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41 off
(to register or record time of arriving at or leaving work.) ficharoff1 adj pasado / malooff2 adv1.2. apagado / desconectado / cerradowho switched the light off? ¿quién apagó la luz?3. suspendido / cancelado4. libre5.to be off ir / irseoff3 prep detr[ɒf]1 (movement) de2 (indicating removal) de3 (distance, situation) diferentes traducciones■ she comes off duty at 10.00pm acaba el turno a las 10.00■ why don't you take the day off work? ¿por qué no te tomas el día libre?■ be off with you! ¡lárgate!3 (in theatre) en off4 (removed) fuera■ hands off! ¡fuera las manos!5 (reduced in price) menos■ 70% off! ¡70% menos!6 (disconnected, not working) diferentes traducciones■ have you turned the TV off? ¿has apagado la TV?7 (free, on holiday) libre■ can I have the afternoon off? ¿puedo tomarme la tarde libre?1 (event) cancelado,-a, suspendido,-a2 (not turned on - gas, water) cerrado,-a; (- electricity) apagado,-a3 (impolite, unfriendly) descortés, poco amable; (below standard) malo,-a4 (food - bad) malo,-a, pasado,-a; (- unavailable) acabado,-a5 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (part of vehicle) del lado del conductor\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLoff and on / on and off de vez en cuando, a ratosoff line SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL desconectado,-aoff the top of one's head improvisando, sin pensarloon the off chance por si acaso, si por casualidadright off / straight off acto seguidoto be off for something andar de algo, tener algo■ how are you off for money? ¿cómo andas de dinero?to be well/badly off andar bien/mal de dinerooff season temporada bajaoff ['ɔf] advto march off: marcharsehe dozed off: se puso a dormirsome miles off: a varias millasthe holiday is three weeks off: faltan tres semanas para la fiestathe knob came off: se le cayó el pomoshut the television off: apaga la televisiónto take a day off: tomarse un día de descanso6)off and on : de vez en cuandooff adj1) farther: más remoto, distantethe off side of the building: el lado distante del edificio2) started: empezadoto be off on a spree: irse de juerga3) out: apagadothe light is off: la luz está apagada4) canceled: cancelado, suspendido5) incorrect: erróneo, incorrecto6) remote: remoto, lejanoan off chance: una posibilidad remota7) free: libreI'm off today: hoy estoy libre8)to be well off : vivir con desahogo, tener bastante dinerooff prepshe took it off the table: lo tomó de la mesaa shop off the main street: una tienda al lado de la calle principal2) : a la costa de, a expensas dehe lives off his sister: vive a expensas de su hermanato be off duty: estar librehe's off liquor: ha dejado el alcohol4) below: por debajo dehe's off his game: está por debajo de su juego normaladj.• de rebaja adj.adj.• apagado (Electricidad) adj.• desconectado (Electricidad) adj.• libre adj.• separado, -a adj.adv.• fuera adv.• lejos adv.prep.• fuera de prep.• lejos de prep.
I ɔːf, ɒf1)a) ( from the surface) deshe picked it up off o (crit) off of the floor — lo recogió del suelo
b) (indicating removal, absence)c) ( from) (colloq)I caught the cold off her — (BrE) ella me pegó el resfriado (fam)
2)a) ( distant from)b) ( leading from)a street off the square — una calle que sale de or desemboca en la plaza
3)a) ( absent from)I've been off work for a week — hace una semana que no voy a trabajar or que falto al trabajo
b) (indicating repugnance, abstinence) (BrE)is he off drugs now? — ¿ha dejado las drogas?
II
1)a) ( removed)once the old wallpaper is off... — en cuanto se quite el papel viejo...
hands off! — no (me or lo etc) toques!
20% off — 20% de descuento
b)off and on — on II 3) c)
2) ( indicating departure)oh, no, he's off again — ya empieza or ya está otra vez!
