-
61 διαφέρω
A , , etc.: [tense] aor. 1 διήνεγκα, [dialect] Ion. διήνεικα: [tense] aor. 2 διήνεγκον:— carry over or across,δ. ναῦς τὸν Ἰσθμόν Th.8.8
; carry from one to another,διαφέρεις κηρύγματα E.Supp. 382
; [τὸ ἤλεκτρον] διαφέρεται εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας Arist. Mir. 836b6
: metaph., γλῶσσαν διοίσει will put the tongue in motion, will speak, S.Tr. 323 codd.2 of Time, δ. τὸν αἰῶνα, τὸν βίον, go through life, Hdt.3.40, E.Hel.[10]; : abs., ἄπαις διοίσει ib. 982:—[voice] Med., live, continue,ὑγιηροὶ τἄλλα διαφέρονται Hp. Art.56
; σοῦ διοίσεται μόνος will pass his life apart from thee, S.Aj. 511;σκοπούμενος διοίσει X.Mem.2.1.24
(cj. Dind. for διέσῃ).4 bear to the end, go through with,πόλεμον Hdt.1.25
, Th.1.11; but also, bear the burden of war, Id.6.54; endure, support, with an Adv., ;δ. πότμον δάκρυσι E.Hipp. 1143
(lyr.): abs., of patients in disease,δ. ἕως τῶν εἰκοσιτεσσάρων ἡμερέων Hp.Int.40
; δ. φθειρόμενος ib.12 (also ἡ νοῦσος δ. ἐννέα ἔτεα ibid.).II carry different ways, Ar.Lys. 570, etc.;δ. ἕκαστα εἰς τὰς χώρας τὰς προσηκούσας X.Oec.9.8
; toss about,ὅπλισμα.. διαφέρων ἐσφενδόνα E.Supp. 715
; δ. τὰς κόρας to turn the eyes about, Id.Ba. 1087. Or. 1261 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass., to be drawn apart, disrupted, opp. συμφέρεσθαι, Heraclit.10, Pl.Sph. 242e, Epicur.Nat.908.2; to be tossed about, dub. in Str.3.2.5;δ. ἐν τῷ Ἀδρίᾳ Act.Ap.27.27
, cf. Plu.Galb.26.2 δ. τινά spread his fame abroad, Pi.P.11.60;εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν ἐκείνου μνήμην δ. D.61.46
:—[voice] Pass.,φήμη διηνέχθη Plu.2.163c
.3 tear asunder, E.Ba. 754; disjoin, Arist.Po. 1451a34 ([voice] Pass.): metaph., distract,τὰς ψυχὰς φροντίσιν Plu.2.133d
, cf. 97f ([voice] Pass.), D.Chr.32.46 ([voice] Pass.).4 δ. τὴν ψῆφον give one's vote a different way, i.e. against another, Hdt.4.138, etc.; but also, give each man his vote, E.Or.49, Th.4.74, X.Smp.5.8.5 ἐράνους δ., = διαλύεσθαι, pay them up, discharge them, Lycurg.22.7 plunder, Herod.7.90:—[voice] Pass.,τῶν ἀπὸ [τῆς οἰκίας] φορτίων διενηνεγμένων PLond.1.45.9
(ii B.C.).8 excel,ἀρετῇ τοὺς ἄλλους D.S.11.67
, cf. 2.5;καλλιτεκνίᾳ πάσας γυναῖκας Stud.Pont.3.123
([place name] Amasia).III intr., differ,φυᾷ δ. Pi.N.7.54
; ἆρ' οἱ τεκόντες διαφέρουσιν ἢ τροφαί; is it one's parents or nurture that make the difference? E.Hec. 599: c. gen., to be different from, Id.Or. 251, Th.5.86, etc.; , cf. Pl.Prt. 329d;τὸ δ'.. ἀφανίζειν ἱερὰ ἔσθ' ὅτι τοῦ κόπτειν διαφέρει; D.21.147
;δ. τὰς μορφάς Arist.HA 497b15
; δ. εἴς τι, ἔν τινι, X.Hier.1.2,7;παρὰ τὴν Βεβρυκίαν App.Mith. 1
;καθ' ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἕλλειψιν Arist.HA 486a22
;κατὰ τὴν θέσιν Id.Mete. 341b24
; ;τίνι δ. τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν.. θεωρείσθω Id.PA 684b3
: c. inf.,μόνῃ τῇ μορφῇ μὴ οὑχὶ πρόβατα εἶναι δ. Luc.Alex.15
: with Art., τρεῖς μόναι ψῆφοι διήνεγκαν τὸ μὴ θανάτου τιμῆσαι three votes made the difference (i.e. majority) against capital punishment, D.23.167; also διαφέρει τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ ἔργου makes a difference equal to half the effort expended, X.Oec.20.17.2 impers., διαφέρει it makes a difference,πλεῖστον δ. Hp.Aph.5.22
;βραχὺ δ. τοῖς θανοῦσιν εἰ.. E.Tr. 1248
, etc.; οὐδὲν δ. it makes no odds, Pl.Phd. 89c, cf. Men.Epit. 193;σμικρὸν οἴει διαφέρειν; Pl.R. 467c
: c. dat. pers., δ. μοι it makes a difference to me, Antipho 5.13, Pl.Prt. 316b, etc.; ἰδίᾳ τι αὐτῷ δ. he has some private interest at stake, Th.3.42; εἰ ὑμῖν μή τι δ. if you see no objection, Pl.La. 187d;τί δέ σοι τοῦτο δ. εἴτε.. εἴτε μή; Id.R. 349a
, cf. Grg. 497b, etc.: c. inf.,οὐδέ τί οἱ διέφερεν ἀποθανεῖν Hdt.1.85
: with personal constr.,πράγματά τινι διαφέροντα Plu.Caes.65
; to be of importance, πρός or εἴς τι, Gal.15.420,428;τῷ ζῴῳ Id.UP9.5
.3τὸ δ.
the difference, the odds,Pl.
Phlb. 45d; = τὸ συμφέρον Antiph.31; , cf. Lys.31.5, Is.4.12; τὰ ἀναγκαιότερα τῷ ταμιείῳ δ. vital interests, PThead.15.17 (iii A.D.); τὸ δ. μέρος τῶν ἀποφάσεων the essential part, POxy.1204.11 (iii A.D.); τὰ δ. vital matters, Ep.Rom.2.18;ἐπιστάμενος τὰ δ. παραβαίνειν τολμᾷ And. 3.19
(but τὰ δ. also simply, points of difference, in character and the like , Th.1.70, etc.).4 to be different from a person: generally, in point of excess, surpass, excel him (cf. supr. 11.8), τινός v.l. for -όντως in Th.3.39; τινί in a thing, Id.2.39, Alex.36.6;ἔν τινι Isoc.3.39
; ;κατὰ μέγεθος X.Lac.1.10
;πρός τι Aeschin.1.181
: c. inf.,δ. τινὸς μεταβιβάζειν τινά Pl.Grg. 517b
: sts. folld. by ἤ, πολὺ διέφερεν ἀλέξασθαι ἤ.. it was far better.. than.., X.An.3.4.33, cf. Mem.3.11.14, Vect.4.25 (where it means to differ in point of diminution); alsoδ. μέγα τι παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις Plb.10.27.5
: abs., excel,ἐπί τινι Isoc.10.12
;τάχει Jul.Or.2.53c
;οἱ τόποι διαφέρουσι Thphr.CP5.14.9
; a remarkable achievement,Plb.
6.39.2.8 belong to, τινί, as property, Ph.1.207, PLond. 3.940.23 (iii A.D.); of persons, belong to a household, PStrassb.26.5 (iv A.D.); kinsfolk, 4/5.476 ([place name] Bargylia); appertain to, (iii A.D.); τὰ εἰς τοῦτο -φέροντα πράγματα Mitteis Chr. 372v3 (ii A.D.).IV [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., be at variance, quarrel,τινί Heraclit.72
, cf. Amphis32, etc.;περί τινος Hdt.1.173
, Pl.Euthphr.7b; δ. ἀλλήλοις differ with, ibid., cf. Antipho 5.42;τινὶ περί τινος Th.5.31
, cf. X.Oec.17.4;πρὸς ἀλλήλους Lys.18.17
, cf. Hyp.Oxy. 1607 Fr. 1 iii 60, etc.;τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους Supp.Epigr. 1.363.5
(Samos, iii B.C.);ἀμφί τινος X.An.4.5.17
;διενεχθέντας γνώμῃ Hdt.7.220
; δ. ὡς.. maintain on the contrary that.., D.56.46; οὐ διαφέρομαι, = οὔ μοι διαφέρει, Id.9.8; μηδὲν διὰ τοῦτο διαφέρου let there be no dispute on this ground, Lys.10.17; οἱ -φερόμενοι the litigants, SIG685.29 (Crete, ii B.C.).—Not in [dialect] Ep.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > διαφέρω
-
62 DP
1) Авиация: depressurisation, power distribution panel, differential protection2) Американизм: Development Permit, Displaced Persons3) Спорт: Dodge Points, Double Points, Dragon Punch4) Военный термин: Damage Points, Defensive Points, Delegated Production, Deputy for Personnel, Development Program, Director of Personnel, Director of Programs, Directorate of Production, Drawing Package, Duplicate Positive, data packet, debussing point, deep penetration, defense procurement, definition phase, delayed procurement, delivery point, departure point, depot maintenance, description pattern, detained pay, detection probability, detention of pay, detrucking point, development phase, development plan, development proposal, development prototype, directing point, disabled person, dispatch point, dispersal point, displaced person, display package, display panel, disposal procedure, distributing point, double-purpose gun, drill pay, drill practice, drill purpose, driving power, drop point, dry powder, duty position, Ди-Пи (дифосген), дифосген (ОВ удушающего действия), diphosgene5) Техника: data plotting, data printer, data processing technician, diagnostic procedure, diastatic power, digit presentation, diode plate, dipole, display processor, double-pole switch, drain pump, drive pipe, dual-processor, dynamic power6) Сельское хозяйство: digestible protein7) Шутливое выражение: Darren's Page, Drunken Panda8) Химия: Dry Process9) Математика: двойная точность (double precision), динамическое программирование (dynamic programming), дискретный параметр (discrete parameter)10) Юридический термин: Duly Performed11) Коммерция: development partnership12) Бухгалтерия: Down Payment13) Страхование: Duty point14) Биржевой термин: Depository Participant15) Грубое выражение: Double Plays16) Сокращение: Democratic Party, Dial Pulse, Diphosgene (Chemical warfare choking agent), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), Display Postscript, Disruptive Pattern, Distribution Point, Double Penetration, Dual Purpose (gun for surface or AA use), Dynamic Programming, dampproofing, deck piercing, deflection plate, demand meter, printing, double-pole, drill plate, dripproof, dry battery, dual-purpose, two-pole, dashpot (relay), Draft Printer, difference of potential17) Физика: Dynamically Positioned18) Физиология: Deep pulse, Diastolic Pressure, Disease Proof, Distal pulses, Dorsalis pedis pulse19) Электроника: Descriptive Polarity20) Вычислительная техника: document publishing, draft proposal, Detection Point (IN), Draft Proposal (ISO), Dial Pulse (Telephony), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), предварительное сообщение, процессор для обработки данных21) Нефть: datum plane, drill pipe, ship dynamic-positioning ship, План освоения месторождения, бурильная труба (drill pipe), вероятность обнаружения (отказа, detection probability), динамическое позиционирование (буровых судов и оснований), забивная труба22) Биохимия: Dispersed Phase23) Картография: Domestic Photomap24) Банковское дело: документы против платежа (documents against payment)25) Геофизика: линия приведения, плоскость приведения, уровень приведения26) Транспорт: Departure Procedure27) Фирменный знак: Dura Power28) СМИ: Democrat Post29) Деловая лексика: Design Performance, Developer Preview30) Бурение: drillpipe, буровая труба, drill-pipe31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: dynamic positioning, depentanized (fractionated to remove pentane and lighter components)32) Сетевые технологии: Data Packets, Decentralized Peripheral, Dynamic Profile, data processing, data processor, dual processor33) Полимеры: Draft Project, average degree of polymerization, degree of polymerization, difference of potentials, differential pressure, dimeric polymer, double-base propellant, durable press34) Программирование: Define Property35) Автоматика: design parameters, diametral pitch, протокол DP, distributed peripheral36) Сахалин Р: Decision Point37) Химическое оружие: Defense programs, Design phase38) Физическая химия: declustering potential (в масс-спектроскопии)39) Макаров: depth, differential phase, distributed processing, double-play40) Безопасность: Data Privacy, Diverse Protection41) Расширение файла: Calendar file (Daily Planner), Data file (DataPhile), Primary data file (THOR database)42) Электрохимия: температура конденсации43) SAP.тех. обработка данных44) Электротехника: distance protection45) Имена и фамилии: David Prior, Davis Putnam46) Должность: Director Of Photography, Doctor Of Paediatrics47) Чат: Digital Performer48) Правительство: Dog Patch49) NYSE. Diagnostic Products Corporation50) Программное обеспечение: Diagnostic Program51) Единицы измерений: Decimal Places -
63 dp
1) Авиация: depressurisation, power distribution panel, differential protection2) Американизм: Development Permit, Displaced Persons3) Спорт: Dodge Points, Double Points, Dragon Punch4) Военный термин: Damage Points, Defensive Points, Delegated Production, Deputy for Personnel, Development Program, Director of Personnel, Director of Programs, Directorate of Production, Drawing Package, Duplicate Positive, data packet, debussing point, deep penetration, defense procurement, definition phase, delayed procurement, delivery point, departure point, depot maintenance, description pattern, detained pay, detection probability, detention of pay, detrucking point, development phase, development plan, development proposal, development prototype, directing point, disabled person, dispatch point, dispersal point, displaced person, display package, display panel, disposal procedure, distributing point, double-purpose gun, drill pay, drill practice, drill purpose, driving power, drop point, dry powder, duty position, Ди-Пи (дифосген), дифосген (ОВ удушающего действия), diphosgene5) Техника: data plotting, data printer, data processing technician, diagnostic procedure, diastatic power, digit presentation, diode plate, dipole, display processor, double-pole switch, drain pump, drive pipe, dual-processor, dynamic power6) Сельское хозяйство: digestible protein7) Шутливое выражение: Darren's Page, Drunken Panda8) Химия: Dry Process9) Математика: двойная точность (double precision), динамическое программирование (dynamic programming), дискретный параметр (discrete parameter)10) Юридический термин: Duly Performed11) Коммерция: development partnership12) Бухгалтерия: Down Payment13) Страхование: Duty point14) Биржевой термин: Depository Participant15) Грубое выражение: Double Plays16) Сокращение: Democratic Party, Dial Pulse, Diphosgene (Chemical warfare choking agent), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), Display Postscript, Disruptive Pattern, Distribution Point, Double Penetration, Dual Purpose (gun for surface or AA use), Dynamic Programming, dampproofing, deck piercing, deflection plate, demand meter, printing, double-pole, drill plate, dripproof, dry battery, dual-purpose, two-pole, dashpot (relay), Draft Printer, difference of potential17) Физика: Dynamically Positioned18) Физиология: Deep pulse, Diastolic Pressure, Disease Proof, Distal pulses, Dorsalis pedis pulse19) Электроника: Descriptive Polarity20) Вычислительная техника: document publishing, draft proposal, Detection Point (IN), Draft Proposal (ISO), Dial Pulse (Telephony), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), предварительное сообщение, процессор для обработки данных21) Нефть: datum plane, drill pipe, ship dynamic-positioning ship, План освоения месторождения, бурильная труба (drill pipe), вероятность обнаружения (отказа, detection probability), динамическое позиционирование (буровых судов и оснований), забивная труба22) Биохимия: Dispersed Phase23) Картография: Domestic Photomap24) Банковское дело: документы против платежа (documents against payment)25) Геофизика: линия приведения, плоскость приведения, уровень приведения26) Транспорт: Departure Procedure27) Фирменный знак: Dura Power28) СМИ: Democrat Post29) Деловая лексика: Design Performance, Developer Preview30) Бурение: drillpipe, буровая труба, drill-pipe31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: dynamic positioning, depentanized (fractionated to remove pentane and lighter components)32) Сетевые технологии: Data Packets, Decentralized Peripheral, Dynamic Profile, data processing, data processor, dual processor33) Полимеры: Draft Project, average degree of polymerization, degree of polymerization, difference of potentials, differential pressure, dimeric polymer, double-base propellant, durable press34) Программирование: Define Property35) Автоматика: design parameters, diametral pitch, протокол DP, distributed peripheral36) Сахалин Р: Decision Point37) Химическое оружие: Defense programs, Design phase38) Физическая химия: declustering potential (в масс-спектроскопии)39) Макаров: depth, differential phase, distributed processing, double-play40) Безопасность: Data Privacy, Diverse Protection41) Расширение файла: Calendar file (Daily Planner), Data file (DataPhile), Primary data file (THOR database)42) Электрохимия: температура конденсации43) SAP.тех. обработка данных44) Электротехника: distance protection45) Имена и фамилии: David Prior, Davis Putnam46) Должность: Director Of Photography, Doctor Of Paediatrics47) Чат: Digital Performer48) Правительство: Dog Patch49) NYSE. Diagnostic Products Corporation50) Программное обеспечение: Diagnostic Program51) Единицы измерений: Decimal Places -
64 quam
[ABCU]A - adv.: [st1]1 [-] inter.: combien. - quam multis custodibus opus est: combien de gardes faut-il? [st1]2 [-] exclam.: combien! comme! que! à quel point! - quam macer est: comme il est maigre ! - quam multa, quam paucis! Cic. Fam. 11, 24, 1: combien de choses en combien peu de mots] = que de choses en si peu de mots! - quam + adj. ou adv. (dans quelques expressions): tout à fait, complètement. - mire quam: [étonnamment combien] = étonnamment. - sane quam (valde quam, nimis quam, admodum quam, oppido quam): complètement. - nimis quam formido, Plaut. Most. 2.2.79: j’ai bien peur. - nimis quam cupio, Plaut. Capt. 1.2.17: je souhaite ardemment. [ABCU]B - quam, conj.: que. - (tam...) quam: autant (aussi)... que. - quam... tam...: autant... autant... - tam esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest, Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50: un tyran peut être aussi clément qu'un roi peut être dur. - homo non, quam isti sunt, gloriosus, Liv. 35, 49: homme, qui n’est pas aussi vantard que ces-gens-là. - quam fortis tam prudens est: autant il est courageux, autant il est prudent. - tam sum amicus rei publicae quam qui maxime, Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 6: je suis l'ami de la république [autant que celui qui l'est le plus] = autant que qui que ce soit. - doctior est quam tu: il est plus savant que toi. - felicior est quam peritior: il est plus heureux qu’habile. - quam avec ou sans le verbe posse + superl.: autant que possible. - quam maxime: le plus possible. - quam primum: le plus tôt possible. - oratio sit quam brevissima: que le discours soit le plus bref possible. - vino, quam possit excellenti, Plin. 20, 24, 100: avec du vin le meilleur qu'on puisse trouver. - quam avec des mots marquant la comparaison, la différence ou la préférence. - esse quam videri bonus malebat, Sall. C. 54, 5: il aimait mieux être un homme de bien que de le paraître. - praestat mori quam servire: mieux vaut mourir que d'être esclave. - alius quam = alius atque: autre que. - nihil aliud quam: rien d'autre que, seulement. - nihil aliud quam ludit: il ne fait que jouer. - dimidium quam quod acceperat: la moitié de ce qu'il avait reçu. - potius quam → potior - quam sans mots marquant la comparaison, la différence ou la préférence. - corpora condire quam cremare e more Aegyptio (est eis) cura, Tac. H. 4: ils préfèrent embaumer les corps selon la coutume des Egyptiens plutôt que de les brûler. - pacem quam bellum probabam, Tac. A. 1, 58: j'étais partisan de la paix plutôt que de la guerre. - tacita bona est mulier quam loquens, Plaut.: la femme qui se tait vaut mieux que celle qui parle. - quam pro, quam ut + subj.: trop... pour. - laetitia major quam pro victoria: la joie fut trop grande pour une telle victoire. - severior est quam ut eum amenus: il est trop sévère pour que nous l'aimions. - quam avec une expression de temps. - die vigesimā, quam creatus erat, dictaturā se abdicavit, Liv. 6.29: le vingtième jour de sa nomination, il se démit de la dictature. - pridie quam venerat: la veille de son arrivée. - quelques tournures particulières. - quam quisque pessume fecit, tam maxume tutus est, Sall. J. 31, 14: plus on est scélérat, plus on est à l'abri. - bellum gerere cum tyranno, quam qui unquam, saevissimo, Liv. 34, 32: faire la guerre contre le tyran le plus cruel qui fut jamais. - nihil antiquius ducere quam + inf.: n'avoir rien de plus à coeur que de. - nihil antiquius habere quam ut + subj.: n’avoir rien de plus à coeur que de [ABCU]C - quam: [st2]1 [-] pron.-adj. à l’acc.: laquelle, que; celle que. [st2]2 [-] relatif de liaison: une conj. de coord. + eam. [st2]3 [-] interr. laquelle ? quelle ? [st2]4 [-] indéf. après si, nisi, ne, num: quelqu’une, une, quelque.* * *[ABCU]A - adv.: [st1]1 [-] inter.: combien. - quam multis custodibus opus est: combien de gardes faut-il? [st1]2 [-] exclam.: combien! comme! que! à quel point! - quam macer est: comme il est maigre ! - quam multa, quam paucis! Cic. Fam. 11, 24, 1: combien de choses en combien peu de mots] = que de choses en si peu de mots! - quam + adj. ou adv. (dans quelques expressions): tout à fait, complètement. - mire quam: [étonnamment combien] = étonnamment. - sane quam (valde quam, nimis quam, admodum quam, oppido quam): complètement. - nimis quam formido, Plaut. Most. 2.2.79: j’ai bien peur. - nimis quam cupio, Plaut. Capt. 1.2.17: je souhaite ardemment. [ABCU]B - quam, conj.: que. - (tam...) quam: autant (aussi)... que. - quam... tam...: autant... autant... - tam esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest, Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50: un tyran peut être aussi clément qu'un roi peut être dur. - homo non, quam isti sunt, gloriosus, Liv. 35, 49: homme, qui n’est pas aussi vantard que ces-gens-là. - quam fortis tam prudens est: autant il est courageux, autant il est prudent. - tam sum amicus rei publicae quam qui maxime, Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 6: je suis l'ami de la république [autant que celui qui l'est le plus] = autant que qui que ce soit. - doctior est quam tu: il est plus savant que toi. - felicior est quam peritior: il est plus heureux qu’habile. - quam avec ou sans le verbe posse + superl.: autant que possible. - quam maxime: le plus possible. - quam primum: le plus tôt possible. - oratio sit quam brevissima: que le discours soit le plus bref possible. - vino, quam possit excellenti, Plin. 20, 24, 100: avec du vin le meilleur qu'on puisse trouver. - quam avec des mots marquant la comparaison, la différence ou la préférence. - esse quam videri bonus malebat, Sall. C. 54, 5: il aimait mieux être un homme de bien que de le paraître. - praestat mori quam servire: mieux vaut mourir que d'être esclave. - alius quam = alius atque: autre que. - nihil aliud quam: rien d'autre que, seulement. - nihil aliud quam ludit: il ne fait que jouer. - dimidium quam quod acceperat: la moitié de ce qu'il avait reçu. - potius quam → potior - quam sans mots marquant la comparaison, la différence ou la préférence. - corpora condire quam cremare e more Aegyptio (est eis) cura, Tac. H. 4: ils préfèrent embaumer les corps selon la coutume des Egyptiens plutôt que de les brûler. - pacem quam bellum probabam, Tac. A. 1, 58: j'étais partisan de la paix plutôt que de la guerre. - tacita bona est mulier quam loquens, Plaut.: la femme qui se tait vaut mieux que celle qui parle. - quam pro, quam ut + subj.: trop... pour. - laetitia major quam pro victoria: la joie fut trop grande pour une telle victoire. - severior est quam ut eum amenus: il est trop sévère pour que nous l'aimions. - quam avec une expression de temps. - die vigesimā, quam creatus erat, dictaturā se abdicavit, Liv. 6.29: le vingtième jour de sa nomination, il se démit de la dictature. - pridie quam venerat: la veille de son arrivée. - quelques tournures particulières. - quam quisque pessume fecit, tam maxume tutus est, Sall. J. 31, 14: plus on est scélérat, plus on est à l'abri. - bellum gerere cum tyranno, quam qui unquam, saevissimo, Liv. 34, 32: faire la guerre contre le tyran le plus cruel qui fut jamais. - nihil antiquius ducere quam + inf.: n'avoir rien de plus à coeur que de. - nihil antiquius habere quam ut + subj.: n’avoir rien de plus à coeur que de [ABCU]C - quam: [st2]1 [-] pron.-adj. à l’acc.: laquelle, que; celle que. [st2]2 [-] relatif de liaison: une conj. de coord. + eam. [st2]3 [-] interr. laquelle ? quelle ? [st2]4 [-] indéf. après si, nisi, ne, num: quelqu’une, une, quelque.* * *Quam, Coniunctio, cui eleganter in oratione praeponitur TAM particula: vt Tam te diligo, quam meipsum. Terent. Je t'aime autant, que moymesme.\Quam, eleganter connectit duos comparatiuos. Quintilianus, Sitque salubrior studiis, quam dulcior. Que doulx.\Quam, pro Quantum, positiuo iungitur. Cicero. Videte quam valde malitiae suae confidat. Combien il se fie en sa malice.\Quam pro Quantum positum post negationem in priore oratione: Tam, non necessario sequitur. Liuius, Homo, non quam isti sunt, gloriosus. Non pas tant glorieux que sont ceulx ci.\Quam, cum verbis Possum, Queo, Valeo, et aliis. Quam potero adiutabo sene. Terent. Tant que je pourray.\Superlatiuis: Cicero, Quam potui maximis itineribus ad Amanum exercitum duxi. A plus grandes journees que j'ay peu.\Positiuis: Cicero, Quam quidem possum celeriter, perstringam. Le plus briefvement que je puis.\Quam vellem Menedemum inuitatum. Terent. O que je vouldroye que, etc.\Quam, pro Quantum, interrogatiuum. Terentius, Quam hoc munus gratum Thaidi arbitrare esse? Combien aggreable pense tu que luy a esté ce don?\Quam timeo quorsum euadas! Terent. O que je crains, etc.\Quam, cum Volo, pro eo quod vulgo dicitur Tantum quantum. Terentius, Dum ne reducam, turbent porro quam velint. Tant qu'ils vouldront.\Quam, pro Quanto, comparatiuo datur. Quintilianus, Quam in his quoque libris erunt omnia compositiora. De tant que.\Superlatiuo: Terentius, Vt esset apud te ob hoc quam gratissima. Tresaggreable.\Peto a te vt quam celerrime mihi librarius mittatur. Cic. Le plus tost qu'il sera possible.\Quam proxime hostem, et ad hostem. Cic. Liu. Tout pres de l'ennemi.\Quinto die quam sustuleris, condire oportebit. Columel. Cinq jours apres que, etc.\Intra quartum diem, quam de lacu sublatum est. Colum. Le quatrieme jour.\Post nonum diem quam id factum est. Colum. Le neufieme jour apres.\Triduo proximo quam sit genitus. Plin. Les trois premiers jours.\Si tandiu vixerit tecum, quam ego cum Paeto. Plin. iun. Aussi long temps que, etc.\Ea, quam longa est, nocte. Virgilius. Tant qu'elle se peult estendre.\Ferramenta duplicia quam numerus seruorum exigit, refecta et reposita custodiat. Columel. Plus deux fois qu'il n'ha de gents, Au double de ses gents.\Nihil fecisset libentius, quam omnem illam acerbitatem proscriptionis suae, etc. Cic. Il n'est chose qu'il eust faict plus voluntiers que, etc.\Maius quam quantum a nobis exprimetur. Cicero. Plus grand que nous ne l'exprimerons.\Tantum dicam, nihil mihi gratius esse, quam quod eam diligis. Cic. Que ce que tu l'aimes.\Contra facis, quam pollicitus es. Cicero. Tu fais contre ta promesse, ou autrement que tu n'as promis.\Multiplex quam pro numero damnum est. Liu. Le dommage est beaucoup plus grand qu'il ne semble à veoir au nombre, Plus grand que pour le nombre.\Quam minime multi de istius nefario scelere audire possent. Cic. Le moins de gents qu'il estoit possible le sceussent et en fussent advertiz.\Quam facete! Plautus. O combien plaisamment!\Quam cito. Terent. Tout incontinent.\Quam dudum, Aduerbium interrogandi. Plautus. Combien y a il?\Nunc dicito quam extemplo hoc erit factum? Plautus. Combien pense tu avoir tost faict?\Quamlibet, pen. cor. pro Quantumlibet. Plin. Faciliore multo natura finditur in quamlibet tenues crustas. En aussi tenvres que tu veuls.\Quamlibet parum. Quintil. Quelque peu que ce soit, Tant peu qu'on vouldra.\Quam mox cocta est coena? Plautus. Le souper sera il tantost cuict?\Ego hinc ad hos prouisam, quam mox virginem Accersant. Terent. S'ils ne veulent pas soubdainement aller appeller la pucelle.\Expecto quam mox Chaerea hac oratione vtatur. Cic. Je ne fay qu'attendre que Cherea parle en ceste facon, Je suis sur l'attente de veoir si Cherea dira point bien tost, etc.\Quamobrem, Vnica dictio, quibusdam etiam tres, quam ob rem: Interrogantis particula, et rationem alicuius rei petentis. Terent. Contemplamini me. A. quamobrem? Pour quelle cause? Pourquoy? A quelle cause?\Quamobrem id tute non facis? Terent. Pourquoy ne, etc.\- aliquam causam quaerebat senex, Quamobrem insigne aliquid faceret. Terent. Pour faire, etc.\Multa mihi veniebant in mentem, quamobrem istum laborem tibi etiam honori putarem fore. Cic. Beaucoup de choses me venoyent en la fantasie pour lesquelles je, etc.\Cognoscet ex me populus Rom. quid sit quamobrem quum Equester ordo iudicaret, etc. Cic. Que c'est pourquoy, etc.\Quamobrem vero se confidat aliquid perficere posse, intelligere non possum. Cic. Pourquoy c'est que, etc.\Quas ob res quod Tribunipleb. verba fecerunt, vt, etc. Cic. Pourquoy.\Quam pene tua me perdidit proteruitas. Terent. O que peu s'en est fallu que, etc.\Quamplurimo vendere. Cic. Trescher, Le plus cher qu'on peult.\Quamplurimam brassicam ederit, tam citissimum sanus fiet. Cato. De tant plus qu'il mangera de choulx, de tant plus tost sera il guari.\Quam pridem, Interrogantis particula. Plaut. Quam pridem non edisti? Combien de temps y a il que tu n'as mangé? Depuis quand n'as tu mangé?\- huc euasit, quam pridem pater Mihi et mater mortui essent. dico, iandiu. Terent. Combien il y avoit que mon pere, etc.\Quamprimum, pen. prod. vna dictio. Terent. Tout incontinent. -
65 divergencia
f.divergence.* * *1 divergence\divergencia de opiniones diverging opinions plural* * *SF divergence* * *femenino differencehan surgido divergencias — differences o disagreements have arisen
* * *= divergence.Ex. The points of divergence in perspective can be broadly categorised as follows.----* divergencia de opinión = divergence of opinion.* punto de divergencia = stepping-off point.* * *femenino differencehan surgido divergencias — differences o disagreements have arisen
* * *= divergence.Ex: The points of divergence in perspective can be broadly categorised as follows.
* divergencia de opinión = divergence of opinion.* punto de divergencia = stepping-off point.* * *differencehan surgido divergencias en el seno del partido differences o disagreements have emerged within the party* * *
divergencia divergence
' divergencia' also found in these entries:
English:
divergence
* * *divergencia nf1. [de líneas] divergence2. [de opinión] difference of opinion;surgieron divergencias en la jefatura del partido differences of opinion emerged among the party leadership;tenemos nuestras divergencias we have our differences (of opinion)* * *f divergence* * *divergencia nf: divergence, difference -
66 faire
vfais ce que dois, advienne que pourra — см. advienne que pourra
se faire baiser — см. être baisé
si un autre avait fait cela, il ne serait pas bon à jeter aux chiens — см. si un autre avait dit cela, il ne serait pas bon à jeter aux chiens
ne pas faire plus de cas que de la boue de ses souliers — см. ne considérer pas plus que la boue de ses souliers
faire bourru — см. être bourru
essayer de faire passer un chameau par trou d'une aiguille — см. essayer de faire passer un chameau par le trou d'une aiguille
faire comme le chien du jardinier, qui ne mange pas de choux et n'en laisse pas manger aux autres — см. faire comme le chien du jardinier
pendant que les chiens s'entre-pillent le loup fait ses affaires — см. pendant que les chiens s'entre-grondent le loup dévore la brebis
faire chocolat — см. être chocolat
faire ce con — см. faire le con
si cela se fait, je te paie des dattes — см. je te paie des dattes
quand le diable se fait vieux, il se fait ermite — см. quand le diable devient vieux, il se fait ermite
faire une entorse à... — см. donner une entorse à...
faire le fric — см. pomper le fric
faire un gnon — см. donner un gnon
faire qch illico — см. illico
faire la java — см. être en java
faire légion — см. être légion
il ne faut jamais remettre au lendemain ce qui peut être fait le jour même — см. il ne faut jamais remettre une bonne action au lendemain
faire la loi — см. donner la loi
quand chacun fait son métier, les vaches seront bien gardées — см. chacun son métier, les vaches seront bien gardées
faire nargue de... — см. dire nargue de...
faire du noir — см. broyer du noir
faire l'objet de... — см. être l'objet de...
faire outrage à... — см. accabler qn d'outrage
se faire pincer — см. être pincé
à pis faire — см. mettre qn au pis
faire quartier à... — см. donner quartier à...
faire raison de... — см. tirer raison de...
faire rampeau — см. être rampeau
faire ribote — см. être en ribote
se faire rincer — см. être rincé
vous me faites rire, vous voulez rire — см. laissez-moi rire
faire saillie — см. être en saillie
ne faire qu'un saut de... à... — см. être en un saut de... à...
faire le simulacre de... — см. faire le simulacre de
on fait de bonne soupe dans un vieux pot — см. c'est dans les vieux pots qu'on fait les meilleures soupes
faire en trop — см. en trop
se faire une vertu de... — см. ériger en vertu
vite fait bien fait — см. vite fait
- la faire- le faire- y faire- en faire- faire ça- faire gy -
67 угол (геометрический)
angle
- (кабины, панели) — corner
указатель установлен в верхнeм левом углу приборной доски. — the indicator is located on the upper left corner of the instrument panel.
- (при определении географических и навигационных параметров) — angle, angular distance
- (эл. сигнал, соответствующий угловой величине) — angular information the angular information is supplied to the stator windinq.
- азимута (e) — azimuth
-, азимутальный (в полярных координатах) — azimuth angle
угловая величина, отсчитываемая по часовой или против часовой стрелки от северного или южного направления от о град, до 90 или 180 град. — measured from 0о at the north or south reference direction clockwise or counterclockwise through 90о or 180о.
-, азимутальный (курс) — azimuth
- азимутальный (гироппатфор'мы), отсчитываемый от местного географического меридиана — stable platform azimuth angle measured from local geographic meridian
- азимутальный, направленно' гo луча антенны — azimuth angle of antenna beams
- атаки (а) — angle of attack (alpha, aat)
угол, заключенный между линией отсчета, жестко связанной с планером (крылом) самолета и направлением движения ла. — the angle between a referелее line fixed with respect to an airframe and a lipe in the direction of the aircraft.
лампа сигнализации выключенного обогрева автомата угпа атаки. (ауасп обогр. выкл.) — alpha off light
- атаки (англ. термин) — angle of incidence (british usage)
- атаки, индуктивный — induced angle of attack
составная часть любого текущего угла атаки, превышающая эффективный угол атаки. — а part of any given angle of attack over and above the effective angle of attack.
- атаки крыла (профиля) — wing angle оf attack
угол, заключенный между хордой профиля и направлением набегающего потока воздуха (рис.135). — the angle between the chord line of the wing (airfoil) and the relative airflow.
- атаки, большой — high angle of attack
- атаки, вызывающий срабатывание системы предотвращения сваливания (выхода на критический угол атаки) — stall barrier actuation angle of attack. the system suppresses the stall warning and barrier асtuation angles of attack to prevent stall overshoot.
- атаки, докритический — pre-stall(ing) angle of attack
- атаки, закритический — angle of attack beyond stall
- атаки, критический, — angle of sfall, stalling angle, stall
угол атаки, соответствующий максимальному значению коэффициента подъемной силы. — the angle of attack correspending to the maximum lift coefficient.
- атаки, местный — local angle of attack
- атаки нулевой подъемной силы — zero lift angle of attack
- атаки, отрицательный — negative angle of attack
- атаки, положительный — positive angle of attack
- атаки, средний — medium angle of attack
- атаки, текущий (a тем) — present angle of attack
- атаки, эффективный — effective angle of attack
-, боевой магнитный путевой (бмпу) — run-in magnetic track angle /course/
- бокового скольжения — angle of sideslip
- ветра (ув) — wind angle (u)
угол, заключенный между вектором путевой скорости и вектором ветра (рис. 124). — the angle between the true course and the direction from which the wind is blowing, measured from the true course toward the right or left, from 0 to 180°.
