hospital privado or particular
to go private — [patient] ir por lo privado; [dentist, doctor] establecerse de forma privada; [company] dejar de cotizar en bolsa
4) (=secluded) [place] retiradois there somewhere we can be private? — ¿hay algún sitio donde podamos hablar en privado?
2. N1) (Mil) soldado mf rasoPrivate Jones! — ¡Jones!
2)• in private: could I talk to you in private? — ¿te puedo hablar en privado?
I have been told in private that... — me han dicho confidencialmente or en confianza que...
3) privates * euph, hum partes fpl pudendas3.CPDprivate citizen N — (Jur) particular mf
private company N — empresa f privada, compañía f privada
private detective N — detective mf privado(-a)
private enterprise N — (=industry) el sector privado; (=initiative) la iniciativa privada
new employment laws which will hamper private enterprise — nuevas leyes fpl laborales que van a dificultar el crecimiento del sector privado
private enterprise economy N — economía f capitalista, economía f de mercado
private equity fund N — fondo que invierte en compañías privadas que no cotizan en bolsa
private eye N — (US) * detective mf privado(-a)
private finance initiative N — (Brit) plan de incentivos y potenciación de la iniciativa privada en el sector público
private health care N — servicio m médico privado
private health insurance N — seguro m médico privado
private hearing N — (Jur) vista f a puertas cerradas
private hotel N — hotel m privado
private income N — rentas fpl
private individual N — (Jur) particular mf
private investigator N — investigador(a) m / f privado(-a)
private law N — derecho m privado
private life N — vida f privada
private limited company N — sociedad f limitada
private line N — (Telec) línea f particular
private means NPL — rentas fpl
private member, Private Member N — (Brit) (Parl) diputado(-a) m / f sin responsabilidades de gobierno
Private Member's Bill N — proyecto de ley presentado por un diputado a título personal
private parts NPL — euph, hum partes fpl pudendas
private patient N — paciente mf privado(-a)
private pension N — pensión f personal
private pension plan N — plan m de pensiones personal
private pension scheme N — = private pension plan
private practice N — (Med) consulta f privada
to be in private practice — (Med) ejercer la medicina de forma privada
private property N — propiedad f privada
private property rights NPL — derechos mpl de propiedad
private prosecution N — (Jur) demanda f civil
private school N — escuela f privada, escuela f particular
private secretary N — secretario(-a) m / f particular
private soldier N — soldado mf raso
private study N — (Brit) estudio m personal
private tuition N — clases fpl particulares
private view, private viewing N — visita f privada (a una exposición)
* * *
I ['praɪvət, 'praɪvɪt]1)a) ( confidential) < conversation> privado; < matter> privado, confidencial; < letter> personalb)in private: she told me in private me lo dijo confidencialmente or en confianza; can we talk in private? ¿podemos hablar en privado?; what you do in private is your own affair — lo que hagas en la intimidad or en tu vida privada es cosa tuya
2)a) ( restricted)private view — ( Art) vernissage m
private hearing — ( Law) vista f a puerta cerrada
private — privado; ( on envelope) personal
b) (for own use, in own possession) <road/lesson/secretary> particular; < income> personalprivate property — propiedad f privada
a gentleman of private means — (frml) un señor que vive de las rentas
private income — rentas fpl
3)a) ( not official) <visit/correspondence> privadob) ( unconnected to the state) < school> privado, particular, de pago (Esp); < ward> reservado; < patient> particularto be in private practice — ( Med) ejercer* la medicina privada; ( in US) ( Law) ocuparse de asuntos civiles
4)a) <thoughts/doubts> íntimotime is set aside for private study — se establecen ciertas horas para que cada uno estudie por su cuenta
it's a private joke — es un chiste que los dos entendemos/entienden
b) < person> reservado
II
1) ( rank) soldado mf raso -
52 means
сущ.