3) ( distant)
III
1) (pred)a) ( not turned on)the TV/light is off — la televisión/luz está apagada
b) ( canceled)the game/wedding is off — el partido/la boda se ha suspendido
2) (absent, not on duty) librea day off o (AmE also) an off day — un día libre
I'm off at five — salgo de trabajar or acabo a las cinco
3)a) (poor, unsatisfactory) (before n) maloto have an off day — tener* un mal día
b) ( unwell) (pred)to feel off — sentirse* mal
c) (rude, unfair) (BrE colloq) (pred)they didn't ask her in - that's a bit off — no la hicieron pasar - qué mal estuvieron! or qué poco amables!
4) ( Culin) (pred)to be off — \<\<meat/fish\>\> estar* malo or pasado; \<\<milk\>\> estar* cortado; \<\<butter/cheese\>\> estar* rancio; see also go off I 2)
they are comfortably off — están bien económicamente, están bien de dinero
how are you off for cash? — (BrE) ¿qué tal andas de dinero?; see also well-off, better-off, badly off
6) offside II 2)[ɒf] When off is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg get off, keep off, take off, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg LE> offoff duty/work, far off, look up the other word.1. ADVERB1) (=distant)noises off — (gen) ruidos mpl de fondo; (Theat) efectos mpl sonoros
a voice off — una voz de fondo; (Cine) una voz en off
2) (in time)3) (=removed)with his shoes off — descalzo, sin zapatos
hats off! — ¡descúbranse!
hands off! — ¡fuera las manos!, ¡sin tocar!
off with those wet socks! — ¡quítate esos calcetines mojados!
off with his head! — ¡que le corten la cabeza!
4) (=departing)to be off — irse, marcharse
it's time I was off — es hora de irme, es hora de marcharme
I must be off — tengo que irme, tengo que marcharme
I'm off — me voy, me marcho
I'm off to Paris — me voy a París, me marcho a París, salgo para París
where are you off to? — ¿a dónde te vas?
be off! — ¡fuera de aquí!, ¡lárgate!
they're off! — (race) ¡ya salen!
off with you! — (=go away) ¡fuera de aquí!, ¡lárgate!; (affectionately) ¡vete ya!
off we go! — ¡vamos!
5) (=not at work)to be off — (=away) estar fuera, no estar
Ana is off sick today — (=indisposed) Ana no ha venido a trabajar hoy porque está enferma; (=with doctor's note) Ana está de baja hoy
are you off this weekend? — ¿vas a estar fuera este fin de semana?
to have or take a day off — tomarse un día de descanso
6) (Elec, Mech etc)to be off — [apparatus, radio, TV, light] estar apagado; [tap] estar cerrado; [water etc] estar cortado; [brake] no estar puesto, estar quitado; [machinery] estar parado
7) (Comm)10% off — descuento del 10 por ciento
I'll give you 5% off — te hago el 5 por ciento de descuento, te hago un descuento del 5 por ciento
8) (in phrases)•
off and on — de vez en cuando, a ratos2. ADJECTIVE1) (Brit) (=bad)to be off — [fish, yoghurt, meat] estar malo or pasado; [milk] estar cortado
2) (=cancelled)sorry, but the party's off — lo siento, pero no hay fiesta
salmon is off — (on menu) ya no hay salmón, se acabó el salmón
3) * (=not right)•
the timing is a bit off — resulta un poco inoportunoit's a bit off, isn't it? — (fig) eso no está muy bien ¿no?
it was a bit off, him leaving like that — no estuvo muy bien de su parte marcharse así
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I thought his behaviour was rather off — me pareció que su forma de comportarse fue una salida de tono or estuvo fuera de lugar4) (for money, supplies, time)•
how are you off for money? — ¿qué tal andas de dinero?how are you off for bread? — ¿qué tal andas de pan?
badly, better I, 2., well-offhow are we off for time? — ¿qué tal vamos de tiempo?
5) (Sport) = offside 1.6) (Elec, Mech etc)3. PREPOSITION1) (=from) de2) (=near)3) (=away from)height off the ground — altura del suelo, altura sobre el suelo
he ran towards the car and was 5 yards off it when... — corrió hacia el coche y estaba a cinco metros de él cuando...