- ветра, курсовой — wind angle
- взмаха — flapping angle
острый угол, образованный продольной осью лопасти неcyщeгo винта вертолета и плоскостью вращения втулки винта при повороте лопасти относительно горизонтальногo шарнира. — the difference between the coning angle and the instantaneous angle of the span axis of a blade of a rotary wing system relative to the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
- видимости аэронавигационного огня (ано) (рис. 97) — navigation light dihedral angle
- видимости левого ано (угол "л") — navigation light dihedral angle l (left)
- видимости правого ано (угол "п") — navigation light dihedral angle r (riqht)
- видимости хвостового ано (угол "x") — navigation light dihedral angle a (aft)
- визирования — sight angle, angle of sight
- возвышения — angle of elevation, elevation
угол в вертикальной плоскости между горизонталью и наклонной линией от наблюдателя до объекта (рис. 129). — the angle in a vertical plane between the local horizontal and ascending line, as from an observer to an object.
- волнового конуса — mach angle
the angle between a mach line and the direction of movement of undisturbed flow.
- вращения — angle of rotation
- выставки телеблока — telescope /telescopic/ - sensor alignment angle
- гироппатформы, азимутапьный (инерциальной системы) — stable platform azimuth
- глиссады — glide slope angle
угол в вертикальной плоскости между глиссадой и горизонталью (рис. 120). — angle in vertical plane between the glide slope and the horizontal.
-, гринвичский часовой — greenwich hour angle (gha)
угол к западу от астрономического гринвичского меридиана. — angular distance west of the greenwich celestial meridian.
- датчика (угла) гироскопа — gyro-pickoff angle
-, двугранный (ано) — dihedral angle
- действия (см. видимости) — navigation light dihedral angle
-, заданный путевой (зпу) (рис. 124) — desired track angle (dsrtk) (dtk)
- заклинения (установки несущей поверхности) — angle of setting, rigging angle of incidence
фиксированный угол между плоскостью хорды крыла (стабилизатора) и продольной осью самолета (осью тяги) при горизонтальном положении самолета (рис. 135). — а fixed angle between the plane of the wing chord and the line of thrust or any other longitudinal line which is level when the fuselage is level longitudinally.
- заклинения горизонтального оперения — angle of stabilizer setting
острый угоп между продольной осью самолета и хордой (горизонтального) стабилизатора. угол является положительным при превышении передней кромки стабилизатора над задней. — the acute angle between the line of thrust of an airplane and the chord of the stabillzer. the angle is positive when the leading edge is higher than the trailing edge.
- заклинения крыла — angle of wing setting
острый угол между плоскостью хорды крыла и продольной осью самолета. угол является положительным при превышении передней кромки крыла над задней. — the acute angle between the plane of the wing chord and the longitudinal axis of the airplane. the angle is positive when the leading edge is higher than the trailing edge.
- заклинения крыла у корня — angle of wing setting at root
- заклинения крыльев (биплана) — decalaqe
разность между углами установки верхнего и нижнего крыльев. острый угол между линиями хорд крыльев в плоскости, параллельной плоскости симметрии самолета. — a difference in the angles of setting of the wings of a biplane. the decalage is measured by the acute angle between tfle chords in a plane parallel to the plane of symmetry.
- застоя (картушки компаса) — angular friction error (of compass card)
- затенения (огня), телесный — solid angle of obstructed (light) visibility
- зрения — angle of view
-, исходный путевой — initial departure track angle
- кабины — corner ot cabin
- карты — drivation
the angle between the grid datum and the magnetic meridian.
- карты (в автоматическом навигационном планшете) — map /chart/ angle (ca)
задатчик ук устанавливается на заданный пеленг в каждой точке разворота. если дм (магн, склонение) = +8о то ум = 352о, если дм = -5о, то ук = 5о ук = мпу главной ортодромии — the map or chart angle selector is set to the appropriate bearing at each turning point.
- конусности (лопасти несущего винта) — coning angle
угол между продольной осью лопасти и плоскостью круга ометаемого законцовкой винта. — the angle between the longitudinal axis of а blade and the tip-path plane.
- крена (у) — angle of roll, bank (angle)
угол между поперечной осью самолета и горизонтальной плоскостью. угол считается положительным при правом крене (рис. 135). — the angle between the lateral axis and a horizontal plane. the angle of roll is considered positive if the roll is to starboard.
- крена, командный — commanded bank angle
- крена при (для) выходе (выхода) на заданный курс — roll steering bank angle (for smooth roll out on the selected heading)
- крена, текущий — present angle of roll, present bank
- крыла, установочный (рис. 135). — angle of wing setting
- курса (путевой угол) — track angle
- курса (самолета, ч) — heading (ч)
- курса (инерциальной системы) — azimuth
- курсовой (кур) — relative bearing (rb)
автоматический радиокомnac определяет курсовой угол радиостанции, а в сочетанин с компасом или курсовой системой - пеленг радиостанции, как сумму курса и курсового угла (рис. 127). — angle measurement in navigation, measured from the heading of an aircraft, as relative bearing.
-, курсовой (на экране рлс) — azimuth (relative to aircraft)
the indicator display shows targets in terms of range and azimuth relative to aircraft.
- лопасти (возд. винта) — blade angle
угол между нижней поверхностью части лопасти винта и плоскостью вращения, — the angle between the lower surface of an element of a propeller and plane of rotation.
- маневра (курс, крен, тангаж) — attitude change angle
- маха — mach angle
-, местный часовой — local hour angle (lha)
- набора высоты — angle of climb
угол между линией траектории полета набирающего высоту ла и горизонталью. — the angle between the flight path оf а climbing aircraft and local horizontal.
- наведения антенны (радиоастрономическсго корректора) — antenna pointing angle
- наведения астрокорректора — star tracker pointing angle
inertial navigation system provides an accurate azimuth and vertical reference for measurement of the star tracker pointing angles.
- наведения астротелескопа (телеблока) — star-telescope pointing angle
- наклона (подвижных элементов. напр., автомата перекоса) — tilt angle
- наклона скачка уплотнения — shock wave angle
- наклона траектории полета — flight path angle
угол между горизонталью и касательной к данной точке траектории. — the angle between the horizontal and а tangent to the flightpath at a point.
- "ножниц" (рассогласования) закрылков — flaps asymmetry /disagreement/ angle
- "ножниц" (рассогласования) стабилизатора — 'stabilizer (halves) asymmetry /disagreement/ angle
- образованный с... (между) — angle formed with... (between)
- обратной стреловидности (крыла) — sweepforward angle
- опережения зажигания — ignition advance angle
- ортодромии, путевой (пуо) — great circle track angle
- отворота, расчетный (при заходе на посадку) — estimated turn angle (eta)
- отклонения (от направления) — angle of deviation
- отклонения (поверхности управления) — angle of deflection, (control surface) angle
- отклонения закрылка (закрылков) — flap setting
- отклонения закрылков, взлетный — flap takeoff setting
- отклонения закрылков для захода на посадку — flap approach setting
- отклонения закрылков, посадочный — flap landing setting
- отклонения поверхности управления — control surface angle
угол между хордой поверхности управления и хордой несущей (или стабилизирующей) поверхности (крыло, киль, стабилизатор). — control surface angle is an angle between the chord of control surface and the chord of the corresponding fixed surface.
- отклонения руля высоты — elevator angle
- отклонения руля направления — rudder angle
- отклонения ручки (управления) — control stick displacement /deflection/ angle
- отклонения скачка уплотнения — shock wave deflection angle
- отклонения (переставного) стабилизатора — horizontal stabilizer (adjustable) setting
- отклонения элерона — aileron angle
- отрицательной стреловидности — sweepforward angle
- отсека — corner of compartment
- отсчета радиокомпаса (орк) — indicated /observed/ bearing (of radio station)
угол разворота рамочной антенны, отличающийся от курсового угла радиостанции (кур) в результате искажения общего электромагнитного поля металлическими частями самолета (т.е. наличием радиодевиации) (рис. 86). — bearing correction is true radio bearing minus indicated (or observed) radio bearing. plot bearing corrections against observed radio bearings.
-, отсчитываемый от... — angle measured from...
-, отсчитываемый (по часавой стрелке) от северного направления географическоro меридиана — angle measured (clockwise) from north reference direction of geographical meridian.
- пересечения курса (луча на маяк) — (localizer) course /radial/ intersection angle
- пикирования — angle of dive
- планирования — gliding angle
угол между горизонтом и глиссадой самолета (рис. 135). — the angle between the horizontal and the glide path of an aircraft.
- (гиро) платформы, азимутальный — platform azimuth
- поворота вала — shaft angle
- поворота переднего колеса (колес) — nose wheel steering angle
система управления передним колесом шасси обеспечивает угол поворота колec(a) ё45о. — the steering system gives the nose wheel steering angles up to plus or minus 45 deg.
- поворота рамы (гироскопа) — rotation angle (of gimbal)
the rotation angle of the gimbal about the output axis.
-, подаваемый на индикацию (прибор, счетчик) — angular information supplied to be displayed on (indicator, counter, etc.)
- положения — position angle
- поперечного "v", отрицательный (рис. 136) — anhedral (angle)
- поперечного "v" по линии носков, положительный (по передней кромке) — dihedral at leading edge (le)
- поперечного "v", положительный — dihedral angle
острый угол между перпендикуляром к плоскости симметрии самолета и продольной осью крыла в плоскости, перпендикулярной продольной оси самолета (рис. 136). — the acute angle between а line perpendicular to the plane of symmetry and the projection of the wing axis on а plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airplane.
- поправки на ветер — wind correction angle (wca)
the stronger the wind, the greater the wca.
-, посадочный (самолета) — landing angle
- прицеливания — sighting /aiming/ angle
- проема (напр., аварийного выхода) — opening corner
-, промежуточный (шага винта) — (normal) flight low pitch (angle)
- пространственного положения (ла) — attitude angle
- путевой (пу) — track angle (тк), course angle) (crs)
угол, заключенный между северным направлением меридиана и вектором путевой скорости (линии пути), т.е. направлением движения самолета относительно земной поверхности (рис.124). — а direction of intended movement given as an angle from some reference direction, ordinarily given as a measurement clockwise from the true north or the magnetic north in degrees.
-, путевой, боевой (бпу) — run-in /attack/ track angle
-, путевой, боевой, магнитный (бмпу) — magnetic run-in /attack/ track angle
-, путевой, заданный (зпу) (рис.124) — desired track angle (dsrtk, dtk)
-, путевой, заданный магнитный (змпу) — desired magnetic track angle (dsrmtk, dmtk)
-, путевой истинный (рис.124). — true track angle, true track, true tk
-, путевой, исходный — initial departure track angle
-, путевой магнитный (мну) — magnetic track angle (mtk)
-, путевой, ортодромии (пуо) — great circle track angle
отсчитывается от сев. направления географического меридиана через точку мс до положения направления оси у по часовой стрелке.
-, путевой, при безветрии (при нулевом ветре) — zero-wind track angle
-, путевой, текущий (тпу) — present track angle
-, путевой, условный (рис.124). — grid track angle, grid track, rid tk
-, путевой, фактический — (actual) track angle (tk)
-, путевой, фактический магнитный (фмпу) — actual magnetic track angle
-, путевой, штилевой — zero wind track angle
- радиостанции, курсовой (кур) — relative bearing of radio station (rb)
угол между направлением продольной оси самолета и направлением на наземную радиостанцию, отсчитывается по часовой стрелке от о до 360 град (рис. 127). — the bearing of a radio station or object relative to the heading of an airplane.
- разворота — angle of turn
- разворота переднего колеса (колес) — nose wheel steering angle
- распыла (топлива в форсунке) — (fuel) spray pattern
- рассогласования — error angle
- рассогласования закрылков — flaps asymmetry /disagreement/ angle
- рассогласования по крену (курсу, тангажу) (в сельсинной передаче) — bank (azimuth, pitch) synchro error angle
- рассогласования предкрылков — (le) slats disagreement /asymmetry/ angle
- рыскания (ч) — angle of yaw
угол между продольной осью самолета и заданным направлением полета. угол считается положительным, если передний конец продольной оси самолета отклоняется вправо (рис.135). — the angle, as seen from above, between the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and a chosen reference direction. this angle is positive when the forward part of the longitudinal axis is directed to starboard.
- сближения (схождения) меридианов — earth convergency angle
- свеса (лопасти несущего винта) — droop angle
- скоса потока вверх — angle of upwash
- скоса потока вниз — angle of downwash
- снижения — angle of descent
угол между направлением траектории снижающегося самолета и горизонтом, — the angle between the flight path of a descending aircraft and the local horizontal.
- сноса (ус) — drift angle (da)
угол, заключенный между вектором воздушной скорости и вектором путевой скорости. если впс располагается правее ввс, углу сноса приписывается (+), если левee, тo (-) (рис. 124). — the horizontal angle between the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and its path relative to the ground, i.e. any angular difference existing between the heading and course (or track).
- сноса от измерителя дисс (доплеровского измерителя сноса и путевой скорости) — doppler drift angle (dad)
- солнца, гринвичский часовой — greenwich hour angle of sun (sun gha)
- срабатывания сигнализации — warning aetuation angle
- срабатывания сигнализации критического угла атаки — warning actuation angle of stall
- срабатывания системы предупреждения выхода на критический угол атаки — stall barrier actuation angle
- срыва ламинарного потока — burble point /angle/
а point reached in an increasing angle of attack at which burble begins.
-, стояночный. угол наклона продольной оси самолета относительно плоскости касания колес основного шасси и переднего (хвостового) колеса. — static ground angle (in pitch and bank)
- стреловидности — sweep angle
угол в плоскости крыла между линией, проходящей по размаху крыла (по четвертям хорд, передней или задней кромке) и перпендикуляром к плоскости симметрии самолета (рис. 8). — sweep is an angle in plan between the specified spanwise line (quarter-chord, le, те) along the aerofoil and the normal to the plane of the aircraft symmetry.
- стреловидности (отрицательный) — sweepforward angle
- стреловидности (прямой или положительный) — sweepback angle
- стреловидности по линии четвертей хорд — sweepback (angle) at quarterchord line /at 25 percent of chord/
- стреловидности по передней кромке — sweepback (angle) at leading edge, sweepback at le
- схождения меридианов угол между меридианом точки и вертикальной координатной линией. — earth /meridian/ convergence angle
- тангажа (v) — angle of pitch (v)
угол в вертикальной плоскости между продольной осью самолета и горизонтальной плоскостью. угол считается положительным при наклоне передней части продольной оси вверх (рис.135). — the angle, as seen from the side, between the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and a chosen reference line or plane, usually the horizontal plane. this angle is positive when the forward part of the longitudinal axis is directed above the reference line.
- тангажа на кабрирование — nose-up pitch angle
- тангажа на пикирование — nose-down pitch angle
- тангажа, текущий — present pitch angle, present angle of pitch
-, текущий путевой (тпу) — present track angle
- текущий путевой, запомненный (тзпу) — present stored track angle
- точки весеннего равноденствия, часовой, западный (астр.) — sidereal hour angle (sha) angular distance west of the vernal equinox.
-, тупой — obtuse angle
угол более 90о и менее 180о. — an obtuse angle is more than 90о but less than 180о.
- увлечения (картушки компаса) — compass card drift ang
- упреждения (для парирования сноса самолета при посадке) — drift-correction angle
- установки (см. угол заклинения аэродинамической поверхности) — setting angle
- установки горизонтального оперения — angle of stabilizer setting
- установки крыла (заклинение) — angle of wing setting, rigging angle of wing incidence
угол между корневой хордой крыла и базовой линией фюзеляжа (рис.135). — angle between the wing chord line and aircraft longitudinal axis.
- установки лопасти (винта) — blade angle
острый угол между хордой сечения лопасти возд.(или несущего, хвостового) винта и плоскостью перпендикулярной оси вращения (рис.58). — the acute angle between the chord of а section of a propeller, or of a rotary wing system, and a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
- установки рычага управл. двигателем (руд) — throttle setting
- установки стабилизатора (заклинение) — angle of stabilizer setting, rigging angle of horizontal stabilizer incidence
угол между корневой хордой стабилизатора и базовой линией фюзеляжа (рис. 135). — angle between the stabilizer root chord line and aircraft longitudinal axis.
- установки (переставного) стабилизатора — stabilizer (incidence) setting
- установки стабилизатора, взлетный — takeoff stabilizer setting
- установки стабилизатора, посадочный — landing stabilizer setting
-, установочный (крыла, стабилизатора) — (wing, stabilizer) setting angle
-, фактический путевой (рис. 124) — (actual) track angle (tk)
- цели, курсовой — (target) angle-off
-, часовой — hour angle
angular distance west of a celestial meridian or hour circle.
- часовой, западный, точки весеннего равноденствия (астр.) — sidereal hour angle (sha)
выход за критический у. атаки — stall (angle) overshoot
выход на критический у. атаки — reaching of stall(ing) angle
диапазон у. атаки — angle-of-attack range
под углом к... — at angle to...
enter downwind at 90 to reference line.
полет на критическом у. атаки — stall flight
поправка на у. сноса — crosswind correction
расположение (нескольких элементов) под углом... град — spacing... deg. apart the propeller blades are spaced l20 apart.
с автоматическим учетом у. сноса — with crosswind (drift) correction automatically computed
выходить на закритический у. атаки — exceed the stalling angle
выходить на критический у. атаки — reach the stalling angle
задавать путевой у. — select (desired) track angle
закруглять у. (детали) — round (off) the corner
изменять у. атаки — change angle of attack
образовывать у. с... — make angle with...
the cable makes an angle of 10 degrees with the vertical line.
отклонять на у. (-10 град.) — deflect /displace/ (approximately 10 deg.)
отсчитывать у. — read the angle
поворачиваться на у. — turn /rotate/ through аn angle
подавать у. (т.е. эл. сигнал, соответствующий к-л. угловой величине) на (статор сельсина) — supply /transmit/ angular information to (synchro stator)
располагаться под у. град. (вокруг оси) — be located /spaced/... degrees apart (about axis)
устанавливать (закрылки) на желаемый у. — set (flaps) at desired angleРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > угол (геометрический)
-
68 notar
v.to notice.¿has notado algo extraño en su comportamiento? have you noticed anything strange in her behavior?noto frío en los pies my feet feel coldte noto cansado you look tired to mehacer notar algo to point something outnótese que el acusado estaba bebido note o observe that the accused was drunkNosotros notamos un resplandor We noticed a brightness.* * *1 (percibir) to notice2 (sentir) to feel1 (percibirse) to be noticeable, be evident, show■ ¿se nota que no me he peinado? can you tell I haven't combed my hair?2 (sentirse) to feel\hacer notar to point outhacerse notar to draw attention to oneselfse nota que... one can see that...* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (=darse cuenta de) to noticelos usuarios apenas han notado los efectos de la huelga — customers have hardly noticed the effects of the strike
noté que la gente la miraba — I noticed people looking at her, I noticed that people were looking at her
•
dejarse notar, la subida de los precios se dejará notar sobre todo en los alimentos — the rise in prices will be most noticeable in the case of food•
hacer notar algo — to point sth outle hice notar que había sido él, no yo, quien dio la orden — I pointed out to him that it had been him and not me who had given the order
•
hacerse notar, los resultados se hicieron notar sin tardanza — the consequences soon became apparentsolo se comportan así para hacerse notar — they only behave like that to get noticed o get attention
la esposa del presidente apenas se ha hecho notar en todo este tiempo — the president's wife has been almost invisible all this time
2) (=sentir) [+ dolor, pinchazo, frío] to feel3) + adj4) (=anotar) to note down5) (=marcar) to mark, indicate6) [+ persona] (=criticar) to criticize; (=desacreditar) to discredit•
notar a algn de algo — to brand sb as sth, criticize sb for being sth2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( advertir) to noticehacerse notar — ( atraer la atención) to draw attention to oneself; ( dejarse sentir) to be felt
b) (impers)se nota que es novato — you can tell o see he's a beginner
¿se notan las puntadas? — do the stitches show?; (+ me/te/le etc)
2.se te nota en la cara — it's written all over your face
notarse v pron (+ compl) to feel* * *= notice, perceive, see, spot, watch, note, eye + catch.Ex. Notice that records 2 and 4 do not appear on the directory.Ex. Hypermedia offers unheard of opportunities to gain insight into the way young people perceive, process and use information.Ex. Where the conference cannot be seen to have a name, then the work will normally be treated as a collection.Ex. When all necessary amendments have been spotted, edit the draft abstract and make any improvements to the style that are possible.Ex. Watch what occurs as the letters 'New' and a space are typed.Ex. Collation is the term used for the physical check of books to note any imperfections such as missing or duplicated sections.Ex. As Klaus's acute observations are unhampered by romantic ideals, his eye catches the plastic trash by the roadway as well as the colors of moss on the landing strip.----* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.* digno de notar = noteworthy.* hacer notar = bring to + Posesivo + attention, bring to + the attention, mark, note, bring to + notice, bring + attention to, bring to + Posesivo + notice.* hacer notar la presencia de = make + Posesivo + presence felt, make + Posesivo + presence known.* nadie notaría la diferencia = no one would be the wiser.* notar 7 no pude evitar notar que = couldn't help but notice (that).* nótese el error = sic.* sin que se note la diferencia = seamlessly.* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( advertir) to noticehacerse notar — ( atraer la atención) to draw attention to oneself; ( dejarse sentir) to be felt
b) (impers)se nota que es novato — you can tell o see he's a beginner
¿se notan las puntadas? — do the stitches show?; (+ me/te/le etc)
2.se te nota en la cara — it's written all over your face
notarse v pron (+ compl) to feel* * *= notice, perceive, see, spot, watch, note, eye + catch.Ex: Notice that records 2 and 4 do not appear on the directory.
Ex: Hypermedia offers unheard of opportunities to gain insight into the way young people perceive, process and use information.Ex: Where the conference cannot be seen to have a name, then the work will normally be treated as a collection.Ex: When all necessary amendments have been spotted, edit the draft abstract and make any improvements to the style that are possible.Ex: Watch what occurs as the letters 'New' and a space are typed.Ex: Collation is the term used for the physical check of books to note any imperfections such as missing or duplicated sections.Ex: As Klaus's acute observations are unhampered by romantic ideals, his eye catches the plastic trash by the roadway as well as the colors of moss on the landing strip.* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.* digno de notar = noteworthy.* hacer notar = bring to + Posesivo + attention, bring to + the attention, mark, note, bring to + notice, bring + attention to, bring to + Posesivo + notice.* hacer notar la presencia de = make + Posesivo + presence felt, make + Posesivo + presence known.* nadie notaría la diferencia = no one would be the wiser.* notar 7 no pude evitar notar que = couldn't help but notice (that).* nótese el error = sic.* sin que se note la diferencia = seamlessly.* * *notar [A1 ]vt1 (advertir, sentir) to noticenotó que la puerta estaba abierta she noticed that the door was openhizo notar esta falta de interés he pointed out this lack of interestnotaba el frío por todo el cuerpo she felt cold all overnotó que alguien le tocaba el brazo she became aware of o she felt somebody touching her arm(+ compl): te noto muy cambiado you've changed a lotte noto muy triste you look/sound very sad, you seem very sadse le notaba indeciso he seemed hesitantlos efectos de la sequía ya se hacen notar the effects of the drought are already making themselves felt o are already being felt2 ( impers):¿se nota que son de distinto color? can you tell o does it show that they're different colors?se nota que es novato you can tell o see he's a beginner¡cómo se nota que no pagas tú! you can tell o it's obvious you're not paying!se notaba que había estado llorando you could see o tell she'd been crying¿se notan las puntadas? do the stitches show?, can you see the stitches?se notó mucho que no le gustó it was very obvious o you could tell a mile off she didn't like itte has puesto maquillaje — ¿se nota mucho? you're wearing makeup — is it very noticeable o obvious?(+ me/te/le etc): se le nota ya la barriga it's beginning to show that she's pregnantapenas se le nota la cicatriz you can hardly see the scarse te nota en la cara I can tell by your face, it's written all over your facese le notan las lentillas you can see she's wearing contact lensesse le nota mucho el acento his accent is very noticeable■ notarse(+ compl) to feelse notaban extraños entre esa gente they felt strange among those peopleme noto muy rara con este vestido I think I look funny o I feel funny in this dress* * *
notar ( conjugate notar) verbo transitivo
hacer(le) notar algo (a algn) to point sth out (to sb);
te noto muy triste you look very sad;
se le notaba indeciso he seemed hesitantb) ( impers):◊ se nota que es novato you can tell o see he's a beginner;
se te nota en la cara it's written all over your face
notarse verbo pronominal (+ compl) to feel;
notar verbo transitivo
1 (darse cuenta) to notice ➣ Ver nota en notice
2 (a alguien en un estado) to find: le noté cansado, I found him tired
3 (sentir) to feel: noté frío, I felt cold
' notar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
extrañar
- palpar
- advertir
- conocer
- cuenta
- exhibir
- observar
- remarcar
- ver
English:
detect
- discontent
- evidence
- feel
- notice
- sense
- spot
- thrust forward
- creep
- difference
- show
- tell
* * *♦ vt[advertir] to notice; [sentir] to feel;noté que alguien me miraba I sensed that someone was watching me;¿notas una corriente de aire? can you feel a draught?;noto frío en los pies my feet feel cold;te noto cansado you look tired;lo noto raro he's acting strangely;la noté muy cambiada she'd changed a lot;la crisis económica se está dejando notar the recession is really making itself felt;hacer notar algo to point sth out;nótese que el acusado estaba bebido note o observe that the accused was drunk* * *v/t1 notice;hacer notar algo a alguien point sth out to s.o.;se nota que you can tell that;hacerse notar draw attention to o.s.2 ( sentir) feel* * *notar vt1) : to noticehacer notar algo: to point out something2) : to tellla diferencia se nota inmediatamente: you can tell the difference right away* * *notar vb1. (advertir) to notice -
69 no
adv.1 not.no sé I don't knowno es fácil it's not easy, it isn't easyno tiene dinero he has no money, he hasn't got any moneyno veo nada I can't see anythingtodavía no not yet¿has oído las noticias? — no have you heard the news? — no o no, I haven't¿aprobó? — no did she pass? — no o no, she didn't¿comen juntos? -- no siempre do they go for lunch together? -- not alwaysno fumadores non-smokers2 no, not.intj.no, nah, no way, nay.m.no.* * *NO► símbolo* * *adv.1) no, not2) non* * *ABR= noroeste NW* * *(= noroeste) NW* * *= by no means, NOT, nay, no, not.Nota: Negación usada con verbos; para los nombres, véase no.Ex. However, UDC is by no means always applied to this degree of detail in libraries.Ex. The Boolean logic operator NOT excludes records containing a particular word.Ex. Said another timidly, nay, sheepishly: 'You can see we need help, can't you Mr. Bibeau?'.Ex. In either case, the patient keys in the responses, which may be as simple as 'yes' or 'no'.Ex. The Boolean logic operator not excludes records containing a particular word.----* alfabeto no romano = non-Roman alphabet.* aún no nacido = unborn.* aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.* base de datos no bibliográfica = non-bibliographic database.* catalogación no automatizada = non-computerised cataloguing.* con datos no pertinentes = dirty [dirtier -comp., dirtiest -sup.].* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?.* ¡Dios no lo quiera! = God forbid.* documento recuperado no pertinente = false drop.* el no va más = the be all and end all, the bee's knees.* el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.* encabezamiento no admitido = non-approved heading.* encabezamiento no específico = non-specific heading.* esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.* evaluación no intrusiva = unobtrusive evaluation.* información no codificada = non-coded information.* lo creas o no = believe it or not.* material no devuelto = non-return.* material no impreso = non-print [nonprint], non-print media.* modo no interactivo = non-interactive mode.* ¿no? = do you?, do you?.* no {predisponer} en contra = stay on + the right side of.* no abandonar = stick with, stand by.* no abrasivo = non-abrasive.* no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.* no académico = non-academic.* no acentuado = unaccented.* no aceptar = disavow.* no aceptarse = go by + the board.* no aceptar un no por respuesta = not take + no for an answer.* no acercarse a = steer + clear of, stay away from, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.* no acercarse a Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.* no ácido = acid-free.* no acostumbrado a = unfamiliar with.* no actual = non-current.* no actuando en capacidad de autor = non-authorial.* no actuar como se debe = be remiss.* no actuar correctamente = be remiss.* no actuar debidamente = be remiss.* no acudir = stay away.* no acuoso = non-aqueous.* no admitir discusión = be out of the question.* no adosado = detached.* no afectado = unaffected.* no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.* no afiliado = unaffiliated.* no afín = nonrelative [non-relative].* no agobiarse = take + Posesivo + time.* no agravante = non-exacerbating.* no agrupado = unclustered.* no aguantar más = have had enough.* no aguantar ver Algo o Alguien = can't stand + sight.* no alcanzar a + Infinitivo (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + Gerundio.* no alergénico = non-allergenic.* no alfabetizado = non-literate.* no amante de la literatura = non-literary.* no americano = non-US, un-American.* no amortizable = irredeemable.* no analizado = unexamined.* no anclado = unanchored.* no andar con reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no andar con tapujos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no andar en nada bueno = be up to no good, get up to + no good.* no andar muy equivocado = be in the right realm.* no andarse con rodeos = call + a spade a spade.* no antes de = no sooner than.* no añorar el pasado = never + look back.* no aparecer = be not included.* no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.* no aprovechar Algo lo suficiente = under-exploit [underexploit].* no aprovechar el potencial = fall (far) short of + potential, fall (far) behind + potential.* no apto para menores = X-rated.* no arrepentirse = not look back, never + look back.* no arriesgarse = play it + safe.* no asignado = unallocated, unassigned.* no asistencia = non-attendance.* no asistente = non-attender [nonattender].* no asistir = stay away.* no atendido = unsatisfied.* no atreverse a = flinch at/from, have + no stomach for.* no atreverse a tratar = fear to + tread.* no auténtico = unauthentic.* no autorizado = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA], unapproved.* no avanzar = tread + water.* no avanzar más = go + no further.* no bajarse del burro = stick to + Posesivo + guns.* no bastar = not be good enough.* no bibliográfico = non-book [nonbook], non-bibliographic, non-bibliographical.* no bibliotecario = non-librarian.* no británico = non-UK.* no buscarle las pulgas al perro = let + sleeping dogs lie.* no cabe ni un alfiler = no room to swing a cat.* no caber en sí de alegría = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.* no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.* no canjeable = irredeemable.* no cantante = nonsinger.* no cantes victoria antes de tiempo = don't count your chickens before they are hatched.* no captar la idea = miss + the point.* no ceder = stand + Posesivo + ground, put + Posesivo + foot down.* no ceder a las presiones = withstand + pressure.* no ceder terreno = stand + Posesivo + ground.* no centrado = unfocused [unfocussed].* no científico = unscientific.* no cobrado = uncollected.* no codificado = non-coded.* no coercitivo = non-coercive.* no coger Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.* no coger por sorpresa = come as + no surprise.* no coincidente = ill matched.* no colar = Negativo + hold + water.* no comentado = unannotated.* no comercial = non-profit making, non-commercial [noncommercial].* no compatible = non-compatible.* no compensatorio = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].* no comprender = be beyond + Pronombre.* no comprobado = untested.* no comprometido = uncommitted.* no concebirse desde ningún punto de vista = be impossible under any hypothesis.* no concentrado = unfocused [unfocussed].* no concentrar el esfuerzo = spread + Nombre + thinly.* no concordar con = be at odds with.* no conducir a nada = be exercises in + futility.* no conductual = nonbehavioural [nonbehavioral, -USA].* no confirmado = unsubstantiated.* no conformarse con un no = not take + no for an answer.* no conmovedor = unmoving.* no conocer a Alguien de nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* no conocer a Alguien para nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* no conseguir nada = achieve + nothing.* no conseguir ni una cosa ni otra = fall (between/through) + the cracks.* no considerarse parte de = hold + Reflexivo + apart from.* no consumible = nonconsumptive.* no consumidor = nonconsumptive.* no contagioso = non-contagious.* no contaminado = untainted, uncontaminated.* no contar = be out of the picture.* no contar con = leave + Nombre + out of the picture, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.* no contar con la aprobación = frown on/upon.* no contencioso = non-contentious.* no convencional = non-conventional.* no convexo = nonconvex [non-convex].* no corregido = uncorrected.* no correlativo = non-consecutive.* no correr prisa = there + be + no hurry.* no corroborado = unsubstantiated.* no creerse Algo al pie de la letra = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.* no creerse Algo del todo = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.* no crítico = non-critical.* no cualificado = unskilled.* no cuestionarse la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspend + disbelief.* no cumplido = unfulfilled, unrealised [unrealized, -USA].* no cumplir = fall + short of, welsh on.* no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.* no cumplir con + Posesivo + deber = be remiss.* no cumplir las expectativas = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo esperado = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo prometido = fall + short of + Posesivo + promise.* no cumplir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.* no cumplir un objetivo = fall + short of goal.* no cumplir unos criterios = fall (far) short of + criteria.* no cumplir unos requisitos = fall + short of requirements.* no cursar una asignatura = skip + grades.* no dar crédito a = disbelief.* no dar crédito a + Posesivo + oídos = not believe + Posesivo + ears.* no dar crédito a + Posesivo + ojos = not believe + Posesivo + eyes.* no dar fruto = come to + nothing.* no darle demasiada importancia a Algo = think + little of.* no darle demasiada importancia a + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.* no darle importancia a = think + very little about/of.* no dar más de sí = stretch + Nombre + to the limit, overstretch.* no dar ningún resultado = give + zero results, be of no avail, be to no avail.* no darse cuenta de = sneak under + the radar, go + unnoticed.* no darse de cuenta de = be blind to.* no darse por vencido fácilmente = not take + no for an answer.* no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.* no debemos + Infinitivo = let us not + Infinitivo.* no deber nada = pay + Posesivo + dues.* no + deber + sorprender que = it + be + not surprising that.* no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.* no debidamente reconocido = unsung.* no decir a Alguien lo que está ocurriendo = leave + Nombre + in the dark.* no decir nada = keep + quiet.* no decir nada a nadie = lips + seal.* no decir nada nuevo = much ado about nothing.* no decir palabrotas = watch + Posesivo + mouth.* no de comportamiento = nonbehavioural [nonbehavioral, -USA].* no de conducta = nonbehavioural [nonbehavioral, -USA].* no decreciente = non-decreasing.* no dedicado a la investigación = non-research.* no definido = unstated.* no definirse = sit on + the fence.* no dejar a nadie fuera = inclusivity.* no dejar de enviar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.* no dejar de mandar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.* no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.* no dejar entrar = turn + Nombre + away, keep out.* no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.* no dejar ni un cabo suelto = tie up + all the loose ends.* no dejar pasar = keep out.* no dejar pasar la oportunidad = ride + the wave.* no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.* no deliberado = unintentional.* no del todo maduro = underripe.* no democrático = undemocratic.* no desanimarse = keep + Posesivo + chin up.* no descansar en + Posesivo + tumba = spin + in + Posesivo + grave.* no descriptor = non-descriptor.* no deseado = unwanted, undesired, uninvited.* no desfallecer = keep up.* no desgastarse fácilmente = wear + well.* no desglosable = unbreakable.* no desmerecer = compare + favourably.* no destructivo = non-destructive.* no desvelar + Posesivo + identidad = protect + Posesivo + identity.* no determinista = nondeterministic [non-deterministic].* no devolverse = be non-refundable.* no diferenciador = nondistinctive.* no diferenciarse de = be nothing short of.* no digno de confianza = untrustworthy.* no discapacitado = able-bodied.* no disciplinario = impunitive.* no discriminatorio con respecto al sexo = gender neutral.* no disponible = not applicable [N/A].* no disponible para el préstamo = not-loanable.* no dispuesto = unprepared.* no distinguir entre... y... = make + little distinction between... and....* no distintivo = nondistinctive.* no distribuido = undelivered, undelivered.* no docente = non-teaching.* no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].* no educativo = non-teaching, non-educational.* no efímero = non-volatile [nonvolatile].* no eléctrico = nonelectrical [non-electrical].* no encontrar nada + Adjetivo = find far from + Adjetivo.* no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.* no encontrar palabras = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.* no en inglés = non-English.* no entender = be beyond + Pronombre.* no entender Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.* no entender lo esencial = miss + the point.* no entender ni una papa de = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.* no entendido por la materia = outsider.* no entregado = undelivered.* no envío = non-shipment.* no epiléptico = non-epileptic.* no es asombroso que = not surprisingly, unsurprisingly.* no escatimar = unstinting.* no escatimar dinero = lavish + money.* no escatimar gastos = go to + town on, lash out (on).* no escrito = unwritten.* no es de extrañar que = no wonder that, small wonder that.* no es de sorprender que = not surprisingly, unsurprisingly.* no esencial = non-essential [nonessential].* no es lo mismo en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).* no especialista = non-expert [nonexpert].* no especializado = broader-based.* no especificar = leave + undefined.* no está claro todavía = the jury is still out (on).* no esta disponible = be down.* no estándar = non-standard [nonstandard].* no estar + Adjetivo + en absoluto = be far from + Adjetivo.* no estar a la altura de las expectativas = fall below + expectations.* no estar a la altura de lo que se espera = fall below + expectations, be below par, be under par.* no estar al tanto de = be out of touch with.* no estar bien equilibrado = skew.* no estar contento = be unhappy.* no estar convencido = be dubious.* no estar coordinado con = be out of step with.* no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.* no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).* no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.* no estar de suerte = be out of luck.* no estar deteriorado = unimpaired.* no estar disponible = be unavailable.* no estar dispuesto a = be unwilling to, be negatively disposed to.* no estar documentado = be undocumented.* no estar en condiciones de = be unfit for.* no estar en el mejor momento de Uno = be past + Posesivo + best.* no estar en funcionamiento = be down.* no estar en plenitud de facultades = be past + Posesivo + best.* no estar en + Posesivo + cabales = insane.* no estar en sintonía con = be out of step with.* no estar expuesto al público = be out of the public eye.* no estar familiarizado con = be unfamiliar with.* no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.* no estar incluido = be not included.* no estar muy católico = feel + bad.* no estar muy lejos de = be just one step away from.* no estar nada + Adjetivo = be anything but + Adjetivo.* no estar nunca satisfecho = enough + be + not/never + enough.* no estar presente en = be absent (from).* no estar relacionado con = be unrelated to.* no estar seguro = be uncertain.* no estar seguro de = be unsure about/of.* no estar utilizable = be down.* no es una ciencia exacta = not (exactly) rocket science.* no es un misterio = not (exactly) rocket science.* no exacerbado = non-exacerbating.* no examinado = unexamined.* no exclusivo = non-exclusive.* no excluyente = inclusive, socially-inclusive.* no existe = not applicable [N/A].* no existir = be out of the picture.* no existir como tal = there + be + no such thing as, there + be + no such thing as.* no existir límites = there + be + no limit.* no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.* no existir ningún indicio de que = there + be + no sign of.* no experto = non-expert [nonexpert].* no explorado = unexplored.* no explosivo = non-explosive.* no expresado = unspoken, unstated.* no expuesto a la luz = unexposed.