montis+t

mountain, mount.

ENG Javan bush-warbler

ENG yellow-breasted warbler

* * *

a-scendo ( ads-, Jan; ads- and as-, Müller; as-, other editors), scendi, scensum, 3, v. n. [scando], to ascend, mount up, climb; and in eccl. Lat. simply to go up, to rise, to spring up, grow up (syn.: scando, conscendo, orior, surgo, prodeo).

Lit. (opp. descendo; and diff. from escendo, which designates a climbing, mounting upon some high object, and involves the idea of exertion; cf. Oud. ad Caes. B. G. 7, 27; Suet. Caes. 61; Ochsn. Ecl. pp. 287 and 288; Doed. Syn. IV. pp. 60 and 61; it often interchanges with escendere in MSS.; cf. e. g. Halm ad Nep. Epam. 4, 5; id. Them. 8, 6, and v. examples below; class.; in Cic. and in Vulg. very freq.), constr. most freq. with in, but also with ad with super, supra, contra, adversus, with acc., and absol. (in Cic. in the lit. signif., except once with the acc., always with in with acc.; but in the trop. signif. in all constrr.).

With in with acc.:

in navem ascendere,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 20; 2, 6, 54 Fleck.:

ascendere in naviculam,

Vulg. Matt. 8, 23:

in triremem ascendit,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 3 (in id. Epam. 4, 5, and Them. 8, 6 Halm now reads escendere):

in arborem ascendere,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 4:

ut in Amanum (urbem) ascenderem,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

ascende in oppidum,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 1:

lex peregrinum vetat in murum ascendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 24, 100:

in equum,

id. Sen. 10, 34:

in caelum,

id. Am. 23, 88; so id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71 (B. and K., escendere); id. Dom. 28, 75; id. Mil. 35, 97 (cf. id. Leg. 2, 8:

ascensus in caelum): inque plagas caeli,

Ov. M. 11, 518:

cavete, ne ascendatis in montem,

Vulg. Exod. 19, 12; 24, 13; ib. Matt. 5, 1; ib. Marc. 3, 13:

in tribunal ascendere,

Cic. Vatin. 14, 34 (B. and K., escendere); so Liv. 2, 28 Drak. (Weissenb., escendere):

in contionem,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 3 (B. and K., escendit); so Liv. 3, 49; 5, 50 (Weissenb., escendere, in both these pass.):

in Capitolium ascendere,

id. 10, 7:

sin vestram ascendisset in urbem,

Verg. A. 2, 192.—

With ad. ad Gitanas Epiri oppidum, Liv. 42, 38:

ad laevam paulatim,

Sall. C. 55, 3.—

With acc. or loc. adv.:

navem ascendit,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 69; Phaedr. 4, 22, 9; Vulg. Marc. 4, 1; ib. Luc. [p. 171] 8, 37:

ascendit classem,

Tac. A. 2, 75:

montīs cum ascendimus altos,

Lucr. 6, 469:

montem,

Juv. 1, 82, and Vulg. Psa. 103, 8; cf.:

summum jugum montis ascendere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

fastigia montis anheli,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 383:

altitudinem montium,

Vulg. Isa. 37, 24:

currus,

Lucr. 5, 1301 (Lachm., escendere); so Vulg. 3 Reg. 12, 13:

adversam ripam,

Cic. Div. 1, 28, 58:

murum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 27; so Verg. A. 9, 507, and Vulg. Jer. 5, 10:

equum,

Liv. 23, 14; so Suet. Caes. 61, and Vulg. Psa. 75, 7:

ascendit Capitolium ad lumina,

Suet. Caes. 37:

deus adscensurus, Olympum,

Tib. 4, 1, 12:

magnum iter ascendo,

Prop. 4, 10, 3:

illuc solita est ascendere filia Nisi,

Ov. M. 8, 17; 11, 394:

quo simul ascendit,

id. ib. 7, 220.—Also pass.:

si mons erat ascendendus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

primus gradus ascendatur,

Vitr. 3, 3:

porticus adscenduntur nonagenis gradibus,

Plin. 36, 13, 19, § 88 (Jan, descenduntur):

ascenso simul curru,

Suet. Tib. 2 fin.: ne ascensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, Prop 4, 3, 63.—

Absol., of persons ex locis superioribus desuper suos ascendentes protegebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

quā fefellerat ascendens hostis,

Liv. 5, 47:

Ascendit ergo Abram de Aegypto,

Vulg. Gen. 13, 1; 19, 30:

Ascende huc,

ib. Apoc. 4, 1; 12, 12.—Of things:

fons ascendebat de terrā,

Vulg. Gen. 2, 6:

sicut ascendit mare fluctu,

ib. Ezech. 26, 3:

jam ascendit aurora,

ib. Gen. 32, 26 ' ascendit ignis de petrā, ib. Jud. 6, 21:

ascendet fumus ejus,

ib. Isa. 34, 10; ib. Apoc. 8, 4:

vidit ascendentem favillam de terrā,

ib. Gen. 19, 28:

ascendet sicut virgultum,

ib. Isa. 53, 2; 5, 6:

germen eorum, ut pulvis, ascendet,

ib. ib. 5, 24.—Also, after the Greek, to go aboard ship, to go out to sea (eccl. Lat.): ascendentes navigavimus, epibantes, Vulg. Act. 21, 2: Et ascenderunt, anêchthêsan, ib. Luc. 8, 22.—

Trop.