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to be off air — (Rad, TV) no estar en el aireto go off air — (=finish for day) cerrar la emisión; (=cease being broadcast) dejar de emitirse
4) (Naut)off Portland Bill — a la altura de Portland Bill, frente a Portland Bill
5) (=missing from)6) (=absent from)•
he was off work for 3 weeks — estuvo sin poder ir a trabajar 3 semanas7) (Comm)to take 5% off the price — rebajar el precio en un 5 por ciento
8) (=not taking)he's been off drugs for a year — hace un año que no prueba las drogas, dejó las drogas hace un año
I'm off coffee — (=not taking) he dejado de tomar café; (=disliking) tengo aborrecido el café, no puedo ver el café
4.NOUN * (=start) comienzo m ; (Sport) salida fready for the off — listos para comenzar; (Sport) listos para salir
5.INTRANSITIVE VERB (esp US) ** (=leave) largarse *6.TRANSITIVE VERB (US) ** (=kill) cargarse **, ventilarse **7.COMPOUNDSoff day N —
off season N — temporada f baja
* * *
I [ɔːf, ɒf]1)a) ( from the surface) deshe picked it up off o (crit) off of the floor — lo recogió del suelo
b) (indicating removal, absence)c) ( from) (colloq)I caught the cold off her — (BrE) ella me pegó el resfriado (fam)
2)a) ( distant from)b) ( leading from)a street off the square — una calle que sale de or desemboca en la plaza
3)a) ( absent from)I've been off work for a week — hace una semana que no voy a trabajar or que falto al trabajo
b) (indicating repugnance, abstinence) (BrE)is he off drugs now? — ¿ha dejado las drogas?
II
1)a) ( removed)once the old wallpaper is off... — en cuanto se quite el papel viejo...
hands off! — no (me or lo etc) toques!
20% off — 20% de descuento
b)off and on — on II 3) c)
2) ( indicating departure)oh, no, he's off again — ya empieza or ya está otra vez!
3) ( distant)
III
1) (pred)a) ( not turned on)the TV/light is off — la televisión/luz está apagada
b) ( canceled)the game/wedding is off — el partido/la boda se ha suspendido
2) (absent, not on duty) librea day off o (AmE also) an off day — un día libre
I'm off at five — salgo de trabajar or acabo a las cinco
3)a) (poor, unsatisfactory) (before n) maloto have an off day — tener* un mal día
b) ( unwell) (pred)to feel off — sentirse* mal
c) (rude, unfair) (BrE colloq) (pred)they didn't ask her in - that's a bit off — no la hicieron pasar - qué mal estuvieron! or qué poco amables!
4) ( Culin) (pred)to be off — \<\<meat/fish\>\> estar* malo or pasado; \<\<milk\>\> estar* cortado; \<\<butter/cheese\>\> estar* rancio; see also go off I 2)
they are comfortably off — están bien económicamente, están bien de dinero
how are you off for cash? — (BrE) ¿qué tal andas de dinero?; see also well-off, better-off, badly off
6) offside II 2) -
42 reverse
I 1. [rɪ'vɜːs]1) (opposite)2) (back)the reverse — (of coin, fabric) il rovescio; (of banknote) il verso; (of picture) il retro
3) (setback) rovescio m.4) aut. (anche reverse gear) marcia f. indietro, retromarcia f.2.1) (opposite) [ effect] contrario; [ direction] opposto; [ trend] inverso2) (other)the reverse side — (of medal, fabric) il rovescio; (of picture) la parte dietro
3) (backwards) [ somersault] (all')indietro4) aut.reverse gear — marcia indietro, retromarcia
5)II 1. [rɪ'vɜːs]in reverse — [do, function] al contrario
1) (invert) invertire [trend, process]3) aut.4) tel.2.verbo intransitivo [driver, car] fare marcia indietro, fare retromarciato reverse down the lane, into a parking space — percorrere la strada, parcheggiare in retromarcia