* no falla = reliable.* no faltar el respeto = be civil towards.* no familiarizado con = unfamiliar with.* no ferroso = non-ferrous [nonferrous].* no fibroso = non-fibrous.* no figurar = be not included.* no fijado = non-net.* no fructificar = come to + nothing.* no fumador = non-smoker, non-smoking.* no funcionar = be out of order.* no funcionario = untenured, non-tenured.* no + Futuro = won't [will not].* no ganado = unearned.* no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.* no gubernamental = non-government, non-governmental [nongovernmental].* no gustar = have + a dislike for, dislike, be uncomfortable + Gerundio, be uncomfortable with, feel + uncomfortable with, feel + uncomfortable + Gerundio.* no haber = be unavailable.* no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.* no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.* no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.* no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).* no haber forma de = there + be + no way.* no haber indicios de que = there + be + no indication that.* no haber límites = there + be + no limit.* no haber llegado todavía = be yet to come.* no haber manera de = there + be + no way.* no haber modo de = there + be + no means of.* no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.* no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.* no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.* no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.* no haber pero que valer = not take + no for an answer.* no haber prisa = there + be + no hurry.* no haber problemas = be fine.* no haber señal de que = there + be + no sign of.* no habiendo = in the absence of.* no hace falta decir que = it goes without saying that, needless to say.* no hace mucho = in the recent past.* no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.* no hacer Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.* no hacer Algo por cobardía = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).* no hacer Algo por miedo = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).* no hacer caso = brush aside.* no hacer caso a = turn + Posesivo + back on.* no hacer caso de = slight.* no hacer los deberes = be asleep at the wheel.* no hacer más que = do + no more than.* no hacer nada = vegetate, veg out.* no hacer nada al respecto = leave + unchecked.* no hacer nada de particular = do + nothing in particular.* no hacer ninguna gracia = not take + kindly to.* no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.* no hacer otra cosa que = do + nothing but.* no hacer sino = do + no more than.* no hay = there ain't [there aren't/isn't].* no hay dos sin tres = things + come in threes.* no hay duda de que = undoubtedly.* no hay escapatoria = needs must when the devil drives.* no hay forma de que = for the life of me.* no hay límite(s) = the sky is the limit.* no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise, to every cloud, there is a silver lining.* no hay manera de que = for the life of me.* no hay más remedio = needs must when the devil drives.* no hay modo de que = for the life of me.* no hay nada como = nothing beats....* no hay nada imposible = all bets are off.* no hay nada mejor que = nothing beats....* no hay nada oculto = what you see is what you get.* no hay + Nombre + que sean = no + Nombre + be.* no higroscópico = non-hygroscopic.* no hindú = non-Hindu.* no homosexual = straight man.* no humano = non-human [nonhuman].* no hurgar en la herida = let + sleeping dogs lie.* no idéntico = non-identical.* no identificado = unnamed.* no idoneidad = unsuitability.* no impacientarse con = bear with + Pronombre.* no importa = never mind, regardless of, whatever.* no importa + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que seaAdjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.* no importa cómo = no matter how.* no importa lo + Adjetivo + que + Subjuntivo = no matter how + Adjetivo.* no importa lo bien = no matter how well.* No importa lo que se conoce, sino a quién se conoce = It's not what you know, but who you know.* no importa qué = whatever.* no importar = be all right with + Persona, make + no difference, cope with.* no importar Algo a Alguien = think + little of.* no importar en absoluto = have + no qualms about.* no importar + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.* no importar lo más mínimo = could not care less.* no importar lo que + pensar de = whatever + Pronombre + make of.* no importar nada = not give a damn, not give a shit, not give a fuck.* no importa si... o = no matter whether... or.* no impreso = unprinted.* no incluido = unlisted.* no incluye = exclusive of.* no indicado = unstated.* no + Indicativo = fail to + Infinitivo.* no + Infinitivo = failure to + Infinitivo.* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.* no ingresado = unearned.* no inmiscuirse en = remain + uninvolved in, stay away from.* no inmutarse = not bat an eyelid, not bat an eyelash, keep + a stiff upper lip.* no inscripción = non-registration.* no intencional = non-intentional.* no interactivo = non-interactive.* no interesar = can't/couldn't be bothered.* no intervencionista = hands-off, isolationist.* no intrusivo = nonobtrusive.* no invasivo = noninvasive [non-invasive].* no invitado = uninvited.* no invitados, los = uninvited, the.* no involucrado = uninvolved.* no jerárquico = non-hierarchical.* no lector = non-reader [nonreader].* no letal = non-lethal.* no levantarse hasta tarde = have + a lie-in.* no librario = non-book [nonbook].* no lineal = nonlinear [non-linear].* no linealidad = nonlinearity [no-linearity].* no listo = unready.* no literario = unliterary, non-literary.* no llegar a = stop + short of, fall + short of.* no llegar a entender = miss + the mark, miss + the point.* no llegar a + Infinitivo (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + Gerundio.* no llegar a un ideal = fall + short of ideal.* no llevar a ninguna parte = achieve + nothing, go + nowhere.* no llevar a ningún fin = beat + a dead horse, flog + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.* no llevar a ningún sitio = go + nowhere.* no lo bastante lejos = not far enough.* no lo dudes = take it from me.* no lucrativo = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making.* no manifiesto = undeclared.* no MARC = non-MARC.* no más que = in any more than.* no materializarse = fall through.* Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.* Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.* no médico = non-clinical.* no merecer la pena = be no good.* no merecerse Algo = be unworthy of.* no meterse en líos = keep out of + trouble.* no meterse en problemas = keep out of + trouble.* no miel sin hiel = no pain, no gain.* no miembro = non-member [nonmember].* no militar = nonmilitary.* no monográfico = non-monographic.* no morderse la lengua = call + a spade a spade.* no moverse = stay + put.* no mucho después = not long after.* no musical = non-musical.* no muy acertado = wide of the mark.* no muy apropiado = wide of the mark.* no muy bien informado = not-too-well-informed.* no muy despierto = slow.* no muy lejos = within easy travelling distance, not far behind, not far off, not far away, not far, not too far.* no muy listos, los = none-too-bright, the.* no nacido = unborn.* no necesitar mantenimiento = maintenance-free.* no nombrado = unnamed.* no nórdico = non-Nordic.* no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.* no obstante = albeit (that), however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, yet, notwithstanding, none the less, though, that being said, all this said, when all is said and done.* no occidental = non-Western.* no ocultar las preferencias de Uno sobre Algo = make + no bones about + Algo.* no oficial = non-government.* no olvidar = bear in + mind, be aware of.* no ordenado = unsorted.* no orgánico = non-organic.* no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.* no parecer que = there + be + no sign of, there + be + little sign of.* no parecerse en nada a = be nothing like.* no parecerse ni por asomo = different as night and day.* no parecer Uno Mismo = be out of character.* no participar = be out of the picture.* no participar en = be uninvolved in, remain + uninvolved in.* no partidista = non-partisan [nonpartisan].* no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.* no patentado = non-proprietary.* no pegar ni con cola = stick out like + a sore thumb.* no pensar en otra cosa que = be wrapped up in.* no pensar más en Algo = dismiss from + Posesivo + mind.* no pensar más que en = be wrapped up in.* no percatarse de = be blind to.* no percatarse de la importancia de Algo = have + no feeling for.* no perder de vista = keep + an eye on, keep + a beady eye on, keep in + sight.* no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.* no perder el control = stay on top of, stay on + top of things, be on top of things.* no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.* no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.* no perder la calma = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.* no perderse = keep on + the right track.* no perderse en/por = find + Posesivo + way round/through.* no perderse mucho, no perderse nada = be no great loss.* no perderse nada = be no great loss.* no perfumado = non-scented.* no periódico = non-periodical.* no permitir = disallow.* no pertenecer a = have + no place in.* no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.* no perteneciente al juzgado = out-of-court.* no pestañear = not bat an eyelid, not bat an eyelash.* no pillar Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.* no pillar la idea = miss + the point.* no planificado = unplanned.* no poder = be unable to, cannot, can't [cannot].* no poder aguantar a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* no poder conciliar el sueño = have + trouble sleeping, have + trouble sleeping.* no poder darse el lujo de = ill afford.* no poder dejar de mencionar = cannot but notice.* no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.* no poder dormir = sleeplessness.* no poder estarse quieto = have + the fidgets, fidget.* no poder evitar + Infinitivo = cannot help + Gerundio, cannot help but + Verbo.* no poder evitar mencionar = cannot but notice.* no poder hacer más que = do + little more than.* no poder permitirse = ill afford.* no poder permitirse el lujo de = ill afford.* no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.* no poderse buscar = be unsearchable.* no poderse negar que = there + be + no denying that.* no poder sino + Infinitivo = cannot help but + Verbo.* no poder ver a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* no poder ver Algo o Alguien = can't stand + sight.* no polémico = non-controversial [noncontroversial], non-contentious.* no poner en duda = be unquestioned.* ¡No, por lo que más quieras! = Not on your life!.* no precipitarse = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.* no predisponer a Alguien en contra = keep on + the right side of.* no preguntes porque no te puedo decir la verdad = ask no questions and hear no lies.* no preocuparse que = rest + assured that.* no preparado = uninformed, unready, unprepared.* no presentado a examen = absent from exam.* no prestar atención = disregard, overlook, close + the door on, go + unheeded, fly in + the face of.* no prestar atención al hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.* no prestar la suficiente atención = give + short shrift.* no pretender ser = make + no claim to.* no probado = untested.* no procesado = unprocessed.* no profesional = non-professional [nonprofessional].* no programador = non-programmer.* no prolongado = unsustained.* no pronunciado = undelivered.* no prosperar = fall by + the wayside.* no provocado = unprovoked.* no publicado = unpublished.* no público = non-public.* no pude evitar notar que = couldn't help but notice (that).* no puedo aguantarlo = can't take it.* no puedo comprender = I can't get over.* no puedo entender cómo = can't get over how.* no quebrar = stay in + business.* no quedarse ahí = there + be + more to it than that.* no querer saber más nada de = drop + Nombre + like a hot potato, drop + Nombre + like a hot brick.* no querer saber nada de = want + nothing to do with.* no querer tener nada que ver con Algo = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.* no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.* no racial = colour-blind.* no racista = race-neutral.* no realizado = unfulfilled, unrealised [unrealized, -USA].* no recargado = uncluttered.* no reciclable = non-recyclable.* no recogido = uncollected.* no recompensado = unrewarded.* no reconocido = unacknowledged, unrecognised [unrecognized, -USA].* no recopilado = uncollected.* no redimido = unredeemed.* no reembolsable = non-repayable, non-refundable.* no registrado = unlisted, unaffiliated.* no reglamentado = unregulated.* no regulado = unregulated.* no relacionado = unrelated, nonrelative [non-relative].* no relacionados entre sí = unrelated.* no relativo = nonrelative [non-relative].* no relevante = non-relevant.* no remunerado = unpaid, unsalaried, non-paying, unremunerated, non-remunerated.* no renovable = non-renewable.* no renovado = unrenewed.* no rentable = uneconomic, unprofitable.* no reparar en gastos = go to + town on, lash out (on).* no repartido = undelivered.* no representativo = unrepresentative.* no restrictivo = non-restrictive.* no restringido = non-restrictive, unconfined.* no resuelto = unresolved.* no resultar fácil = not be easy.* no retirado = uncollected.* * *(= noroeste) NW* * *no {predisponer} en contra(v.) = stay on + the right side ofEx: Many of the stories told about fairies seem to be cautionary tales, showing that they can be very helpful, as long as you stay on the right side of them.
= by no means, NOT, nay, no, not.Nota: Negación usada con verbos; para los nombres, véase no.Ex: However, UDC is by no means always applied to this degree of detail in libraries.
Ex: The Boolean logic operator NOT excludes records containing a particular word.Ex: Said another timidly, nay, sheepishly: 'You can see we need help, can't you Mr. Bibeau?'.Ex: In either case, the patient keys in the responses, which may be as simple as 'yes' or 'no'.Ex: The Boolean logic operator not excludes records containing a particular word.* alfabeto no romano = non-Roman alphabet.* aún no nacido = unborn.* aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.* base de datos no bibliográfica = non-bibliographic database.* catalogación no automatizada = non-computerised cataloguing.* con datos no pertinentes = dirty [dirtier -comp., dirtiest -sup.].* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?.* ¡Dios no lo quiera! = God forbid.* documento recuperado no pertinente = false drop.* el no va más = the be all and end all, the bee's knees.* el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.* encabezamiento no admitido = non-approved heading.* encabezamiento no específico = non-specific heading.* esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.* evaluación no intrusiva = unobtrusive evaluation.* información no codificada = non-coded information.* lo creas o no = believe it or not.* material no devuelto = non-return.* material no impreso = non-print [nonprint], non-print media.* modo no interactivo = non-interactive mode.* ¿no? = do you?, do you?.* no {predisponer} en contra = stay on + the right side of.* no abandonar = stick with, stand by.* no abrasivo = non-abrasive.* no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.* no académico = non-academic.* no acentuado = unaccented.* no aceptar = disavow.* no aceptarse = go by + the board.* no aceptar un no por respuesta = not take + no for an answer.* no acercarse a = steer + clear of, stay away from, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.* no acercarse a Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.* no ácido = acid-free.* no acostumbrado a = unfamiliar with.* no actual = non-current.* no actuando en capacidad de autor = non-authorial.* no actuar como se debe = be remiss.* no actuar correctamente = be remiss.* no actuar debidamente = be remiss.* no acudir = stay away.* no acuoso = non-aqueous.* no admitir discusión = be out of the question.* no adosado = detached.* no afectado = unaffected.* no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.* no afiliado = unaffiliated.* no afín = nonrelative [non-relative].* no agobiarse = take + Posesivo + time.* no agravante = non-exacerbating.* no agrupado = unclustered.* no aguantar más = have had enough.* no aguantar ver Algo o Alguien = can't stand + sight.* no alcanzar a + Infinitivo (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + Gerundio.* no alergénico = non-allergenic.* no alfabetizado = non-literate.* no amante de la literatura = non-literary.* no americano = non-US, un-American.* no amortizable = irredeemable.* no analizado = unexamined.* no anclado = unanchored.* no andar con reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no andar con tapujos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no andar en nada bueno = be up to no good, get up to + no good.* no andar muy equivocado = be in the right realm.* no andarse con rodeos = call + a spade a spade.* no antes de = no sooner than.* no añorar el pasado = never + look back.* no aparecer = be not included.* no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.* no aprovechar Algo lo suficiente = under-exploit [underexploit].* no aprovechar el potencial = fall (far) short of + potential, fall (far) behind + potential.* no apto para menores = X-rated.* no arrepentirse = not look back, never + look back.* no arriesgarse = play it + safe.* no asignado = unallocated, unassigned.* no asistencia = non-attendance.* no asistente = non-attender [nonattender].* no asistir = stay away.* no atendido = unsatisfied.* no atreverse a = flinch at/from, have + no stomach for.* no atreverse a tratar = fear to + tread.* no auténtico = unauthentic.* no autorizado = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA], unapproved.* no avanzar = tread + water.* no avanzar más = go + no further.* no bajarse del burro = stick to + Posesivo + guns.* no bastar = not be good enough.* no bibliográfico = non-book [nonbook], non-bibliographic, non-bibliographical.* no bibliotecario = non-librarian.* no británico = non-UK.* no buscarle las pulgas al perro = let + sleeping dogs lie.* no cabe ni un alfiler = no room to swing a cat.* no caber en sí de alegría = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.* no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.* no canjeable = irredeemable.* no cantante = nonsinger.* no cantes victoria antes de tiempo = don't count your chickens before they are hatched.* no captar la idea = miss + the point.* no ceder = stand + Posesivo + ground, put + Posesivo + foot down.* no ceder a las presiones = withstand + pressure.* no ceder terreno = stand + Posesivo + ground.* no centrado = unfocused [unfocussed].* no científico = unscientific.* no cobrado = uncollected.* no codificado = non-coded.* no coercitivo = non-coercive.* no coger Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.* no coger por sorpresa = come as + no surprise.* no coincidente = ill matched.* no colar = Negativo + hold + water.* no comentado = unannotated.* no comercial = non-profit making, non-commercial [noncommercial].* no compatible = non-compatible.* no compensatorio = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].* no comprender = be beyond + Pronombre.* no comprobado = untested.* no comprometido = uncommitted.* no concebirse desde ningún punto de vista = be impossible under any hypothesis.* no concentrado = unfocused [unfocussed].* no concentrar el esfuerzo = spread + Nombre + thinly.* no concordar con = be at odds with.* no conducir a nada = be exercises in + futility.* no conductual = nonbehavioural [nonbehavioral, -USA].* no confirmado = unsubstantiated.* no conformarse con un no = not take + no for an answer.* no conmovedor = unmoving.* no conocer a Alguien de nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* no conocer a Alguien para nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* no conseguir nada = achieve + nothing.* no conseguir ni una cosa ni otra = fall (between/through) + the cracks.* no considerarse parte de = hold + Reflexivo + apart from.* no consumible = nonconsumptive.* no consumidor = nonconsumptive.* no contagioso = non-contagious.* no contaminado = untainted, uncontaminated.* no contar = be out of the picture.* no contar con = leave + Nombre + out of the picture, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.* no contar con la aprobación = frown on/upon.* no contencioso = non-contentious.* no convencional = non-conventional.* no convexo = nonconvex [non-convex].* no corregido = uncorrected.* no correlativo = non-consecutive.* no correr prisa = there + be + no hurry.* no corroborado = unsubstantiated.* no creerse Algo al pie de la letra = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.* no creerse Algo del todo = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.* no crítico = non-critical.* no cualificado = unskilled.* no cuestionarse la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspend + disbelief.* no cumplido = unfulfilled, unrealised [unrealized, -USA].* no cumplir = fall + short of, welsh on.* no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.* no cumplir con + Posesivo + deber = be remiss.* no cumplir las expectativas = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo esperado = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo prometido = fall + short of + Posesivo + promise.* no cumplir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.* no cumplir un objetivo = fall + short of goal.* no cumplir unos criterios = fall (far) short of + criteria.* no cumplir unos requisitos = fall + short of requirements.* no cursar una asignatura = skip + grades.* no dar crédito a = disbelief.* no dar crédito a + Posesivo + oídos = not believe + Posesivo + ears.* no dar crédito a + Posesivo + ojos = not believe + Posesivo + eyes.* no dar fruto = come to + nothing.* no darle demasiada importancia a Algo = think + little of.* no darle demasiada importancia a + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.* no darle importancia a = think + very little about/of.* no dar más de sí = stretch + Nombre + to the limit, overstretch.* no dar ningún resultado = give + zero results, be of no avail, be to no avail.* no darse cuenta de = sneak under + the radar, go + unnoticed.* no darse de cuenta de = be blind to.* no darse por vencido fácilmente = not take + no for an answer.* no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.* no debemos + Infinitivo = let us not + Infinitivo.* no deber nada = pay + Posesivo + dues.* no + deber + sorprender que = it + be + not surprising that.* no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.* no debidamente reconocido = unsung.* no decir a Alguien lo que está ocurriendo = leave + Nombre + in the dark.* no decir nada = keep + quiet.* no decir nada a nadie = lips + seal.* no decir nada nuevo = much ado about nothing.* no decir palabrotas = watch + Posesivo + mouth.* no de comportamiento = nonbehavioural [nonbehavioral, -USA].* no de conducta = nonbehavioural [nonbehavioral, -USA].* no decreciente = non-decreasing.* no dedicado a la investigación = non-research.* no definido = unstated.* no definirse = sit on + the fence.* no dejar a nadie fuera = inclusivity.* no dejar de enviar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.* no dejar de mandar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.* no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.* no dejar entrar = turn + Nombre + away, keep out.* no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.* no dejar ni un cabo suelto = tie up + all the loose ends.* no dejar pasar = keep out.* no dejar pasar la oportunidad = ride + the wave.* no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.* no deliberado = unintentional.* no del todo maduro = underripe.* no democrático = undemocratic.* no desanimarse = keep + Posesivo + chin up.* no descansar en + Posesivo + tumba = spin + in + Posesivo + grave.* no descriptor = non-descriptor.* no deseado = unwanted, undesired, uninvited.* no desfallecer = keep up.* no desgastarse fácilmente = wear + well.* no desglosable = unbreakable.* no desmerecer = compare + favourably.* no destructivo = non-destructive.* no desvelar + Posesivo + identidad = protect + Posesivo + identity.* no determinista = nondeterministic [non-deterministic].* no devolverse = be non-refundable.* no diferenciador = nondistinctive.* no diferenciarse de = be nothing short of.* no digno de confianza = untrustworthy.* no discapacitado = able-bodied.* no disciplinario = impunitive.* no discriminatorio con respecto al sexo = gender neutral.* no disponible = not applicable [N/A].* no disponible para el préstamo = not-loanable.* no dispuesto = unprepared.* no distinguir entre... y... = make + little distinction between... and....* no distintivo = nondistinctive.* no distribuido = undelivered, undelivered.* no docente = non-teaching.* no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].* no educativo = non-teaching, non-educational.* no efímero = non-volatile [nonvolatile].* no eléctrico = nonelectrical [non-electrical].* no encontrar nada + Adjetivo = find far from + Adjetivo.* no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.* no encontrar palabras = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.* no en inglés = non-English.* no entender = be beyond + Pronombre.* no entender Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.* no entender lo esencial = miss + the point.* no entender ni una papa de = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.* no entendido por la materia = outsider.* no entregado = undelivered.* no envío = non-shipment.* no epiléptico = non-epileptic.* no es asombroso que = not surprisingly, unsurprisingly.* no escatimar = unstinting.* no escatimar dinero = lavish + money.* no escatimar gastos = go to + town on, lash out (on).* no escrito = unwritten.* no es de extrañar que = no wonder that, small wonder that.* no es de sorprender que = not surprisingly, unsurprisingly.* no esencial = non-essential [nonessential].* no es lo mismo en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).* no especialista = non-expert [nonexpert].* no especializado = broader-based.* no especificar = leave + undefined.* no está claro todavía = the jury is still out (on).* no esta disponible = be down.* no estándar = non-standard [nonstandard].* no estar + Adjetivo + en absoluto = be far from + Adjetivo.* no estar a la altura de las expectativas = fall below + expectations.* no estar a la altura de lo que se espera = fall below + expectations, be below par, be under par.* no estar al tanto de = be out of touch with.* no estar bien equilibrado = skew.* no estar contento = be unhappy.* no estar convencido = be dubious.* no estar coordinado con = be out of step with.* no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.* no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).* no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.* no estar de suerte = be out of luck.* no estar deteriorado = unimpaired.* no estar disponible = be unavailable.* no estar dispuesto a = be unwilling to, be negatively disposed to.* no estar documentado = be undocumented.* no estar en condiciones de = be unfit for.* no estar en el mejor momento de Uno = be past + Posesivo + best.* no estar en funcionamiento = be down.* no estar en plenitud de facultades = be past + Posesivo + best.* no estar en + Posesivo + cabales = insane.* no estar en sintonía con = be out of step with.* no estar expuesto al público = be out of the public eye.* no estar familiarizado con = be unfamiliar with.* no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.* no estar incluido = be not included.* no estar muy católico = feel + bad.* no estar muy lejos de = be just one step away from.* no estar nada + Adjetivo = be anything but + Adjetivo.* no estar nunca satisfecho = enough + be + not/never + enough.* no estar presente en = be absent (from).* no estar relacionado con = be unrelated to.* no estar seguro = be uncertain.* no estar seguro de = be unsure about/of.* no estar utilizable = be down.* no es una ciencia exacta = not (exactly) rocket science.* no es un misterio = not (exactly) rocket science.* no exacerbado = non-exacerbating.* no examinado = unexamined.* no exclusivo = non-exclusive.* no excluyente = inclusive, socially-inclusive.* no existe = not applicable [N/A].* no existir = be out of the picture.* no existir como tal = there + be + no such thing as, there + be + no such thing as.* no existir límites = there + be + no limit.* no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.* no existir ningún indicio de que = there + be + no sign of.* no experto = non-expert [nonexpert].* no explorado = unexplored.* no explosivo = non-explosive.* no expresado = unspoken, unstated.* no expuesto a la luz = unexposed.* no falla = reliable.* no faltar el respeto = be civil towards.* no familiarizado con = unfamiliar with.* no ferroso = non-ferrous [nonferrous].* no fibroso = non-fibrous.* no figurar = be not included.* no fijado = non-net.* no fructificar = come to + nothing.* no fumador = non-smoker, non-smoking.* no funcionar = be out of order.* no funcionario = untenured, non-tenured.* no + Futuro = won't [will not].* no ganado = unearned.* no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.* no gubernamental = non-government, non-governmental [nongovernmental].* no gustar = have + a dislike for, dislike, be uncomfortable + Gerundio, be uncomfortable with, feel + uncomfortable with, feel + uncomfortable + Gerundio.* no haber = be unavailable.* no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.* no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.* no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.* no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).* no haber forma de = there + be + no way.* no haber indicios de que = there + be + no indication that.* no haber límites = there + be + no limit.* no haber llegado todavía = be yet to come.* no haber manera de = there + be + no way.* no haber modo de = there + be + no means of.* no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.* no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.* no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.* no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.* no haber pero que valer = not take + no for an answer.* no haber prisa = there + be + no hurry.* no haber problemas = be fine.* no haber señal de que = there + be + no sign of.* no habiendo = in the absence of.* no hace falta decir que = it goes without saying that, needless to say.* no hace mucho = in the recent past.* no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.* no hacer Algo ni muerto = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.* no hacer Algo por cobardía = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).* no hacer Algo por miedo = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).* no hacer caso = brush aside.* no hacer caso a = turn + Posesivo + back on.* no hacer caso de = slight.* no hacer los deberes = be asleep at the wheel.* no hacer más que = do + no more than.* no hacer nada = vegetate, veg out.* no hacer nada al respecto = leave + unchecked.* no hacer nada de particular = do + nothing in particular.* no hacer ninguna gracia = not take + kindly to.* no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.* no hacer otra cosa que = do + nothing but.* no hacer sino = do + no more than.* no hay = there ain't [there aren't/isn't].* no hay dos sin tres = things + come in threes.* no hay duda de que = undoubtedly.* no hay escapatoria = needs must when the devil drives.* no hay forma de que = for the life of me.* no hay límite(s) = the sky is the limit.* no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise, to every cloud, there is a silver lining.* no hay manera de que = for the life of me.* no hay más remedio = needs must when the devil drives.* no hay modo de que = for the life of me.* no hay nada como = nothing beats....* no hay nada imposible = all bets are off.* no hay nada mejor que = nothing beats....* no hay nada oculto = what you see is what you get.* no hay + Nombre + que sean = no + Nombre + be.* no higroscópico = non-hygroscopic.* no hindú = non-Hindu.* no homosexual = straight man.* no humano = non-human [nonhuman].* no hurgar en la herida = let + sleeping dogs lie.* no idéntico = non-identical.* no identificado = unnamed.* no idoneidad = unsuitability.* no impacientarse con = bear with + Pronombre.* no importa = never mind, regardless of, whatever.* no importa + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que seaAdjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.* no importa cómo = no matter how.* no importa lo + Adjetivo + que + Subjuntivo = no matter how + Adjetivo.* no importa lo bien = no matter how well.* No importa lo que se conoce, sino a quién se conoce = It's not what you know, but who you know.* no importa qué = whatever.* no importar = be all right with + Persona, make + no difference, cope with.* no importar Algo a Alguien = think + little of.* no importar en absoluto = have + no qualms about.* no importar + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.* no importar lo más mínimo = could not care less.* no importar lo que + pensar de = whatever + Pronombre + make of.* no importar nada = not give a damn, not give a shit, not give a fuck.* no importa si... o = no matter whether... or.* no impreso = unprinted.* no incluido = unlisted.* no incluye = exclusive of.* no indicado = unstated.* no + Indicativo = fail to + Infinitivo.* no + Infinitivo = failure to + Infinitivo.* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.* no ingresado = unearned.* no inmiscuirse en = remain + uninvolved in, stay away from.* no inmutarse = not bat an eyelid, not bat an eyelash, keep + a stiff upper lip.* no inscripción = non-registration.* no intencional = non-intentional.* no interactivo = non-interactive.* no interesar = can't/couldn't be bothered.* no intervencionista = hands-off, isolationist.* no intrusivo = nonobtrusive.* no invasivo = noninvasive [non-invasive].* no invitado = uninvited.* no invitados, los = uninvited, the.* no involucrado = uninvolved.* no jerárquico = non-hierarchical.* no lector = non-reader [nonreader].* no letal = non-lethal.* no levantarse hasta tarde = have + a lie-in.* no librario = non-book [nonbook].* no lineal = nonlinear [non-linear].* no linealidad = nonlinearity [no-linearity].* no listo = unready.* no literario = unliterary, non-literary.* no llegar a = stop + short of, fall + short of.* no llegar a entender = miss + the mark, miss + the point.* no llegar a + Infinitivo (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + Gerundio.* no llegar a un ideal = fall + short of ideal.* no llevar a ninguna parte = achieve + nothing, go + nowhere.* no llevar a ningún fin = beat + a dead horse, flog + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.* no llevar a ningún sitio = go + nowhere.* no lo bastante lejos = not far enough.* no lo dudes = take it from me.* no lucrativo = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making.* no manifiesto = undeclared.* no MARC = non-MARC.* no más que = in any more than.* no materializarse = fall through.* Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.* Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.* no médico = non-clinical.* no merecer la pena = be no good.* no merecerse Algo = be unworthy of.* no meterse en líos = keep out of + trouble.* no meterse en problemas = keep out of + trouble.* no miel sin hiel = no pain, no gain.* no miembro = non-member [nonmember].* no militar = nonmilitary.* no monográfico = non-monographic.* no morderse la lengua = call + a spade a spade.* no moverse = stay + put.* no mucho después = not long after.* no musical = non-musical.* no muy acertado = wide of the mark.* no muy apropiado = wide of the mark.* no muy bien informado = not-too-well-informed.* no muy despierto = slow.* no muy lejos = within easy travelling distance, not far behind, not far off, not far away, not far, not too far.* no muy listos, los = none-too-bright, the.* no nacido = unborn.* no necesitar mantenimiento = maintenance-free.* no nombrado = unnamed.* no nórdico = non-Nordic.* no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.* no obstante = albeit (that), however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, yet, notwithstanding, none the less, though, that being said, all this said, when all is said and done.* no occidental = non-Western.* no ocultar las preferencias de Uno sobre Algo = make + no bones about + Algo.* no oficial = non-government.* no olvidar = bear in + mind, be aware of.* no ordenado = unsorted.* no orgánico = non-organic.* no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.* no parecer que = there + be + no sign of, there + be + little sign of.* no parecerse en nada a = be nothing like.* no parecerse ni por asomo = different as night and day.* no parecer Uno Mismo = be out of character.* no participar = be out of the picture.* no participar en = be uninvolved in, remain + uninvolved in.* no partidista = non-partisan [nonpartisan].* no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.* no patentado = non-proprietary.* no pegar ni con cola = stick out like + a sore thumb.* no pensar en otra cosa que = be wrapped up in.* no pensar más en Algo = dismiss from + Posesivo + mind.* no pensar más que en = be wrapped up in.* no percatarse de = be blind to.* no percatarse de la importancia de Algo = have + no feeling for.* no perder de vista = keep + an eye on, keep + a beady eye on, keep in + sight.* no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.* no perder el control = stay on top of, stay on + top of things, be on top of things.* no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.* no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.* no perder la calma = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.* no perderse = keep on + the right track.* no perderse en/por = find + Posesivo + way round/through.* no perderse mucho, no perderse nada = be no great loss.* no perderse nada = be no great loss.* no perfumado = non-scented.* no periódico = non-periodical.* no permitir = disallow.* no pertenecer a = have + no place in.* no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.* no perteneciente al juzgado = out-of-court.* no pestañear = not bat an eyelid, not bat an eyelash.* no pillar Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.* no pillar la idea = miss + the point.* no planificado = unplanned.* no poder = be unable to, cannot, can't [cannot].* no poder aguantar a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* no poder conciliar el sueño = have + trouble sleeping, have + trouble sleeping.* no poder darse el lujo de = ill afford.* no poder dejar de mencionar = cannot but notice.* no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.* no poder dormir = sleeplessness.* no poder estarse quieto = have + the fidgets, fidget.* no poder evitar + Infinitivo = cannot help + Gerundio, cannot help but + Verbo.* no poder evitar mencionar = cannot but notice.* no poder hacer más que = do + little more than.* no poder permitirse = ill afford.* no poder permitirse el lujo de = ill afford.* no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.* no poderse buscar = be unsearchable.* no poderse negar que = there + be + no denying that.* no poder sino + Infinitivo = cannot help but + Verbo.* no poder ver a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* no poder ver Algo o Alguien = can't stand + sight.* no polémico = non-controversial [noncontroversial], non-contentious.* no poner en duda = be unquestioned.* ¡No, por lo que más quieras! = Not on your life!.* no precipitarse = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.* no predisponer a Alguien en contra = keep on + the right side of.* no preguntes porque no te puedo decir la verdad = ask no questions and hear no lies.* no preocuparse que = rest + assured that.* no preparado = uninformed, unready, unprepared.* no presentado a examen = absent from exam.* no prestar atención = disregard, overlook, close + the door on, go + unheeded, fly in + the face of.* no prestar atención al hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.* no prestar la suficiente atención = give + short shrift.* no pretender ser = make + no claim to.* no probado = untested.* no procesado = unprocessed.* no profesional = non-professional [nonprofessional].* no programador = non-programmer.* no prolongado = unsustained.* no pronunciado = undelivered.* no prosperar = fall by + the wayside.* no provocado = unprovoked.* no publicado = unpublished.* no público = non-public.* no pude evitar notar que = couldn't help but notice (that).* no puedo aguantarlo = can't take it.* no puedo comprender = I can't get over.* no puedo entender cómo = can't get over how.* no quebrar = stay in + business.* no quedarse ahí = there + be + more to it than that.* no querer saber más nada de = drop + Nombre + like a hot potato, drop + Nombre + like a hot brick.* no querer saber nada de = want + nothing to do with.* no querer tener nada que ver con Algo = would not touch + Nombre + with a barge pole.* no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.* no racial = colour-blind.* no racista = race-neutral.* no realizado = unfulfilled, unrealised [unrealized, -USA].* no recargado = uncluttered.* no reciclable = non-recyclable.* no recogido = uncollected.* no recompensado = unrewarded.* no reconocido = unacknowledged, unrecognised [unrecognized, -USA].* no recopilado = uncollected.* no redimido = unredeemed.* no reembolsable = non-repayable, non-refundable.* no registrado = unlisted, unaffiliated.* no reglamentado = unregulated.* no regulado = unregulated.* no relacionado = unrelated, nonrelative [non-relative].* no relacionados entre sí = unrelated.* no relativo = nonrelative [non-relative].* no relevante = non-relevant.* no remunerado = unpaid, unsalaried, non-paying, unremunerated, non-remunerated.* no renovable = non-renewable.* no renovado = unrenewed.* no rentable = uneconomic, unprofitable.* no reparar en gastos = go to + town on, lash out (on).* no repartido = undelivered.* no representativo = unrepresentative.* no restrictivo = non-restrictive.* no restringido = non-restrictive, unconfined.* no resuelto = unresolved.* no resultar fácil = not be easy.* no retirado = uncollected.* * *NO(= noroeste) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] NW* * *
Multiple Entries:
NO
no
NO (◊ noroeste) NW
no adverbio
(modificando adverbios, oraciones, verbos) not la negación de la mayoría de los verbos ingleses requiere el uso del auxiliar `do'◊ ¿te gustó? — no did you like it? — no, I didn't;
¿vienes o no? are you coming or not?;
no te preocupes don't worry;
¿por qué no quieres ir? — porque no why don't you want to go? — I just don'tb) ( con otro negativo):◊ no veo nada I can't see a thing o anything;
no viene nunca she never comesc) ( en coletillas interrogativas):◊ está mejor ¿no? she's better, isn't she?;
ha dimitido ¿no? he has resigned, hasn't he?d) ( expresando incredulidad):◊ se ganó la lotería — ¡no! he won the lottery — he didn't! o no!e) ( sustituyendo a una cláusula):
¿te gustó? a mí no did you like it? I didn'tf) (delante de n, adj, pp):
la no violencia non-violence;
un hijo no deseado an unwanted child
■ sustantivo masculino (pl◊ noes) no
no
I adverbio
1 (como respuesta) no: ¿quieres un poco?, - no, gracias, would you like a bit?, - no, thanks
2 (en frases negativas) not: aún no está dormido, he isn't asleep yet
hoy no es jueves, today isn't Thursday
no, no iré, no, I will not go
no tengo hambre, I am not hungry
¿por qué no?, why not?
ya no fuma, she doesn't smoke any more
3 (antepuesto a un nombre) la no colaboración se penalizará, non-collaboration will be penalized
4 (con otros negativos) no diré nada, I won't say a single word
no lo haré jamás, I'll never do it
no sin antes..., not without first...