Constr in like manner,

With in with acc.:

in summum locum civitatis ascendere,

Cic. Clu. 55:

propter quem (ornatum) ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,

has grown into such reputation, id. Or. 36, 125:

ira ascendit in Israel,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 21:

Quid cogitationes ascendunt in corda vestra?

ib. Luc. 24, 38; ib. Act. 7, 23.—

With ad:

sic a principiis ascendit motus et exit paulatim nostros ad sensus,

Lucr. 2, 137:

aut a minoribus ad majora ascendimus aut a majoribus ad minora delabimur,

Cic. Part. Or. 4, 12:

propius ad magnitudinem alicujus,

Plin. Pan. 61, 2:

ad honores,

Cic. Brut. 68, 241:

ad hunc gradum amicitiae,

Curt. 7, 1, 14.—

With super with acc.:

ira Dei ascendit super eos,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 31:

ascendent sermones super cor tuum,

ib. Ezech. 38, 10.—

With acc.:

ex honoribus continuis familiae unum gradum dignitatis ascendere,

Cic. Mur. 27:

altiorem gradum,

id. Off. 2, 18, 62:

cum, quem tenebat, ascenderat gradum,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3:

altissimum (gradum),

Plin. Ep. 3, 2, 4.— Poet.:

ascendere thalamum, i. e. matrimonium contrahere,

Val. Fl. 6, 45.—

Absol.:

ad summam amplitudinem pervenisset, ascendens gradibus magistratuum,

Cic. Brut. 81, 281; Plin. Pan. 58, 3: altius ascendere, Brut. ap. Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 4:

gradatim ascendit vox,

rises, Cic. de Or. 3, 61, 227:

usque ad nos contemptus Samnitium pervenit, supra non ascendit, i. e. alios non tetigit,

Liv. 7, 30:

donec ascenderit furor Domini,

Vulg. 2 Par. 36, 16:

ascendet indignatio mea,

ib. Ezech. 38, 18.—

Esp., super, supra aliquem or aliquid ascendere, to rise above any person or thing, to surpass, to stand higher (twice in Tacitus):

(liberti) super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt,

Tac. G. 25:

mihi supra tribunatus et praeturas et consulatus ascendere videor,

id. Or. 7.—Hence, ascen-dens ( ads-), entis, P. a.

Machina, a machine for ascending, a scaling-ladder, Vitr. 10, 19.—

In the jurists, ascendentes are the kindred in an ascending line, ancestors ( parents, grandparents, etc.; opp. descendentes, descendants, children, grandchildren, etc.), Dig. 23, 2, 68.

a-scendo ( ads-, Jan; ads- and as-, Müller; as-, other editors), scendi, scensum, 3, v. n. [scando], to ascend, mount up, climb; and in eccl. Lat. simply to go up, to rise, to spring up, grow up (syn.: scando, conscendo, orior, surgo, prodeo).

Lit. (opp. descendo; and diff. from escendo, which designates a climbing, mounting upon some high object, and involves the idea of exertion; cf. Oud. ad Caes. B. G. 7, 27; Suet. Caes. 61; Ochsn. Ecl. pp. 287 and 288; Doed. Syn. IV. pp. 60 and 61; it often interchanges with escendere in MSS.; cf. e. g. Halm ad Nep. Epam. 4, 5; id. Them. 8, 6, and v. examples below; class.; in Cic. and in Vulg. very freq.), constr. most freq. with in, but also with ad with super, supra, contra, adversus, with acc., and absol. (in Cic. in the lit. signif., except once with the acc., always with in with acc.; but in the trop. signif. in all constrr.).

With in with acc.:

in navem ascendere,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 20; 2, 6, 54 Fleck.:

ascendere in naviculam,

Vulg. Matt. 8, 23:

in triremem ascendit,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 3 (in id. Epam. 4, 5, and Them. 8, 6 Halm now reads escendere):

in arborem ascendere,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 4:

ut in Amanum (urbem) ascenderem,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

ascende in oppidum,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 1:

lex peregrinum vetat in murum ascendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 24, 100:

in equum,

id. Sen. 10, 34:

in caelum,

id. Am. 23, 88; so id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71 (B. and K., escendere); id. Dom. 28, 75; id. Mil. 35, 97 (cf. id. Leg. 2, 8:

ascensus in caelum): inque plagas caeli,

Ov. M. 11, 518:

cavete, ne ascendatis in montem,

Vulg. Exod. 19, 12; 24, 13; ib. Matt. 5, 1; ib. Marc. 3, 13:

in tribunal ascendere,

Cic. Vatin. 14, 34 (B. and K., escendere); so Liv. 2, 28 Drak. (Weissenb., escendere):

in contionem,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 3 (B. and K., escendit); so Liv. 3, 49; 5, 50 (Weissenb., escendere, in both these pass.):

in Capitolium ascendere,

id. 10, 7:

sin vestram ascendisset in urbem,

Verg. A. 2, 192.—

With ad. ad Gitanas Epiri oppidum, Liv. 42, 38:

ad laevam paulatim,

Sall. C. 55, 3.—

With acc. or loc. adv.:

navem ascendit,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 69; Phaedr. 4, 22, 9; Vulg. Marc. 4, 1; ib. Luc. [p. 171] 8, 37:

ascendit classem,

Tac. A. 2, 75:

montīs cum ascendimus altos,

Lucr. 6, 469:

montem,

Juv. 1, 82, and Vulg. Psa. 103, 8; cf.:

summum jugum montis ascendere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

fastigia montis anheli,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 383:

altitudinem montium,

Vulg. Isa. 37, 24:

currus,

Lucr. 5, 1301 (Lachm., escendere); so Vulg. 3 Reg. 12, 13:

adversam ripam,

Cic. Div. 1, 28, 58:

murum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 27; so Verg. A. 9, 507, and Vulg. Jer. 5, 10:

equum,

Liv. 23, 14; so Suet. Caes. 61, and Vulg. Psa. 75, 7:

ascendit Capitolium ad lumina,

Suet. Caes. 37:

deus adscensurus, Olympum,

Tib. 4, 1, 12:

magnum iter ascendo,

Prop. 4, 10, 3:

illuc solita est ascendere filia Nisi,

Ov. M. 8, 17; 11, 394:

quo simul ascendit,

id. ib. 7, 220.—Also pass.:

si mons erat ascendendus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

primus gradus ascendatur,

Vitr. 3, 3:

porticus adscenduntur nonagenis gradibus,

Plin. 36, 13, 19, § 88 (Jan, descenduntur):

ascenso simul curru,

Suet. Tib. 2 fin.: ne ascensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, Prop 4, 3, 63.—

Absol., of persons ex locis superioribus desuper suos ascendentes protegebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

quā fefellerat ascendens hostis,

Liv. 5, 47:

Ascendit ergo Abram de Aegypto,

Vulg. Gen. 13, 1; 19, 30:

Ascende huc,

ib. Apoc. 4, 1; 12, 12.—Of things:

fons ascendebat de terrā,

Vulg. Gen. 2, 6:

sicut ascendit mare fluctu,

ib. Ezech. 26, 3:

jam ascendit aurora,

ib. Gen. 32, 26 ' ascendit ignis de petrā, ib. Jud. 6, 21:

ascendet fumus ejus,

ib. Isa. 34, 10; ib. Apoc. 8, 4:

vidit ascendentem favillam de terrā,

ib. Gen. 19, 28:

ascendet sicut virgultum,

ib. Isa. 53, 2; 5, 6:

germen eorum, ut pulvis, ascendet,

ib. ib. 5, 24.—Also, after the Greek, to go aboard ship, to go out to sea (eccl. Lat.): ascendentes navigavimus, epibantes, Vulg. Act. 21, 2: Et ascenderunt, anêchthêsan, ib. Luc. 8, 22.—

Trop.

Constr in like manner,

With in with acc.:

in summum locum civitatis ascendere,

Cic. Clu. 55:

propter quem (ornatum) ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,

has grown into such reputation, id. Or. 36, 125:

ira ascendit in Israel,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 21:

Quid cogitationes ascendunt in corda vestra?

ib. Luc. 24, 38; ib. Act. 7, 23.—

With ad:

sic a principiis ascendit motus et exit paulatim nostros ad sensus,

Lucr. 2, 137:

aut a minoribus ad majora ascendimus aut a majoribus ad minora delabimur,

Cic. Part. Or. 4, 12:

propius ad magnitudinem alicujus,

Plin. Pan. 61, 2:

ad honores,

Cic. Brut. 68, 241:

ad hunc gradum amicitiae,

Curt. 7, 1, 14.—

With super with acc.:

ira Dei ascendit super eos,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 31:

ascendent sermones super cor tuum,

ib. Ezech. 38, 10.—

With acc.:

ex honoribus continuis familiae unum gradum dignitatis ascendere,

Cic. Mur. 27:

altiorem gradum,

id. Off. 2, 18, 62:

cum, quem tenebat, ascenderat gradum,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3:

altissimum (gradum),

Plin. Ep. 3, 2, 4.— Poet.:

ascendere thalamum, i. e. matrimonium contrahere,

Val. Fl. 6, 45.—

Absol.:

ad summam amplitudinem pervenisset, ascendens gradibus magistratuum,

Cic. Brut. 81, 281; Plin. Pan. 58, 3: altius ascendere, Brut. ap. Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 4:

gradatim ascendit vox,

rises, Cic. de Or. 3, 61, 227:

usque ad nos contemptus Samnitium pervenit, supra non ascendit, i. e. alios non tetigit,

Liv. 7, 30:

donec ascenderit furor Domini,

Vulg. 2 Par. 36, 16:

ascendet indignatio mea,

ib. Ezech. 38, 18.—

Esp., super, supra aliquem or aliquid ascendere, to rise above any person or thing, to surpass, to stand higher (twice in Tacitus):

(liberti) super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt,

Tac. G. 25:

mihi supra tribunatus et praeturas et consulatus ascendere videor,

id. Or. 7.—Hence, ascen-dens ( ads-), entis, P. a.

Machina, a machine for ascending, a scaling-ladder, Vitr. 10, 19.—

In the jurists, ascendentes are the kindred in an ascending line, ancestors ( parents, grandparents, etc.; opp. descendentes, descendants, children, grandchildren, etc.), Dig. 23, 2, 68.

* * *

caedo, cĕcīdi (in MSS. freq. caecīdi, v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 460), caesum, 3, v. a. [root cīd- for scid-; cf. scindo; Gr. schizô].