1) мн. тж. как ед. средство;
способ, метод, методика;
возможность effective means ≈ эффективный способ fair means ≈ справедливый способ foul means ≈ грязный способ means to an end ≈ средства достижения цели the means and instruments of production ≈ орудия и средства производства The end does not justify the means. ≈ Цель не оправдывает средства. means of circulation means of communication means of employment means of payment by all means by any means by no means by means of Syn: method, device, mode, manner, modus, resource, technique, wise
2) мн. состояние, средства a man of means ≈ человек со средствами, состоятельный человек means of subsistence ≈ средства к существованию means test ≈ проверка нуждаемости Syn: estate, goods, wealth, property
3) коллект. материальные ценности, богатства;
сокровища
4) изобилие means of hair ≈ пышные волосы means of experience ≈ богатейший опыт Syn: abundance, plenty
5) уст. благосостояние употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. числе: средство, способ - * of communication средство связи /сообщения/ - * of identification средства опознавания;
средства установления личности - * of production (экономика) средства производства - * of protection средства защиты - * of transportation средства передвижения;
транспортные средства - the quickest * of the travel is by the plane путешествовать быстрее всего самолетом - * of war боевые средства;
средства и способы ведения войны - * to an end средство к достижению цели - does the end always justify the *? всегда ли цель оправдывает средства? - ways and * пути и способы;
(парламентское) бюджетные предложения - to find (a) * to do smth. найти способ что-л. сделать - we shall find * of persuading him мы найдем способ убедить его - by * of при помощи, посредством - thoughts are expressed by * of words мысли выражают при помощи слов /словами/ - by all (manner of) * любыми средствами, любым способом;
любой ценой, во что бы то ни стало;
обязательно;
конечно, пожалуйста - you must do it by all * ты должен это сделать во что бы то ни стало - may I come in? - By all *! можно войти? - Конечно! /пожалуйста!/ - by no (manner of) * никоим образом;
ни в коем случае;
совсем не(т), отнюдь не(т) ;
нисколько - he is by no * to see you here он ни в коем случае не должен вас здесь увидеть - it is by no * easy это совсем /отнюдь/ нелегко - by any * каким бы то ни было способом - he is not by any * a wicked man он совсем не злой человек - by some * (or other) каким-л. способом;
тем или иным способом - by fair * честным способом /путем/, честными средствами - by fair * or foul любыми средствами употр. с гл. во мн. ч.: средства, состояние - private * личное состояние - her * are too small for this у нее на это не хватит средств - he has ample * at his disposal в его распоряжении большие средства - * of living /of subsistence/ средства к существованию - to be without * быть без средств ample ~ достаточные средства coercive ~ средства принуждения forcible ~ сильные средства improper ~ негодные средства independent ~ собственные средства means богатство ~ денежные средства ~ метод ~ приспособление ~ способ ~ средства ~ средство, способ, способы ~ средство ~ устройство ~ of control средства контроля ~ of enforcement средства принуждения ~ of production средства производства ~ of proof средства доказательства ~ of settlement средства расчетов ~ of support средства к существованию ~ of transportation средства передвижения ~ of transportation транспортные средства ~ toward this ends средство достижения цели of limited ~ с ограниченными средствами of small ~ с небольшими средствами own ~ собственные средства private ~ личные средства private: ~ industry частный сектор промышленности;
private life частная жизнь;
private means личное состояние procedural ~ процедурные средства surplus ~ резервные средства without ~ без средств -
53 means
plural nounby this means — hierdurch; auf diese Weise
we have no means of doing this — wir haben keine Möglichkeit, dies zu tun
means of transport — Transportmittel, das
2) (resources) Mittel Pl.live within/beyond one's means — seinen Verhältnissen entsprechend/über seine Verhältnisse leben
3)Will you help me? - By all means — Hilfst du mir? Selbstverständlich!