5 (en advertencia, cartel) no fumar, no smoking
6 (en preguntas retóricas o de confirmación) está enfadado, ¿no es así?, he is angry, isn't he?
estoy guapa, ¿o no?, I'm smart, aren't I?
firmarás el contrato, ¿no?, you'll sign the contract, won't you?
¿no nos presentaron el otro día?, weren't we introduced the other day?
7 (para expresar un temor) llévate el paraguas, no sea que llueva, take your umbrella in case it rains
II sustantivo masculino no: ¿es un no definitivo?, is that a definite no?
'no' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abandonar
- abandonada
- abandonado
- abandonarse
- abarcar
- abarrotada
- abarrotado
- abasto
- abatir
- abatimiento
- abonarse
- abortar
- abrir
- abreviar
- abrigar
- absoluta
- absolutamente
- absoluto
- abstraerse
- abuela
- abundar
- aburrida
- aburrido
- abusar
- acabar
- acallar
- acalorarse
- acariciar
- acaso
- accesoria
- accesorio
- aceptar
- acertada
- acertado
- achacar
- achantarse
- aclararse
- aconsejar
- actuación
- actual
- acudir
- adelantar
- adelante
- adentro
- adivinar
- admitir
- adónde
- adorno
- advertir
English:
abide
- ablaze
- able
- about
- absence
- absent
- accepted
- accommodate
- account
- accountable
- accustom
- act on
- action
- actual
- actually
- add up
- adequately
- adjust
- admit
- admittance
- advertise
- advise
- affair
- afford
- afraid
- agree
- agreement
- albeit
- alike
- alive
- all
- alone
- aloud
- also
- alternative
- altogether
- always
- ambit
- amiss
- amusing
- anathema
- and
- answer
- answer back
- antisexist
- any
- anybody
- anything
- anywhere
- apart
* * *NO (abrev de Noroeste)NW* * *NOabr (= noroeste) NW, Northwest* * *no adv1) : no¿quieres ir al mercado? no, voy más tarde: do you want to go shopping? no, I'm going later2) : not¡no hagas eso!: don't do that!creo que no: I don't think so3) : non-no fumador: non-smoker4)¡como no! : of course!5)no bien : as soon as, no sooner* * *no adv1. (como respuesta) no¿vienes? No are you coming? No¡no a los accidentes! no more accidents!2. (con verbos) notno toques eso don't touch that que no con verbos como creer, pensar, etc se puede traducir por un verbo negativo y soLa doble negación en inglés equivale a una afirmación, así que con un solo negativo bastafuiste al médico, ¿no? you went to the doctor's, didn't you?el martes es fiesta, ¿no? Tuesday is a holiday, isn't it?puedo ir, ¿no? I can go, can't I? -
70 tener
v.1 to have.tengo un hermano I have o I've got a brothertener fiebre to have a temperaturetuvieron una pelea they had a fighttener un niño to have a baby¡que tengan buen viaje! have a good journey!tengo las vacaciones en agosto my holidays are in AugustYo tengo una casa I have a house.El carro tuvo un accidente The car had an accident.Esto tiene azúcar This has=is made of sugar.Yo tengo dos hijos I have=am the parent of two sons.Tengo un primo I have a cousin,Ella tuvo una gran idea She had a great idea.Yo tengo paperas I have=suffer from the mumps.Tengo un ataque de nervios I am having a nervous fit.Ella tiene su aprobación She has=meets with his approval.2 to be.tiene 3 metros de ancho it's 3 meters wide¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?tiene diez años she's ten (years old)tener hambre/miedo to be hungry/afraidtener mal humor to be bad-temperedle tiene lástima he feels sorry for her3 to get (recibir) (mensaje, regalo, visita, sensación).tuve un verdadero desengaño I was really disappointedtendrá una sorpresa he'll get a surprise4 to hold.tenlo por el asa hold it by the handleElla tiene su bolso She holds her purse.5 to offer, to have.* * *Present IndicativePast IndicativeFuture IndicativeConditionalPresent SubjunctiveImperfect SubjunctiveFuture SubjunctiveImperative* * *verb1) to have2) hold3) own, possess4) feel•- tener que
- tenerse por* * *Para las expresiones como tener cuidado, tener ganas, tener suerte, tener de particular, tener en cuenta, ver la otra entrada.1. VERBO TRANSITIVOEl uso de got con el verbo have es más frecuente en inglés británico, pero solo se usa en el presente.1) (=poseer, disponer de) to have, have got¿tienes dinero? — do you have {o} have you got any money?
¿tienes un bolígrafo? — do you have {o} have you got a pen?
¿tiene usted permiso para esto? — do you have {o} have you got permission for this?
tiene un tío en Venezuela — he has an uncle in Venezuela, he's got an uncle in Venezuela
ahora no tengo tiempo — I don't have {o} I haven't got time now
2) [referido a aspecto, carácter] to have, have gottiene el pelo rubio — he has blond hair, he's got blond hair
tiene la nariz aguileña — she has an aquiline nose, she's got an aquiline nose
3) [referido a edad] to be¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?
4) [referido a ocupaciones] to have, have gottenemos clase de inglés a las 11 — we have an English class at 11, we've got an English class at 11
el lunes tenemos una reunión — we're having a meeting on Monday, we've got a meeting on Monday
5) (=parir) to have6) (=medir) to be7) (=sentir) + sustantivo to be + adjtener hambre/sed/calor/frío — to be hungry/thirsty/hot/cold
8) (=padecer, sufrir) to haveLuis tiene la gripe — Luis has {o} has got flu
tengo fiebre — I have {o} I've got a (high) temperature
¿qué tienes? — what's the matter with you?, what's wrong with you?
9) (=sostener) to holdtenía el pasaporte en la mano — he had his passport in his hand, he was holding his passport in his hand
tenme el vaso un momento, por favor — hold my glass for me for a moment, please
¡ten!, ¡aquí tienes! — here you are!
10) (=recibir) to have¿has tenido noticias suyas? — have you heard from her?
11) (=pensar, considerar)•
tener [a bien] hacer algo — to see fit to do sth•
tener a algn [en] algo, te tendrán en más estima — they will hold you in higher esteem•
tener a algn [por] — + adj to consider sb (to be) + adj•
ten por [seguro] que... — rest assured that...12) tener algo que ({+ infin})tengo trabajo que hacer — I have {o} I've got work to do
no tengo nada que hacer — I have {o} I've got nothing to do
eso no tiene nada que ver — that has {o} that's got nothing to do with it
13) [locuciones]•
¡[ahí] lo tienes! — there you are!, there you have it!•
tener algo [de] + adj —¿qué tiene de malo? — what's wrong with that?
•
tenerlo [difícil] — to find it difficult•
tenerlo [fácil] — to have it easy- ¿conque esas tenemos?no las tengo todas conmigo de que lo haga — I'm none too sure that he'll do it, I'm not entirely sure that he'll do it
2. VERBO AUXILIAR1) tener que ({+ infin})a) [indicando obligación]tengo que comprarlo — I have to {o} I've got to buy it, I must buy it
tenemos que marcharnos — we have to {o} we've got to go, we must be going
tienen que aumentarte el sueldo — they have to {o} they've got to give you a rise
b) [indicando suposición, probabilidad]¡tienes que estar cansadísima! — you must be really tired!
tiene que dolerte mucho ¿no? — it must hurt a lot, doesn't it?
c) [en reproches]¡tendrías que haberlo dicho antes! — you should have said so before!
¡tendría que darte vergüenza! — you should be ashamed of yourself!
¡tú tenías que ser! — it would be you!, it had to be you!
d) [en sugerencias, recomendaciones]2) + participio3) + adjme tiene perplejo la falta de noticias — the lack of news is puzzling, I am puzzled by the lack of news
4) esp Méx (=llevar)tienen tres meses de no cobrar — they haven't been paid for three months, it's three months since they've been paid
3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo [El uso de 'got' en frases como 'I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma 'I have a new dress']1) (poseer, disponer de) <dinero/trabajo/tiempo> to have¿tienen hijos? — do they have any children?, have they got any children?
no tenemos pan — we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread
aquí tienes al culpable — here's o this is the culprit
¿conque ésas tenemos? — so that's the way things are, is it?
2)a) ( llevar encima) to have¿tiene hora? — have you got the time?
b) ( llevar puesto) to be wearing3) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to havetengo invitados a cenar — I have o I've got some people coming to dinner
tener... que + inf — to have... to + inf
tengo cosas que hacer — I have o I've got things to do
4)a) (señalando características, atributos) to havetiene el pelo largo — she has o she's got long hair
la casa tiene mucha luz — the house is very light o gets a lot of light
¿y eso qué tiene de malo? — and what's so bad about that?
le lleva 15 años - ¿y eso qué tiene? — (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is - so what does that matter?
b) ( expresando edad)¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?
c) ( con idea de posibilidad)5) ( dar a luz) <bebé/gemelos> to have6) (sujetar, sostener) to hold7) ( tomar)ten la llave — take o here's the key
8) ( recibir) to have9)a) ( sentir)tengo hambre/sueño/frío — I'm hungry/tired/cold
tengo el placer de... — it gives me great pleasure to...
¿qué tienes? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?
b) (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to havetengo dolor de cabeza — I have o I've got a headache
c) (refiriéndose a experiencias, sucesos) to have10) ( refiriéndose a actitudes)ten paciencia/cuidado — be patient/careful
11) (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl)lo tiene dominado — she has him under her thumb
12) ( considerar)2.tener algo/a alguien por algo: se lo tiene por el mejor he/it is considered (to be) the best; siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy; ten por seguro que lo hará — you can be sure he'll do it
tener v aux1)a) (expresando obligación, necesidad)tener que + inf — to have (got) to + inf
tengo que estudiar hoy — I have to o I must study today
b) (expresando propósito, recomendación)tener que + inf: tenemos que ir a verla we must go and see her; tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise; tendrías que llamarlo — you should ring him
2) ( expresando certeza)tener que + inf: tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer; tiene que haber sido él it must have been him; tú tenías que ser! — it had to be you!
3) ( con participio pasado)¿tiene previsto asistir? — do you plan to attend?
tengo entendido que sí viene — I understand he is coming
4) (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo)3.tenerse v pron1) ( sostenerse)no tenerse de sueño — to be dead o asleep on one's feet
2) (refl) ( considerarse)tenerse por algo: se tiene por muy inteligente — he considers himself to be very intelligent
* * *= bear, contain, have, hold, own, carry, have got, have + in place, live with, have at + Posesivo + disposal, possess.Ex. Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.Ex. Many of the aspects of the indexing process including, in particular, term selection and search logic have common features.Ex. If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.Ex. For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.Ex. Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.Ex. Typical examples of enquiries of this kind that could be satisfied within minutes in any decently stocked library are ' Have you got anything on organising weddings?' 'Can you find me something on the history of paddle-steamers?'.Ex. The first country to have in place an operational domestic geostationary satellite communications system was Canada.Ex. Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.Ex. But this would require time and competencies, which not all policy makers have at their disposal.Ex. Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.----* acabar teniendo = end up with.* acontecimiento + tener lugar = occurrence + take place.* a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.* aquí tiene(s) = here is/are.* a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.* dar gracias por lo que Uno tiene = count + Posesivo + blessings.* del que se tiene constancia = recorded.* demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.* el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.* empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.* empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.* estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.* lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.* lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.* mujer que tiene mucho mundo = a woman of the world.* necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.* no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.* no tener alternativa = have + no choice.* no tener apetito = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.* no tener constancia de Algo = unrecorded.* no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.* no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush.* no tener dos dedos de frnete = knucklehead.* no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.* no tener errores = be error-free.* no tener éxito = come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful, be unsuccessful.* no tener fin = there + be + no end to.* no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.* no tener fundamento = be unfounded.* no tener ganas = can't/couldn't be bothered, can't/couldn't be bothered.* no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.* no tener hijos = be childless.* no tener hogar = be homeless.* no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.* no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.* no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.* no tener información = be undocumented.* no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.* no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.* no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.* no tener la obligación de = be under no obligation.* no tener la preparación = be untrained.* no tener límite = have + no limit.* no tener límites = be boundless.* no tener lugar = fall through.* no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.* no tener más opción que = have + little choice but, have + no other option but.* no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.* no tener nada en contra de = have + no quarrel with, have + nothing against.* no tener nada en contra de Algo = have + no quarrel about + Nombre.* no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.* no tener nada que ver con = be irrelevant to.* no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.* no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.* no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.* no tener ningún escrúpulo en = have + no qualms about.* no tener ningún fundamento = not have a leg to stand on.* no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.* no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.* no tener ningún remilgo en = have + no qualms about.* no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.* no tener ni pies ni cabeza = be pointless.* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.* no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.* no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.* no tener ni un pelo de tonto = there are no flies (on/about) + Pronombre.* no tener ni voz ni voto en = have + no say in.* no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.* no tener opción = have + no choice.* no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.* no tener otra alternativa que = have + no other option but.* no tener otra opción = have + no choice.* no tener otra opción que = have + no other option but.* no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.* no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.* no tener parangón = be unequalled, be without peer.* no tener pelos en la lengua = call + a spade a spade.* no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.* no tener prejuicios = be open-minded.* no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.* no tener razón = be wrong.* no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.* no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener representación = be unrepresented.* no tener respuesta = be unanswerable.* no tener rival = be second to none.* no tener rumbo = lose + Posesivo + way.* no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.* no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.* no tener sentido = be meaningless, be pointless, be senseless.* no tener sentido el + Infinitivo = there + be + no point in + Gerundio.* no tener sentido + Infinitivo = there + be + little point in + Gerundio, there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.* no tener suerte = be out of luck.* no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.* no tener trabajo = be unemployed.* no tener trascendencia = be of no consequence.* no tener un duro = not have a bean.* no tener valor = be valueless.* no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.* no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.* ¡Ojalá tuviera...! = I wish I had....* ¡Ojalá tuviese...! = I wish I had....* parece tener poco sentido que = there + seem + little point in.* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.* que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].* que no tiene precio = priceless.* que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.* que tiene precio = priced.* que tiene sentido = meaningful.* que tiene solución = solvable.* revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.* sin tener = in the absence of.* sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.* sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.* sin tener que recurrir a = without recourse to.* tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.* tener a Alguien metido en un puño = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb.* tener a cargo de uno = have + as + Posesivo + charge.* tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.* tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.* tener afinidades = share + common ground.* tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.* tener a la disposición de Uno = have at + Posesivo + disposal.* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.* tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.* tener + Algo + a + Posesivo + entera disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.* tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.* tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.* tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.* tener algo en contra de = have + something against.* tener Algo fácilmente accesible = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.* tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.* tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.* tener algo que decir sobre = have + a say in.* tener algo que ver con = have + something to do with.* tener algo reservado = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.* tener alguna incidencia en = have + some bearing on.* tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.* tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.* tener alguna relevancia para = have + some bearing on.* tener alucinaciones = hallucinate.* tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.* tener ansias de = crave, crave for.* tener antecedentes de = have + a track record of.* tener antojo de = crave, crave for.* tener a + Posesivo + cargo = have + in + Posesivo + charge.* tener aspecto = look.* tener atrasos = be in arrears.* tener aversión a = have + aversion to.* tener beneficios = have + benefits.* tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.* tener buen apetito = have + a good appetite.* tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.* tener buenas perspectivas para = be well-placed to.* tener buen ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a good judge of character.* tener bulla = be in a hurry.* tener cabida para = hold, accommodate, include, take.* tener calentura = have + a temperature, have + a fever.* tener características en común = share + similarities.* tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).* tener carencias = find + wanting.* tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.* tener causa justificada = have + good cause.* tener cautela = proceed + with caution.* tener celos = feel + jealous.* tener claro = be clear in your mind.* tener coherencia = cohere.* tener cólicos = be colicky.* tener como consecuencia = result (in).* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.* tener como sede = headquarter (at/in).* tener compasión de = have + compassion for.* tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.* tener consecuencias = have + consequences.* tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.* tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.* tener contacto = have + contact.* tener contactos = liaise (with/between).* tener controlado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.* tener control sobre = have + hold on.* tener coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.* tener correlación con = bear + correlation with.* tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).* tener cosas en común = share + common ground.* tener cualidades + Adjetivo = be of + Adjetivo + quality.* tener cuidado = exercise + care, exercise + caution, proceed + with caution, watch out, take + caution.* tener cuidado con = watch for, beware (of/that), look out for, be wary of.* tener cuidado con lo que se dice = say + the right thing.* tener cuidado con lo que Uno dice = watch + Posesivo + mouth, watch what + say.* tener cuidado de = be careful, be chary of, take + (great) pains to.* tener cuidado (de que) = take + care (that).* tener cultivos = grow + crops.* tener debilidad por = have + a soft spot for.* tener delante = have + before.* tener demasiada prisa = be in too much of a hurry, be in too much of a rush.* tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.* tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.* tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.* tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.* tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.* tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.* tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.* tener dominado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.* tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.* tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.* tener efecto = take + effect, have + effect.* tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.* tener el atrevimiento de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener el corazón de un león = have + the heart of a lion.* tener el deber de = have + a responsibility to.* tener el derecho de = have + the right to.* tener el descaro de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.* tener el estatus profesional de + Nombre = have + Nombre + status.* tener el gusto de = take + pleasure.* tener el hábito de = have + the habit of.* tener el honor de = have + the honour of.* tener el lujo = have + luxury.* tener el mando = rule + the roost.* tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.* tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.* tener el mono = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.* tener el placer de = take + pleasure.* tener el plazo cumplido = be due.* tener el plazo vencido = be overdue.* tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.* tener el poder de = have + the power to.* tener el toque mágico = have + the magic touch.* tener el valor = have + the courage.* tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.* tener en común con = partake (in/of).* tener en consideración = take into + consideration, take into + consideration.* tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.* tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint, contemplate + view.* tener en funcionamiento = have + in effect.* tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.* tener en mente = bear in + mind, have + in mind, keep in + mind.* tener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.* tener en reserva = hold in + reserve.* tener entre manos = be up to.* tener envidia de = envy.* tener errores = be flawed.* tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.* tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.* tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.* tener expectativas = hold + expectations, have + expectations.* tener experiencia = have + experience.* tener fácilmente accesible = have at + Posesivo + touch.* tener fallos = be flawed.* tener fe = have + faith (in).* tener fe en = have + faith (in).* tener fiebre = have + a temperature, have + a fever.* tener fijación por = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).* tener flatulencia = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.* tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.* tener frenillo = lisp.* tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.* tener futuro = have + potential, there + be + a future for/in, have + a future.* tener ganada la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.* tener ganada sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.* tener ganas de = be keen to, have + an/the inclination to.* tener ganas de + Infinitivo = feel like + Gerundio.* tener gancho = be engaging.* tener gastos = incur + costs.* tener gastos generales = incur + overheads.* tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.* tener gran importancia = be of high significance.* tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.* tener hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.* tener hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.* tener hijos = father + children, have + children.* tener hipo = hiccup.* tener horario ajustado = be under time constraint.* tener horror a = loathe, hate.* tener idea = have + a clue.* tener impacto = make + impact.* tener impacto (sobre) = have + impact (on).* tener implicaciones para = have + implication for.* tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.* tener indigestión = have + indigestion.* tener influencias = have + pull.* tener influencia sobre = have + hold on.* tener iniciativa = be proactive.* tener intereses en = have + a stake in.* tener intereses en juego = have + invested.* tener interés por = have + an interest in.* tener interés por/en = be interested in.* tener inventiva = be inventive.* tener jurisdicción = have + jurisdiction (over).* tener la autoridad = have + mandate.* tener la bragueta abierta = fly + be undone.* tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).* tener la cara de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la cara descompuesta = look like + death warmed (over/up).* tener la categoría profesional de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank, have + Nombre + rank, enjoy + Nombre + rank.* tener la certeza de = feel + confident.* tener la certeza de que = rest + assured that.* tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.* tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.* tener la convicción = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.* tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.* tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.* tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.* tener la culpa (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).* tener la culpa de Algo que se ha causado Uno mismo = be of + Posesivo + own making.* tener la desfachatez de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la desvergüenza de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la doble función = double as, double up as.* tener la facultad de = have + powers to.* tener la fama de = have + a good record for.* tener la fecha de + Fecha = be dated + Fecha.* tener la frescura de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la función de = be in the business of.* tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.* tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.* tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.* tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.* tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.* tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.* tener la malafortuna de = have + the misfortune to.* tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.* tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.* tener la obligación de = be under the obligation to.* tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.* tener la oficina central en = headquarter (at/in).* tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.* tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.* tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.* tener la osadía de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la paciencia del santo Job = have + the patience of Job.* tener la paciencia de un santo = have + the patience of a saint.* tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.* tener la potestad = have + mandate.* tener la potestad de = have + the power to, have + the right to.* tener lapsus = have + lapses.* tener la reputación de ser = be well known for.* tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.* tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.* tener la sartén por el mango = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.* tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.* tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.* tener la sensación de que = have + a gut feeling that.* tener las mismas prerrogativas = have + an equal voice in.* tener las riendas de = hold + the reins of.* tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.* tener lástima = pity.* tener lástima de = take + pity on.* tener la tentación de = be tempted to.* tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.* tener la vista cansada = need + reading glasses.* tenerle manía a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* tenerle rabia a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* tenerle tirria a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* tener libertad = have + freedom.* tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.* tenerlo crudo = not be easy.* tenerlo difícil = not be easy, not be easy.* tenerlo duro = not be easy.* tenerlo fácil = have + an easy ride.* tener lo mejor de ambos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.* tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.* tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.* tener lo que hay que tener = have + what it takes.* tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.* tener los días contados = day + be + numbered, be doomed, doomed, be dead meat, the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.* tener los nervios de punta = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.* tener los nervios en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.* tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.* tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.* tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.* tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.* tener madera de = be cut out for.* tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.* tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.* tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.* tener mal de amores = be lovesick.* tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.* tener más paciencia que el santo Job = have + the patience of Job.* tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.* tener mérito = be meritorious.* tener miedo = be afraid, be in fear, frighten.* tener miedo a = be scared of.* tener miedo a Alguien = regard + Nombre + with fear.* tener motivo = be right.* tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.* tener motivo para = have + cause to.* tener movilidad = be mobile.* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.* tener mucha ilusión = be thrilled.* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.* tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).* tener niños = have + children.* tener + Nombre = be not without + Nombre.* tener noticias de = hear from.* tener + Número + Período de Tiempo = be + Período de Tiempo + old.* tener obligación = have + obligation.* tener obsesión con = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).* tener ojeras = have + bags under + Posesivo + eyes.* tener ojos en la nuca = have + eyes in the back of + Posesivo + head.* tener opinión = take + view.* tener paciencia = be patient.* tener paciencia con = bear with + Pronombre.* tener palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* tener paralelo = have + parallel.* tener pelos en la lengua = mince + words.* tener pérdidas = make + a loss.* tener perplejo = stump.* tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.* tener poca información = be information poor.* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.* tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.* tener poco que ver = have + little to do.* tener poco valor = be of little value.* tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.* tener por término medio = average.* tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.* tener potencial = have + potential.* tener precaución de = be chary of.* tener precedencia = take + priority.* tener preferencia = be preferential, have + the right of way.* tener preferencia (sobre) = take + precedence (over).* tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.* tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.* tener prioridad = trump.* tener prisa = be in a hurry.* tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.* tener problemas = have + problems.* tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.* tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.* tener pros y contras = be a mixed blessing.* tener que = have to, hafta [have to].* tener que aguantar Algo = be stuck with, get + stuck with.* tener que arreglárselas solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.* tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.* tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.* tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.* tener que competir con = face + competition from.* tener + que felicitar a Alguien = have to hand it to + Nombre.* tener que ocurrir = be boun.* * *1.verbo transitivo [El uso de 'got' en frases como 'I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma 'I have a new dress']1) (poseer, disponer de) <dinero/trabajo/tiempo> to have¿tienen hijos? — do they have any children?, have they got any children?
no tenemos pan — we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread
aquí tienes al culpable — here's o this is the culprit
¿conque ésas tenemos? — so that's the way things are, is it?
2)a) ( llevar encima) to have¿tiene hora? — have you got the time?
b) ( llevar puesto) to be wearing3) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to havetengo invitados a cenar — I have o I've got some people coming to dinner
tener... que + inf — to have... to + inf
tengo cosas que hacer — I have o I've got things to do
4)a) (señalando características, atributos) to havetiene el pelo largo — she has o she's got long hair
la casa tiene mucha luz — the house is very light o gets a lot of light
¿y eso qué tiene de malo? — and what's so bad about that?
le lleva 15 años - ¿y eso qué tiene? — (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is - so what does that matter?
b) ( expresando edad)¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?
c) ( con idea de posibilidad)5) ( dar a luz) <bebé/gemelos> to have6) (sujetar, sostener) to hold7) ( tomar)ten la llave — take o here's the key
8) ( recibir) to have9)a) ( sentir)tengo hambre/sueño/frío — I'm hungry/tired/cold
tengo el placer de... — it gives me great pleasure to...
¿qué tienes? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?
b) (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to havetengo dolor de cabeza — I have o I've got a headache
c) (refiriéndose a experiencias, sucesos) to have10) ( refiriéndose a actitudes)ten paciencia/cuidado — be patient/careful
11) (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl)lo tiene dominado — she has him under her thumb
12) ( considerar)2.tener algo/a alguien por algo: se lo tiene por el mejor he/it is considered (to be) the best; siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy; ten por seguro que lo hará — you can be sure he'll do it
tener v aux1)a) (expresando obligación, necesidad)tener que + inf — to have (got) to + inf
tengo que estudiar hoy — I have to o I must study today
b) (expresando propósito, recomendación)tener que + inf: tenemos que ir a verla we must go and see her; tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise; tendrías que llamarlo — you should ring him
2) ( expresando certeza)tener que + inf: tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer; tiene que haber sido él it must have been him; tú tenías que ser! — it had to be you!
3) ( con participio pasado)¿tiene previsto asistir? — do you plan to attend?
tengo entendido que sí viene — I understand he is coming
4) (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo)3.tenerse v pron1) ( sostenerse)no tenerse de sueño — to be dead o asleep on one's feet
2) (refl) ( considerarse)tenerse por algo: se tiene por muy inteligente — he considers himself to be very intelligent
* * *= bear, contain, have, hold, own, carry, have got, have + in place, live with, have at + Posesivo + disposal, possess.Ex: Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.
Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.Ex: Many of the aspects of the indexing process including, in particular, term selection and search logic have common features.Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.Ex: Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.Ex: Typical examples of enquiries of this kind that could be satisfied within minutes in any decently stocked library are ' Have you got anything on organising weddings?' 'Can you find me something on the history of paddle-steamers?'.Ex: The first country to have in place an operational domestic geostationary satellite communications system was Canada.Ex: Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.Ex: But this would require time and competencies, which not all policy makers have at their disposal.Ex: Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.* acabar teniendo = end up with.* acontecimiento + tener lugar = occurrence + take place.* a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.* aquí tiene(s) = here is/are.* a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.* dar gracias por lo que Uno tiene = count + Posesivo + blessings.* del que se tiene constancia = recorded.* demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.* el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.* empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.* empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.* estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.* lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.* lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.* mujer que tiene mucho mundo = a woman of the world.* necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.* no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.* no tener alternativa = have + no choice.* no tener apetito = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.* no tener constancia de Algo = unrecorded.* no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.* no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush.* no tener dos dedos de frnete = knucklehead.* no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.* no tener errores = be error-free.* no tener éxito = come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful, be unsuccessful.* no tener fin = there + be + no end to.* no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.* no tener fundamento = be unfounded.* no tener ganas = can't/couldn't be bothered, can't/couldn't be bothered.* no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.* no tener hijos = be childless.* no tener hogar = be homeless.* no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.* no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.* no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.* no tener información = be undocumented.* no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.* no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.* no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.* no tener la obligación de = be under no obligation.* no tener la preparación = be untrained.* no tener límite = have + no limit.* no tener límites = be boundless.* no tener lugar = fall through.* no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.* no tener más opción que = have + little choice but, have + no other option but.* no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.* no tener nada en contra de = have + no quarrel with, have + nothing against.* no tener nada en contra de Algo = have + no quarrel about + Nombre.* no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.* no tener nada que ver con = be irrelevant to.* no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.* no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.* no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.* no tener ningún escrúpulo en = have + no qualms about.* no tener ningún fundamento = not have a leg to stand on.* no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.* no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.* no tener ningún remilgo en = have + no qualms about.* no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.* no tener ni pies ni cabeza = be pointless.* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.* no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.* no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.* no tener ni un pelo de tonto = there are no flies (on/about) + Pronombre.* no tener ni voz ni voto en = have + no say in.* no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.* no tener opción = have + no choice.* no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.* no tener otra alternativa que = have + no other option but.* no tener otra opción = have + no choice.* no tener otra opción que = have + no other option but.* no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.* no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.* no tener parangón = be unequalled, be without peer.* no tener pelos en la lengua = call + a spade a spade.* no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.* no tener prejuicios = be open-minded.* no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.* no tener razón = be wrong.* no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.* no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener representación = be unrepresented.* no tener respuesta = be unanswerable.* no tener rival = be second to none.* no tener rumbo = lose + Posesivo + way.* no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.* no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.* no tener sentido = be meaningless, be pointless, be senseless.* no tener sentido el + Infinitivo = there + be + no point in + Gerundio.* no tener sentido + Infinitivo = there + be + little point in + Gerundio, there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.* no tener suerte = be out of luck.* no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.* no tener trabajo = be unemployed.* no tener trascendencia = be of no consequence.* no tener un duro = not have a bean.* no tener valor = be valueless.* no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.* no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.* ¡Ojalá tuviera...! = I wish I had....* ¡Ojalá tuviese...! = I wish I had....* parece tener poco sentido que = there + seem + little point in.* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.* que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].* que no tiene precio = priceless.* que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.* que tiene precio = priced.* que tiene sentido = meaningful.* que tiene solución = solvable.* revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.* sin tener = in the absence of.* sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.* sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.* sin tener que recurrir a = without recourse to.* tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.* tener a Alguien metido en un puño = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb.* tener a cargo de uno = have + as + Posesivo + charge.* tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.* tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.* tener afinidades = share + common ground.* tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.* tener a la disposición de Uno = have at + Posesivo + disposal.* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.* tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.* tener + Algo + a + Posesivo + entera disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.* tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.* tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.* tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.* tener algo en contra de = have + something against.* tener Algo fácilmente accesible = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.* tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.* tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.* tener algo que decir sobre = have + a say in.* tener algo que ver con = have + something to do with.* tener algo reservado = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.* tener alguna incidencia en = have + some bearing on.* tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.* tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.* tener alguna relevancia para = have + some bearing on.* tener alucinaciones = hallucinate.* tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.* tener ansias de = crave, crave for.* tener antecedentes de = have + a track record of.* tener antojo de = crave, crave for.* tener a + Posesivo + cargo = have + in + Posesivo + charge.* tener aspecto = look.* tener atrasos = be in arrears.* tener aversión a = have + aversion to.* tener beneficios = have + benefits.* tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.* tener buen apetito = have + a good appetite.* tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.* tener buenas perspectivas para = be well-placed to.* tener buen ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a good judge of character.* tener bulla = be in a hurry.* tener cabida para = hold, accommodate, include, take.* tener calentura = have + a temperature, have + a fever.* tener características en común = share + similarities.* tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).* tener carencias = find + wanting.* tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.* tener causa justificada = have + good cause.* tener cautela = proceed + with caution.* tener celos = feel + jealous.* tener claro = be clear in your mind.* tener coherencia = cohere.* tener cólicos = be colicky.* tener como consecuencia = result (in).* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.* tener como sede = headquarter (at/in).* tener compasión de = have + compassion for.* tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.* tener consecuencias = have + consequences.* tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.* tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.* tener contacto = have + contact.* tener contactos = liaise (with/between).* tener controlado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.* tener control sobre = have + hold on.* tener coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.* tener correlación con = bear + correlation with.* tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).* tener cosas en común = share + common ground.* tener cualidades + Adjetivo = be of + Adjetivo + quality.* tener cuidado = exercise + care, exercise + caution, proceed + with caution, watch out, take + caution.* tener cuidado con = watch for, beware (of/that), look out for, be wary of.* tener cuidado con lo que se dice = say + the right thing.* tener cuidado con lo que Uno dice = watch + Posesivo + mouth, watch what + say.* tener cuidado de = be careful, be chary of, take + (great) pains to.* tener cuidado (de que) = take + care (that).* tener cultivos = grow + crops.* tener debilidad por = have + a soft spot for.* tener delante = have + before.* tener demasiada prisa = be in too much of a hurry, be in too much of a rush.* tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.* tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.* tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.* tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.* tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.* tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.* tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.* tener dominado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.* tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.* tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.* tener efecto = take + effect, have + effect.* tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.* tener el atrevimiento de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener el corazón de un león = have + the heart of a lion.* tener el deber de = have + a responsibility to.* tener el derecho de = have + the right to.* tener el descaro de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.* tener el estatus profesional de + Nombre = have + Nombre + status.* tener el gusto de = take + pleasure.* tener el hábito de = have + the habit of.* tener el honor de = have + the honour of.* tener el lujo = have + luxury.* tener el mando = rule + the roost.* tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.* tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.* tener el mono = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.* tener el placer de = take + pleasure.* tener el plazo cumplido = be due.* tener el plazo vencido = be overdue.* tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.* tener el poder de = have + the power to.* tener el toque mágico = have + the magic touch.* tener el valor = have + the courage.* tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.* tener en común con = partake (in/of).* tener en consideración = take into + consideration, take into + consideration.* tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.* tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint, contemplate + view.* tener en funcionamiento = have + in effect.* tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.* tener en mente = bear in + mind, have + in mind, keep in + mind.* tener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.* tener en reserva = hold in + reserve.* tener entre manos = be up to.* tener envidia de = envy.* tener errores = be flawed.* tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.* tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.* tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.* tener expectativas = hold + expectations, have + expectations.* tener experiencia = have + experience.* tener fácilmente accesible = have at + Posesivo + touch.* tener fallos = be flawed.* tener fe = have + faith (in).* tener fe en = have + faith (in).* tener fiebre = have + a temperature, have + a fever.* tener fijación por = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).* tener flatulencia = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.* tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.* tener frenillo = lisp.* tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.* tener futuro = have + potential, there + be + a future for/in, have + a future.* tener ganada la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.* tener ganada sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.* tener ganas de = be keen to, have + an/the inclination to.* tener ganas de + Infinitivo = feel like + Gerundio.* tener gancho = be engaging.* tener gastos = incur + costs.* tener gastos generales = incur + overheads.* tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.* tener gran importancia = be of high significance.* tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.* tener hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.* tener hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.* tener hijos = father + children, have + children.* tener hipo = hiccup.* tener horario ajustado = be under time constraint.* tener horror a = loathe, hate.* tener idea = have + a clue.* tener impacto = make + impact.* tener impacto (sobre) = have + impact (on).* tener implicaciones para = have + implication for.* tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.* tener indigestión = have + indigestion.* tener influencias = have + pull.* tener influencia sobre = have + hold on.* tener iniciativa = be proactive.* tener intereses en = have + a stake in.* tener intereses en juego = have + invested.* tener interés por = have + an interest in.* tener interés por/en = be interested in.* tener inventiva = be inventive.* tener jurisdicción = have + jurisdiction (over).* tener la autoridad = have + mandate.* tener la bragueta abierta = fly + be undone.* tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).* tener la cara de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la cara descompuesta = look like + death warmed (over/up).* tener la categoría profesional de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank, have + Nombre + rank, enjoy + Nombre + rank.* tener la certeza de = feel + confident.* tener la certeza de que = rest + assured that.* tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.* tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.* tener la convicción = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.* tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.* tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.* tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.* tener la culpa (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).* tener la culpa de Algo que se ha causado Uno mismo = be of + Posesivo + own making.* tener la desfachatez de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la desvergüenza de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la doble función = double as, double up as.* tener la facultad de = have + powers to.* tener la fama de = have + a good record for.* tener la fecha de + Fecha = be dated + Fecha.* tener la frescura de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la función de = be in the business of.* tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.* tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.* tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.* tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.* tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.* tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.* tener la malafortuna de = have + the misfortune to.* tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.* tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.* tener la obligación de = be under the obligation to.* tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.* tener la oficina central en = headquarter (at/in).* tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.* tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.* tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.* tener la osadía de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener la paciencia del santo Job = have + the patience of Job.* tener la paciencia de un santo = have + the patience of a saint.* tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.* tener la potestad = have + mandate.* tener la potestad de = have + the power to, have + the right to.* tener lapsus = have + lapses.* tener la reputación de ser = be well known for.* tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.* tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.* tener la sartén por el mango = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.* tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.* tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.* tener la sensación de que = have + a gut feeling that.* tener las mismas prerrogativas = have + an equal voice in.* tener las riendas de = hold + the reins of.* tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.* tener lástima = pity.* tener lástima de = take + pity on.* tener la tentación de = be tempted to.* tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.* tener la vista cansada = need + reading glasses.* tenerle manía a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* tenerle rabia a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* tenerle tirria a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.* tener libertad = have + freedom.* tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.* tenerlo crudo = not be easy.* tenerlo difícil = not be easy, not be easy.* tenerlo duro = not be easy.* tenerlo fácil = have + an easy ride.* tener lo mejor de ambos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.* tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.* tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.* tener lo que hay que tener = have + what it takes.* tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.* tener los días contados = day + be + numbered, be doomed, doomed, be dead meat, the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.* tener los nervios de punta = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.* tener los nervios en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.* tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.* tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.* tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.* tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.* tener madera de = be cut out for.* tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.* tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.* tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.* tener mal de amores = be lovesick.* tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.* tener más paciencia que el santo Job = have + the patience of Job.* tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.* tener mérito = be meritorious.* tener miedo = be afraid, be in fear, frighten.* tener miedo a = be scared of.* tener miedo a Alguien = regard + Nombre + with fear.* tener motivo = be right.* tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.* tener motivo para = have + cause to.* tener movilidad = be mobile.* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.* tener mucha ilusión = be thrilled.* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.* tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).* tener niños = have + children.* tener + Nombre = be not without + Nombre.* tener noticias de = hear from.* tener + Número + Período de Tiempo = be + Período de Tiempo + old.* tener obligación = have + obligation.* tener obsesión con = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).* tener ojeras = have + bags under + Posesivo + eyes.* tener ojos en la nuca = have + eyes in the back of + Posesivo + head.* tener opinión = take + view.* tener paciencia = be patient.* tener paciencia con = bear with + Pronombre.* tener palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* tener paralelo = have + parallel.* tener pelos en la lengua = mince + words.* tener pérdidas = make + a loss.* tener perplejo = stump.* tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.* tener poca información = be information poor.* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.* tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.* tener poco que ver = have + little to do.* tener poco valor = be of little value.* tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.* tener por término medio = average.* tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.* tener potencial = have + potential.* tener precaución de = be chary of.* tener precedencia = take + priority.* tener preferencia = be preferential, have + the right of way.* tener preferencia (sobre) = take + precedence (over).* tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.* tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.* tener prioridad = trump.* tener prisa = be in a hurry.* tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.* tener problemas = have + problems.* tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.* tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.* tener pros y contras = be a mixed blessing.* tener que = have to, hafta [have to].* tener que aguantar Algo = be stuck with, get + stuck with.* tener que arreglárselas solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.* tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.* tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.* tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.* tener que competir con = face + competition from.* tener + que felicitar a Alguien = have to hand it to + Nombre.* tener que ocurrir = be boun* * *■ tener (verbo transitivo)A poseer, disponer deB1 llevar encima2 llevar puestoC actividades, obligacionesD1 señalando características2 expresando edad3 con idea de posibilidadE dar a luzA sujetar, sostenerB tomarA recibirB1 sentir2 refiriéndose a síntomas3 refiriéndose a sucesosC refiriéndose a actitudesA indicando estado, situaciónB tener algo/a alguien por algo■ tener (verbo auxiliar)A1 tener que: obligación2 tener que: propósitoB tener que: certezaA con participio pasadoB en expresiones de tiempo■ tenerse (verbo pronominal)A sostenerseB tenerse por algovt[El uso de `got' en frases como `I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma `I have a new dress']A (poseer, disponer de) ‹dinero/trabajo/tiempo› to haveése ya lo tengo I already have that one, I've already got that one¿tienen hijos? do they have any children?, have they got any children?tiene un sueldo muy bueno she earns a very good salary, she is on a very good salaryno tenemos aceitunas we don't have any olives, we haven't got any olivesno tenía bastante dinero I didn't have enough moneyno tengo a quién recurrir I have o I've got nobody to turn totú no tienes idea de lo que fue you've no idea o you can't imagine what it was likeaquí tienes al autor del delito here's o this is the culprit¡ahí tienes! ¿ves cómo no se los puede dejar solos? there you are! you see how they can't be left on their own?¿conque ésas tenemos? so that's the way things are, is it?no tenerlas todas consigo ( fam): no sé, no las tengo todas conmigo I don't know, I'm not entirely sure o I'm not a hundred percent sure o I'm not at all sureB1 (llevar encima) to have¿tienes cambio de $100? do you have change for $100?no tengo un lápiz I don't have a pencil (on me), I haven't got a pencil (on me)¿tiene hora? have you got the time?, could you tell me the time?2 (llevar puesto) to be wearing, have on¡qué traje más elegante tienes! that's a smart suit you're wearing o you have on!C (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to haveesta noche tengo una fiesta I'm going to o I have a party tonightlos viernes tenemos gimnasia we have keep-fit on Fridaystenemos invitados a cenar we have o we've got some people coming to dinnertengo un par de camisas que planchar I have o I've got a couple of shirts to ironD1 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (señalando características, atributos) to havetiene los ojos castaños/el pelo largo she has o she's got brown eyes/long hairtiene mucho tacto/valor he's very tactful/bravetiene habilidad para esas cosas he's very good at that sort of thingtiene sus defectos he has o he's got his faultsla habitación tiene mucha luz the room is very light o gets a lot of lighttiene cuatro metros de largo por tres de ancho it is four meters long and three meters wide¿cuánto tienes de cintura? what's your waist measurement?tiene mucho de su padre he's very much like his father, he takes after his fathertener algo DE algo:¿y eso qué tiene de malo? and what's (so) bad about that?no tiene nada de extraño there's nothing strange about itle lleva 15 años — ¿y eso qué tiene? ( AmL fam); she's 15 years older than he is — so what does that matter?(expresando edad): ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?tengo cuarenta años I'm forty (years old)tengo edad para ser tu padre I'm old enough to be your fatherel televisor ya tiene muchos años the television set is very old3(con idea de posibilidad): no creo que tenga arreglo I don't think it can be fixed, I think it's beyond repairel problema no tiene solución there is no solution to the problem, the problem is insolubleE (dar a luz) to havetener un niño or hijo or bebé to have a child o babyA (sujetar, sostener) to holdsube, que yo te tengo la escalera go on up, I'll hold the ladder for you¿me tienes esto un minuto? could you hold this for a minute?tenlo derecho hold it uprightB(tomar): ten la llave take the key, here's the keyA (recibir) to havehace un mes que no tenemos noticias de él we haven't heard from him for a monthla propuesta tuvo una acogida favorable the proposal was favorably receivedtuvo una gran decepción/sorpresa it was a terrible disappointment/a big surprise for herB1(sentir): tengo hambre/sueño/frío I'm hungry/tired/coldtiene celos de su hermano she's jealous of her brotherno tiene interés por nada she's not interested in anythingle tengo mucho cariño a esta casa I'm very fond of this housetengo el placer/honor de anunciar … it gives me great pleasure/I have the honor to announce …¿qué tienes? ¿por qué lloras? what's wrong? o what's the matter? why are you crying?2 (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to havetengo un dolor de cabeza horrible I have o I've got a terrible headache¿has tenido las paperas? have you had mumps?está enfermo, pero no saben qué tiene he's ill, but they don't know what it is o what he's got o what's wrong with him3 (refiriéndose a sucesos, experiencias) to havetuvimos un verano muy bueno we had a very good summertuve un sueño espantoso I had a terrible dreamque tengas buen viaje have a good triptuve una discusión con él I had an argument with himC(refiriéndose a actitudes): ten un poco más de respeto have a little more respectten paciencia/cuidado be patient/carefultuvo la gentileza de prestármelo she was kind enough to lend it to metuvo la precaución de llamar antes de ir she had the foresight to phone before she wentA (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl):el sofá tiene el tapizado sucio the upholstery on the sofa is dirtyla mesa tiene una pata rota one of the table legs is brokentenía el suéter puesto al revés he had his sweater on back to fronttengo las manos sucias my hands are dirtytenía los ojos cerrados she had her eyes closedtienes el cinturón desabrochado your belt's undonelo tengo escondido I have it hidden awayya lo tiene roto it's already broken o he's broken it alreadyla tuvo engañada mucho tiempo he was cheating on her for a long timelo tiene dominado she has him under her thumbeso me tiene muy preocupada I'm very worried about thatme tuvo escribiendo a máquina toda la tarde she had me typing all afternoonnos tuvo allí esperando una hora he kept us waiting there for an houra la pobre la tienen de sirvienta they treat the poor girl like a maidtengo a la niña enferma my little girl's sick¿en qué mano lo tengo? which hand is it in?B (considerar) tener algo/a algn POR algo:se lo tiene por el mejor hospital del país it is supposed to be o it is considered (to be) the best hospital in the countrylo tienen por buen cirujano he's held to be o he's considered (to be) a good surgeonsiempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shyten por seguro que lo hará rest assured o you can be sure he'll do it■A1 (expresando obligación, necesidad) tener QUE + INF:tengo que terminarlo hoy I have to o I must finish it todaytienes que comer más, estás muy delgada you must eat more, you're very thinno tienes más que apretar este botón all you have to do is press this buttonno tienes que estar allí hasta las nueve you don't have to be there until nineno tengo por qué darte cuentas a ti I don't have to explain anything to you, I don't owe you any explanationsno tienes que comer tanto (no debes) you mustn't eat so much; (no hace falta) you don't have to eat that much, there's no need to eat that muchtendría que cambiarme, no puedo ir así I'd have to o I ought to o I should change, I can't go like this2 (expresando propósito, recomendación) tener QUE + INF:tenemos que ir a ver esa película we must go and see that movietengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercisetienes que leerlo, es buenísimo you must read it, it's really goodB (expresando certeza) tener QUE + INF:tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawertiene que haber sido él it must have been himtengo que haberlo dejado en casa I must have left it at home¡tú tenías que ser! it had to be you, didn't it?A(con participio pasado): ¿tiene previsto asistir al congreso? do you plan to attend the conference?ya tenían planeada su estrategia they already had their strategy worked outtengo entendido que llega mañana I understand he's arriving tomorrowtiene ganado el afecto del público she has won the public's affectionte tengo dicho que eso no me gusta I've told you before I don't like thatteníamos pensado irnos el jueves we intended leaving on Thursdaytiene bastante dinero ahorrado she has quite a lot of money saved upBtienen tres años de casados they've been married for three years■ tenerseA(sostenerse): no podía tenerse en pie he couldn't standB ( refl) (considerarse) tenerse POR algo:se tiene por muy inteligente he considers himself to be o he thinks he is very intelligent* * *
Multiple Entries:
tener
tener algo
tener ( conjugate tener) verbo transitivo El uso de `got' en frases como `I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Este prefiere la forma `I have a new dress'
1
◊ ¿tienen hijos? do they have any children?, have they got any children?;
no tenemos pan we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread;
tiene el pelo largo she has o she's got long hair
◊ ¿tiene hora? have you got the time?
◊ tengo invitados a cenar I have o I've got some people coming to dinner;
tengo cosas que hacer I have o I've got things to do
2
tiene un metro de largo it is one meter long;
le lleva 15 años — ¿y eso qué tiene? (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is — so what does that matter?
◊ ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;
tengo veinte años I'm twenty (years old)
3
b) ( tomar):◊ ten la llave take o here's the key
4a) ( sentir):◊ tengo hambre/frío I'm hungry/cold;
le tengo mucho cariño I'm very fond of him;
tengo el placer de … it gives me great pleasure to …
◊ tengo dolor de cabeza I have o I've got a headache
5 ( refiriéndose a actitudes):
ten paciencia/cuidado be patient/careful;
tiene mucho tacto he's very tactful
6 (indicando estado, situación):
tengo las manos sucias my hands are dirty;
tienes el cinturón desabrochado your belt's undone;
me tiene muy preocupada I'm very worried about it
tener v aux
1 tener que hacer algo
◊ tengo que estudiar hoy I have to o I must study today;
tienes que comer más you ought to eat moreb) (expresando propósito, recomendación):
tendrías que llamarlo you should ring himc) ( expresando certeza):
¡tú tenías que ser! it had to be you!
2 ( con participio pasado):◊ tengo entendido que sí viene I understand he is coming;
te tengo dicho que … I've told you before (that) …;
teníamos pensado irnos hoy we intended leaving today
3 (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo):
tenía un año sin verlo she hadn't seen him for a year
tenerse verbo pronominal ( sostenerse):
no tenerse de sueño to be dead on one's feet
tener
I verbo transitivo
1 (poseer, disfrutar) to have, have got: tengo muy buena memoria, I have a very good memory
no tiene coche, he hasn't got a car
tiene dos hermanas, he has two sisters
tiene mucho talento, he's very talented
no tenemos suficiente dinero, we don't have enough money
(ser dueño de) to own: tiene una cadena de hoteles, he owns a chain of hotels ➣ Ver nota en have 2 (contener) to contain: esta bebida no tiene alcohol, this drink doesn't contain alcohol
3 (asir, sujetar) to hold: la tenía en brazos, she was carrying her in her arms
4 (hospedar) tiene a su suegra en casa, his mother-in-law is staying with them
5 (juzgar, considerar) la tengo por imposible, I regard her as a hopeless case
nos tienen por tontos, they think we are stupid
tenlo por seguro, you can be sure
6 (pasar el tiempo de cierta manera) to have: he tenido un día espantoso, I've had a dreadful day
7 (padecer, sentir) tiene celos, he's jealous
tengo hambre/sed, I'm hungry/thirsty
ten paciencia conmigo, be patient with me
tengo un dolor de cabeza terrible, I have a terrible headache
8 (profesar) to have: me tiene cariño, he is very fond of me
no le tengo ningún respeto, I have no respect for him
9 (años, tiempo) to be: el bebé tiene ocho días, the baby is eight days old
(medidas) la cama tiene metro y medio de ancho, the bed is one and a half metres wide
10 (mantener) to keep: no sabe tener la boca cerrada, she can't keep her mouth shut
nos tuvo dos horas esperando, he kept us waiting for two hours
tiene su habitación muy ordenada, he keeps his room very tidy
me tiene preocupada, I'm worried about him
11 ( tener que + infinitivo) tengo que hacerlo, I must do it
tienes que tomarte las pastillas, you have to take your pills
tendrías que habérselo dicho, you ought to have told her ➣ Ver nota en must
II verbo aux to have: mira que te lo tengo dicho veces, I've told you time and time again
Tener tiene dos traducciones básicas: to have o to have got. Esta segunda se usa casi únicamente para expresar posesión y solo en el presente: Tengo un coche nuevo. I have got a new car.
La primera se usa en sentido más general: Va a tener un problema. He's going to have a problem. Recuerda que la forma interrogativa de I have got es have I got?, mientras que la forma interrogativa de I have es do I have?
Cuando tener significa sentir, se traduce por el verbo to be: Tengo hambre. I am hungry.
' tener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrigar
- abuela
- abundar
- acarrear
- accidente
- acostumbrar
- admirar
- adolecer
- agobiarse
- añorar
- antena
- apetecer
- apremiar
- aptitud
- arcada
- arte
- banco
- bombera
- bombero
- burbuja
- cabida
- cabronada
- cacao
- caer
- cagalera
- calor
- cantar
- capaz
- carácter
- carrete
- celebrarse
- céntimo
- certeza
- certidumbre
- ciega
- ciego
- conciencia
- conllevar
- consecuencia
- constar
- contingente
- corazón
- correa
- correrse
- cosa
- cosquillas
- costar
- creer
- cruda
- crudo
English:
access
- accommodate
- act
- add up
- afraid
- agree
- aim to
- allow for
- allowance
- approve of
- around
- associate
- attached
- augment
- authoritarian
- ax
- axe
- barrel
- be
- bear
- bear with
- bearing
- begrudge
- believe in
- belong
- beware
- boast
- bone
- boomerang
- breathing space
- broody
- brush
- butterfly
- calculate
- careful
- celebrate
- clash
- clever
- come off
- command
- connected
- conscience
- consider
- consideration
- count
- crash
- date
- daunt
- debt
- depend
* * *♦ vt1. [poseer, disfrutar de] [objeto, cualidad, elemento, parentesco] to have;no tengo televisor/amigos I haven't got o I don't have a television/any friends;¿tienes un bolígrafo? have you got o do you have a pen?;¿tiene usted hora? have you got the time?;tenemos un mes para terminarlo we've got a month in which to finish it;tiene el pelo corto, ojos azules y gafas she has (got) short hair, blue eyes and she wears glasses;el documental no tiene mucho interés the documentary is not very interesting;¿cuántas habitaciones tiene? how many rooms has it got o does it have?;¿tienes hermanos? have you got o do you have any brothers or sisters?;tengo un hermano I've got o I have a brother;tener un niño to have a baby;no tienen hijos they haven't got o don't have any children;RP Fam¿conque ésas tenemos?, ¿ahora no quieres ayudar? so that's the deal, is it? you don't want to help now, then;no las tiene todas consigo he is not too sure about it;muy Famtenerlos bien puestos to have guts;tanto tienes, tanto vales you are what you own2. [padecer, realizar, experimentar] to have;tener fiebre to have a temperature;tiene cáncer/el sida she has (got) cancer/AIDS;doctor, ¿qué tengo? what's wrong with me, doctor?;no tienes nada (grave) it's nothing (serious), there's nothing (seriously) wrong with you;tuvieron una pelea/reunión they had a fight/meeting;tengo las vacaciones en agosto my holidays are in August;mañana no tenemos clase we don't have to go to school tomorrow, there's no school tomorrow;¡que tengan buen viaje! have a good journey!;no he tenido un buen día I haven't had a good day;tiene lo que se merece she's got what she deserves3. [medida, años, sensación, sentimiento] to be;tiene 3 metros de ancho it's 3 metres wide;¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;tiene diez años she's ten (years old);Amtengo tres años aquí I've been here for three years;tener hambre/miedo to be hungry/afraid;tener suerte/mal humor to be lucky/bad-tempered;tengo un dolor de espalda terrible I have a terrible backache;tengo alergia al polvo I'm allergic to dust;me tienen cariño/envidia they're fond/jealous of me;le tiene lástima he feels sorry for her;tengo ganas de llorar I feel like cryingtienes la corbata torcida your tie isn't straight;me tuvo despierto it kept me awake;eso la tiene despistada/preocupada that has her confused/worried;esto la tendrá ocupada un rato this will keep her busy for a while;un psicópata tiene atemorizada a la población a psychopath is terrorizing the population;nos tuvieron una hora en comisaría they kept us at the police station for an hour;me tuvo esperando una hora she kept me waiting an hour;nos tuvieron toda la noche viendo vídeos they made us watch videos all night;5. [sujetar] to hold;tenlo por el asa hold it by the handle;¿puedes tenerme esto un momento? could you hold this for me a minute?;ten los brazos en alto hold your arms up high¡aquí tienes!, ¡ten! here you are!;ahí tienes la respuesta there's your answer7. [recibir] [mensaje, regalo, visita, sensación] to get;tuve una carta suya I got o had a letter from her;el que llegue primero tendrá un premio whoever arrives first will get a prize;tendrás noticias mías you'll hear from me;tenemos invitados/a la familia a cenar we've got guests/the family over for dinner;tendrá una sorpresa he'll get a surprise;tenía/tuve la impresión de que… I had/got the impression that…;tuve una verdadera desilusión I was really disappointed8. [valorar, estimar]tener en mucho/poco a alguien to think a lot/not to think very much of sb;me tienen por tonto they think I'm stupid;Formaltener a bien hacer algo to be kind enough to do sth;les ruego tengan a bien considerar mi candidatura para el puesto de… I would be grateful if you would consider my application for the post of…9. [guardar, contener] to keep;¿dónde tienes las joyas/el dinero? where do you keep the jewels/money?;¿dónde tendré las gafas? where can my glasses be?;la botella tenía un mensaje the bottle had a message inside;esta cuenta no tiene fondos there are no funds in this account¡cómo la tenés con tu vecino! you're always going on about your neighbour!;¡cómo la tiene con el auto que se va a comprar! he's always going on about the car he's going to buy!;¡cómo la tiene el jefe contigo! the boss really has it in for you!♦ v aux1. [antes de participio] [haber]teníamos pensado ir al teatro we had thought of going to the theatre, we had intended to go to the theatre;¿cuánto tienes hecho de la tesis? how much of your thesis have you (got) done?;te tengo dicho que no pises los charcos I've told you before not to step in puddles;tengo entendido que se van a casar I understand (that) they are going to get married2.tenía/tuve que hacerlo I had to do it;¿tienes que irte? do you have to go?, have you got to go?;tienes que esforzarte más you must try harder;tiene que ser así it has to be this way;tenemos que salir de aquí we have (got) to o need to get out of here, we must get out of here;teníamos que haber hecho esto antes we should have o ought to have done this before;no tienes que disculparte you needn't apologize, you don't need to apologize;si quieres algo, no tienes más que pedirlo if you want something, all you have to do is ask;no tienes por qué venir, si no quieres you don't have to come if you don't want to3.tener que: [indica propósito, consejo] [m5] tenemos que ir a cenar un día we ought to o should go for dinner some time;tienes que ir a ver esa película you must see that movie;tenías que haber visto cómo corría you should have seen him run;tendrías que dejar de fumar you ought to give up smoking4.tener que: [indica probabilidad] [m5] ya tienen que haber llegado they must have o should have arrived by now;las llaves tienen que andar por aquí the keys must be round here somewhere;tendría que haber terminado hace rato she should have o ought to have finished some time ago;tenía que ser él, no podía ser otro it had to be him, it couldn't have been anyone else5.tener que ver: tener que ver con algo/alguien to have to do with sth/sb;actitudes que tienen que ver con la falta de educación attitudes which are related to a lack of education;se apellida Siqueiros, pero no tiene que ver con el pintor his surname is Siqueiros, but he's got nothing to do with the painter;¿qué tiene eso que ver conmigo? what has that got to do with me?;no tener nada que ver con algo/alguien to have nothing to do with sth/sb;lo que digo no tiene nada que ver con eso what I'm saying has nothing to do with that;aunque los dos vinos sean Rioja, no tienen nada que ver even if both wines are Riojas, there's no comparison between them;¿qué tiene que ver que sea mujer para que haga bien su trabajo? what's her being a woman got to do with whether or not she does a good job?;es un poco tarde, ¿no? – ¿y qué tiene que ver? it's a bit late, isn't it? – so what?;tener que ver en algo to be involved in sth;dicen que la CIA tuvo que ver en ello rumour has it the CIA were involved;¿has tenido tú algo que ver en esto? have you had something to do with this?* * *v/t1 have;tener 10 años be 10 (years old);tener un metro de ancho/largo be one meter wide/long o in width/length2:ha tenido un niño she’s had a little boy3:tener a alguien por algo regard s.o. as sth, consider s.o. to be sth4:tengo que madrugar I must get up early, I have to o I’ve got to get up early;tuve que madrugar I had to get up early5:conque ¿esas tenemos? so that’s how it is o things stand, eh?;no tuvo a bien saludarme he did not see fit to greet me;no las tengo todas conmigo fam I’m not one hundred per cent sure;eso me tiene nervioso that makes me nervous* * *tener {80} vt1) : to havetiene ojos verdes: she has green eyestengo mucho que hacer: I have a lot to dotiene veinte años: he's twenty years oldtiene un metro de largo: it's one meter long2) : to holdten esto un momento: hold this for a moment3) : to feel, to maketengo frío: I'm coldeso nos tiene contentos: that makes us happy4)tener por : to think, to considerme tienes por loco: you think I'm crazytener v aux1)tener que : to have totengo que salir: I have to leavetiene que estar aquí: it has to be here, it must be heretenía pensado escribirte: I've been thinking of writing to you* * *tener vb1. (en general) to have¿tienes hermanos? have you any brothers or sisters?En el presente, sobre todo en inglés hablado, se puede emplear have got en vez de have, por ejemplo, have you got any brothers or sisters?2. (edad, tamaño) to betener que ver to have to do with / to concernno tiene nada que ver contigo it's got nothing to do with you / it doesn't concern you -
71 method
метод; процедура; способ- antithetic variate method - average ordinate method - average range method - binary search method - conjugate directions method - conjugate gradient method - control chart method - conventional milling method - correlation function method - decision function method - differential control method - Feynman diagram method - first approximation method - gradient projection method - iterative method - large sample method - large sieve method - least-squares regression method - less than fully efficient method - linearly implicit method - method of adjoint gradient - method of algebraic addition - method of alternating directions - method of balanced blocks - method of complex numbers - method of confidence intervals - method of conformal mappings - method of conjugate directions - method of conjugate gradients - method of cyclic descent - method of detached coefficients - method of disjunction of cases - method of divided differences - method of electrical images - method of elimination of quantifiers - method of empty ball - method of extreme values - method of false position - method of feasible directions - method of finite differences - method of first approximation - method of first entrance - method of fitting constants - method of fixed points - method of full enumeration - method of generating functions - method of geometric exhaustion - method of indefinite coefficients - method of infinite descent - method of interval bisection - method of least absolute values - method of least distance - method of least likelihood - method of maximum likelihood - method of means and standard deviations - method of medians and extreme values - method of minimal change - method of minimal variance - method of mirror reflections - method of moving frame - method of multiple comparison - method of orthogonal projections - method of paired associates - method of paired comparisons - method of phase integrals - method of projecting cones - method of proportional parts - method of rotating factors - method of semantic tableaux - method of separation of variables - method of simulaneous displacements - method of stationary phase - method of statistical differentials - method of statistical inference - method of steep variations - method of steepest ascent - method of stochastic approximation - method of straightforward iteration - method of successive displacements - method of successive divisions - method of successive elimination - method of transfinite induction - method of unweighted means - method of variable differences - method of variation of parameters - method of weighted residuals - optimum method - parallel tangents method - precision method - random walk method - recursive method - reduced gradient method - reflected wave method - relative method of measurement - sampling method by variables - statistical sampling method - steepest descent method - time average method -
72 разность потенциалов
1) Engineering: electric potential, electric potential difference, potential, potential drop, voltage2) Chemistry: dew point3) Mathematics: the voltage difference across, the voltage drop across4) Railway term: difference of potential5) Economy: difference of potentials (экономических)6) Accounting: (экономических) difference of potentials7) Physics: potential difference8) Electronics: voltage difference9) Metrology: (электрических) potential, tension10) Polymers: electromotive difference of potential11) Makarov: difference of voltage, potentials difference12) Security: (электрическое) voltage13) Electrical engineering: difference of ( electric) potential, (электрических) electric potentialУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > разность потенциалов
-
73 hin
Adv.1. räumlich: an... (Dat) hin (entlang) along; auf (+ Akk) oder zu... hin toward(s), to; ( bis) zu... hin as far as, up to; nach außen hin fig. outwardly; der Wald erstreckt sich über viele Quadratkilometer hin the forest stretches over many square kilomet|res (Am. -ers); seine Sachen sind über das ganze Zimmer hin verstreut his things are scattered all over the room; wo ist er hin? where has he gone?; (wo hat er sich versteckt?) auch where has he got(ten Am.) to?; wo sind meine Schuhe hin? where have my shoes gone ( oder got[ten Am.] to)?; nichts wie hin! what are we waiting for?; hin und zurück there and back; zweimal Kiel, hin und zurück / nur hin two returns (Am. round-trip tickets) / two singles to Kiel2. zeitlich: über oder durch Jahre hin for years; gegen oder zum Abend hin toward(s) evening; bis... ist noch / nicht mehr lange hin... is still a long way off / isn’t far away now; bis Weihnachten sind noch einige Wochen hin we’ve still got a few weeks to go before Christmas, Christmas is still a few weeks off3. ziellos: hin und her gehen, laufen etc.: to and fro, back and forth; auf dem Stuhl hin und her rutschen fidget around on one’s seat; von den Wellen hin und her geworfen werden be tossed around by the waves; wir haben hin und her geredet oder überlegt etc. fig. we to-ed and fro-ed, Am. we went here and there; etw. hin und her überlegen fig. turn s.th. over in one’s mind; hin und her gerissen sein fig. be torn ( zwischen between); begeistert: be absolutely delighted ( von with, by) umg.; gebannt: be entranced ( oder mesmerized) (by); ich bin hin und her gerissen auch I just can’t decide; ein Hin und Her (Kommen und Gehen) coming and going, to-ing and fro-ing; fig. in Diskussion: to-ing and fro-ing, Am. going back and forth; (Wenn und Aber) ifs and buts; nach langem Hin und Her fig. (Verhandeln) after much discussion ( oder talk[ing], bargaining); (Herumprobieren) after many attempts, after much experimentation; (Überlegen) after a lot of to-ing and fro-ing (Am. a lot of hemming and hawing)4. umg.: Freundschaft hin oder her oder Freundschaft hin, Freundschaft her friendship or no; ein paar Euro hin oder her give or take a couple of euros; ein paar Euro hin oder her machen nichts a few euros more or less aren’t going to make any difference; das reicht nicht hin und nicht her that’s nowhere near enough; ich wusste weder hin noch her I didn’t know what on earth to do6. vor sich hin murmeln, weinen etc.: to o.s.; starren, stieren etc.: straight ahead; vor sich hin brüten / dämmern oder dösen / träumen brood / doze / daydream7. auf etw. (Akk) hin als Folge: as a result of, following; als Antwort: in reply to, on; (hinsichtlich) concerning; auf die Gefahr hin zu (+ Inf.) at the risk of (+ Ger.) auf seinen Rat hin on his advice; auf eine Zielgruppe etc. hin konzipiert designed for..., with... in mind; jemanden auf Krebs hin untersuchen test s.o. for cancer; auf den bloßen Verdacht hin purely on suspicion8. umg.: hin sein (kaputt) be broken; (zerschlagen) auch be smashed; (verloren) be gone ( oder lost); (ruiniert) be done for; (erschöpft) be done in, be all in, Am. be wiped out; (tot) be dead and gone; er / es ist hin auch he’s / it’s had it; ich war ganz hin ( und weg) von ihr I was completely mad about ( oder besotted with) her; hin ist hin oder was hin ist, ist hin, da kann man nichts machen what’s done is done, there’s nothing you can do about it* * *hịn [hɪn]adv1)geh doch hin zu ihr! — go to her
nach Süden/Stuttgart hin — towards (Brit) or toward (US) the south/Stuttgart
über die ganze Welt hin — all over the world, throughout the world
nach außen hin (fig) — outwardly
hin fahre ich mit dem Zug, zurück... — on the way out I'll take the train, coming back...
die Fähre geht heute Abend nur noch (zur Insel) hin — the ferry's only making the outward trip or is only going out (to the island) this evening
die Straße verläuft nach rechts hin — the road goes off to the right
dreht euch/seht mal alle zur Tafel hin — face the/look at the blackboard
2)(als Teil eines Wortpaares)
hin und her (räumlich) — to and fro, back and forthhin und her fahren — to travel to and fro, to travel back and forth
jdn/etw hin und her fahren — to drive sb/sth to and fro, to drive sb/sth back and forth
etw hin und her diskutieren — to discuss sth over and over, to discuss sth a lot
das Hin und Her — the comings and goings pl, the to-ings and fro-ings pl
das reicht nicht hin und nicht her (inf) — that won't go very far at all, that's nothing like enough (inf)
Regen/Skandal hin, Regen/Skandal her — rain/scandal or no rain/scandal, whether it rains/whether it's a scandal or not
Mörder/Sohn hin, Mörder/Sohn her — murderer/son or not, I don't care whether he is a murderer/his etc son
eine Fahrkarte hin und zurück — a return (ticket), a round trip ticket (esp US)
hin und zurück? – nein, nur hin bitte — return or round trip ticket (esp US) ? – no, just a single (Brit) or one way please
der Flug von X nach Y hin und zurück kostet... — the return flight or round trip ticket (esp US) from X to Y costs...
hin und wieder — (every) now and then, (every) now and again
3)(zeitlich)
es sind nur noch drei Tage hin — it's only three days (from) nowbis zu den Wahlen sind es noch drei Wochen hin — it's ( still) three weeks till or until the elections
noch weit hin — a long way off or away
lange Zeit hin — for a long time, over a long period
über die Jahre hin — over the years, as (the) years go by
4) (fig)auf meine Bitte/meinen Vorschlag hin — at my request/suggestion
auf meinen Brief/Anruf hin — on account of my letter/phone call
auf die Gefahr hin,... zu werden — at the risk of being...
auf sein Versprechen hin — on the basis of his promise
auf seinen Rat hin — on his advice
hin untersuchen/prüfen — to inspect/check sth for sth
hin planen/anlegen — to plan/design sth with sth in mind
vor sich hin sprechen etc — to talk etc to oneself
vor sich hin stieren — to stare straight ahead, to stare into space
5)(inf als trennbarer Bestandteil von Adverbien)
da will ich nicht hin — I don't want to go (there)wo geht ihr hin? — where are you going?
6)wo ist es/sie hin? — where has it/she gone?
See:* * *[hɪn]die Geschäfte schließen gleich, jetzt aber noch schnell \hin! (fam) the shops will close soon, we'll have to get there quick!wo der so plötzlich \hin ist? where's he gone [or fam disappeared to] all of a sudden?wo willst du \hin? where are you going?bis [zu]/nach... \hin to [or as far as]...bis zu euch \hin werde ich es heute nicht schaffen I won't make it to you [or as far as your place] todayer hat es bis München \hin geschafft he made it as far as [or to] Munichbis zu dieser Stelle \hin up to here\hin und her laufen to run to and fronach Norden \hin towards the northnach rechts \hin to the rightzu jdm/etw \hin to sb/sthschau mal zum Fenster \hin look at the windowder Balkon liegt zur Straße \hin the balcony faces the streetdie Wüste erstreckt sich noch über 200 Kilometer \hin the desert stretches another 200 kilometres3. (einfache Fahrt)eine Fahrkarte nach Bärben-Lohe! — nur \hin oder auch zurück? a ticket to Bärben-Lohe! — just a single or a return [ticket]?\hin und zurück there and backwas kostet eine Fahrkarte nach Bad Tiefenbleichen \hin und zurück? what does a return [ticket] to Bad Tiefenbleichen cost?zu etw \hin towards sthzum Frühjahr \hin führen die Flüsse oft Hochwasser the rivers are often flooded as spring approachesdas ist lange \hin that's a long timewann fährt der Zug? um 21 Uhr 13? das sind ja noch fast zwei Stunden \hin! when does the train leave? at 9.13? that's almost another two hours [to wait]!wie lange ist es noch \hin bis zu deiner Prüfung? how long [or much longer] is it to your exam [or before you take your exam]?bis dahin ist es noch lange \hin there's a long time to go until thenbis Ostern sind nur noch wenige Wochen \hin Easter is only a few weeks offüber die Jahre \hin over the yearsüber eine Woche \hin for a weekes ist fraglich, ob sie sich über diese lange Zeit \hin noch daran erinnern wird it's doubtful whether she will remember that after all this time6.auf das Versprechen \hin, die Schuld in drei Wochen zurückzuzahlen, hat sie ihm das Geld geliehen she agreed to lend him the money when he promised to repay it within three weeksauf die Gefahr \hin, dass ich mich wiederhole at the risk of repeating myselfauf jds Bitte/Vorschlag \hin at sb's request/suggestiondu bist immer müde? vielleicht solltest du dich mal auf Eisenmangel \hin untersuchen lassen you're always tired? perhaps you should have tested yourself for iron deficiencyauf jds Rat \hin on sb's advice▪ \hin sein to have had it fam, to be bust sl; mechanische Geräte to be a write-off fam, to be kaput fam▪ \hin sein to be gone [or a thing of the past▪ [von jdm/etw] \hin sein to be bowled over [by sb/sth], to be taken [with sb/sth]▪ von jdm \hin sein to be smitten by sb12.▶ nach außen \hin outwardlynach außen \hin ruhig wirken to appear calmauf Wirkung nach außen \hin bedacht sein to be concerned about the impression one makesauf einen Tag \hin oder her kommt es nun auch nicht mehr an one day [more or less] won't make any difference▶ ... \hin,... her [o oder her]... or not [or no...]Arbeit \hin, Arbeit her, irgendwann musst du auch mal an etwas anderes denken! work is all very well, but you've got to think about other things some of the timeVertrag \hin oder her, so geht das nicht weiter contract or no contract, it can't go on like this▶ das H\hin und Her (Kommen und Gehen) the to-ing and fro-ing; (der ständige Wechsel) backwards and forwardsich wollte im Wartezimmer lesen, aber bei dem ständigen H\hin und Her konnte ich mich nicht konzentrieren I wanted to read in the waiting room but with all the constant to-ing and fro-ing I couldn't concentratenach einigem/langem H\hin und Her after some/a lot of discussionstill vor sich \hin weinen to cry quietly to oneself▶ \hin und wieder from time to time, every now and then [or again]* * *1) (räumlich)bis zu dieser Stelle hin — [up] to this point; as far as here
2) (zeitlich)zum Herbst hin — towards the autumn; as autumn approaches/approached
selbst/auch auf die Gefahr hin, einen Fehler zu begehen — even at the risk of making a mistake
4)einmal Köln hin und zurück — a return [ticket] to Cologne
Hin und zurück? - Nein, nur hin — Return? - No, just a single
hin und her — to and fro; back and forth
hin und her beraten/reden — go backwards and forwards over the same old ground
nach langem Hin und Her — after a great deal of argument
hin und wieder — [every] now and then
5) (elliptisch)hin zu ihm! — [hurry up,] to him!
hin sein — (ugs.): (hingegangen, -gefahren sein) have gone
6)7)von jemandem/etwas ganz hin sein — (ugs.): (hingerissen sein) be mad about somebody/bowled over by something
8)das Auto ist hin — (ugs.) the car is a write-off
er ist hin — (salopp): (tot) he has snuffed it (sl.)
wenn er richtig zuschlägt, bist du hin — (salopp): (tot) if he really hits you you've had it (coll.)