Lit.

In gen.

To cut, hew, lop, cut down, fell, cut off, cut to pieces: caesa abiegna trabes, Enn. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 75 (Trag. v. 281 Vahl.):

frondem querneam caedito,

Cato, R. R. 5, 8:

arbores,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33; Ov. M. 9, 230:

robur,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86; Ov. M. 8, 769:

lignum,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3. 63: silvam, Varr ap. Non. p. 272, 5; Lucr. 5, 1265; Caes. B. G. 3, 29; Ov. M. 8, 329; Suet. Aug. 94 fin.; Pall. Mai, 4, 1:

nemus,

Ov. M. 2, 418; cf. id. ib. 1, 94; 9, 230; 9, 374;

14, 535: harundinem,

Dig. 7, 1, 59, § 2:

arboris auctum,

Lucr. 6, 167:

comam vitis,

Tib. 1, 7, 34:

faenum,

Col. 2, 18, 1:

murus latius quam caederetur ruebat,

Liv. 21, 11, 9:

caesis montis fodisse medullis,

Cat. 68, 111; so,

caedi montis in marmora,

Plin. 12, prooem. §

2: lapis caedendus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 56, § 147:

silicem,

id. Div. 2, 41, 85:

marmor,

Dig. 24, 3, 7, § 13:

toga rotunda et apte caesa,

cut out, Quint. 11, 3, 139: caedunt securibus umida vina, with axes they cut out the wine (formerly liquid, now frozen), Verg. G. 3, 364: volutas, to carve or hollow out volutes, Vitr. 3, 3: tineae omnia caedunt, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 272, 14.—

Prov.:

ut vineta egomet caedam mea,

i. e. carry my own hide to market, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 220 (proverbium in eos dicitur, qui sibi volentes nocent, Schol. Crucq.; cf. Tib. 1, 2, 98; Verg. A. 5, 672).—

Ruta caesa; v ruo, P. a.—

In gen., to strike upon something, to knock at, to beat, strike, cudgel, etc.:

ut lapidem ferro quom caedimus evolat ignis,

strike upon with iron, Lucr. 6, 314:

caedere januam saxis,

Cic. Verr 2, 1, 27, § 69:

silicem rostro,

Liv. 41, 13, 1:

vasa dolabris,

Curt. 5, 6, 5:

femur, pectus, frontem,

Quint. 2, 12, 10; cf. id. 11, 3, 123 al.:

verberibus,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 45; so Ter. And. 1, 2, 28:

pugnis,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, [p. 262] 43:

aliquem ex occulto,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 17:

at validis socios caedebant dentibus apri,

they fell with their strong tusks upon their own party, Lucr. 5, 1325; cf. Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 71:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 28, § 69; Hor. S. 1, 2, 42:

populum saxis,

id. ib. 2, 3, 128:

ferulā aliquem,

id. ib. 1, 3, 120:

flagris,

Quint. 6, 3, 25:

aliquem loris,

Cic. Phil. 8, 8, 24; Suet. Ner. 26; 49; id. Dom. 8:

caeduntur (agrestes) inter potentium inimicitias,

Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 61, 27 Dietsch:

nudatos virgis,

Liv. 2, 5, 8:

hastilibus caedentes terga trepidantium,

id. 35, 5, 10:

servum sub furcā caesum medio egerat circo, i.e. ita ut simul caederet,

id. 2, 36, 1.—

Prov.:

stimulos pugnis caedere,

to kick against the pricks, to aggravate a danger by foolish resistance, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 55.—

Trop.:

in judicio testibus caeditur,

is pressed, hard pushed, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 3.—

Pregn.

(Cf. cado, I. B. 2.) To strike mortally, to kill, murder:

ille dies, quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus,

Cic. Mil. 5, 14:

P. Africanus de Tiberio Graccho responderat jure caesum videri,

id. de Or. 2, 25, 106; id. Off. 2, 12, 43:

caeso Argo,

Ov. M. 2, 533; 5, 148; 12, 113; 12, 590; 12, 603; Suet. Caes. 76 al. — Poet., transf. to the blood shed in slaying:

caeso sparsuros sanguine flammam,

Verg. A. 11, 82.—Esp. freq.,

In milit. lang., to slay a single enemy; or, when a hostile army as a whole is spoken of, to conquer with great slaughter, to cut to pieces, vanquish, destroy (cf. Oud., Wolf, and Baumg.Crus. upon Suet. Vesp. 4):

exercitus caesus fususque,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1, 1:

Romani insecuti (hostem), caedentes spoliantesque caesos, castra regia diripiunt,

Liv. 32, 12, 10; 2, 47, 9:

infra arcem caesi captique multi mortales,

id. 4, 61, 6; 22, 7, 2 and 9; Quint. 12, 10, 24; Suet. Aug. 21; 23; id. Vesp. 4:

Indos,

Curt. 9, 5, 19:

passim obvios,

id. 5, 6, 6:

praesidium,

id. 4, 5, 17:

propugnatores reipublicae,

Quint. 12, 10, 24:

caesus (hostis) per calles saltusque vagando circumagatur,

Liv. 44, 36, 10 Kreyss.:

consulem exercitumque caesum,

id. 22, 56, 2:

legio-nes nostras cecidere,

id. 7, 30, 14; so Nep. Dat. 6, 4; Tac. Agr. 18; Suet. Claud. 1.— And poet., the leader is put for the army:

Pyrrhum et ingentem cecidit Antiochum Hannibalemque dirum,

Hor. C. 3, 6, 36.—In poet. hypallage:

caesi corporum acervi (for caesorum),

Cat. 64, 359.—

To slaughter animals, esp. for offerings, to kill, slay, sacrifice:

caedit greges armentorum,

Cic. Phil. 3, 12, 31:

boves,

Ov. M. 15, 141:

deorum mentes caesis hostiis placare,

Cic. Clu. 68, 194:

caesis victimis,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1; Liv. 8, 6, 11; 10, 7, 10; 45, 7, 1; Tac. A. 2, 75; Suet. Caes. 81; id. Calig. 14; id. Ner. 25; id. Oth. 8; id. Galb. 18; id. Claud. 25; Just. 11, 5, 6 al.; Verg. A. 5, 96; Hor. Epod. 2, 59; Ov.M.13, 637; Juv. 6, 48; 6, 447; 8, 156; 12, 3 al.: inter caesa et porrecta; v. porricio.—

Hence, since security for a person was anciently given by the deposit of sheep belonging to him, which were slaughtered in case of forfeiture, leg. t. t.: pignus caedere (or concidere), to declare the for feiture of a security, to confiscate a pledge: non tibi illa sunt caedenda, si L. Crassum vis coërcere, Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4.—

In mal. part. ( = concido; cf.:

jam hoc, caede, concide: nonne vobis verba depromere videtur ad omne genus nequitiae accommodata?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 155); Cat. 56, 7; Auct. Priap. 25, 10; Tert. Pall. 4.—

Trop.: caedere sermones, a Grecism, acc. to Prisc. 18, p. 1118 P., = koptein ta rhêmata, to chop words, chat, talk, converse, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 1; cf. Non. p. 272, 13, and Prisc. p. 1188 P.:

oratio caesa,

i. e. asyndeton, Auct. Her. 4, 19, 26; Aquil. Rom. §§ 18 and 19; Mart. Cap. 5; § 528.—Hence, caesum, i, n.; subst. in gram. synon. with comma, a stop, pause, comma, Mart. Cap. 5, § 527; Aquil. Rom. § 19; Fortun. Art. Rhet. 3, 10.

caedo, cĕcīdi (in MSS. freq. caecīdi, v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 460), caesum, 3, v. a. [root cīd- for scid-; cf. scindo; Gr. schizô].

Lit.

In gen.

To cut, hew, lop, cut down, fell, cut off, cut to pieces: caesa abiegna trabes, Enn. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 75 (Trag. v. 281 Vahl.):

frondem querneam caedito,

Cato, R. R. 5, 8:

arbores,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33; Ov. M. 9, 230:

robur,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86; Ov. M. 8, 769:

lignum,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3. 63: silvam, Varr ap. Non. p. 272, 5; Lucr. 5, 1265; Caes. B. G. 3, 29; Ov. M. 8, 329; Suet. Aug. 94 fin.; Pall. Mai, 4, 1:

nemus,

Ov. M. 2, 418; cf. id. ib. 1, 94; 9, 230; 9, 374;

14, 535: harundinem,

Dig. 7, 1, 59, § 2:

arboris auctum,

Lucr. 6, 167:

comam vitis,

Tib. 1, 7, 34:

faenum,

Col. 2, 18, 1:

murus latius quam caederetur ruebat,

Liv. 21, 11, 9:

caesis montis fodisse medullis,

Cat. 68, 111; so,

caedi montis in marmora,

Plin. 12, prooem. §

2: lapis caedendus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 56, § 147:

silicem,

id. Div. 2, 41, 85:

marmor,

Dig. 24, 3, 7, § 13:

toga rotunda et apte caesa,

cut out, Quint. 11, 3, 139: caedunt securibus umida vina, with axes they cut out the wine (formerly liquid, now frozen), Verg. G. 3, 364: volutas, to carve or hollow out volutes, Vitr. 3, 3: tineae omnia caedunt, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 272, 14.—

Prov.:

ut vineta egomet caedam mea,

i. e. carry my own hide to market, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 220 (proverbium in eos dicitur, qui sibi volentes nocent, Schol. Crucq.; cf. Tib. 1, 2, 98; Verg. A. 5, 672).—

Ruta caesa; v ruo, P. a.—

In gen., to strike upon something, to knock at, to beat, strike, cudgel, etc.:

ut lapidem ferro quom caedimus evolat ignis,

strike upon with iron, Lucr. 6, 314:

caedere januam saxis,

Cic. Verr 2, 1, 27, § 69:

silicem rostro,

Liv. 41, 13, 1:

vasa dolabris,

Curt. 5, 6, 5:

femur, pectus, frontem,

Quint. 2, 12, 10; cf. id. 11, 3, 123 al.:

verberibus,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 45; so Ter. And. 1, 2, 28:

pugnis,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, [p. 262] 43:

aliquem ex occulto,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 17:

at validis socios caedebant dentibus apri,

they fell with their strong tusks upon their own party, Lucr. 5, 1325; cf. Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 71:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 28, § 69; Hor. S. 1, 2, 42:

populum saxis,

id. ib. 2, 3, 128:

ferulā aliquem,

id. ib. 1, 3, 120:

flagris,

Quint. 6, 3, 25:

aliquem loris,

Cic. Phil. 8, 8, 24; Suet. Ner. 26; 49; id. Dom. 8:

caeduntur (agrestes) inter potentium inimicitias,

Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 61, 27 Dietsch:

nudatos virgis,

Liv. 2, 5, 8:

hastilibus caedentes terga trepidantium,

id. 35, 5, 10:

servum sub furcā caesum medio egerat circo, i.e. ita ut simul caederet,

id. 2, 36, 1.—

Prov.:

stimulos pugnis caedere,

to kick against the pricks, to aggravate a danger by foolish resistance, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 55.—

Trop.:

in judicio testibus caeditur,

is pressed, hard pushed, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 3.—

Pregn.