by no [manner of] means — ganz und gar nicht; keineswegs
by means of — durch; mit [Hilfe von]
* * *I [mi:nz] noun singular or plural(the instrument(s), method(s) etc by which a thing is, or may be, done or made to happen: By what means can we find out?) die Mittel(pl.)- academic.ru/115534/by_all_means">by all means- by means of
- by no means II [mi:nz] noun plural(money available or necessary for living etc: She's a person of considerable means.) die Geldmittel (pl.)* * *<pl ->[mi:nz]nways and \means Mittel und Wegeto try by all [possible] \means to do sth auf jede erdenkliche Art und Weise versuchen, etw zu erreichen; (possibility) Möglichkeit fthere is no \means of tracing the debt at all es gibt nicht die geringste Möglichkeit, die Schulden zurückzuverfolgen; (device) Mittel nt\means of communication Kommunikationsmittel nt\means of expression Ausdrucksmittel nt\meanss of preservation Konservierungsmittel nt\means of transport Transportmittel nt\means of support Einkommen ntto use all [or every] \means at one's disposal alle verfügbaren Mittel nutzen2. (income)▪ \means pl Geldmittel pl, Gelder pla person of \means ein vermögender Menschprivate \means Privatvermögen nt, private Mittelto have the \means to do sth die [nötigen] Mittel [o das [nötige] Geld] haben, etw zu tunto live beyond one's \means über seine Verhältnisse lebento live within one's \means im Rahmen seiner finanziellen Möglichkeiten leben3.▶ by no \means [or not by any \means] keineswegs, auf keinen Fallit's by no \means certain das ist keineswegs sicherthey communicate by \means of sign language sie kommunizieren durch Zeichensprachethey made their escape by \means of a rope ladder sie entkamen mit [Hilfe] einer Strickleiter▶ a \means to an end ein Mittel zum Zweck* * *[miːnz]na means to an end — ein Mittel nt zum Zweck
I have/there is no means of doing it — es ist mir/es ist unmöglich, das zu tun
is there any means of doing it? —
there must be a means of doing it — es muss doch irgendwie or auf irgendeine Art zu machen sein
he was the means of sending it —
they used him as the means of getting the heroin across the border — sie benutzten ihn, um das Heroin über die Grenze zu bringen
all known means have been tried — man hat alles Mögliche versucht
by means of sth — durch etw, mittels einer Sache (gen) (form)
by means of doing sth — dadurch, dass man etw tut
by this means — dadurch, auf diese Weise
by some means or other — auf irgendeine Art und Weise, irgendwie
2) singby no means, not by any means — keineswegs, durchaus nicht
private means — private Mittel pl
that is within/beyond my means — das kann ich mir leisten/nicht leisten
* * *plural noun1) usu. constr. as sing. (way, method) Möglichkeit, die; [Art und] Weiseby this means — hierdurch; auf diese Weise
we have no means of doing this — wir haben keine Möglichkeit, dies zu tun
means of transport — Transportmittel, das
2) (resources) Mittel Pl.live within/beyond one's means — seinen Verhältnissen entsprechend/über seine Verhältnisse leben
3)by no [manner of] means — ganz und gar nicht; keineswegs
by means of — durch; mit [Hilfe von]
* * *n.Hilfsmittel n.Mittel - n. -
54 means
ample means достаточные средства coercive means средства принуждения forcible means сильные средства improper means негодные средства independent means собственные средства means богатство means денежные средства means метод means приспособление means способ means средства means средство, способ, способы means средство means устройство means of control средства контроля means of enforcement средства принуждения means of production средства производства means of proof средства доказательства means of settlement средства расчетов means of support средства к существованию means of transportation средства передвижения means of transportation транспортные средства means toward this ends средство достижения цели of limited means с ограниченными средствами of small means с небольшими средствами own means собственные средства private means личные средства private: means industry частный сектор промышленности; private life частная жизнь; private means личное состояние procedural means процедурные средства surplus means резервные средства without means без средств -
55 private
{'praivit}
I. 1. частен, личен
PRIVATE citizen обикновен гражданин (не длъжностно лице)
in one's PRIVATE capacity, as a PRIVATE person като частно лице
PRIVATE means лични средства, рента
PRIVATE bill частен законопроект
in PRIVATE clothes в цивилно облекло, цивилен
PRIVATE soldier редник
PRIVATE school частно училище
PRIVATE eye разе. частен детектив
in my PRIVATE opinion по мое лично мнение
2. таен, скрит, поверителен, интимен
PRIVATE parts анат. срамни части
to keep something PRIVATE пазя нещо в тайна, крия нещо
PRIVATE and confidential лично, поверително
through PRIVATE channels от частен източник, тайно
this is for your PRIVATE ear това e поверително, само на теб го казвам
the wedding will be strictly PRIVATE сватбата ще стане в строго интимен кръг
we're quite PRIVATE here тук сме сами
3. за собствено/частно/лично ползуване, закрит (не обществен) (за път, представление и пр.)