* * *hin adv1. räumlich:an … (dat)auf (+akk) oderzu … hin toward(s), to;(bis) zu … hin as far as, up to;nach außen hin fig outwardly;der Wald erstreckt sich über viele Quadratkilometer hin the forest stretches over many square kilometres (US -ers);seine Sachen sind über das ganze Zimmer hin verstreut his things are scattered all over the room;nichts wie hin! what are we waiting for?;hin und zurück there and back;2. zeitlich:durch Jahre hin for years;zum Abend hin toward(s) evening;bis … ist noch/nicht mehr lange hin … is still a long way off/isn’t far away now;bis Weihnachten sind noch einige Wochen hin we’ve still got a few weeks to go before Christmas, Christmas is still a few weeks off3. ziellos:hin und her gehen, laufen etc: to and fro, back and forth;auf dem Stuhl hin und her rutschen fidget around on one’s seat;von den Wellen hin und her geworfen werden be tossed around by the waves;etwas hin und her überlegen fig turn sth over in one’s mind;hin und her gerissen sein fig be torn (zwischen between); begeistert: be absolutely delighted (ich bin hin und her gerissen auch I just can’t decide;ein Hin und Her (Kommen und Gehen) coming and going, to-ing and fro-ing; fig in Diskussion: to-ing and fro-ing, US going back and forth; (Wenn und Aber) ifs and buts;nach langem Hin und Her fig (Verhandeln) after much discussion ( oder talk[ing], bargaining); (Herumprobieren) after many attempts, after much experimentation; (Überlegen) after a lot of to-ing and fro-ing (US a lot of hemming and hawing)4. umg:Freundschaft hin, Freundschaft her friendship or no;ein paar Euro hin oder her give or take a couple of euros;ein paar Euro hin oder her machen nichts a few euros more or less aren’t going to make any difference;das reicht nicht hin und nicht her that’s nowhere near enough;ich wusste weder hin noch her I didn’t know what on earth to do5.6.vor sich hin brüten/dämmern oderdösen/träumen brood/doze/daydream7.auf etwas (akk)auf seinen Rat hin on his advice;auf eine Zielgruppe etchin konzipiert designed for …, with … in mind;jemanden auf Krebs hin untersuchen test sb for cancer;auf den bloßen Verdacht hin purely on suspicion8. umg:hin sein (kaputt) be broken; (zerschlagen) auch be smashed; (verloren) be gone ( oder lost); (ruiniert) be done for; (erschöpft) be done in, be all in, US be wiped out; (tot) be dead and gone;er/es ist hin auch he’s/it’s had it;was hin ist, ist hin, da kann man nichts machen what’s done is done, there’s nothing you can do about it* * *1) (räumlich)bis zu dieser Stelle hin — [up] to this point; as far as here
2) (zeitlich)zum Herbst hin — towards the autumn; as autumn approaches/approached
selbst/auch auf die Gefahr hin, einen Fehler zu begehen — even at the risk of making a mistake
4)einmal Köln hin und zurück — a return [ticket] to Cologne
Hin und zurück? - Nein, nur hin — Return? - No, just a single
hin und her — to and fro; back and forth
hin und her beraten/reden — go backwards and forwards over the same old ground
hin und wieder — [every] now and then
5) (elliptisch)hin zu ihm! — [hurry up,] to him!
hin sein — (ugs.): (hingegangen, -gefahren sein) have gone
6)7)von jemandem/etwas ganz hin sein — (ugs.): (hingerissen sein) be mad about somebody/bowled over by something
8)hin sein — (ugs.): (nicht mehr brauchbar sein) have had it (coll.)
das Auto ist hin — (ugs.) the car is a write-off
er ist hin — (salopp): (tot) he has snuffed it (sl.)
-
74 ratio
rătĭo, ōnis, f. [reor, ratus] - voir l'article ratio de Gaffiot. [st1]1 [-] calcul. - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil. 204: compter sur ses doigts. - rationem puta, Plaut. Most. 297: compte, calcule. - ratione inita, Caes. BG. 7, 71, 4: le calcul fait, tout compte fait. - au fig. vix ratio iniri potest... Caes. BG. 7, 24, 4 ; Liv. 29, 17, 19: c'est à peine possible de calculer (de déterminer)... - au fig. subducta utilitatis ratione, Cic. Fin. 2, 78: en faisant le calcul de l'intérêt. - rationem ducere, Cic. Verr. 2, 129: calculer, supputer. - au plur. rationibus subductis, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10: après avoir établi mes calculs. - au fig. periculi sui rationes, Cic. Verr. 5, 105: les calculs de ses risques. [st1]2 [-] résultat du calcul, évaluation, chiffre. - istaec ratio maxumast, Plaut. Trin. 413: c'est là le plus gros chiffre. - ad mensurae exiguam rationem, Cic. Verr. 3, 215: selon une faible évaluation de la mesure, selon une mesure chichement établie. - ad nostrorum annalium rationem, Cic. Br. 49: par rapport à l'évaluation de nos annales, par rapport au chiffre de nos années d'existence historique (cf. ut populi Romani aetas est, Cic. Br. 39: par rapport à l'âge du peuple romain). - pro ratione pecuniae, Cic. Att. 6, 35: vu l'évaluation de la somme, vu le chiffre. - au fig. ad meam rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 13: par rapport à moi. - ad antiquae religionis rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 10, par rapport aux scrupules d'autrefois. [st1]3 [-] compte (au pr. et au fig.) - putatur ratio cum argentario... Plaut. Aul. 527: on fait le compte avec le banquier... - ubi disputatast ratio cum argentario, Plaut. Aul. 528: quand on s'est mis d'accord sur le compte avec le banquier. - ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance. - ratio accepti atque expensi, Plaut.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance. - bene ratio accepti atque expensi inter nos convenit, Plaut. Most. 304: nous avons des comptes de recettes et dépenses qui se balancent exactement. - ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael. 59: pour que la balance soit égale entre le reçu et le donné. - rationem et numerum habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: avoir le compte et le chiffre exacts. - rationem habere + gén. ou ut + subj.: tenir compte de, se soucier de, se rendre compte de, prendre en compte. - ejus absentis rationem habere, Caes. BC. 1: tenir compte de son absence. - habere rationem posteritatis, Caes. BC. 1, 13: tenir compte de l'avenir. - salutis suae rationem ducere, Cic.: tenir compte de son salut, songer à son salut. - habebant rationem quotidie piratarum, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: ils tenaient un compte journalier des pirates, cf. Caes. BG. 6, 19, 2. - habenda ratio est ut... Cic. Lael. 24, 89: il faut prendre soin de... - avec sub. inter. habeo rationem quid a populo Romano acceperim, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14 § 36: je me rends compte de ce que j'ai reçu du peuple romain. - neque illud rationis habuisti, eam provinciam ad summam stultitiam venisse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15: et tu ne t'es pas rendu compte que cette fonction était tombée sur le plus fou des hommes. - quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset, Caes. BG. 1, 29, 1: sur ces registres était consigné un compte nominatif de tous ceux qui avaient émigré, cf. Cic. Phil. 5, 16. - rationem reddere, Plaut. Men. 206; Cic. Verr. 4. 140: rendre un compte, remettre un compte. - quattuor minae periere, ut ratio redditur, Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 23: les quatre mines sont perdues quand on fait le compte. - rationem referre, Cic. Verr. 1, 98: rendre un compte, remettre un compte. - pecuniam in rationem inducere, Cic. Verr. 1, 106: porter une somme en compte. - septem millia. Py. tantum esse oportet: recte rationem tenes, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 47: sept mille. Py. ça doit être tout: tu comptes bien. - grandem (pecuniam) quemadmodum in rationem inducerent, non videbant, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, 106: ils ne voyaient pas de quelle manière ils pourraient porter en compte une somme considérable. - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil.: compter sur ses doigts. - au plur. rationes referre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 1; rationes conferre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes conficere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: rendre, remettre des comptes; les rapprocher, les collationner, les dresser; les arrêter d'une manière définitive. - rationes deponere, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes relinquere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: déposer ses comptes (en parl. du magistrat qui quitte sa prov.), les laisser (dans les deux principales villes de la province, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2). - rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2: remettre au trésor une copie textuelle de ses comptes. - rationes societatis, Cic. Quinct. 19: les comptes d'une société. - au fig. rationem reddere alicujus rei, Cic. Caec. 28: rendre compte de qqch. - rationem reddere de aliqua re, Cic. Verr. 4, 141: rendre compte de qqch. - uter igitur facilius suae sententiae rationem redderet, isne qui... an ille qui...? Cic. Clu.: qui donc rendrait plus facilement compte de son vote, celui qui... ou celui qui...? - tibi ego rationem reddam? Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 6: faut-il que je te rende des comptes? - ab aliquo rationem reposcere, Caes. BG. 5, 30, 2: réclamer des comptes à qqn. - ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me... convenias, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 6: pour que tu puisses calculer l'endroit où me joindre... - clarorum virorum non minus otii quam negotii rationem exstare oportere, Cic. Planc. 66: (ce mot de Caton) que les grands hommes doivent produire le compte (la justification) aussi bien de leurs loisirs que de leurs occupations. - petitionis tuae ratio mihi semper fuit explorata, Cic. Fam. 15, 13, 1: j'ai toujours considéré le compte de ta candidature comme réglé (le succès assuré). - non habet explicatam aut exploratam rationem salutis suae, Cic. Fam. 6, 1: l'affaire de son salut n'est pas mise au net pour lui ni assurée. - corporis bona facilem quamdam rationem habere censebant, Cic. Fin. 4, 19: les biens du corps, selon eux, comportaient un règlement facile (question facile à résoudre). [st1]4 [-] registre, rôle. - ratio carceris, Cic. Verr. 5, 147: le registre d'écrou. - rationes imperii, Suet. Calig. 16.: les comptes de l'empire. [st1]5 [-] compte des opérations que l'on fait avec qqn, relations commerciales, d'intérêts; affaires, intérêts. - magnae pecuniae rationem habere cum aliquo, Cic. Verr. 2, 187: être en compte avec qqn pour des sommes importantes. - istos inter se non res, non ratio conjunxit, Cic. Verr. 3, 22: ces individus furent unis entre eux non point par les affaires, non point par les comptes. - cf. Cic. Verr. 2. 172; 5, 8 ; Plaut. Amp. 4; Plaut. Ps. 626. - de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic. Quinct. 15: sur tout ce qui concernait ces opérations et ces propriétés de Gaule. - omnes, quibuscum ratio huic aut est aut fuit, Cic. Quinct. 75: tous ceux avec qui il est ou a été en relations d'affaires. - quae ratio tibi cum eo intercesserat? Cic. Com. 41: quel compte était intervenu entre lui et toi? cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 188. - magnā ratione cum aliquo contractā, Cic. Sull. 56: un grand compte étant à régler avec qqn. - haec ratio pecuniarum, Cic. Pomp. 19: ces comptes d'argent, ce mouvement d'argent. - au fig. agricolae habent rationem cum terra, Cic. CM 51: les laboureurs sont en affaires avec le sol, ont affaire au sol. - cum omnibus Musis rationem habere, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 2: nouer des relations, entrer en commerce avec toutes les Muses. - pacis quae potest esse cum eo ratio? Cic. Phil. 4, 14: quels rapports la paix peut-elle avoir avec lui? - publicani suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, Cic. Pomp. 17: les publicains ont transporté dans cette province leurs intérêts et leurs ressources. - non est alienum meis rationibus istum... reservari, Cic. Verr. 5, 173: il n'est pas contraire à mes intérêts que cet homme soit réservé à... ; cf. Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 5. [st1]6 [-] calcul, compte, considération, égard. - rationem alicujus rei ducere, Cic. Amer. 128: tenir compte de qqch, cf. Cic. Caecil. 16 ; Quinct. 53 ; Fam. 7, 3, 1. - duxi meam rationem, Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, 7: j'ai tenu compte de moi, de mes intérêts, cf. Cic. Verr. 1, 126. - valetudinis, rei familiaris habere rationem, Cic. Fin. 5, 48: tenir compte de sa santé, de son patrimoine. - habuit victoriae rationem, habuit humanitatis, Cic. Verr. 4, 120: il tint compte de.. = il fit la part de la victoire, la part de l'humanité. - sauciorum et aegrorum habitā ratione, Caes. BC. 3, 75, 1: en tenant compte des..., en ayant égard aux blessés et aux malades. - hanc rationem habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 101 = hujus rei rationem: tenir compte de cela, réfléchir à cela. - habeo rationem quid... acceperim, Cic. Verr. 5, 36: je me rends compte de la mission que j'ai reçue... - neque illud rationis habuisti + prop. inf. Cic. Verr. 5, 38: tu n'as pas pris en considération que..., cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 70. - habuisti rationem, ut mihi consuleres, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1: tu as pris en considération (de veiller à mes intérêts) le soin de mes intérêts. - occurrebat illa ratio: quid Cleomene fiet? Cic. Verr. 5, 104: à sa pensée se présentait ce calcul (ces considérations, réflexions): quel sera le sort de Cléomène? - similis ratio pudoris, Cic. Caec. 77: la même considération de pudeur. - praecipere tempestatum rationem et praedonum et locorum, Cic. Mur. 4: enseigner la considération de = recommander d'avoir égard aux tempêtes, aux pirates, aux passages dangereux. - propter rationem brevitatis, Cic. Verr. 1, 103: en considération de la brièveté. - propter aerariam rationem, Cic. Quinct. 17: parce qu'il fallait tenir compte de la monnaie (de la différence des monnaies). [st1]7 [-] système, procédé, méthode, plan... - tua ratio est, ut... Cic. Verr. pr. 34: ta méthode est de..., cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 292. - inita ratio est, ut... Cic. Rep. 2, 61: on inaugura un nouveau système, à savoir... - reperta est eadem istius ratio in praesidiis, quae in classibus, Cic. Verr. 5, 87: son système se retrouva le même en fait de garnisons qu'en fait de flottes. - haec in philosophia ratio contra omnia disserendi, Cic. Nat. 1, 11: cette méthode philosophique d'argumenter contre tout. - vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae, Cic. Pomp. 1: le plan de conduite que j'ai adopté depuis ma jeunesse. - novae bellandi rationes, Caes. BC. 3, 50, 1: de nouvelles méthodes de guerroyer. - magis decernendi ratio quam decertandi fortitudo, Cic. Off. 1, 80: ** la méthode qui consiste à trancher (un conflit)** = le règlement concerté plutôt que le courage placé dans un combat. - ratio inveniendi officii, Cic. Off. 1, 107 (= inventio officii): la découverte du devoir. - quae omnia perfacilem rationem habent reprehendendi, Cic. Col. 62: tout cela comporte une critique très facile. - ratio rogandi, Cic. Inv. 52: le procédé de l'interrogation, l'interrogation. - ratio disserendi, Cic. Br. 120: l'art d'argumenter, la dialectique. - praecipiendi ratio, Cic. Q. 1, 1, 18: le ton du précepte. [st1]8 [-] évaluation d'une chose: système, manière d'être, aspect, état, disposition, régime... - cum duplex ratio sit orationis, Cic. Off. 2, 48: comme la parole (l'éloquence) a deux formes. - judicia, quorum ratio duplex est, Cic. Off. 2, 49: les affaires judiciaires qui ont une double modalité (l'accusation, la défense), cf. Cic. Off. 2, 52. - explicare rationes rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 1, 13: exposer les systèmes, les organisations, les régimes politiques. - ratio comitiorum, Cic. Mur. 35: le régime des comices, des élections. - propter rationem Gallici belli, Cic. Prov. 19: à cause du caractère particulier de la guerre contre les Gaulois. - tripartita ab iis inducitur ratio bonorum, Cic. Ac. 1, 21: ils présentent trois espèces de biens. - castrensis ratio, Cic. Col. 11: la manière des camps, la vie des camps. - ad novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes accommodare, Cic. Pomp. 60: à des conjonctures nouvelles approprier un système de mesures nouvelles. - hoc genus inest in ratione rerum, Cic. de Or. 2, 47: ce genre est dans la nature des choses. - rerum ratio, verborum ratio, Cic. de Or. 2, 63: l'économie des faits, des mots, disposition des faits, des mots. - mentis ratio perfecta, Cic. Fin. 5, 40: un parfait état de l'intelligence. - ratio atque inclinatio temporum, Cic. Verr. 5, 177: l'état des circonstances et le sens où elles inclinent. - mei rationem officii confido esse persolutam, Cic. Verr. 5, 177, j'ai la conviction que tout ce que comporte mon devoir est accompli. - quemadmodum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui, Cic. Cat. 2, 13: j'ai montré comment le plan de toute la guerre était arrêté pour lui. - ratio ordoque agminis, Caes. BG. 2, 19, 1: la disposition et l'ordre de la colonne. - rationem pontis hanc instituit, Caes. BG. 4, 17, 3: il fixa pour le pont la disposition suivante. - instituta ratio, Cic. Or. 162: plan fixé. - ratio judiciorum, Cic Br. 306: organisation, fonctionnement des tribunaux. - ratio rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 2, 52: une organisation politique. - rationes civitatum, Cic. Rep. 2, 22: des organisations politiques. - haec eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via, Cic. Verr. 5, 181: voilà également la direction et la voie (**de mon système, de mon plan de vie**), que ma vie se propose. - eadem ratione, Cic. Cat. 3, 11: de la même manière. - eadem ratione, qua pridie... Caes. BG. 5, 40, 3: de la même manière que la veille. - longe alia ratione... atque... Caes. BG. 7, 14, 2: d'une tout autre manière que... - omni ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 65, 5: par tous les moyens. - nulla ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 70: par aucun moyen, cf. Caes. BC 3, 85, 2 ; Cic. Balb. 62. - quibus rationibus, Caes. BC. 3, 83, 4: par quels moyens, cf. Caes. BC. 3, 18; 3, 58; Cic. CM 6 ; etc. - honestis rationibus, Cic. R. Post. 38: par des moyens honorables. [st1]9 [-] évaluation de ce que comporte, de ce qu'embrasse une chose: son champ, son domaine, sa sphère, son cadre; parti (politique). - in rationem utilitatis cadere, Cic. Off. 1, 9: rentrer dans le calcul de l'utile = se rapporter à l'utile, au domaine, au chapitre de l'utile. - haec res non solum ex domestica est ratione, attingit etiam bellicam, Cic. Off. 1, 76: cet acte n'est pas seulement de l'ordre des faits civils, il touche aussi à l'ordre des faits guerriers. - in dissimili ratione, Cic. Cat. 2, 9: dans une autre sphère, dans un ordre de choses différent. - in eam rationem loqui, Cic. Verr. 1, 69, parler dans cet ordre d'idées, dans ce sens. - epistolis tuis in eamdem rationem scriptis, Cic. Att. 1, 11, 1: tes lettres étant écrites dans le même sens. - popularis ratio, Cic. Sest. 101: démocratie, parti démocratique, cf. Cic. Balb. 58. [st1]10 [-] faculté de calculer, de raisonner, raison, jugement, intelligence; manière de faire raisonnable, judicieuse. - homo, quod rationis est particeps, Cic. Off. 1, 11: l'homme, parce qu'il a en partage la raison. - recta ratio, absoluta ratio, Cic. Tusc 4, 34; 5, 39: droite raison, raison parfaite. - minari ratio non erat, Cic Verr. pr. 24: il n'était pas raisonnable de menacer. - nulla ratio est amittere... Cic. Caec. 15: ce n'est pas du tout raisonnable de laisser échapper... - ratione voluptatem sequi, Cic. Fin. 1, 32: rechercher le plaisir judicieusement. - ratione facere, Cic. Att. 12, 4, 3: agir judicieusement. - intervallis pro rata parte ratione distinctis, Cic. Rep. 6, 18: avec des intervalles calculés suivant des proportions judicieuses. - declinatio, cum ratione fiet... Cic. Tusc. 4, 13: quand on se détournera du mal par des moyens raisonnables... [st1]11 [-] explication qui rend compte d'une chose, explication, raison. - causa et ratio efficiens magnos viros, Cic. Off. 1, 67: la cause et la raison qui produisent les grandes âmes. - quorum omnium causas si a Chrysippo quaeram, numquam illa dicet facta fortuito naturalemque rationem omnium reddet, Cic. Div. 2, 61: si je demande à Chrysippe la cause de tous ces phénomènes, jamais il ne dira qu'ils sont l'effet du hasard, il donnera de tous une explication naturelle. - quorum omnium una ratio est, Cic. Div. 2, 60: pour tous ces phénomènes, il n'y a qu'une seule explication. - tempestates saepe improviso nulla ex certa ratione, obscura aliqua ex causa concitantur, Cic. Mur 36: les tempêtes souvent s'élèvent à l'improviste sans que rien de précis les explique, par on ne sait quelle cause obscure. - facti si non bonam, at aliquam rationem adferre, Cic. Verr. 3, 195: donner d'une action une raison sinon bonne du moins existante. - mei consilii causa ratioque, Cic. Caecil. 1: la cause et la raison de ma détermination. [st1]12 [-] raison, considération, raisonnement; argumentation; ce qui est fondé sur la raison. - aliquid confirmare argumentis ac rationibus, Cic. de Or. 2, 80: prouver qqch par des arguments et des raisonnements, cf. Cic. Or. 44. - rationibus conquisitis, Cic. Fin. 1, 31: avec des considérations bien choisies, cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 116, Rep. 1, 4, etc. - bonae tuae istae rationes, Ter. Ad. 836: ces belles considérations que tu débites. - causae ratio, Cic. Inv. 1, 18: le raisonnement sur lequel repose une cause. - nihil rationis adfers, quamobrem adimi civitas possit, Cic. Caec. 96: tu n'apportes aucune raison qui justifie qu'on puisse enlever le droit de cité, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 115. - rationem concludere, Cic. Nat. 2, 22: conclure un raisonnement, cf. Cic. Nat. 3, 23; Div. 2, 25; etc. - necessaria mathematicorum ratione concludere, Cic. Fin. 5, 9: arriver à des conclusions par la rigueur d'un raisonnement mathématique. - quae ratione docentur et via, Cic. Or. 116, ce que l'on enseigne d'une façon rationnelle et méthodique, cf. Cic. Or. 10; Fin 1, 29. - ratione et numero moveri, Cic. Nat. 2, 43: avoir des mouvements rationnels et rythmés. [st1]13 [-] théorie, principes théoriques, doctrine, système scientifique, art. - sine ulla arte aut ratione, quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava, dijudicant, Cic. de Or. 3, 195: sans posséder aucune science particulière, aucune connaissance théorique, ils savent discerner dans les réalisations des sciences et des théories ce qui est bien et mal. - de ratione Latine loquendi scripsit, Cic. Br. 253: il écrivit sur la théorie du pur langage latin. - rei militaris ratio et ordo, Caes. BG. 2, 22, 1: les règles théoriques et le dispositif que fixe l'art militaire, cf. Caes. BG 4, 23, 5. - ratio atque usus belli, Caes. BG. 4, 1, 6: la théorie et la pratique de la guerre, cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 80. - Epicuri ratio, Cic. Fin. 1, 13: la théorie d'Epicure. - Cynicorum ratio, Cic. Off. 1, 148: la doctrine des Cyniques. - (si est in me) hujus rei ratio aliqua, Cic. Arch. 1: si j'ai en la matière quelques connaissances théoriques. - mea sic est ratio, Ter. Ad. 60: voici ma théorie, ma doctrine, cf. Cic. Fin. 5, 12; Tusc. 5, 108, etc. - oratio quidem ipsa propria est hujus unius rationis, de qua quaerimus, Cic. de Or, 1, 49: en tout cas le style lui-même appartient uniquement à cet art sur lequel porte notre enquête. - ratio dicendi: (souvent) art oratoire, cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 4 ; 1, 12, etc.* * *rătĭo, ōnis, f. [reor, ratus] - voir l'article ratio de Gaffiot. [st1]1 [-] calcul. - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil. 204: compter sur ses doigts. - rationem puta, Plaut. Most. 297: compte, calcule. - ratione inita, Caes. BG. 7, 71, 4: le calcul fait, tout compte fait. - au fig. vix ratio iniri potest... Caes. BG. 7, 24, 4 ; Liv. 29, 17, 19: c'est à peine possible de calculer (de déterminer)... - au fig. subducta utilitatis ratione, Cic. Fin. 2, 78: en faisant le calcul de l'intérêt. - rationem ducere, Cic. Verr. 2, 129: calculer, supputer. - au plur. rationibus subductis, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10: après avoir établi mes calculs. - au fig. periculi sui rationes, Cic. Verr. 5, 105: les calculs de ses risques. [st1]2 [-] résultat du calcul, évaluation, chiffre. - istaec ratio maxumast, Plaut. Trin. 413: c'est là le plus gros chiffre. - ad mensurae exiguam rationem, Cic. Verr. 3, 215: selon une faible évaluation de la mesure, selon une mesure chichement établie. - ad nostrorum annalium rationem, Cic. Br. 49: par rapport à l'évaluation de nos annales, par rapport au chiffre de nos années d'existence historique (cf. ut populi Romani aetas est, Cic. Br. 39: par rapport à l'âge du peuple romain). - pro ratione pecuniae, Cic. Att. 6, 35: vu l'évaluation de la somme, vu le chiffre. - au fig. ad meam rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 13: par rapport à moi. - ad antiquae religionis rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 10, par rapport aux scrupules d'autrefois. [st1]3 [-] compte (au pr. et au fig.) - putatur ratio cum argentario... Plaut. Aul. 527: on fait le compte avec le banquier... - ubi disputatast ratio cum argentario, Plaut. Aul. 528: quand on s'est mis d'accord sur le compte avec le banquier. - ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance. - ratio accepti atque expensi, Plaut.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance. - bene ratio accepti atque expensi inter nos convenit, Plaut. Most. 304: nous avons des comptes de recettes et dépenses qui se balancent exactement. - ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael. 59: pour que la balance soit égale entre le reçu et le donné. - rationem et numerum habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: avoir le compte et le chiffre exacts. - rationem habere + gén. ou ut + subj.: tenir compte de, se soucier de, se rendre compte de, prendre en compte. - ejus absentis rationem habere, Caes. BC. 1: tenir compte de son absence. - habere rationem posteritatis, Caes. BC. 1, 13: tenir compte de l'avenir. - salutis suae rationem ducere, Cic.: tenir compte de son salut, songer à son salut. - habebant rationem quotidie piratarum, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: ils tenaient un compte journalier des pirates, cf. Caes. BG. 6, 19, 2. - habenda ratio est ut... Cic. Lael. 24, 89: il faut prendre soin de... - avec sub. inter. habeo rationem quid a populo Romano acceperim, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14 § 36: je me rends compte de ce que j'ai reçu du peuple romain. - neque illud rationis habuisti, eam provinciam ad summam stultitiam venisse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15: et tu ne t'es pas rendu compte que cette fonction était tombée sur le plus fou des hommes. - quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset, Caes. BG. 1, 29, 1: sur ces registres était consigné un compte nominatif de tous ceux qui avaient émigré, cf. Cic. Phil. 5, 16. - rationem reddere, Plaut. Men. 206; Cic. Verr. 4. 140: rendre un compte, remettre un compte. - quattuor minae periere, ut ratio redditur, Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 23: les quatre mines sont perdues quand on fait le compte. - rationem referre, Cic. Verr. 1, 98: rendre un compte, remettre un compte. - pecuniam in rationem inducere, Cic. Verr. 1, 106: porter une somme en compte. - septem millia. Py. tantum esse oportet: recte rationem tenes, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 47: sept mille. Py. ça doit être tout: tu comptes bien. - grandem (pecuniam) quemadmodum in rationem inducerent, non videbant, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, 106: ils ne voyaient pas de quelle manière ils pourraient porter en compte une somme considérable. - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil.: compter sur ses doigts. - au plur. rationes referre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 1; rationes conferre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes conficere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: rendre, remettre des comptes; les rapprocher, les collationner, les dresser; les arrêter d'une manière définitive. - rationes deponere, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes relinquere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: déposer ses comptes (en parl. du magistrat qui quitte sa prov.), les laisser (dans les deux principales villes de la province, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2). - rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2: remettre au trésor une copie textuelle de ses comptes. - rationes societatis, Cic. Quinct. 19: les comptes d'une société. - au fig. rationem reddere alicujus rei, Cic. Caec. 28: rendre compte de qqch. - rationem reddere de aliqua re, Cic. Verr. 4, 141: rendre compte de qqch. - uter igitur facilius suae sententiae rationem redderet, isne qui... an ille qui...? Cic. Clu.: qui donc rendrait plus facilement compte de son vote, celui qui... ou celui qui...? - tibi ego rationem reddam? Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 6: faut-il que je te rende des comptes? - ab aliquo rationem reposcere, Caes. BG. 5, 30, 2: réclamer des comptes à qqn. - ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me... convenias, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 6: pour que tu puisses calculer l'endroit où me joindre... - clarorum virorum non minus otii quam negotii rationem exstare oportere, Cic. Planc. 66: (ce mot de Caton) que les grands hommes doivent produire le compte (la justification) aussi bien de leurs loisirs que de leurs occupations. - petitionis tuae ratio mihi semper fuit explorata, Cic. Fam. 15, 13, 1: j'ai toujours considéré le compte de ta candidature comme réglé (le succès assuré). - non habet explicatam aut exploratam rationem salutis suae, Cic. Fam. 6, 1: l'affaire de son salut n'est pas mise au net pour lui ni assurée. - corporis bona facilem quamdam rationem habere censebant, Cic. Fin. 4, 19: les biens du corps, selon eux, comportaient un règlement facile (question facile à résoudre). [st1]4 [-] registre, rôle. - ratio carceris, Cic. Verr. 5, 147: le registre d'écrou. - rationes imperii, Suet. Calig. 16.: les comptes de l'empire. [st1]5 [-] compte des opérations que l'on fait avec qqn, relations commerciales, d'intérêts; affaires, intérêts. - magnae pecuniae rationem habere cum aliquo, Cic. Verr. 2, 187: être en compte avec qqn pour des sommes importantes. - istos inter se non res, non ratio conjunxit, Cic. Verr. 3, 22: ces individus furent unis entre eux non point par les affaires, non point par les comptes. - cf. Cic. Verr. 2. 172; 5, 8 ; Plaut. Amp. 4; Plaut. Ps. 626. - de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic. Quinct. 15: sur tout ce qui concernait ces opérations et ces propriétés de Gaule. - omnes, quibuscum ratio huic aut est aut fuit, Cic. Quinct. 75: tous ceux avec qui il est ou a été en relations d'affaires. - quae ratio tibi cum eo intercesserat? Cic. Com. 41: quel compte était intervenu entre lui et toi? cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 188. - magnā ratione cum aliquo contractā, Cic. Sull. 56: un grand compte étant à régler avec qqn. - haec ratio pecuniarum, Cic. Pomp. 19: ces comptes d'argent, ce mouvement d'argent. - au fig. agricolae habent rationem cum terra, Cic. CM 51: les laboureurs sont en affaires avec le sol, ont affaire au sol. - cum omnibus Musis rationem habere, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 2: nouer des relations, entrer en commerce avec toutes les Muses. - pacis quae potest esse cum eo ratio? Cic. Phil. 4, 14: quels rapports la paix peut-elle avoir avec lui? - publicani suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, Cic. Pomp. 17: les publicains ont transporté dans cette province leurs intérêts et leurs ressources. - non est alienum meis rationibus istum... reservari, Cic. Verr. 5, 173: il n'est pas contraire à mes intérêts que cet homme soit réservé à... ; cf. Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 5. [st1]6 [-] calcul, compte, considération, égard. - rationem alicujus rei ducere, Cic. Amer. 128: tenir compte de qqch, cf. Cic. Caecil. 16 ; Quinct. 53 ; Fam. 7, 3, 1. - duxi meam rationem, Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, 7: j'ai tenu compte de moi, de mes intérêts, cf. Cic. Verr. 1, 126. - valetudinis, rei familiaris habere rationem, Cic. Fin. 5, 48: tenir compte de sa santé, de son patrimoine. - habuit victoriae rationem, habuit humanitatis, Cic. Verr. 4, 120: il tint compte de.. = il fit la part de la victoire, la part de l'humanité. - sauciorum et aegrorum habitā ratione, Caes. BC. 3, 75, 1: en tenant compte des..., en ayant égard aux blessés et aux malades. - hanc rationem habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 101 = hujus rei rationem: tenir compte de cela, réfléchir à cela. - habeo rationem quid... acceperim, Cic. Verr. 5, 36: je me rends compte de la mission que j'ai reçue... - neque illud rationis habuisti + prop. inf. Cic. Verr. 5, 38: tu n'as pas pris en considération que..., cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 70. - habuisti rationem, ut mihi consuleres, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1: tu as pris en considération (de veiller à mes intérêts) le soin de mes intérêts. - occurrebat illa ratio: quid Cleomene fiet? Cic. Verr. 5, 104: à sa pensée se présentait ce calcul (ces considérations, réflexions): quel sera le sort de Cléomène? - similis ratio pudoris, Cic. Caec. 77: la même considération de pudeur. - praecipere tempestatum rationem et praedonum et locorum, Cic. Mur. 4: enseigner la considération de = recommander d'avoir égard aux tempêtes, aux pirates, aux passages dangereux. - propter rationem brevitatis, Cic. Verr. 1, 103: en considération de la brièveté. - propter aerariam rationem, Cic. Quinct. 