(Cf. cado, I. B. 2.) To strike mortally, to kill, murder:

ille dies, quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus,

Cic. Mil. 5, 14:

P. Africanus de Tiberio Graccho responderat jure caesum videri,

id. de Or. 2, 25, 106; id. Off. 2, 12, 43:

caeso Argo,

Ov. M. 2, 533; 5, 148; 12, 113; 12, 590; 12, 603; Suet. Caes. 76 al. — Poet., transf. to the blood shed in slaying:

caeso sparsuros sanguine flammam,

Verg. A. 11, 82.—Esp. freq.,

In milit. lang., to slay a single enemy; or, when a hostile army as a whole is spoken of, to conquer with great slaughter, to cut to pieces, vanquish, destroy (cf. Oud., Wolf, and Baumg.Crus. upon Suet. Vesp. 4):

exercitus caesus fususque,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1, 1:

Romani insecuti (hostem), caedentes spoliantesque caesos, castra regia diripiunt,

Liv. 32, 12, 10; 2, 47, 9:

infra arcem caesi captique multi mortales,

id. 4, 61, 6; 22, 7, 2 and 9; Quint. 12, 10, 24; Suet. Aug. 21; 23; id. Vesp. 4:

Indos,

Curt. 9, 5, 19:

passim obvios,

id. 5, 6, 6:

praesidium,

id. 4, 5, 17:

propugnatores reipublicae,

Quint. 12, 10, 24:

caesus (hostis) per calles saltusque vagando circumagatur,

Liv. 44, 36, 10 Kreyss.:

consulem exercitumque caesum,

id. 22, 56, 2:

legio-nes nostras cecidere,

id. 7, 30, 14; so Nep. Dat. 6, 4; Tac. Agr. 18; Suet. Claud. 1.— And poet., the leader is put for the army:

Pyrrhum et ingentem cecidit Antiochum Hannibalemque dirum,

Hor. C. 3, 6, 36.—In poet. hypallage:

caesi corporum acervi (for caesorum),

Cat. 64, 359.—

To slaughter animals, esp. for offerings, to kill, slay, sacrifice:

caedit greges armentorum,

Cic. Phil. 3, 12, 31:

boves,

Ov. M. 15, 141:

deorum mentes caesis hostiis placare,

Cic. Clu. 68, 194:

caesis victimis,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1; Liv. 8, 6, 11; 10, 7, 10; 45, 7, 1; Tac. A. 2, 75; Suet. Caes. 81; id. Calig. 14; id. Ner. 25; id. Oth. 8; id. Galb. 18; id. Claud. 25; Just. 11, 5, 6 al.; Verg. A. 5, 96; Hor. Epod. 2, 59; Ov.M.13, 637; Juv. 6, 48; 6, 447; 8, 156; 12, 3 al.: inter caesa et porrecta; v. porricio.—

Hence, since security for a person was anciently given by the deposit of sheep belonging to him, which were slaughtered in case of forfeiture, leg. t. t.: pignus caedere (or concidere), to declare the for feiture of a security, to confiscate a pledge: non tibi illa sunt caedenda, si L. Crassum vis coërcere, Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4.—

In mal. part. ( = concido; cf.:

jam hoc, caede, concide: nonne vobis verba depromere videtur ad omne genus nequitiae accommodata?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 155); Cat. 56, 7; Auct. Priap. 25, 10; Tert. Pall. 4.—

Trop.: caedere sermones, a Grecism, acc. to Prisc. 18, p. 1118 P., = koptein ta rhêmata, to chop words, chat, talk, converse, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 1; cf. Non. p. 272, 13, and Prisc. p. 1188 P.:

oratio caesa,

i. e. asyndeton, Auct. Her. 4, 19, 26; Aquil. Rom. §§ 18 and 19; Mart. Cap. 5; § 528.—Hence, caesum, i, n.; subst. in gram. synon. with comma, a stop, pause, comma, Mart. Cap. 5, § 527; Aquil. Rom. § 19; Fortun. Art. Rhet. 3, 10.

dē-spĭcĭo, exi, ectum, 3 ( inf. perf. despexe, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 72), v. n. and a.

To look down upon any thing (for syn. cf.: contemno, sperno, aspernor).

Lit. (mestly poet.).