PRIVATE вход забранен
PRIVATE fishing риболовът забранен за външни лица
4. уединен, усамотен, изолиран (за място)
II. 1. редник
2. рl срамни части
in PRIVATE тайно, поверително, в частния си живот* * *{'praivit} I.a 1. частен; личен; private citizen обикновен граждани* * *частен; собствен; уединен; таен; редник; скрит; личен;* * *1. i. частен, личен 2. ii. редник 3. in my private opinion по мое лично мнение 4. in one's private capacity, as a private person като частно лице 5. in private clothes в цивилно облекло, цивилен 6. in private тайно, поверително, в частния си живот 7. private and confidential лично, поверително 8. private bill частен законопроект 9. private citizen обикновен гражданин (не длъжностно лице) 10. private eye разе. частен детектив 11. private fishing риболовът забранен за външни лица 12. private means лични средства, рента 13. private parts анат. срамни части 14. private school частно училище 15. private soldier редник 16. private вход забранен 17. the wedding will be strictly private сватбата ще стане в строго интимен кръг 18. this is for your private ear това e поверително, само на теб го казвам 19. through private channels от частен източник, тайно 20. to keep something private пазя нещо в тайна, крия нещо 21. we're quite private here тук сме сами 22. за собствено/частно/лично ползуване, закрит (не обществен) (за път, представление и пр.) 23. рl срамни части 24. таен, скрит, поверителен, интимен 25. уединен, усамотен, изолиран (за място)* * *private[´praivit] I. adj 1. частен, личен; \private property частна собственост; \private citizen обикновен гражданин (не длъжностно лице); in o.'s \private capacity, as a \private person като частно (не длъжностно) лице; \private means лични средства; рента; \private life личен живот; \private income нетрудов доход (напр. от акции); \private treaty продажба на имущество без посредник; \private member член на парламента, който не е член на кабинета; \private bill частен законопроект; in \private clothes в цивилно облекло, цивилен; in my \private opinion по мое лично мнение, според мен; 2. таен, скрит, поверителен, секретен, конфиденциален; интимен; to keep s.th. \private пазя нещо в тайна, крия нещо; to be \private about o.'s affairs не обичам да говоря за работите си; \private and confidential лично поверително, дискретно; \private conversation интимен разговор; \private parts срамни части; through \private channels от частен източник; тайно; this is for your \private ear това е поверително, само на теб го казвам; the wedding will be strictly \private венчавката ще стане в строго интимен кръг; in \private тайно, поверително; в частния си живот; FONT face=Times_Deutsch◊ adv privately; 3. за собствено (частно, лично) ползване; закрит (не обществен) (за път, представление, изложба и пр.); "\private" вход забранен; \private fishing риболовът забранен (за външни лица); 4. уединен, усамотен, изолиран, отделе́н (за място); 5. ост. саможив; II. n 1. редник; 2. pl срамни части. -
56 means
I mi:nz noun singular or plural(the instrument(s), method(s) etc by which a thing is, or may be, done or made to happen: By what means can we find out?) medio, manera- by means of
- by no means
II mi:nz noun plural(money available or necessary for living etc: She's a person of considerable means.) medios de vida, recursos económicos, ingresosmeans n1. medio2. manera / modotr[miːnz]1 (way, method) medio, manera■ there's no means of escape no hay escapatoria, no hay manera de escapar1 (resources) medios nombre masculino plural de vida, recursos nombre masculino plural económicos, ingresos nombre masculino plural; (income) renta f sing■ a person of means una persona acaudalada, una persona de buena posición económica\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLa means to an end un medio de conseguir un objetivo, un medio para lograr un finby all means naturalmente, por supuestoby means of por medio de, medianteby no means / not by any means de ninguna manera, de ningún modoto be beyond somebody's means no estar al alcance de alguiento live beyond one's means vivir por encima de sus posibilidadesto live within one's means vivir dentro de sus posibilidadesmeans of identification identificación nombre femeninon.pl.• arbitrio s.m.• arcaduz s.m.• bártulos s.m.pl.• caudal s.m.• elemento s.m.• medio s.m.• recurso s.m.• resorte s.m.miːnz1) (+ sing vb)a) ( method) medio mdoes the end justify the means? — ¿el fin justifica los medios?