17: parce qu'il fallait tenir compte de la monnaie (de la différence des monnaies). [st1]7 [-] système, procédé, méthode, plan... - tua ratio est, ut... Cic. Verr. pr. 34: ta méthode est de..., cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 292. - inita ratio est, ut... Cic. Rep. 2, 61: on inaugura un nouveau système, à savoir... - reperta est eadem istius ratio in praesidiis, quae in classibus, Cic. Verr. 5, 87: son système se retrouva le même en fait de garnisons qu'en fait de flottes. - haec in philosophia ratio contra omnia disserendi, Cic. Nat. 1, 11: cette méthode philosophique d'argumenter contre tout. - vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae, Cic. Pomp. 1: le plan de conduite que j'ai adopté depuis ma jeunesse. - novae bellandi rationes, Caes. BC. 3, 50, 1: de nouvelles méthodes de guerroyer. - magis decernendi ratio quam decertandi fortitudo, Cic. Off. 1, 80: ** la méthode qui consiste à trancher (un conflit)** = le règlement concerté plutôt que le courage placé dans un combat. - ratio inveniendi officii, Cic. Off. 1, 107 (= inventio officii): la découverte du devoir. - quae omnia perfacilem rationem habent reprehendendi, Cic. Col. 62: tout cela comporte une critique très facile. - ratio rogandi, Cic. Inv. 52: le procédé de l'interrogation, l'interrogation. - ratio disserendi, Cic. Br. 120: l'art d'argumenter, la dialectique. - praecipiendi ratio, Cic. Q. 1, 1, 18: le ton du précepte. [st1]8 [-] évaluation d'une chose: système, manière d'être, aspect, état, disposition, régime... - cum duplex ratio sit orationis, Cic. Off. 2, 48: comme la parole (l'éloquence) a deux formes. - judicia, quorum ratio duplex est, Cic. Off. 2, 49: les affaires judiciaires qui ont une double modalité (l'accusation, la défense), cf. Cic. Off. 2, 52. - explicare rationes rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 1, 13: exposer les systèmes, les organisations, les régimes politiques. - ratio comitiorum, Cic. Mur. 35: le régime des comices, des élections. - propter rationem Gallici belli, Cic. Prov. 19: à cause du caractère particulier de la guerre contre les Gaulois. - tripartita ab iis inducitur ratio bonorum, Cic. Ac. 1, 21: ils présentent trois espèces de biens. - castrensis ratio, Cic. Col. 11: la manière des camps, la vie des camps. - ad novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes accommodare, Cic. Pomp. 60: à des conjonctures nouvelles approprier un système de mesures nouvelles. - hoc genus inest in ratione rerum, Cic. de Or. 2, 47: ce genre est dans la nature des choses. - rerum ratio, verborum ratio, Cic. de Or. 2, 63: l'économie des faits, des mots, disposition des faits, des mots. - mentis ratio perfecta, Cic. Fin. 5, 40: un parfait état de l'intelligence. - ratio atque inclinatio temporum, Cic. Verr. 5, 177: l'état des circonstances et le sens où elles inclinent. - mei rationem officii confido esse persolutam, Cic. Verr. 5, 177, j'ai la conviction que tout ce que comporte mon devoir est accompli. - quemadmodum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui, Cic. Cat. 2, 13: j'ai montré comment le plan de toute la guerre était arrêté pour lui. - ratio ordoque agminis, Caes. BG. 2, 19, 1: la disposition et l'ordre de la colonne. - rationem pontis hanc instituit, Caes. BG. 4, 17, 3: il fixa pour le pont la disposition suivante. - instituta ratio, Cic. Or. 162: plan fixé. - ratio judiciorum, Cic Br. 306: organisation, fonctionnement des tribunaux. - ratio rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 2, 52: une organisation politique. - rationes civitatum, Cic. Rep. 2, 22: des organisations politiques. - haec eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via, Cic. Verr. 5, 181: voilà également la direction et la voie (**de mon système, de mon plan de vie**), que ma vie se propose. - eadem ratione, Cic. Cat. 3, 11: de la même manière. - eadem ratione, qua pridie... Caes. BG. 5, 40, 3: de la même manière que la veille. - longe alia ratione... atque... Caes. BG. 7, 14, 2: d'une tout autre manière que... - omni ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 65, 5: par tous les moyens. - nulla ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 70: par aucun moyen, cf. Caes. BC 3, 85, 2 ; Cic. Balb. 62. - quibus rationibus, Caes. BC. 3, 83, 4: par quels moyens, cf. Caes. BC. 3, 18; 3, 58; Cic. CM 6 ; etc. - honestis rationibus, Cic. R. Post. 38: par des moyens honorables. [st1]9 [-] évaluation de ce que comporte, de ce qu'embrasse une chose: son champ, son domaine, sa sphère, son cadre; parti (politique). - in rationem utilitatis cadere, Cic. Off. 1, 9: rentrer dans le calcul de l'utile = se rapporter à l'utile, au domaine, au chapitre de l'utile. - haec res non solum ex domestica est ratione, attingit etiam bellicam, Cic. Off. 1, 76: cet acte n'est pas seulement de l'ordre des faits civils, il touche aussi à l'ordre des faits guerriers. - in dissimili ratione, Cic. Cat. 2, 9: dans une autre sphère, dans un ordre de choses différent. - in eam rationem loqui, Cic. Verr. 1, 69, parler dans cet ordre d'idées, dans ce sens. - epistolis tuis in eamdem rationem scriptis, Cic. Att. 1, 11, 1: tes lettres étant écrites dans le même sens. - popularis ratio, Cic. Sest. 101: démocratie, parti démocratique, cf. Cic. Balb. 58. [st1]10 [-] faculté de calculer, de raisonner, raison, jugement, intelligence; manière de faire raisonnable, judicieuse. - homo, quod rationis est particeps, Cic. Off. 1, 11: l'homme, parce qu'il a en partage la raison. - recta ratio, absoluta ratio, Cic. Tusc 4, 34; 5, 39: droite raison, raison parfaite. - minari ratio non erat, Cic Verr. pr. 24: il n'était pas raisonnable de menacer. - nulla ratio est amittere... Cic. Caec. 15: ce n'est pas du tout raisonnable de laisser échapper... - ratione voluptatem sequi, Cic. Fin. 1, 32: rechercher le plaisir judicieusement. - ratione facere, Cic. Att. 12, 4, 3: agir judicieusement. - intervallis pro rata parte ratione distinctis, Cic. Rep. 6, 18: avec des intervalles calculés suivant des proportions judicieuses. - declinatio, cum ratione fiet... Cic. Tusc. 4, 13: quand on se détournera du mal par des moyens raisonnables... [st1]11 [-] explication qui rend compte d'une chose, explication, raison. - causa et ratio efficiens magnos viros, Cic. Off. 1, 67: la cause et la raison qui produisent les grandes âmes. - quorum omnium causas si a Chrysippo quaeram, numquam illa dicet facta fortuito naturalemque rationem omnium reddet, Cic. Div. 2, 61: si je demande à Chrysippe la cause de tous ces phénomènes, jamais il ne dira qu'ils sont l'effet du hasard, il donnera de tous une explication naturelle. - quorum omnium una ratio est, Cic. Div. 2, 60: pour tous ces phénomènes, il n'y a qu'une seule explication. - tempestates saepe improviso nulla ex certa ratione, obscura aliqua ex causa concitantur, Cic. Mur 36: les tempêtes souvent s'élèvent à l'improviste sans que rien de précis les explique, par on ne sait quelle cause obscure. - facti si non bonam, at aliquam rationem adferre, Cic. Verr. 3, 195: donner d'une action une raison sinon bonne du moins existante. - mei consilii causa ratioque, Cic. Caecil. 1: la cause et la raison de ma détermination. [st1]12 [-] raison, considération, raisonnement; argumentation; ce qui est fondé sur la raison. - aliquid confirmare argumentis ac rationibus, Cic. de Or. 2, 80: prouver qqch par des arguments et des raisonnements, cf. Cic. Or. 44. - rationibus conquisitis, Cic. Fin. 1, 31: avec des considérations bien choisies, cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 116, Rep. 1, 4, etc. - bonae tuae istae rationes, Ter. Ad. 836: ces belles considérations que tu débites. - causae ratio, Cic. Inv. 1, 18: le raisonnement sur lequel repose une cause. - nihil rationis adfers, quamobrem adimi civitas possit, Cic. Caec. 96: tu n'apportes aucune raison qui justifie qu'on puisse enlever le droit de cité, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 115. - rationem concludere, Cic. Nat. 2, 22: conclure un raisonnement, cf. Cic. Nat. 3, 23; Div. 2, 25; etc. - necessaria mathematicorum ratione concludere, Cic. Fin. 5, 9: arriver à des conclusions par la rigueur d'un raisonnement mathématique. - quae ratione docentur et via, Cic. Or. 116, ce que l'on enseigne d'une façon rationnelle et méthodique, cf. Cic. Or. 10; Fin 1, 29. - ratione et numero moveri, Cic. Nat. 2, 43: avoir des mouvements rationnels et rythmés. [st1]13 [-] théorie, principes théoriques, doctrine, système scientifique, art. - sine ulla arte aut ratione, quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava, dijudicant, Cic. de Or. 3, 195: sans posséder aucune science particulière, aucune connaissance théorique, ils savent discerner dans les réalisations des sciences et des théories ce qui est bien et mal. - de ratione Latine loquendi scripsit, Cic. Br. 253: il écrivit sur la théorie du pur langage latin. - rei militaris ratio et ordo, Caes. BG. 2, 22, 1: les règles théoriques et le dispositif que fixe l'art militaire, cf. Caes. BG 4, 23, 5. - ratio atque usus belli, Caes. BG. 4, 1, 6: la théorie et la pratique de la guerre, cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 80. - Epicuri ratio, Cic. Fin. 1, 13: la théorie d'Epicure. - Cynicorum ratio, Cic. Off. 1, 148: la doctrine des Cyniques. - (si est in me) hujus rei ratio aliqua, Cic. Arch. 1: si j'ai en la matière quelques connaissances théoriques. - mea sic est ratio, Ter. Ad. 60: voici ma théorie, ma doctrine, cf. Cic. Fin. 5, 12; Tusc. 5, 108, etc. - oratio quidem ipsa propria est hujus unius rationis, de qua quaerimus, Cic. de Or, 1, 49: en tout cas le style lui-même appartient uniquement à cet art sur lequel porte notre enquête. - ratio dicendi: (souvent) art oratoire, cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 4 ; 1, 12, etc.* * *Ratio, rationis, f. g. A supino Ratum. Cic. Raison.\Homines rationis egentes. Ouid. Desraisonnables.\Habenda est ratio rei familiaris. Cic. Il fault avoir esgard aux affaires domestiques, ou prendre garde.\Morum quidem in his haud dubie prior ratio est. Quintil. C'est le premier et principal esgard qu'il fault avoir.\Rationem commodi ducere. Cic. Avoir esgard à son prouffit.\Neque illud rationis habuisti, si forte expergefacere te posses. Cic. Tu n'as pas eu cest advisement.\Rationem habere cum aliquo. Cic. Avoir à faire avec luy.\Habent rationem cum terra. Cic. Ils labourent la terre, Ils ont à faire avec la terre.\Cum omnibus Musis rationem habere cogito. Cic. Je me delibere de me mettre du tout à l'estude.\Propter rationem belli quinque dies moratus. Cic. A cause de la guerre.\Quantum belli ratio postulabat. Caesar. L'estat.\Minari diuisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. Il n'y avoit point de cause, ne de raison.\Tenuissimo solo vitiarium facere minime rationis est. Colum. Il n'y a point de raison.\Operta ratio. Ouid. Obscure et difficile.\Rationem ostendam, qua tanta ista fugiatis. Sallustius. Le moyen, La maniere.\Negat se alia ratione facturum. Cic. Autrement.\Multis rationibus prouisum. Cic. En beaucoup de manieres.\Ad nostrorum temporum rationem vetus. Cic. A la comparaison.\A quo mea longissime ratio, voluntasque abhorrebat. Cic. Ma fantasie, conseil et advis, Entreprinse.\Tua ratio est vt secundum binos ludos mihi respondere incipias. Cic. Ta deliberation et entreprinse est que, etc.\Mea est sic ratio, et sic animum induco meum. Terent. J'ay ceste fantasie, et suis de cest advis que, etc. Je fay mon compte que, etc.\Vestram nequeo mirari satis rationem. Terentius. Je ne me scauroye assez esbahir de vostre maniere de faire.\Augere rem bonis et honestis rationibus. Cic. Augmenter ses biens par bons et honnestes moyens.\Dicere rationem. Plautus. Dire pourquoy, ou la raison.\Dicere bona ratione. Plaut. A la bonne foy.\Vt rationem te dictare intelligo. Plaut. A ton compte.\Ad rationem antiquae religionis exquirere facta alicuius. Cic. Selon la reigle.\Facere ratione. Cic. Faire quelque chose pour cause.\Mala ratione facere rem. Horat. S'enrichir par mauvais moyens et illicites.\Improba nauigii ratio tum caeca iacebat. Lucret. On ignoroit, et ne tenoit on compte de la maniere de naviger, On ne scavoit encore que c'estoit.\Inire rationem. Terent. Trouver moyen.\Ratione aliquid inire. Terent. Penser à quelque chose, et y regarder devant que de la commencer.\Ratione bene subducta esse ad vitam. Terentius, Nunquam ita quisquam bene subducta ratione ad vitam fuit, Quin, etc. Jamais personne n'advisa si bien à sa vie, Jamais personne ne fut si advisé, que, etc.\Ratio, Compte qu'on fait de quelque chose que ce soit.\Supputatur ratio cum argentario. Plautus. On fait compte avec, etc.\Eratosthenis ratione. Plin. Selon que compte Eratosthenes.\Is calculus quem posuimus, Graecini rationem continet. Colum. Ce compte que nous venons de faire est celuy de Grecin.\Imposito calculo perfecti operis rationem computant. Colum. Ils jectent et comptent combien a cousté l'edifice à faire.\Conficere rationem. Cic. Faire registres de ce qui a esté faict.\Habeo rationem quid a Pop. Romano acceperim. Cic. J'ay esgard, etc.\Inferre rationibus. Sueton. Mettre, coucher, ou escrire parmi ses comptes.\Rationem cum Orco ponere. Varro. Se deliberer de mourir.\Putare rationes cum aliquo. Cic. Rendre ou ouir un compte, Compter avec aucun.\Putare rationem vinariam, frumentariam, argentariam, etc. Cato. Ouir le compte du vin, etc.\Rationes ad aerarium et Quaestores et Imperatores exercituum ex prouinciis decedentes referre dicebantur. Cic. Rendre leurs comptes.\Rationem vitae et magistratus gesti reposcere. Cic. Demander compte de son administration.\Rationibus referre. Tranquillus. En tenir compte et faire recepte.\Rationes Galliae procurare. Plin. Gouverner la France et l'administrer.\Pro ratione fructuum. Cato. Selon la quantité des fruicts. -
75 différent
différent, e [difeʀɑ̃, ɑ̃t]adjectiveb. (avant le nom) ( = divers) various* * *différente difeʀɑ̃, ɑ̃t adjectif1) ( dissemblable) different (de from)2) ( varié) different, various* * *difeʀɑ̃, ɑ̃t adj différent, -e1) (exprime l'altérité) differentIl l'a fait pour des raisons différentes. — He did it for other reasons., He did it for different reasons.
Je ne dis pas qu'elle ment, je pense qu'elle est de mauvaise foi - c'est différent. — I'm not saying she's lying, I think she's not being honest - there's a difference.
différent de — different from, different to
Son point de vue est différent du mien. — His point of view is different from mine., His point of view is different to mine.
2) (au pluriel, devant le nom: divers) various, differentdifférents objets — various objects, different objects
pour différentes raisons — for various reasons, for different reasons
* * *différent, différente adj1 ( dissemblable) different (de from);2 ( varié) different, various; il a choisi de ne pas venir pour différentes raisons he chose not to come for various reasons ou for a number of reasons; à différents moments at various times; en différents endroits in different places; à différentes heures de la journée at different times of the day.[diferɑ̃] ( féminin différente [diferɑ̃ɑ̃t]) adjectif1. [distinct] differentil n'est pas désagréable, il est timide, c'est différent he isn't unpleasant, he's shy, there's a difference2. [original] different————————[diferɑ̃] déterminant (adjectif indéfini, devant un nom au pluriel) -
76 до
1. предл. (за близост) by, by the side of. beside, near, close to, next toедин до друг one beside the other, side by sideседя до sit next to/beside/byседя до огъня sit by the fireтой живее до нас he lives next door to us2. (за предел, посока, степен) to, up to, down to, as far asдо града има пет километра it's five kilometres to the townизпращам някого до вратата see s.o. to the doorдо известна степен to a certain degreeдо глезените/коленете ankle-/knee-deepзатъвам до коленете sink up to o.'s kneesдо гърдите/рамената breast-/shoul-der-highдо кръста down/up to the waistхвръквам до fly as high asзасмян до уши smiling broadlyпълен до горе filled to the brim/to overflowingдо един to the last manние отидохме до реката we went as far as the riverидвам до заключение come to/arrive at a conclusionотнасям въпроса до refer the matter toот... до from... to4. (за време) till, until, up toот... до from... to/tillдо сутринта/вечерта till morning/eveningот сутрин до вечер from morning till nightработя до късно през нощта work far into the nightдо преди няколко дни (up) till a few days agoдо края till the endдо тая минута to this very minuteдо последната минута to the very lastнай-късно до събота by Saturday at the latestможеш ли да свършиш това до утре? can you finish this by tomorrow?до сключването на спогодбата pending the completion of the agreement5. (па малко от.) under, not, overдеца до шест години children under sixс тегло до пет кила weighing not over five kilos6. (приблизително) about, some. somewhere aboutтам имаше до двадесет души there were about/some twenty people there7. (не повече от) up to, as much/many asдо три пъти up to/as many as three timesтой си докарва до 2000 лева месечно he makes up to 2000 levs a month8. (досежно) about, toтова не се отнася до тебе this does not refer/apply to youколкото се отнася до мене as far as I am concerned, as for meнатъпкани човек до човек packed tightот език до език има разлика there is a difference between one language and anotherтова е до човека it depends on the manне ми е до not be in a state for, be in no mood for/toне ми е до това I've got something else to think aboutне ми е до смях I am/feel in no mood for laughing; I am in no laughing moodдо безкрайност ad infinitum. to infinityдо втръсване to satiety/nauseaточен до минутата punctual to the minuteсмел до безразсъдност courageous to the point of recklessnessбия до посиняване beat black and blueдокарвам до лудост drive crazyдо след until afterдо Министъра на просветата (в адрес) The Minister of Education9. муз. Сдо диез C-sharpдо мажор C-majorдо ще време the time will comeдо-10. предст. (изчерпване докрай на започнатото действие) up; finish с ger. all; what is leftдояждам finish up, eat what is leftдошивам finish sewing11. (предел за пространство, време, степен) to, up to; long enoughдобирам се manage to get (to)доживявам да видя live (long enough) to seeдотичвам run up (to)доварявам boil soft12. (добавяне на количество, което не достига) in addition, some more, as a supplementдоплащам pay in addition, pay the difference13. (преминаване към ново състояние) grow, begin to feel, feelдомързява ме feel lazyдомъчнява ми feel/grow sadдопива ми се feel like drinking/like a drinkдоплаква ми се feel like crying* * *до,предл.1. (за близост) by, by the side of, beside, near, close to, next to; един \до друг one beside the other, side by side; седя \до sit next to/beside/by; той живее \до нас he lives next door to us;2. (за предел, посока, степен) to, up to, down to, as far as; \до глезените/коленете ankle-/knee-deep; \до гърдите/рамената breast-/shoulder-high; \до един to the last man; \до кръста down/up to the waist; засмян \до уши smiling broadly; идвам \до заключение come to/arrive at a conclusion; изпращам някого \до вратата see s.o. to the door; ние отидохме \до реката we went as far as the river; от … \до … from … to …/till; пълен \до горе filled to the brim/to overflowing; хвръквам \до fly as high as;3. (за време) till, until, up to; поет. ere; \до края till the end; \до последната минута to the very last; \до преди няколко дни (up) till a few days ago; \до сключването на спогодбата pending the completion of the agreement; \до сутринта/вечерта till morning/evening; най-късно \до събота by Saturday at the latest; работя \до късно през нощта work far into the night;4. ( по-малко от) under, not over; деца \до шест години children under six; с тегло \до пет кила weighing not over five kilos;5. ( приблизително) about, some, somewhere about; там имаше \до двадесет души there were about/some twenty people there;6. (не повече от) up to, as much/many as; \до три пъти up to/as many as three times; about, to;7. ( относно) колкото се отнася \до мене as far as I am concerned, as for me; това не се отнася \до тебе this does not refer/apply to you; • бия \до посиняване beat black and blue; \до безкрайност ad infinitum, to infinity; \до втръсване to satiety/nausea; \до Министъра на просветата (в адрес) The Minister of Education; \до след until after; докарвам \до лудост drive crazy; натъпкани човек \до човек packed tight; не ми е \до not be in a state for, be in no mood for/to; не ми е \до смях I am/feel in no mood for laughing; I am in no laughing mood; не ми е \до това I’ve got something else to think about; смел \до безразсъдност courageous to the point of recklessness; това е \до човека it depends on the man; точен \до минутата punctual to the minute.——————ср., само ед. муз. C; \до диез C-sharp; \до мажор C-major.* * *at ; beside: one до the other - един до друг; by: sit до the fire - седя до огъня; C/do (муз. нота); next: Two days remain до Christmas. - Остават два дни до Коледа.; to (за движение); until* * *1. (за време) till, until, up to 2. (за предел, посока, степен) to, up to, down to, as far as 3. (не повече от) up to, as much/many as 4. (па малко от.) under, not, over 5. (приблизително) about, some. somewhere about 6. 1 (досежно) about, to 7. 1 предл. (за близост) by, by the side of. beside, near, close to, next to 8. 12 муз. С 9. 3 kilometres to the town 10. 8 лева месечно he makes up to 11. 910 levs a month 12. ДО Министъра на просветата (в адрес) The Minister of Education 13. ДО безкрайност ad infinitum. to infinity 14. ДО втръсване to satiety/ nausea 15. ДО глезените/коленете ankle-/knee-deep 16. ДО града има пет километра it's 17. ДО гърдите/рамената breast-/shoul-der-high 18. ДО диез C-sharp 19. ДО един to the last man 20. ДО известна степен to a certain degree 21. ДО края till the end 22. ДО кръста down/up to the waist 23. ДО мажор C-major\\ 24. ДО последната минута to the very last 25. ДО сключването на спогодбата pending the completion of the agreement 26. ДО след until after 27. ДО сутринта/вечерта till morning/evening 28. ДО тая минута to this very minute 29. ДО три пъти up to/as many as three times 30. бия ДО посиняване beat black and blue 31. деца ДО шест години children under six 32. докарвам ДО лудост drive crazy 33. един ДО друг one beside the other, side by side 34. засмян ДО уши smiling broadly 35. затъвам ДО коленете sink up to o.'s knees 36. идвам ДО заключение come to/arrive at a conclusion 37. изпращам някого ДО вратата see s.o. to the door 38. колкото се отнася ДО мене as far as I am concerned, as for me 39. можеш ли да свършиш това ДО утре? can you finish this by tomorrow? 40. най-късно ДО събота by Saturday at the latest 41. натъпкани човек ДО човек packed tight 42. не ми е ДО not be in a state for, be in no mood for/to 43. не ми е ДО смях I am/ feel in no mood for laughing;I am in no laughing mood 44. не ми е ДО това I've got something else to think about 45. ние отидохме ДО реката we went as far as the river 46. от... до from... to 47. от... до from... to/till 48. от език ДО език има разлика there is a difference between one language and another 49. от сутрин ДО вечер from morning till night 50. отнасям въпроса ДО refer the matter to 51. пълен ДО горе filled to the brim/to overflowing 52. работя ДО късно през нощта work far into the night: ДО преди няколко дни (up) till a few days ago 53. с тегло ДО пет кила weighing not over five kilos 54. седя ДО sit next to/beside/by 55. седя ДО огъня sit by the fire 56. смел ДО безразсъдност courageous to the point of recklessness 57. там имаше ДО двадесет души there were about/some twenty people there 58. това е ДО човека it depends on the man 59. това не се отнася ДО тебе this does not refer/apply to you 60. той живее ДО нас he lives next door to us 61. той си докарва ДО 62. точен ДО минутата punctual to the minute 63. хвръквам ДО fly as high as 64. ще: до ще време the time will come -
77 Cum
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16. -
78 cum
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16. -
79 Cum2
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16. -
80 get
get [get]recevoir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (d), 1A (g), 1A (i), 1B (b) avoir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b) toucher ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (b) trouver ⇒ 1A (b), 1A (h) obtenir ⇒ 1A (b), 1A (h) tenir ⇒ 1A (c) offrir ⇒ 1A (e) acheter ⇒ 1A (f) prendre ⇒ 1A (f), 1A (k), 1A (l) gagner ⇒ 1A (i) chercher ⇒ 1A (j) attraper ⇒ 1A (k), 1A (l), 1B (a) réserver ⇒ 1A (m) répondre ⇒ 1A (n) faire faire ⇒ 1C (b)-(d) préparer ⇒ 1D (a) entendre ⇒ 1D (b) comprendre ⇒ 1D (d) atteindre ⇒ 1E (a) devenir ⇒ 2A (a) se faire ⇒ 2A (b) commencer à ⇒ 2A (c), 2B (c) aller ⇒ 2B (a) réussir à ⇒ 2B (e)( British pt & pp got [gɒt], cont getting [getɪŋ], American pt got [gɒt], pp gotten [gɒtən], cont getting [getɪŋ])A.(a) (receive → gift, letter, phone call) recevoir, avoir; (→ benefits, pension) recevoir, toucher; (→ medical treatment) suivre;∎ I got a bike for my birthday on m'a donné ou j'ai eu ou j'ai reçu un vélo pour mon anniversaire;∎ I get 'The Times' at home je reçois le 'Times' à la maison;∎ this part of the country doesn't get much rain cette région ne reçoit pas beaucoup de pluie, il ne pleut pas beaucoup dans cette région;∎ the living room gets a lot of sun le salon est très ensoleillé;∎ I rang but I got no answer (at door) j'ai sonné mais je n'ai pas obtenu ou eu de réponse; (on phone) j'ai appelé sans obtenir de réponse;∎ many students get grants beaucoup d'étudiants ont une bourse;∎ he got five years for smuggling il a écopé de ou il a pris cinq ans (de prison) pour contrebande;∎ he got a bullet in his shoulder il a reçu une balle dans l'épaule;∎ familiar you're really going to get it! qu'est-ce que tu vas prendre ou écoper!;∎ familiar I'll see that you get yours! je vais te régler ton compte!(b) (obtain → gen) avoir, trouver, obtenir; (→ through effort) se procurer, obtenir; (→ licence, loan, permission) obtenir; (→ diploma, grades) avoir, obtenir;∎ where did you get that book? où avez-vous trouvé ce livre?;∎ they got him a job ils lui ont trouvé du travail;∎ I got the job! ils m'ont embauché!;∎ can you get them the report? pouvez-vous leur procurer le rapport?;∎ I got the idea from a book j'ai trouvé l'idée dans un livre;∎ I got a glimpse of her face j'ai pu apercevoir son visage;∎ you get a fine view from here il y a une vue magnifique d'ici;∎ I've got six more to get (in collection) il m'en manque six;∎ the town gets its water from the reservoir la ville reçoit son eau du réservoir;∎ we get our wine directly from the vineyard en vin ou pour le vin, nous nous fournissons directement chez le producteur;∎ they stopped in town to get some lunch (had lunch there) ils se sont arrêtés en ville pour déjeuner; (bought something to eat) ils se sont arrêtés en ville pour acheter de quoi déjeuner;∎ I'm going out to get a breath of fresh air je sors prendre l'air;∎ I'm going to get something to drink/eat (fetch) je vais chercher quelque chose à boire/manger; (consume) je vais boire/manger quelque chose;∎ can I get a coffee? je pourrais avoir un café, s'il vous plaît?;∎ get yourself a good lawyer trouvez-vous un bon avocat;∎ get advice from your doctor demandez conseil à votre médecin;∎ I need all the advice I can get j'ai besoin de tous les conseils qu'on peut me donner;∎ to get (oneself) a wife/husband se trouver une femme/un mari;∎ to get sb to oneself avoir qn pour soi tout seul;∎ to get a divorce obtenir le divorce;∎ get plenty of exercise faites beaucoup d'exercice;∎ get plenty of sleep dormez beaucoup;∎ try and get a few days off work essayez de prendre quelques jours de congé;∎ I'll do it if I get the time/a moment je le ferai si j'ai le temps/si je trouve un moment;∎ I got a lot from or out of my trip to China mon voyage en Chine m'a beaucoup apporté;∎ she got very little from her lessons elle a très peu appris de ses leçons;∎ he didn't get a chance to introduce himself il n'a pas eu l'occasion de se présenter(c) (inherit → characteristic) tenir;∎ she gets her shyness from her father elle tient sa timidité de son père(d) (obtain in exchange) recevoir;∎ they got a lot of money for their flat la vente de leur appartement leur a rapporté beaucoup d'argent;∎ they got a good price for the painting le tableau s'est vendu à un bon prix;∎ what did you get for your car? combien est-ce que tu as vendu ta voiture?;∎ he got nothing for his trouble il s'est donné de la peine pour rien;∎ you don't get something for nothing on n'a rien pour rien(e) (offer as gift) offrir, donner;∎ what did she get him for Christmas? qu'est-ce qu'elle lui a offert ou donné pour Noël?;∎ I don't know what to get Jill for her birthday je ne sais pas quoi acheter à Jill pour son anniversaire∎ get your father a magazine when you go out achète une revue à ton père quand tu sortiras;∎ get the paper too prends ou achète le journal aussi;∎ we got the house cheap on a eu la maison (à) bon marché(g) (learn → information, news) recevoir, apprendre;∎ we turned on the radio to get the news nous avons allumé la radio pour écouter les informations;∎ she just got news or word of the accident elle vient juste d'apprendre la nouvelle de l'accident;∎ he broke down when he got the news en apprenant la nouvelle il a fondu en larmes∎ multiply 5 by 2 and you get 10 multipliez 5 par 2 et vous obtenez 10∎ plumbers get £20 an hour un plombier gagne ou touche 20 livres de l'heure;∎ he got a good name or a reputation as an architect il s'est fait une réputation dans le milieu de l'architecture;∎ someone's trying to get your attention (calling) quelqu'un vous appelle; (waving) quelqu'un vous fait signe(j) (bring, fetch) (aller) chercher;∎ he went and got a book from the library il est allé chercher un livre à la bibliothèque;∎ go and get a doctor allez chercher un médecin;∎ get me my coat va me chercher ou apporte-moi mon manteau;∎ we had to get a doctor nous avons dû faire venir un médecin;∎ he went to get a taxi il est parti chercher un taxi;∎ what can I get you to drink? qu'est-ce que je vous sers à boire?;∎ can I get you anything? (to somebody ill etc) est-ce que vous avez besoin de quelque chose?;∎ they sent him to get help ils l'ont envoyé chercher de l'aide∎ did you get your train? est-ce que tu as eu ton train?∎ the Mounties always get their man la police montée attrape toujours son homme (au Canada);∎ he got me by the arm il m'a attrapé par le bras;∎ the dog got him by the leg le chien l'a attrapé à la jambe;∎ (I've) got you! je te tiens!(m) (book, reserve) réserver, retenir;∎ we're trying to get a flight to Budapest nous essayons de réserver un vol pour Budapest(n) (answer → door, telephone) répondre;∎ the doorbell's ringing - I'll get it! quelqu'un sonne à la porte - j'y vais!;∎ will you get the phone? peux-tu répondre au téléphone?B.(a) (become ill with) attraper;∎ he got a chill il a pris ou attrapé froid;∎ I get a headache when I drink red wine le vin rouge me donne mal à la tête;∎ familiar to get it bad for sb avoir qn dans la peau∎ I got the feeling something horrible would happen j'ai eu l'impression ou le pressentiment que quelque chose d'horrible allait arriver;∎ I get the impression he doesn't like me j'ai l'impression que je ne lui plais pas;∎ to get a thrill out of sth/doing sth prendre plaisir à qch/faire qch;∎ familiar to get religion devenir croyant□∎ you get some odd people on these tours il y a de drôles de gens dans ces voyages organisés;∎ you get a lot of people marrying young here il y a beaucoup de gens qui se marient jeunes par ici;∎ we don't get many accidents here nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'accidents par iciC.(a) (with adj or past participle) (cause to be) she managed to get the window closed/open elle a réussi à fermer/ouvrir la fenêtre;∎ I got the car started j'ai démarré la voiture;∎ don't get your feet wet! ne te mouille pas les pieds!;∎ get the suitcases ready préparez les bagages;∎ the children are getting themselves ready for school les enfants se préparent pour (aller à) l'école;∎ I finally got her on her own or alone j'ai fini par réussir à la voir en tête à tête;∎ we managed to get him in a good mood nous avons réussi à le mettre de bonne humeur;∎ they've got me so I don't know whether I'm coming or going c'en est à un tel point que je ne sais plus où j'en suis;∎ to get people interested (in sth) intéresser les gens (à qch);∎ let me get this clear que ce soit bien clair;∎ to get things under control prendre les choses en main;∎ he likes his bath as hot as he can get it il aime que son bain soit aussi chaud que possible;∎ the flat is as clean as I'm going to get it j'ai nettoyé l'appartement le mieux que j'ai pu;∎ he got himself nominated president il s'est fait nommer président;∎ don't get yourself all worked up ne t'en fais pas(b) (with infinitive) (cause to do or carry out) we couldn't get her to leave on n'a pas pu la faire partir;∎ get him to move the car demande-lui de déplacer la voiture;∎ I got it to work, I got it working j'ai réussi à le faire marcher;∎ we have to get the government to tighten up on pollution control il faut que l'on obtienne du gouvernement qu'il renforce les lois contre la pollution;∎ he got the other members to agree il a réussi à obtenir l'accord des autres membres;∎ I can always get someone else to do it je peux toujours le faire faire par quelqu'un d'autre;∎ I got her to talk about life in China je lui ai demandé de parler de la vie en Chine;∎ they can't get the landlord to fix the roof ils n'arrivent pas à obtenir du propriétaire qu'il fasse réparer le toit;∎ how do you get jasmine to grow indoors? comment peut-on faire pousser du jasmin à l'intérieur?(c) (with past participle) (cause to be done or carried out) to get sth done/repaired faire faire/réparer qch;∎ to get one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux;∎ I didn't get anything done today je n'ai rien fait aujourd'hui;∎ it's impossible to get anything done around here (by oneself) il est impossible de faire quoi que ce soit ici; (by someone else) il est impossible d'obtenir quoi que ce soit ici(d) (cause to come, go, move)∎ how are you going to get this package to them? comment allez-vous leur faire parvenir ce paquet?;∎ they eventually got all the boxes downstairs/upstairs ils ont fini par descendre/monter toutes leurs boîtes;∎ I managed to get the old man downstairs/upstairs j'ai réussi à faire descendre/monter le vieil homme;∎ I managed to get him away from the others j'ai réussi à l'éloigner des autres;∎ get him away from me débarrassez-moi de lui;∎ can you get me home? pouvez-vous me raccompagner?;∎ they got her to the airport on time ils l'ont amenée à l'aéroport à l'heure;∎ his friends managed to get him home ses amis ont réussi à le ramener (à la maison);∎ how are we going to get the bike home? comment est-ce qu'on va ramener le vélo à la maison?;∎ I got a message to them je leur ai fait parvenir un message;∎ he can't get the children to bed il n'arrive pas à mettre les enfants au lit;∎ I can't get my boots off/on je n'arrive pas à enlever/mettre mes bottes;∎ we couldn't get the bed through the door nous n'avons pas pu faire passer le lit par la porte;∎ figurative where has all this got us? où est-ce que tout ça nous a menés?;∎ this is getting us nowhere ça ne nous mène nulle part, ça ne nous mène à rien;∎ that won't get you very far! ça ne te servira pas à grand-chose!, tu ne seras pas beaucoup plus avancé!D.(a) (prepare → meal, drink) préparer;∎ he's in the kitchen getting dinner il est à la cuisine en train de préparer le dîner;∎ who's going to get the children breakfast? qui va préparer le petit déjeuner pour les enfants?;∎ she got herself some breakfast elle s'est préparé un petit déjeuner(b) (hear correctly) entendre, saisir;∎ I didn't get his name je n'ai pas saisi son nom∎ I got her father on the phone j'ai parlé à son père ou j'ai eu son père au téléphone;∎ I couldn't get her at the office je n'ai pas pu l'avoir au bureau;∎ did you get the number you wanted? avez-vous obtenu le numéro que vous vouliez?;∎ get me extension 3500 passez-moi ou donnez-moi le poste 3500∎ I don't get it, I don't get the point je ne comprends ou ne saisis pas, je n'y suis pas du tout;∎ I don't get you or your meaning je ne comprends pas ce que vous voulez dire;∎ if you get my meaning si tu vois ce que je veux dire□ ;∎ don't get me wrong comprenez-moi bien;∎ I think he's got the message now je crois qu'il a compris maintenant;∎ I don't get the joke je ne vois pas ce qui est (si) drôle□ ;∎ get it?, get me?, get my drift? tu saisis?, tu piges?;∎ (I've) got it! ça y est!□, j'y suis!□ ;∎ oh, I get you! ah! j'ai pigé!(e) (take note of) remarquer;∎ did you get his address? lui avez-vous demandé son adresse?∎ get him! who does he think he is? vise un peu ce mec, mais pour qui il se prend?;∎ get (a load of) that! vise un peu ça!∎ get a load of this! écoute un peu ça!;∎ get him! écoute-le, celui-là!;E.∎ she got him in the face with a pie elle lui a jeté une tarte à la crème à la figure;∎ the bullet got him in the back il a pris la balle ou la balle l'a atteint dans le dos;∎ a car got him il a été tué par une voiture∎ everyone's out to get me tout le monde est après moi∎ we'll get you for this! on te revaudra ça!;∎ I'll get him for that! je lui revaudrai ça!∎ the pain gets me in the back j'ai des douleurs dans le dos□∎ that song really gets me cette chanson me fait vraiment quelque chose∎ you've got me there alors là, aucune idée∎ it really gets me when you're late qu'est-ce que ça peut m'énerver quand tu es en retard!∎ to get sth by heart apprendre qch par cœur∎ to get sb with child faire un enfant à qn∎ he got his in Vietnam il est mort au Viêt Nam□A.∎ I'm getting hungry/thirsty je commence à avoir faim/soif;∎ get dressed! habille-toi!;∎ to get fat grossir;∎ to get married se marier;∎ to get divorced divorcer;∎ don't get lost! ne vous perdez pas!;∎ how did that vase get broken? comment se fait-il que ce vase soit cassé?;∎ he got so he didn't want to go out any more il en est arrivé à ne plus vouloir sortir;∎ to get old vieillir;∎ it's getting late il se fait tard;∎ this is getting boring ça devient ennuyeux;∎ to get used to sth/doing sth s'habituer à qch/à faire qch;∎ familiar will you get with it! mais réveille-toi un peu!∎ to get elected se faire élire, être élu;∎ suppose he gets killed et s'il se fait tuer?;∎ to get drowned se noyer;∎ we got paid last week on a été payés la semaine dernière;∎ I'm always getting invited to parties on m'invite toujours à des soirées∎ let's get going or moving! (let's leave) allons-y!; (let's hurry) dépêchons(-nous)!, grouillons-nous!; (let's start to work) au travail!;∎ I'll get going on that right away je m'y mets tout de suite;∎ I can't seem to get going today je n'arrive pas à m'activer aujourd'hui;∎ she got talking to the neighbours elle s'est mise à discuter avec les voisins;∎ we got talking about racism nous en sommes venus à parler de racisme;∎ he got to thinking about it il s'est mis à réfléchir à la questionB.∎ when did you get home? quand es-tu rentré?;∎ it's nice to get home ça fait du bien de rentrer chez soi;∎ how do you get to the museum? comment est-ce qu'on fait pour aller au musée?;∎ how did you get in here? comment êtes-vous entré?;∎ they should get here today ils devraient arriver ici aujourd'hui;∎ how did you get here? comment es-tu venu?;∎ how did that bicycle get here? comment se fait-il que ce vélo se trouve ici?;∎ I took the train from Madrid to get there j'ai pris le train de Madrid pour y aller;∎ she's successful now but it took her a while to get there elle a une bonne situation maintenant, mais ça ne s'est pas fait du jour au lendemain;∎ he got as far as buying the tickets il est allé jusqu'à acheter les billets;∎ I'd hoped things wouldn't get this far j'avais espéré qu'on n'en arriverait pas là;∎ are you getting anywhere with that report? il avance, ce rapport?;∎ now you're getting somewhere! enfin tu avances!;∎ I'm not getting anywhere or I'm getting nowhere with this project je fais du surplace avec ce projet;∎ we're not getting anywhere with this meeting cette réunion est une perte de temps;∎ she won't get anywhere or she'll get nowhere if she's rude to people elle n'arrivera à rien en étant grossière avec les gens;∎ where's your sister got to? où est passée ta sœur?;∎ where did my keys get to? où sont passées mes clés?