Neutr.: ad te per impluvium tuum, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 72; 2, 3, 16:

de vertice montis in valles,

Ov. M. 11, 504:

a summo caelo in aequora,

id. A. A. 2, 87:

medios in agros,

id. M. 1, 601:

in vias,

Hor. Od. 3, 7, 30 al. — Absol.:

vultus suspicientis et despicientis,

Plin. 35, 8, 34, § 56.— Pass. impers.:

colles, qua despici poterat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36, 2; Liv. 44, 6; Amm. 19, 5.—

Act.:

si quis Pacuviano invehens curru multas et varias gentis et urbis despicere et oculis conlustrare possit,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9, 14:

Juppiter aethere summo Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentis, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 224 (v. Conington ad loc.); cf. Ov. M. 2, 178; id. F. 4, 569:

e tumulis subjectam urbem,

Sil. 12, 488:

culmine cuncta,

Luc. 5, 251:

cavā montis convalle,

Verg. G. 2, 187 (Forb. ad loc.):

quos (populos) despicit Arctos,

Luc. 1, 458.—(Acc. to Lachm. ad Lucr. vol. 2, p. 236, despicio with acc. always has the trop. force, to despise; and in all these passages should be read dispicere; and so Rib. in Verg., Munro ad Lucr. 4, 418; cf. dispicio.)—

Trop. as v. act., to look down upon, to despise, disdain (class. and very freq. —syn.:

contemnere, spernere): ut omnes despiciat, ut hominem prae se neminem putet,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46 fin.; cf. id. Fin. 3, 18 fin.; id. Rep. 1, 17:

divitias (with contemnere honores),

id. Lael. 23:

suos,

Caes. B. C. 3, 59, 3;

ipsos,

id. B. G. 1, 13, 5:

legionem propter paucitatem,

id. ib. 3, 2, 3; cf.

copias,

id. B. C. 3, 23; 87:

paucitatem militum,

id. ib. 3, 111; id. B. G. 6, 39 fin.:

ullum laborem aut munus,

to disdain, decline, shun, id. B. C. 3, 8 fin. et saep.:

dum despicis omnes,

Verg. E. 8, 32; Ov. M. 9, 438 et saep.—In part. perf.:

homines despecti et contempti,

Cic. Sest. 40, 87; cf.:

huic despecto saluti fuit,

Nep. Thras. 2, 2 (corresp. with contemptus and contemnentibus).—Partic. with the gen.:

despiciens sui,

Cic. de Or. 2, 89 extr.; and poet.:

despectus taedae,

Sil. 8, 54.—

To look away, not to regard, not to attend:

simul atque ille despexerit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 8, 22.— Hence, P. a., dēspectus, a, um, contemptible, despicable:

natura ejus,

Tac. A. 13, 47: Euphrates, ingens modo, inde tenuis rivus, despectus emoritur, Mela, 3, 8, 5.— Comp.: improbos despectiores facere, Boëth. Cons. Phil. 3, pros. 4, p. 47 Obbar.

ex-curro, cŭcurri (Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 12; Liv. 1, 15 et saep.;

less freq. curri,

Liv. 25, 30), cursum, 3, v. n. and a.

Neut., to run out or forth, to hasten forwards.

Lit.:

cum se excucurrisse illuc frustra sciverit,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 125:

excurrat aliquis, qui hoc tantum mali filio suo nuntiet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

mandavi utrique eorum, ut ante ad me excurrerent, ut tibi obviam prodire possem,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 4: excurristi a Neapoli, Caes. ap. Prisc. p. 901 P.:

dum panes et cetera in navem parantur, excurro in Pompeianum,

make an excursion, Cic. Att. 10, 15, 4;

so of a long journey: in Graeciam,

id. ib. 14, 16, 3;

of eagerness in applauding a speaker: proni atque succincti ad omnem clausulam non exsurgunt modo, verum etiam excurrunt,

Quint. 2, 2, 12:

in crucem,

to go to destruction, go to the devil, Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 12:

ad hominem Dei,

Vulg. 4 Reg. 4, 22.—

In partic., milit. t. t., to sally forth, to make an excursion or irruption:

sine signis omnibus portis,

Liv. 29, 34, 11:

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt populandi magis quam justi more belli,

id. 1, 15, 1 Drak. N. cr.:

Carthago excurrere ex Africa videbatur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87:

excursurus cum valida manu fuerat,

Just. 13, 5.—

Transf., of inanim. or abstr. things.

In gen., to go forth, issue forth:

fons ex summo montis cacumine excurrens,

Curt. 3, 1, 3; Pall. Nov. 15, 1:

nec recisis qui a lateribus excurrant pampinis,

shoot forth, Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 212:

quorum animi spretis corporibus evolant atque excurrunt foras,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 114.—

In partic.

Of localities, to run out, project, extend:

ab intimo sinu paeninsula excurrit,

Liv. 26, 42, 8:

Sicania tribus excurrit in aequora linguis,

Ov. M. 13, 724:

promontorium in altum,

Liv. 32, 23, 10 Drak.:

dorsum montis in Persidem,

Curt. 5, 3:

promontorium per Creticum mare,

Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 32.—

In specifications of measure, to be over and above, to exceed (late Lat.; cf.