there's no means of finding out — no hay manera or forma de saberlo; see also ways and means
b) (in phrases)by all means — por supuesto, cómo no! (esp AmL)
by no means, not by any means: we are by no means rich no somos ricos ni mucho menos: it's not a perfect film by any means de ninguna manera or de ningún modo es una película perfecta; by means of — (as prep) por medio de, mediante
[miːnz]they live beyond their means — llevan un tren de vida que no se pueden costear or que sus ingresos no les permiten
1. Nby any means — de cualquier manera, del modo que sea
not by any means — de ninguna manera or ningún modo
by any means possible — como sea/fuera posible, a como dé/diera lugar (CAm, Mex)
there is no means of doing it — no hay manera or modo de hacerlo
by some means or other — de alguna manera u otra, de algún modo u otro
by this means — de esta manera, de este modo
fair I, 1., 1)•
by means of — por medio de2) (in phrases)•
by all means! — ¡claro que sí!, ¡por supuesto!•
"is she a friend of yours?" - "by no means" — -¿es amiga suya? -de ninguna manera or ningún modothey're by no means rich — no son ricos, ni mucho menos
we haven't the means to do it — no contamos con los recursos or los medios para hacerlo
•
to live beyond one's means — vivir por encima de sus posibilidades, gastar más de lo que se gana•
a man of means — un hombre acaudalado•
to live within one's means — vivir de acuerdo con sus posibilidades2.CPDmeans-testmeans test N — prueba f de haberes (para determinar si una persona tiene derecho a determinada prestación)
* * *[miːnz]1) (+ sing vb)a) ( method) medio mdoes the end justify the means? — ¿el fin justifica los medios?
there's no means of finding out — no hay manera or forma de saberlo; see also ways and means
b) (in phrases)by all means — por supuesto, cómo no! (esp AmL)
by no means, not by any means: we are by no means rich no somos ricos ni mucho menos: it's not a perfect film by any means de ninguna manera or de ningún modo es una película perfecta; by means of — (as prep) por medio de, mediante
they live beyond their means — llevan un tren de vida que no se pueden costear or que sus ingresos no les permiten
-
57 means
I mi:nz noun singular or plural(the instrument(s), method(s) etc by which a thing is, or may be, done or made to happen: By what means can we find out?) middel, måte- by means of
- by no means II mi:nz noun plural(money available or necessary for living etc: She's a person of considerable means.) (penge)midler, pengermiddelsubst. flt. \/miːnz\/1) middel, midler, måte, verktøy (overført)2) utvei, mulighet• there is\/are no means of learning what has happened3) midler, pengemidler, formue, ressursermin private formue var\/ble kraftig redusertby all means eller by all manner of means for all del, selvsagt, selvfølgelig, naturligvis på alle mulige måter til enhver prisby any means på noen måte, på noen som helst måte• can it be done by any means?• is he by any means educated?by fair means or foul med det gode eller det ondeby means of ved hjelp av, gjennomby means of doing something gjennom å gjøre noe, ved å gjøre noeby no means ikke i det hele tattdisse varene er på ingen måte tilfredsstillende for all del, slett ikke, overhodet ikke, langt ifra• am I in the way? By no means!by some means or other på en eller annen måteby someone's means med noens hjelp, takket være noenby this means på denne måtenfind (the) means to do something finne en mulighet for å gjøre noe, lykkes med å gjøre noefoul means ulovlige midler, uhederligindependent means privatformue, egne pengerlive beyond one's means leve over evnelive within one's means sette tæring etter næringthe means of grace nådemidlenemeans of living\/subsistence eksistensmiddel, eksistensmidlermeans of production produksjonsmiddelmeans of support forsørgelsesmuligheter, eksistensgrunnlaga means to an end middel for å nå måleta person of means en formuende person, en person med formueuse underhand means\/methods gå bakveier, bruke uærlige midlerways and means midler og veier utvei, løsningwithout means uten midler, ubemidlet -
58 Private
1. adjective1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat
2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’
for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch
3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört2. nounprivate citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat2)in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen
* * *1. adjective1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) privat2) (having no public or official position or rank: It is your duty as a private citizen to report this matter to the police.) Privat-...2. noun(in the army, an ordinary soldier, not an officer.) gewöhnlicher Soldat- academic.ru/58044/privacy">privacy- privately
- private enterprise
- private means
- in private* * *pri·vate[ˈpraɪvɪt, AM -vət]I. adj\private initiative/life Privatinitiative f/-leben nt\private joke Insiderwitz m famto speak in some \private language in seiner eigenen Sprache redensb's \private opinion jds persönliche Meinung\private papers persönliche Papiere\private beach/club/collection Privatstrand m/-klub m/-sammlung f\private function Privatveranstaltung f, private Feier\private funeral Beerdigung f in aller Stille\private land Privatgrund m\private wedding ceremony Hochzeitsfeier f im engsten Familienkreis3. (confidential) vertraulichto keep sth \private etw für sich akk behalten4. (not social) zurückhaltend, introvertiert\private business Privatwirtschaft f\private financing Privatfinanzierung f\private funds private Gelder\private hospital Privatklinik f7. (not as official)as a \private person als PrivatpersonII. n▪ \privates pl Geschlechtsteile pl* * *['praIvɪt]1. adj1) privat; (= personal) letter, reasons persönlich, privat; (= confidential) matter, affair vertraulich; conversation, meeting, interview privat, vertraulich; (= secluded) place abgelegen; dining room separat; (= not public) funeral, wedding im engsten Kreis; hearing, sitting nicht öffentlich, nichtöffentlichit's just a private joke between us —
no private jokes! — lass uns auch mitlachen!