∎ he got along the ledge as best he could il a avancé le long du rebord du mieux qu'il pouvait;∎ she got behind a tree elle s'est mise derrière un arbre;∎ to get into bed se coucher;∎ get in or into the car! monte dans la voiture!;∎ get over here! viens ici!;∎ we couldn't get past the truck nous ne pouvions pas passer le camion∎ each city is getting to look like another toutes les grandes villes commencent à se ressembler;∎ to get to know sb apprendre à connaître qn;∎ we got to like her husband nous nous sommes mis à apprécier ou à aimer son mari;∎ you'll get to like it in the end ça finira par te plaire;∎ his father got to hear of the rumours son père a fini par entendre les rumeurs;∎ he's getting to be known il commence à être connu, il se fait connaître;∎ they got to talking about the past ils en sont venus ou ils se sont mis à parler du passé∎ it's getting to be impossible to find a flat ça devient impossible de trouver un appartement;∎ she may get to be president one day elle pourrait devenir ou être président un jour;∎ they got to be friends ils sont devenus amis∎ we never got to see that film nous n'avons jamais réussi à ou nous ne sommes jamais arrivés à voir ce film;∎ I didn't get to speak to him in person je n'ai pas pu lui parler en personne∎ he never gets to stay up late on ne le laisse jamais se coucher tard□ ;∎ I never get to drive on ne me laisse jamais conduire□∎ get! fous le camp!, tire-toi!3 nounfamiliar (in tennis) beau retour□ m(a) (be up and about, move around) se déplacer;∎ how do you get about town? comment vous déplacez-vous en ville?;∎ she gets about on crutches/in a wheelchair elle se déplace avec des béquilles/en chaise roulante;∎ I don't get about much these days je ne me déplace pas beaucoup ces temps-ci∎ I get about quite a bit in my job je suis assez souvent en déplacement pour mon travail∎ she certainly gets about elle connaît beaucoup de monde(d) (story, rumour) se répandre, circuler;∎ the news or it got about that they were splitting up la nouvelle de leur séparation s'est répandue(a) (succeed in crossing) traverser, passer;∎ the river was flooded but we managed to get across la rivière était en crue mais nous avons réussi à traverser∎ our message is not getting across notre message ne passe pas(a) (over water, street → person) faire traverser;∎ we couldn't get the supplies across (across the river) nous ne pouvions pas faire passer les vivres de l'autre côté;∎ it was easy to get the people across (across the border) il était facile de faire passer les gens(b) (communicate) communiquer;∎ I can't seem to get the idea across to them je n'arrive pas à leur faire comprendre ça;∎ he managed to get his point across il a réussi à faire passer son messagepoursuivre(succeed) réussir, arriver;∎ to get ahead in life or in the world réussir dans la vie;∎ if you want to get ahead at the office, you have to work si tu veux de l'avancement au bureau, il faut que tu travailles(a) (fare, manage) aller;∎ how are you getting along? comment vas-tu?, comment ça va?;∎ she's getting along well in her new job elle se débrouille bien dans son nouveau travail;∎ we can get along without him nous pouvons nous passer de lui ou nous débrouiller sans lui(b) (advance, progress) avancer, progresser;∎ the patient is getting along nicely le patient est en bonne voie ou fait des progrès(c) (be on good terms) s'entendre;∎ we get along fine nous nous entendons très bien, nous faisons bon ménage;∎ she doesn't get along with my mother elle ne s'entend pas avec ma mère;∎ she's easy to get along with elle est facile à vivre∎ it's time for me to be getting along, it's time I was getting along il est temps que je parte;∎ I must be getting along to the office il faut que j'aille au bureau;∎ British get along with you! (leave) va-t'en!, fiche le camp!; familiar (I don't believe you) à d'autres!(obstacle, problem) contourner; (law, rule) tourner;∎ there's no getting around it, we'll have to tell her il n'y a pas d'autre moyen, il va falloir que nous le lui disions;∎ there's no getting around the fact that he lied to us il reste qu'il nous a menti∎ she won't get around to reading it before tomorrow elle n'arrivera pas à (trouver le temps de) le lire avant demain;∎ he finally got around to fixing the radiator il a fini par ou il est finalement arrivé à réparer le radiateur;∎ it was some time before I got around to writing to her j'ai mis pas mal de temps avant de lui écrire∎ I've put the pills where the children can't get at them j'ai mis les pilules là où les enfants ne peuvent pas les prendre;∎ familiar just let me get at him! si jamais il me tombe sous la main!(b) (discover) trouver;∎ to get at the truth découvrir la vérité(c) (mean, intend) entendre;∎ I see what you're getting at je vois où vous voulez en venir;∎ just what are you getting at? qu'est-ce que vous entendez par là?, où voulez-vous en venir?;∎ what I'm getting at is why did she leave now? ce que je veux dire, c'est pourquoi est-elle partie maintenant?∎ you're always getting at me tu t'en prends toujours à moi∎ the witnesses had been got at les témoins avaient été achetés➲ get away∎ she has to get away from home/her parents il faut qu'elle parte de chez elle/s'éloigne de ses parents;∎ I was in a meeting and couldn't get away j'étais en réunion et je ne pouvais pas m'échapper ou m'en aller;∎ will you be able to get away at Christmas? allez-vous pouvoir partir (en vacances) à Noël?;∎ to get away from the daily grind échapper au train-train quotidien;∎ get away from it all, come to Florida! quittez tout, venez en Floride!;∎ she's gone off for a couple of weeks to get away from it all elle est partie quelques semaines loin de tout(b) (move away) s'éloigner;∎ get away from that door! éloignez-vous ou écartez-vous de cette porte!;∎ get away from me! fichez-moi le camp!∎ the murderer got away l'assassin s'est échappé;∎ the thief got away with all the jewels le voleur est parti ou s'est sauvé avec tous les bijoux;∎ there's no getting away from or you can't get away from the fact that the other solution would have been cheaper on ne peut pas nier (le fait) que l'autre solution aurait coûté moins cher;∎ you can't get away from it, there's no getting away from it c'est comme ça, on n'y peut rien∎ get away (with you)! à d'autres!(remove → person) emmener;∎ get that child away from the road! éloignez cet enfant de la route!;∎ get me away from here! fais-moi sortir d'ici!;∎ get your dog away from my garden! faites sortir votre chien de mon jardin!;∎ they managed to get him away from the TV ils ont fini par l'arracher de devant la télévision;∎ to get sth away from sb prendre qch à qn∎ he got away with cheating on his taxes personne ne s'est aperçu qu'il avait fraudé le fisc;∎ I can't believe you got away with it! je n'arrive pas à croire que personne ne t'ait rien dit!;∎ he got away with a small fine il s'en est tiré avec une petite amende;∎ that child gets away with murder on laisse tout faire à ce gamin;∎ her skirt is really tiny but she gets away with it sa jupe est vraiment très courte mais elle peut se le permettre➲ get back(a) (move backwards) reculer;∎ get back! éloignez-vous!, reculez!∎ I can't wait to get back home je suis impatient de rentrer (à la maison);∎ get back in bed! va te recoucher!, retourne au lit!;∎ I got back in the car/on the bus je suis remonté dans la voiture/dans le bus;∎ to get back to sleep se rendormir;∎ to get back to work (after break) se remettre au travail; (after holiday, illness) reprendre le travail;∎ things eventually got back to normal les choses ont peu à peu repris leur cours (normal);∎ getting or to get back to the point pour en revenir au sujet qui nous préoccupe;∎ let's get back to your basic reasons for leaving revenons aux raisons pour lesquelles vous voulez partir;∎ I'll get back to you on that (call back) je vous rappelle pour vous dire ce qu'il en est; (discuss again) nous reparlerons de cela plus tard(c) (return to political power) revenir;∎ do you think the Democrats will get back in? croyez-vous que le parti démocrate reviendra au pouvoir?(a) (recover → something lost or lent) récupérer; (→ force, strength) reprendre, récupérer; (→ health, motivation) retrouver;∎ he got his job back il a été repris;∎ I got back nearly all the money I invested j'ai récupéré presque tout l'argent que j'avais investi;∎ you'll have to get your money back from the shop il faut que vous vous fassiez rembourser par le magasin∎ we have to get this book back to her il faut que nous lui rendions ce livre(c) (return to original place) remettre, replacer;∎ I can't get it back in the box je n'arrive pas à le remettre ou le faire rentrer dans le carton;∎ I want to get these suitcases back down to the cellar je veux redescendre ces valises à la cave;∎ he managed to get the children back to bed il a réussi à remettre les enfants au lit∎ to get one's own back (on sb) se venger (de qn)□se venger de;∎ he only said it to get back at him il n'a dit ça que pour se venger de lui(gen) rester à l'arrière, se laisser distancer; Sport se laisser distancer; figurative prendre du retard;∎ he got behind with his work il a pris du retard dans son travail;∎ we mustn't get behind with the rent il ne faut pas qu'on soit en retard pour le loyer(support, sympathize with) appuyer➲ get by∎ let me get by laissez-moi passer(b) (be acceptable) passer, être acceptable;∎ their work just about gets by leur travail est tout juste passable ou acceptable(c) (manage, survive) se débrouiller, s'en sortir;∎ how do you get by on that salary? comment tu te débrouilles ou tu t'en sors avec un salaire comme ça?;∎ they get by as best they can ils se débrouillent ou s'en sortent tant bien que mal;∎ we can get by without him nous pouvons nous passer de lui ou nous débrouiller sans lui∎ can you get by the washing machine? est-ce que vous avez assez de place pour passer à côté de la machine à laver?(b) (escape attention of → censor, editor) échapper à;∎ her film got by the censors son film a échappé à l'attention de la censure➲ get downdescendre;∎ get down off that chair! descends de cette chaise!;∎ may I get down (from the table)? (leave the table) puis-je sortir de table?;∎ they got down on their knees ils se sont mis à genoux;(a) (bring, fetch down → book from shelf etc) descendre(b) (reduce → temperature, inflation etc) faire baisser;∎ to get one's weight down perdre du poids(c) (write down) noter;∎ I didn't manage to get down what she said je n'ai pas réussi à noter ce qu'elle a dit∎ work is really getting me down at the moment le travail me déprime vraiment en ce moment;∎ this rainy weather gets him down cette pluie lui fiche le cafard;∎ don't let it get you down ne te laisse pas abattrese mettre à;∎ I have to get down to balancing the books il faut que je me mette à faire les comptes;∎ it's not so difficult once you get down to it ce n'est pas si difficile une fois qu'on s'y met;∎ he got down to working on it this morning il s'y est mis ou s'y est attelé ce matin;∎ it's hard getting down to work after the weekend c'est difficile de reprendre le travail après le week-end;∎ we eventually got down to details nous avons fini par en arriver aux détails;∎ when you get down to it, there's very little difference between them en fin de compte, il y a très peu de différence entre eux➲ get in(a) (into building) entrer;∎ the thief got in through the window le cambrioleur est entré par la fenêtre;∎ a car pulled up and she got in une voiture s'est arrêtée et elle est montée dedans;∎ water had got in everywhere l'eau avait pénétré partout(b) (return home) rentrer;∎ we got in about 4 a.m. nous sommes rentrés vers 4 heures du matin∎ what time does your plane get in? à quelle heure ton avion arrive-t-il?(d) (be admitted → to club) se faire admettre; (→ to school, university) entrer, être admis ou reçu;∎ he applied to Oxford but he didn't get in il voulait entrer à Oxford mais il n'a pas pu∎ she got in at the beginning elle est arrivée au début□(g) (interject) glisser;∎ "what about me?" she managed to get in "et moi?" réussit-elle à glisser∎ I hope to get in a bit of reading on holiday j'espère pouvoir lire ou que je trouverai le temps de lire pendant mes vacances;∎ she got in some last-minute revision before the exam elle a réussi à faire des révisions de dernière minute avant l'examen∎ I couldn't get a word in je n'ai pas pu placer un mot, je n'ai pas pu en placer une∎ I must get in some more coal je dois faire une provision de charbon;∎ to get in supplies s'approvisionner∎ shouldn't Elaine be in on this meeting? - of course, could you get her in? on n'a pas besoin d'Elaine pour cette réunion? - si, bien sûr, tu peux lui demander de venir?(f) (hand in, submit) rendre, remettre;∎ did you get your application in on time? as-tu remis ton dossier de candidature à temps?(g) (cause to be admitted → to club, university) faire admettre ou accepter; (cause to be elected) faire élire∎ he got the next round in il a payé la tournée suivante(building) entrer dans; (vehicle) monter dans;∎ he had just got in the door when the phone rang il venait juste d'arriver ou d'entrer quand le téléphone a sonné∎ to get in on a deal prendre part à un marché;∎ to get in on the fun se mettre de la partiefaire participer à;∎ he got me in on the deal il m'a intéressé à l'affaire➲ get into(b) (arrive in) arriver à;∎ we get into Madrid at 3 o'clock nous arrivons à Madrid à 3 heures;∎ the train got into the station le train est entré en gare(c) (put on → dress, shirt, shoes) mettre; (→ trousers, stockings) enfiler, mettre; (→ coat) endosser;∎ she got into her clothes elle a mis ses vêtements ou s'est habillée;∎ can you still get into your jeans? est-ce que tu rentres encore dans ton jean?(d) (be admitted to → club, school, university) entrer dans;∎ he'd like to get into the club il voudrait devenir membre du club;∎ her daughter got into medical school sa fille a été admise dans ou est entrée dans une école de médecine;∎ to get into office être élu∎ he wants to get into politics il veut se lancer dans la politique;∎ they got into a conversation about South Africa ils se sont mis à parler de l'Afrique du Sud;∎ we got into a fight over who had to do the dishes nous nous sommes disputés pour savoir qui devait faire la vaisselle;∎ this is not the moment to get into that ce n'est pas le moment de parler de ça∎ he got into Eastern religions il a commencé à s'intéresser aux religions orientales;∎ it's a hard book to get into c'est un livre dans lequel il est difficile de rentrer □∎ he soon got into her way of doing things il s'est vite fait ou s'est vite mis à sa façon de faire les choses∎ to get into debt s'endetter;∎ he got into a real mess il s'est mis dans un vrai pétrin;∎ the children were always getting into mischief les enfants passaient leur temps à faire des bêtises;∎ I got into a real state about the test j'étais dans tous mes états à cause du test;∎ she got into trouble with the teacher elle a eu des ennuis avec le professeur(i) (cause to act strangely) prendre;∎ what's got into you? qu'est-ce qui te prend?, quelle mouche te pique?;∎ I wonder what got into him to make him act like that je me demande ce qui l'a poussé à réagir comme ça∎ to get sth into sth (faire) (r)entrer qch dans qch;∎ to get the key into the lock mettre ou introduire la clef dans la serrure;∎ to get an article into a paper faire accepter un article par un journal;∎ to get an idea into one's head se mettre une idée en tête;∎ familiar when will you get it into your thick head that I don't want to go? quand est-ce que tu vas enfin comprendre que je ne veux pas y aller?□∎ he got his friend into the club il a permis à son ami de devenir membre du club;∎ the president got his son into Harvard le président a fait entrer ou accepter ou admettre son fils à Harvard∎ she got herself into a terrible state elle s'est mis dans tous ses états;∎ he got them into a lot of trouble il leur a attiré de gros ennuis(d) (involve in) impliquer dans, entraîner dans;∎ you're the one who got us into this c'est toi qui nous as embarqués dans cette histoire(e) familiar (make interested in) faire découvrir□ ; (accustom to) habituer à□, faire prendre l'habitude de□ ;∎ he got me into jazz il m'a initié au jazz□(a) (ingratiate oneself with) s'insinuer dans ou s'attirer les bonnes grâces de, se faire bien voir de;∎ they tried to get in with the new director ils ont essayé de se faire bien voir du nouveau directeur(b) (associate with → person, group etc) fréquenter;∎ he has got in with a new gang il n'est pas plus avec la même bande;∎ she got in with the wrong crowd at school elle avait de mauvaises fréquentations à l'école➲ get off(a) (leave bus, train etc) descendre;∎ get off at the next stop descendez au prochain arrêt;∎ familiar I told him where to get off! je l'ai envoyé sur les roses!, je l'ai envoyé promener!;∎ familiar where do you get off telling me what to do? qu'est-ce qui te prend de me dicter ce que je dois faire?(b) (depart → person) s'en aller, partir; (→ car) démarrer; (→ plane) décoller; (→ letter, parcel) partir;∎ I have to be getting off to work il faut que j'aille au travail;∎ figurative the project got off to a bad/good start le projet a pris un mauvais/bon départ∎ what time do you get off? à quelle heure finissez-vous?;∎ can you get off early tomorrow? peux-tu quitter le travail de bonne heure demain?(d) (escape punishment) s'en sortir, s'en tirer, en être quitte;∎ she didn't think she'd get off so lightly elle n'espérait pas s'en tirer à si bon compte;∎ the students got off with a fine/warning les étudiants en ont été quittes pour une amende/un avertissement(e) (let go of something) lâcher;∎ hey! get off! that's MY book! hé! laisse ça! c'est mon livre ou c'est à moi ce livre!(f) (go to sleep) s'endormir(a) (leave → bus, train, plane etc) descendre de(b) (descend from → bike, wall, chair etc) descendre de;∎ he got off his horse il est descendu de cheval;∎ if only the boss would get off my back si seulement le patron me fichait la paix(c) (depart from) partir de, décamper de;∎ get off my property fichez le camp de chez moi;∎ get off the grass! ne marche pas sur la pelouse!;∎ we got off the road to let the ambulance pass nous sommes sortis de la route pour laisser passer l'ambulance∎ get off me! laisse-moi tranquille!, lâche-moi!∎ she managed to get off work elle a réussi à se libérer;∎ how did you get off doing the housework? comment as-tu fait pour échapper au ménage?(a) (cause to leave, climb down) faire descendre;∎ get the cat off the table fais descendre le chat de (sur) la table;∎ the conductor got the passengers off the train le conducteur a fait descendre les passagers du train;∎ figurative try to get her mind off her troubles essaie de lui changer les idées∎ I want to get this letter off je veux expédier cette lettre ou mettre cette lettre à la poste;∎ she got the boys off to school elle a expédié ou envoyé les garçons à l'école;∎ we got him off on the morning train nous l'avons mis au train du matin∎ I can't get this ink off my hands je n'arrive pas à faire partir cette encre de mes mains;∎ get your hands off that cake! ne touche pas à ce gâteau!;∎ get your hands off me! ne me touche pas!;∎ get your feet off the table! enlève tes pieds de sur la table!;∎ figurative he'd like to get that house off his hands il aimerait bien se débarrasser de cette maison∎ he'll need a good lawyer to get him off il lui faudra un bon avocat pour se tirer d'affaire;∎ to get sb off doing sth dispenser qn de faire qch(e) (put to sleep) endormir;∎ I've just managed to get the baby off (to sleep) je viens de réussir à endormir le bébé∎ to get a day/week off prendre un jour/une semaine de congé;∎ can you get tomorrow afternoon/next week off? est-ce que tu peux prendre un congé demain après-midi/la semaine prochaine?∎ to get sth off sb obtenir qch de qn;∎ I got that story off the woman next door je tiens cette histoire de la voisine;∎ I got this cold off the woman next door la voisine m'a passé son rhume∎ he gets off on pornographic films il prend son pied en regardant des films pornos;∎ is that what you get off on? c'est comme ça que tu prends ton pied?;∎ figurative he gets off on teasing people il adore taquiner les gens□ ;∎ I really get off on hip-hop! j'adore le hip-hop!□∎ he gets off on heroin il se défonce à l'héroïne∎ to get off with sb faire une touche avec qn➲ get on(b) (fare, manage)∎ how's your husband getting on? comment va votre mari?;∎ how did he get on at the interview? comment s'est passé son entretien?, comment ça a marché pour son entretien?;∎ you'll get on far better if you think about it first tout ira mieux si tu réfléchis avant(c) (make progress) avancer, progresser;∎ Jennifer is getting on very well in maths Jennifer se débrouille très bien en maths;∎ how's your work getting on? ça avance, ton travail?∎ to get on in life or in the world faire son chemin ou réussir dans la vie;∎ some say that in order to get on, you often have to compromise il y a des gens qui disent que pour réussir (dans la vie), il faut souvent faire des compromis(e) (continue) continuer;∎ we must be getting on il faut que nous partions;∎ do you think we can get on with the meeting now? croyez-vous que nous puissions poursuivre notre réunion maintenant?;∎ get on with your work! allez! au travail!;∎ they got on with the job ils se sont remis au travail(f) (be on good terms) s'entendre;∎ my mother and I get on well je m'entends bien avec ma mère;∎ they don't get on ils ne s'entendent pas;∎ she's never got on with him elle ne s'est jamais entendue avec lui;∎ to be difficult/easy to get on with être difficile/facile à vivre(g) (grow late → time)∎ time's getting on il se fait tard;∎ it was getting on in the evening, the evening was getting on la soirée tirait à sa fin(h) (grow old → person) se faire vieux (vieille);∎ she's getting on (in years) elle commence à se faire vieille∎ get on with it! (continue speaking) continuez!; (continue working) allez! au travail!; (hurry up) mais dépêchez-vous enfin!;∎ familiar get on with you! (I don't believe you) à d'autres!(bus, train) monter dans; (plane) monter dans, monter à bord de; (ship) monter à bord de; (bed, horse, table, bike) monter sur;∎ he got on his bike il est monté sur ou il a enfourché son vélo;∎ get on your feet levez-vous, mettez-vous debout;∎ how did these papers get on my desk? comment est-ce que ces papiers se sont retrouvés ou sont arrivés sur mon bureau?;∎ figurative it took the patient a while to get (back) on his feet le patient a mis longtemps à se remettre∎ they got him on his feet ils l'ont mis debout;∎ figurative the doctor got her on her feet le médecin l'a remise sur pied∎ I can't get these trousers on any more je n'entre plus dans ce pantalon∎ to get it on (get started) s'y mettre□∎ the president is getting on for sixty le président approche de la soixantaine ou a presque soixante ans;∎ it's getting on for midnight il est presque minuit, il n'est pas loin de minuit;∎ it's getting on for three weeks since we saw her ça va faire bientôt trois semaines que nous ne l'avons pas vue;∎ there were getting on for ten thousand demonstrators il n'y avait pas loin ou il y avait près de dix mille manifestants➲ get onto∎ to get onto a subject or onto a topic aborder un sujet;∎ how did we get onto reincarnation? comment est-ce qu'on en est venus à parler de réincarnation?;∎ I'll get right onto it! je vais m'y mettre tout de suite!(c) (contact) prendre contact avec, se mettre en rapport avec; (speak to) parler à; (call) téléphoner à, donner un coup de fil à∎ the plan worked well until the police got onto it le plan marchait bien jusqu'à ce que la police tombe dessus(e) (nag, rebuke) harceler;∎ his father is always getting onto him to find a job son père est toujours à le harceler pour qu'il trouve du travail∎ he got onto the school board il a été élu au conseil d'administration de l'école(b) (cause to talk about) faire parler de, amener à parler de;∎ we got him onto (the subject of) his activities in the Resistance nous l'avons amené à parler de ses activités dans la Résistance➲ get out(a) (leave building, room etc) sortir; (leave vehicle) descendre; (leave organization, town) quitter;∎ he got out of the car il est sorti de la voiture;∎ to get out of bed se lever, sortir de son lit;∎ you'd better get out of here tu ferais bien de partir ou sortir;∎ get out! sortez!;∎ to get out while the going is good partir au bon moment∎ they don't get out much ils ne sortent pas beaucoup(c) (be released from prison, hospital) sortir(d) (information, news) se répandre, s'ébruiter;∎ the secret got out le secret a été éventé∎ the prisoner got out of his cell le prisonnier s'est échappé de sa cellule;∎ he was lucky to get out alive il a eu de la chance de s'en sortir vivant∎ theaters were getting out les gens sortaient des théâtres∎ to get a book out from the library emprunter un livre à la bibliothèque(c) (speak with difficulty) prononcer, sortir;∎ I could barely get a word out c'est à peine si je pouvais dire ou prononcer ou sortir un mot;∎ familiar to get out from under s'en sortir□, s'en tirer□(d) (free → hostages etc) libérer∎ let's get out of here partons d'ici;∎ he managed to get out of the country (criminal, refugee) il a réussi à quitter le pays;∎ to get out of bed se lever;∎ to get out of prison/the army sortir de prison/quitter l'armée;∎ to get out of sb's way s'écarter du chemin de qn, faire place à qn;∎ very familiar get the hell out of here! fiche(-moi) le camp!∎ how did you get out of doing the dishes? comment as-tu pu échapper à la vaisselle?;∎ he tried to get out of helping me il a essayé de se débrouiller pour ne pas devoir m'aider;∎ we have to go, there's no getting out of it il faut qu'on y aille, il n'y a rien à faire ou il n'y a pas moyen d'y échapper;∎ there's no getting out of it, you were the better candidate il faut le reconnaître ou il n'y a pas à dire, vous étiez le meilleur candidat∎ to get out of trouble se tirer d'affaire;∎ they managed to get out of the clutches of the mafia ils ont réussi à se tirer des griffes de la mafia;∎ how can I get out of this mess? comment puis-je me tirer de ce pétrin?∎ to get out of (the habit of) doing sth perdre l'habitude de faire qch(a) (take out of) sortir de;∎ get the baby out of the house every now and then sors le bébé de temps en temps;∎ she got a handkerchief out of her handbag elle a sorti un mouchoir de son sac à main;∎ how many books did you get out of the library? combien de livres as-tu emprunté à ou sorti de la bibliothèque?∎ the lawyer got his client out of jail l'avocat a fait sortir son client de prison;∎ figurative the phone call got her out of having to talk to me le coup de fil lui a évité d'avoir à me parler;∎ he'll never get himself out of this one! il ne s'en sortira jamais!;∎ my confession got him out of trouble ma confession l'a tiré d'affaire(c) (extract → cork) sortir de; (→ nail, splinter) enlever de; (→ stain) faire partir de, enlever de;∎ I can't get the cork out of the bottle je n'arrive pas à déboucher la bouteille;∎ the police got a confession/the truth out of him la police lui a arraché une confession/la vérité;∎ we got the money out of him nous avons réussi à obtenir l'argent de lui;∎ I can't get anything out of him je ne peux rien tirer de lui;∎ I can't get the idea out of my mind je ne peux pas chasser cette idée de mon esprit(d) (gain from) gagner, retirer;∎ to get a lot out of sth tirer (un) grand profit de qch;∎ I didn't get much out of that class ce cours ne m'a pas apporté grand-chose, je n'ai pas retiré grand-chose de ce cours;∎ the job was difficult but she got something out of it la tâche était difficile, mais elle y a trouvé son compte ou en a tiré profit➲ get over(b) (recover from → illness) se remettre de, guérir de; (→ accident) se remettre de; (→ loss) se remettre de, se consoler de;∎ I'll never get over her je ne l'oublierai jamais;∎ he can't get over her death il n'arrive pas à se remettre de sa mort ou disparition;∎ we couldn't get over our surprise nous n'arrivions pas à nous remettre de notre surprise;∎ I can't get over how much he's grown! qu'est-ce qu'il a grandi, je n'en reviens pas!;∎ I can't get over it! je n'en reviens pas!;∎ he couldn't get over the fact that she had come back il n'en revenait pas qu'elle soit revenue;∎ I can't get over your having refused je n'en reviens pas que vous ayez refusé;∎ he'll get over it! il n'en mourra pas!∎ they soon got over their shyness ils ont vite oublié ou surmonté leur timidité(a) (cause to cross) faire traverser(b) (communicate → idea, message) faire passer∎ to get over to France/America aller en France/Amérique;∎ we'll try to get over next weekend (to visit) nous essayerons de venir vous voir le week-end prochain(b) (idea, message) passer(finish with) en finir avec;∎ let's get it over with finissons-en;∎ I expect you'll be glad to get it over with j'imagine que vous serez soulagé quand ce sera terminé∎ (bring, take) I'll get the books round (to you) as soon as I can je t'apporterai les livres dès que je le pourrai(b) the doctor said she'd get round as soon as she could le docteur a dit qu'elle viendrait ou passerait dès qu'elle pourrait;∎ I didn't manage to get round to each pupil in the class je n'ai pas réussi à m'occuper de chaque élève de la classe(a) (reach destination) parvenir;∎ the road was blocked and no one could get through la route était bloquée et personne ne pouvait passer;∎ they managed to get through to the wounded ils ont réussi à parvenir jusqu'aux blessés;∎ the letter got through to her la lettre lui est parvenue;∎ the message didn't get through le message n'est pas arrivé;∎ despite the crowds, I managed to get through malgré la foule, j'ai réussi à passer∎ the team got through to the final l'équipe s'est classée pour la finale(c) (bill, motion) passer, être adopté ou voté(d) (make oneself understood) se faire comprendre;∎ I can't seem to get through to her elle et moi ne sommes pas sur la même longueur d'onde∎ I can't get through to his office je n'arrive pas à avoir son bureau∎ call me when you get through appelez-moi quand vous aurez ou avez fini(a) (come through → hole, window) passer par; (→ crowd) se frayer un chemin à travers ou dans; (→ military lines) percer, franchir∎ he got through it alive il s'en est sorti (vivant)∎ I got through an enormous amount of work j'ai abattu beaucoup de travail;∎ it took us one week to get through the entire play il nous a fallu une semaine pour venir à bout de la pièce(d) (consume, use up) consommer, utiliser;∎ we get through a litre of olive oil a week nous utilisons un litre d'huile d'olive par semaine;∎ they got through their monthly salary in one week en une semaine ils avaient dépensé tout leur salaire du mois;∎ he gets through eight shirts a week il salit huit chemises par semaine;∎ we'll never get through all this food nous ne viendrons jamais à bout de toute cette nourriture(e) (endure, pass → time) faire passer;∎ how will I get through this without you? comment pourrai-je vivre cette épreuve sans toi?;∎ they got through the day without a single argument ils ne se sont pas disputés une seule fois de toute la journée;∎ the Government may have difficulty getting through another six months le gouvernement aura peut-être du mal à tenir encore six mois(g) (of bill, motion) passer;∎ the bill got through both Houses le projet de loi a été adopté par les deux Chambres(a) (transport, send successfully) faire parvenir;∎ they got the food supplies through ils ont réussi à faire parvenir les provisions alimentaires (à destination);∎ to get sth through customs (faire) passer qch à la douane;∎ you'll never get that desk through tu n'arriveras jamais à faire passer ce bureau(b) (transmit → message) faire passer, transmettre, faire parvenir;∎ can you get this letter through to my family? pouvez-vous transmettre ou faire parvenir cette lettre à ma famille?∎ I finally got it through to him that I wasn't interested j'ai fini par lui faire comprendre que je n'étais pas intéressé;∎ familiar when will you get it through your thick head that I don't want to go? quand est-ce que tu vas enfin comprendre que je ne veux pas y aller?□(d) (bill, motion) faire adopter, faire passer;∎ the party got the bill through the Senate le parti a fait voter ou adopter le projet de loi par le Sénat∎ it was your essay that got you through (the exam) c'est grâce à ta dissertation que tu as réussi l'examen∎ I need four cups of coffee to get me through the day il me faut mes quatre tasses de café par jourterminer, finir∎ where have you got to? (in book, work) où en es-tu?;∎ it got to the point where he couldn't walk another step il en est arrivé au point de ne plus pouvoir faire un pas(b) (deal with) s'occuper de;∎ I'll get to you in a minute je suis à toi ou je m'occupe de toi dans quelques secondes;∎ he'll get to it tomorrow il va s'en occuper demain∎ that music really gets to me (moves me) cette musique me touche vraiment□ ; (annoys me) cette musique me tape sur le système;∎ don't let it get to you! ne t'énerve pas pour ça!∎ can we get together after the meeting? on peut se retrouver après la réunion?(b) (reach an agreement) se mettre d'accord;∎ the committee got together on the date les membres du comité se sont entendus ou se sont mis d'accord sur la date;∎ you'd better get together with him on the proposal vous feriez bien de vous entendre avec lui au sujet de la proposition∎ to get some money together réunir une somme d'argent;∎ let me get my thoughts together laissez-moi rassembler mes idées;∎ familiar to get one's act together se secouer;∎ familiar she's really got it together (in life) elle sait ce qu'elle fait□ ; (in job etc) elle domine son sujet□ ;∎ familiar I never thought he would get it together je n'aurais jamais pensé qu'il y arriverait□➲ get up(a) (arise from bed) se lever;∎ it was 6 o'clock when we got up il était 6 heures quand nous nous sommes levés;∎ I like to get up late on Sundays j'aime faire la grasse matinée le dimanche;∎ get up! sors du lit!, debout!, lève-toi!(b) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;∎ she had to get up from her chair elle a été obligée de se lever de sa chaise;∎ to get up from the table se lever ou sortir de table;∎ get up off the floor! relève-toi!;∎ please don't bother getting up restez assis, je vous prie(c) (climb up) monter;∎ they got up on the roof ils sont montés sur le toit;∎ she got up behind him on the motorcycle elle est montée derrière lui sur la moto∎ get up! allez!∎ how are we going to get this desk up to the fifth floor? comment allons-nous monter ce bureau jusqu'au cinquième étage?;∎ to get sb up the stairs (help climb) aider qn à monter l'escalier(c) (generate, work up)∎ to get up speed gagner de la vitesse;∎ to get one's courage up rassembler son courage;∎ I can't get up any enthusiasm for the job je n'arrive pas à éprouver d'enthousiasme pour ce travail(d) familiar (organize → entertainment, party) organiser□, monter□ ; (→ petition) organiser□ ; (→ play) monter□ ; (→ excuse, story) fabriquer□, forger□∎ their children are always so nicely got up leurs enfants sont toujours si bien habillés;∎ to get oneself up se mettre sur son trente et un∎ to get it up bander∎ he gets up to all kinds of mischief il fait des tas de bêtises;∎ what have you been getting up to lately? qu'est-ce que tu deviens?∎ I've got up to chapter 5 j'en suis au chapitre 5;∎ where have you got up to? (in book, work) où en êtes-vous?
См. также в других словарях:
Difference quotient — The primary vehicle of calculus and other higher mathematics is the function. Its input value is its argument, usually a point ( P ) expressible on a graph. The difference between two points, themselves, is known as their Delta (ΔP), as is the… … Wikipedia
point — 1. (poin ; le t se lie : un poin t important ; au pluriel, l s se lie : des points z importants) s. m. 1° Douleur qui point, qui pique. 2° Piqûre que l on fait dans l étoffe avec une aiguille enfilée d un fil. 3° Nom donné à certains… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
Difference and Repetition — … Wikipedia
difference — [dif′ər əns, dif′rəns] n. [ME < OFr < L differentia < differens, prp. of differre: see DIFFER] 1. condition, quality, fact, or instance of being different 2. the way in which people or things are different; esp., a determining point or… … English World dictionary
Point of difference — is a term used for an outcome of product differentiation. In business economics, differentiation is seen as an important strategic move for companies to make. Because of an overwhelming variety of products and services on the market, those that… … Wikipedia
différence — [ diferɑ̃s ] n. f. • 1160; lat. differentia 1 ♦ Caractère (une différence) ou ensemble des caractères (la différence) qui distingue une chose d une autre, un être d un autre; relation d altérité entre ces choses, entre ces êtres. ⇒ dissemblance,… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Difference (philosophy) — Difference is a key concept of continental philosophy, denoting the process or set of properties by which one entity is distinguished from another within a relational field or a given conceptual system. In the Western philosophical system,… … Wikipedia
Difference — Différence Différence désigne ce qui distingue deux choses, et de façon extensive ce qui distingue plusieurs choses, éventuellement prises deux à deux. Sommaire 1 Mathématiques 2 Statistiques 3 Sens courant 4 Sources … Wikipédia en Français
Différence — désigne ce qui distingue deux choses, et de façon extensive ce qui distingue plusieurs choses, éventuellement prises deux à deux. Sommaire 1 Mathématiques 2 Statistiques 3 Sens courant 4 Sources … Wikipédia en Français
difference — Difference, Delectus, Discrimen, Differentia, Diuersitas, Distantia, Discerniculum. Difference ou desaccordance, Discrepantia. La plus grande difference qui soit entre l homme et la beste, c est que, etc. Inter hominem et belluam hoc maxime… … Thresor de la langue françoyse
Difference — may refer to: Difference (album), a 2005 power metal album Difference (computer science), a concept in computer science Difference (heraldry), any systematic way of distinguishing similar coats of arms belonging to members of the same family… … Wikipedia