* * *[rə'və:s] 1. verb1) (to move backwards or in the opposite direction to normal: He reversed (the car) into the garage; He reversed the film through the projector.) invertire; (far fare retromarcia)2) (to put into the opposite position, state, order etc: This jacket can be reversed (= worn inside out).) rovesciare, rivoltare3) (to change (a decision, policy etc) to the exact opposite: The man was found guilty, but the judges in the appeal court reversed the decision.) riformare2. noun1) (( also adjective) (the) opposite: `Are you hungry?' `Quite the reverse - I've eaten far too much!'; I take the reverse point of view.) contrario, opposto2) (a defeat; a piece of bad luck.) sfortuna3) ((a mechanism eg one of the gears of a car etc which makes something move in) a backwards direction or a direction opposite to normal: He put the car into reverse; ( also adjective) a reverse gear.) retromarcia4) (( also adjective) (of) the back of a coin, medal etc: the reverse (side) of a coin.) rovescio•- reversal- reversed
- reversible
- reverse the charges* * *reverse /rɪˈvɜ:s/A a.1 inverso; opposto: in reverse order, in ordine inverso; the reverse side of a coin, il lato opposto (o il rovescio) d'una moneta; in the reverse direction, nella direzione opposta; a reverse «T», una «T» rovesciataB n.1 – the reverse, il rovescio ( di una stoffa, ecc.); il retro ( di un foglio, ecc.); the reverse of the medal, il rovescio della medaglia; the reverse of a page, il retro di una pagina2 – the reverse, il contrario; l'opposto: Quite the reverse!, proprio il contrario!; The reverse is true, è vero il contrario3 [uc] (mecc.) marcia indietro; retromarcia: The car was in reverse, l'automobile era in retromarcia; to put the car in(to) reverse, mettere la retromarcia● (cinem., TV) reverse-angle shot, controcampo □ (econ.) reverse auction, asta inversa □ (elettron.) reverse bias, polarizzazione inversa □ (ingl., telef.) reverse-charge call, telefonata a carico del destinatario □ (elettr.) reverse current, corrente inversa □ (comput., tecn.) reverse engineering, reverse engineering ( analisi di un sistema per individuarne i meccanismi di funzionamento) □ (geol.) reverse fault, faglia inversa □ (mil.) reverse fire, fuoco sulla retroguardia; fuoco alle spalle □ (autom., mecc.) reverse gear, marcia indietro; retromarcia □ (elettr.) reverse key, tasto d'inversione □ (mecc.) reverse motion, marcia indietro; retromarcia □ (biol.) reverse mutation, mutazione inversa, retromutazione □ ( grafica) reverse process, inversione □ (comput.) reverse proxy, proxy inverso □ ( USA) reverse racism, razzismo a rovescio ( contro i bianchi) □ (mecc.) reverse rotation, rotazione inversa □ (comput.) reverse slash, backslash (); barra inversa □ (fin.) reverse takeover, acquisizione di controllo inversa ( di una società quotata da parte di una non quotata) □ (market.) reverse vending, vendita ( di bevande) con contenitori da restituire infilandoli nel distributore ( che, in compenso, emette buoni o moneta) □ (fig.) to go into reverse, avere un'inversione di tendenza.♦ (to) reverse /rɪˈvɜ:s/A v. t.1 invertire; ribaltare: to reverse the roles, invertire i ruoli; to reverse a difficult situation, ribaltare una situazione difficile; to reverse the order, invertire l'ordine; (elettr.) to reverse the current, invertire la corrente; to reverse a cup [a glass], capovolgere una tazza [un bicchiere]; to reverse one's policy, invertire la linea (politica, ecc.)2 (leg.) ribaltare ( una sentenza: per ragioni di diritto; cfr. to recall, def. 3): The judges of the higher court reversed the judgement, i giudici del tribunale superiore hanno ribaltato la sentenza3 (mecc.) invertire il movimento di; far andare in senso contrario: to reverse machinery, invertire il movimento d'un macchinarioB v. i.● (telef.) to reverse the charges, fare una telefonata a carico del destinatario □ (mil.) Reverse arms!, rovesciat'arm!* * *I 1. [rɪ'vɜːs]1) (opposite)2) (back)the reverse — (of coin, fabric) il rovescio; (of banknote) il verso; (of picture) il retro
3) (setback) rovescio m.4) aut. (anche reverse gear) marcia f. indietro, retromarcia f.2.1) (opposite) [ effect] contrario; [ direction] opposto; [ trend] inverso2) (other)the reverse side — (of medal, fabric) il rovescio; (of picture) la parte dietro
3) (backwards) [ somersault] (all')indietro4) aut.reverse gear — marcia indietro, retromarcia