he acted in a private capacity — er handelte als Privatperson
2)private law — Privatrecht nt
private limited company — ≈ Aktiengesellschaft f (die nicht an der Börse notiert ist)
private pupil — Privatschüler(in) m(f)
private tutor — Privatlehrer(in) m(f)
2. nprivate first class (US) — Obergefreite(r) mf
2) pl (= genitals) Geschlechtsteile pl3)in private — privat; (Jur) unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit
* * ** * *1. adjective1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat
2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’
for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch
3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört2. nounprivate citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat2)in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen
* * *(military) n.nicht öffentlich adj.persönlich adj.privat adj. -
59 private
1. adjective1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat
2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’
for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch
3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört2. nounprivate citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat2)in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen
* * *1. adjective1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) privat2) (having no public or official position or rank: It is your duty as a private citizen to report this matter to the police.) Privat-...2. noun(in the army, an ordinary soldier, not an officer.) gewöhnlicher Soldat- academic.ru/58044/privacy">privacy- privately
- private enterprise
- private means
- in private* * *pri·vate[ˈpraɪvɪt, AM -vət]I. adj\private initiative/life Privatinitiative f/-leben nt\private joke Insiderwitz m famto speak in some \private language in seiner eigenen Sprache redensb's \private opinion jds persönliche Meinung\private papers persönliche Papiere\private beach/club/collection Privatstrand m/-klub m/-sammlung f\private function Privatveranstaltung f, private Feier\private funeral Beerdigung f in aller Stille\private land Privatgrund m\private wedding ceremony Hochzeitsfeier f im engsten Familienkreis3. (confidential) vertraulichto keep sth \private etw für sich akk behalten4. (not social) zurückhaltend, introvertiert\private business Privatwirtschaft f\private financing Privatfinanzierung f\private funds private Gelder\private hospital Privatklinik f7. (not as official)as a \private person als PrivatpersonII. n▪ \privates pl Geschlechtsteile pl* * *['praIvɪt]1. adj1) privat; (= personal) letter, reasons persönlich, privat; (= confidential) matter, affair vertraulich; conversation, meeting, interview privat, vertraulich; (= secluded) place abgelegen; dining room separat; (= not public) funeral, wedding im engsten Kreis; hearing, sitting nicht öffentlich, nichtöffentlichit's just a private joke between us —
no private jokes! — lass uns auch mitlachen!