Krebs, Antibarb. p. 435): decem (auri pondo) et quod excurrit,

and something over, Dig. 16, 3, 26:

viginti et quod excurrit annorum pax,

of twenty years and upwards, Veg. Mil. 1, 28. —

Trop., to run or spread out, to extend, display itself:

campus, in quo excurrere virtus posset,

Cic. Mur. 8, 18: quid est, cur insistere orationem malint quam cum sententia pariter excurrere? qs. to keep pace with, id. Or. 51, 170:

ne oratio excurrat longius,

to run out to too great length, be prolix, id. de Or. 3, 49, 190:

extra ordinem excurrens tractatio,

Quint. 4, 3, 14:

paeone dochmioque, quorum prior in quatuor, secundus in quinque (syllabas) excurrit,

id. 9, 4, 79:

praecoces germinationes,

Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 16: in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit, qs. makes excursions, Quint. 10, 5, 16:

in pericula,

Sen. Ben. 2, 34 fin.:

quia in hoc tempus excurrit donationis eventus, quo,

extends, Dig. 24, 1, 10: quaedam (in periodo) quasi decurtata... productiora alia et quasi immoderatius excurrentia, running out, stretched out (the figure being taken from places which run out or project, v. above), Cic. Or. 53, 178.—

To run out, end, terminate, of verses:

in quatuor syllabas,

Quint. 9, 4, 79.—

Act. (very rare).

To run through a place;

trop.: prope jam excurso spatio,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 6; cf. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 210.—

To pass over, omit something in speaking:

a quo multa improbe sed venuste dicta, ne modum excedam, excurro,

Sen. Contr. 5, 34 med., p. 374 Bip.

fauces, ium ( sing. nom. faux only in Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 11, 127, =arteria aspera; cf. Varr. L. L. 10, § 78 Müll.; Charis. p. 72 P. —The abl. sing. fauce sometimes in poets: Ov. H. 9, 98; id. M. 14, 738; Hor. Epod. 14, 4; Phaedr. 1, 1, 3; 1, 8, 4; Mart. 7, 37, 6 al.), f. [cf. Sanscr. bhūka, hole, opening], the upper part of the throat, from the root of the tongue to the entrance of the gullet, the pharynx, throat, gullet (syn.: gula, guttur, jugulum).

Lit.: summum gulae fauces vocantur, extremum stomachus;

quibus fauces non sunt, ne stomachus quidem est,

Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179:

exigua in arteria sub ipsis faucibus lingula est, quae, cum spiramus, attollitur,

Cels. 4, 1: (galli) favent faucibus russis cantu, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 26, 57 (Trag. v. 250 ed. Vahl.):

sitis fauces tenet,

Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 34:

sitis fauces urit,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 214:

lippiunt fauces fame,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 39; 1, 2, 36:

fauces tussientes,

Cels. 5, 25, 11:

nuces videntur fauces exasperare,

Plin. 23, 8, 74, § 142:

fauces tumentes strangulant vocem, etc.,

Quint. 11, 3, 20:

infirmatis faucibus, praeconis voce concionatus est,

Suet. Aug. 84 fin.:

propino tibi salutem plenis faucibus,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 16:

merum ingurgitare faucibus plenis,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 39:

exscrea usque ex penitis faucibus,

from the bottom of your throat, id. As. 1, 1, 28:

alicui fauces prehendere,

id. Most. 1, 3, 62; cf.:

qui sacerdoti scelestus fauces interpresserit,

id. Rud. 3, 2, 41:

laqueo innectere fauces,

to strangle, Ov. M. 10, 378; cf.

also: ad necem secandasque novacula fauces,

Suet. Calig. 23:

fauces manu sua oppressit,

id. ib. 12:

retinens singulos et contortis faucibus convertens,

id. Caes. 62.— Trop.:

faucibus teneor,

I am caught by the throat, I feel the knife at my throat, Plaut. Cas. 5, 3, 4; cf.:

cum faucibus premeretur,

Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

Timarchides premit fauces defensionis tuae,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 176: eripite nos ex faucibus eorum, quorum crudelitas, etc., from the jaws, Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 225; cf. Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 19:

urbem totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse,

id. Arch. 9, 21:

e mediis Orci faucibus ad hunc evasi modum,

App. M. 7, p. 191:

cum inexplebiles populi fauces exaruerunt libertatis siti,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43:

lupus fauce improba incitatus,

i. e. voracity, Phaedr. 1, 2, 3.—

Transf., of places:

A narrow way, narrow inlet or outlet, an entrance, defile, pass (cf. angustiae): Corinthus posita in angustiis atque in faucibus Graeciae, in the mouth or entrance, Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87:

in Ciliciae angustissimis faucibus,

Curt. 7, 4; cf.:

qua fauces erant angustissimae portus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25, 5:

portus,

id. ib. 3, 24, 1;

3, 39, 2: Masinissam persecutus in valle arta, faucibus utrimque obsessis, inclusit,

Liv. 29, 32, 4:

Aemilius sedens in faucibus macelli,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 62, § 145; so,

macelli,

id. Quint. 6, 25:

per fauces montis ut Aetnae Exspirent ignes,

the crater, Lucr. 6, 630:

cava flumina siccis faucibus, etc.,

Verg. G. 4, 428:

altae montis,

Lucr. 6, 697:

Nilus multis faucibus in Aegyptium mare se evomit,

through many mouths, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 54:

Bospori,

the Dardanelles, id. 6, 1, 1, § 4; Sil. 12, 127:

cum fornacem facies, fauces praecipites deorsum facito,

Cato, R. R. 38, 3: pictis e faucibus currus emittere, from the barriers, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 89 ed. Vahl.).—

The jaws of the earth, gulf, abyss:

patefactis terrae faucibus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 95.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.