he acted in a private capacity — er handelte als Privatperson
2)private law — Privatrecht nt
private limited company — ≈ Aktiengesellschaft f (die nicht an der Börse notiert ist)
private pupil — Privatschüler(in) m(f)
private tutor — Privatlehrer(in) m(f)
2. nprivate first class (US) — Obergefreite(r) mf
2) pl (= genitals) Geschlechtsteile pl3)in private — privat; (Jur) unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit
* * *private [ˈpraıvıt]1. privat, Privat…, eigen(er, e, es), Eigen…, persönlich:private account Privatkonto n;private army Privatarmee f;private audience Privataudienz f;private citizen Privatperson f;private collection Privatsammlung f;private consumer Privatverbraucher(in);private consumption Eigenverbrauch m;private gentleman Privatier m;private health insurance private Krankenversicherung;have private health insurance privat versichert sein;private liability persönliche Haftung;private life Privatleben n;private person Privatperson f;private secretary Privatsekretär(in);2. privat, nicht öffentlich:at private sale unter der Hand (verkauft etc);private beach eigener Strand (eines Hotels);a) JUR privatrechtliche Körperschaft,b) WIRTSCH US Gesellschaft f mit beschränkter Haftung;private enterprise privates Unternehmertum, Privatwirtschaft f;private firm Einzelfirma f;private road Privatweg m;private school Privatschule f;3. be a very private person sehr zurückgezogen leben;wish to be private den Wunsch haben, (für sich) allein zu sein oder nicht gestört zu werden;private prayer stilles Gebet4. privat, der Öffentlichkeit nicht bekannt, nicht für die Öffentlichkeit bestimmt:a) private Gründe,b) Hintergründe5. geheim:keep sth private etwas geheim halten oder vertraulich behandeln;private negotiations geheime Verhandlungen;private parts → B 26. vertraulich (Informationen etc):this is for your private ear dies sage ich Ihnen ganz im Vertrauen;be private to sth in etwas eingeweiht sein, über etwas Bescheid wissen9. JUR außergerichtlich:private arrangement gütlicher VergleichB s1. MIL (einfacher) Soldat:2. pl Geschlechtsteile pl3. in privatea) im Privatleben, privat,b) insgeheim,c) unter vier Augen,d) in privatem Kreis,e) unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeitpriv. abk1. private priv.* * *1. adjective1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat
2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’
for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch
3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört2. nounprivate citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat2)in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen
* * *(military) n.nicht öffentlich adj.persönlich adj.privat adj. -
60 means
<pl -> [mi:nz] nways and \means Mittel und Wege;to try by all [possible] \means to do sth auf jede erdenkliche Art und Weise versuchen, etw zu erreichen;( possibility) Möglichkeit f;there is no \means of tracing the debt at all es gibt nicht die geringste Möglichkeit, die Schulden zurückzuverfolgen;( device) Mittel nt;\means of communication Kommunikationsmittel nt;\means of expression Ausdrucksmittel nt;\means of transport Transportmittel nt;\means of support Einkommen nt;2) ( income)a person of \means ein vermögender Mensch;private \means Privatvermögen nt, private Mittel;to have the \means to do sth die [nötigen] Mittel [o das [nötige] Geld] haben, etw zu tun;to live beyond one's \means über seine Verhältnisse leben;to live within one's \means im Rahmen seiner finanziellen Möglichkeiten lebenPHRASES:a \means to an end ein Mittel zum Zweck;the end justifies the \means (justifies the \means) der Zweck heiligt die Mittel;they communicate by \means of sign language sie kommunizieren durch Zeichensprache;they made their escape by \means of a rope ladder sie entkamen mit [Hilfe] einer Strickleiter;by all \means ( form) unbedingt;( of course) selbstverständlich;by no \means [or not by any \means] keineswegs, auf keinen Fall;it's by no \means certain das ist keineswegs sicher
См. также в других словарях:
private means — noun Income from investments, etc as opposed to salary or fees for work done • • • Main Entry: ↑private * * * private means UK US noun [uncountable] a private income Thesaurus: unspecified amounts of moneyhyponym large amounts of money … Useful english dictionary
private means — noun uncount a PRIVATE INCOME … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
private means — UK US noun [plural] ► income that you receive from your family, investments, or land, and not from a job … Financial and business terms
private means — ► PLURAL NOUN Brit. ▪ income derived from investments, property, etc., rather than from employment … English terms dictionary
private means — UK / US noun [uncountable] a private income … English dictionary
private means — /praɪvət ˈminz/ (say pruyvuht meenz) plural noun → independent means …
private means — plural noun Brit. a source of income derived from investments, property, etc., rather than from employment … English new terms dictionary
private means — /ˌpraɪvət mi:nz/ plural noun income from dividends, interest or rent which is not part of someone’s salary … Marketing dictionary in english
private means — /ˌpraɪvət mi:nz/ plural noun income from dividends, interest or rent which is not part of someone’s salary … Dictionary of banking and finance
private income — noun Private means (qv below) • • • Main Entry: ↑private * * * private income UK US noun [countable/uncountable] [singular private income plural private incom … Useful english dictionary
private — adj. & n. adj. 1 belonging to an individual; one s own; personal (private property). 2 confidential; not to be disclosed to others (private talks). 3 kept or removed from public knowledge or observation. 4 a not open to the public. b for an… … Useful english dictionary