5)II 1. [rɪ'vɜːs]in reverse — [do, function] al contrario
1) (invert) invertire [trend, process]3) aut.4) tel.2.verbo intransitivo [driver, car] fare marcia indietro, fare retromarciato reverse down the lane, into a parking space — percorrere la strada, parcheggiare in retromarcia
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43 drive
1. I1) learn [how] to drive научиться водить машину; who is going to drive кто поведет машину?, кто сядет за руль?2) shall we walk or drive? пойдем пешком или поедем?2. IIdrive in some manner drive well (tirelessly, recklessly, cautiously, slowly, quickly, etc.) хорошо и т.д. водить машину /ездить/; drive at some time drive at night ездить ночью;3. III1) drive smth. drive a taxi (a railway engine, a tractor, etc.) водить такси и т.д..; can you drive a truck (a car)? вы умеете править грузовиком (машиной) /водить грузовик (машину)/?2) drive smb. I never walk now he always drives me я теперь совсем пешком не хожу, он меня всюду возит [на машине]3) drive smb., smth. drive a horse (a pair, a donkey, etc.) ехать на лошади и т.д. или погонять лошадь и т.д..; drive a carriage and pair ездить в карете, запряженной парой лошадей4) drive smth. drive a pump (machinery, an engine, etc.) приводить в действие насос и т.д. || drive a bargain заключать сделку; he drives a hard bargain с ним трудно сговориться /сторговаться/4. IVdrive smb. in some manner drive smb. hard загонять кого-л., перегрузить кого-л. работой5. VIdrive smb. to some state drive smb. mad /insane, crazy, wild/ сводить кого-л. с ума6. VIIdrive smb. to do smth. drive smb. to leave (to resign, to beg, etc.) заставить /вынудить/ кого-л. уйти и т.д.7. XI1) be driven by smb. the car was driven by a woman за рулем сидела /машиной управляла, машину вела/ женщина2) be driven by smth. this machine is driven by steam эта машина работает при помощи пара /на паре/3) be driven to do smth. he was driven to steal он был вынужден воровать; be driven (in)to doing smth. he was driven (in)to stealing by hunger голод толкнул его на воровство8. XVI1) drive in smth. drive in a car (in a taxi, in a carriage, etc.) ездить в машине и т.д..; drive to (through, at, etc.) smth. drive to the station (through London, into the country. etc.) ехать на вокзал и т.д..; drive in the right direction ехать [на машине] в правильном направлении; drive at a great speed ехать /мчаться/ [на машине] с большой скоростью2) drive over smb., smth. drive over a dog (over a bird, over a ditch, etc.) переехать /задавить/ собаку и т.д.3) drive across (on, over, etc.) smth. the ship drove swiftly across (on) the waves корабль быстро несся по волнам: the clouds drove across the sky (over the city, etc.) тучи неслись по небу и т.д.4) drive on (in, etc.) smth. the ship drove on the rocks корабль наскочил на скалы; the rain (the wind) was driving in our faces дождь (ветер) бил /хлестал/ [нам] в лицо5) drive at smth. I don't know what you are driving at я не знаю, что вы этим хотите сказать /к чему вы клоните/9. XXI11) drive smb. (in)to smth. drive smb. to the station (into the country, to the farm, etc.) (отвозить кого-л. на станцию и т.д..; my friend drove me to his house in his new car мой приятель отвез меня к себе домой на своей новой машине: drive some distance from smth. drive ten miles from the station проехать /отъехать/ десять миль от станции2) drive smb., smth. to (up, out of, etc.) smth. drive the cows to pasture (one's cattle to market) гнать коров на пастбище (скот на базар); drive a horse (a donkey) up the hill гнать лошадь (осла) в гору; drive the свешу out of the town (out of their positions) выбить противника из города (с занятых им позиций); drive the prisoners into the enclosure загонять пленных за ограду; drive dry leaves along the paths (sand down the beach, etc.) гнать сухие листья по дорожкам и т.д.., the wind was driving the rain against the window-panes был сильный ветер, и дождь хлестал по стеклам окон; the gale drove the ship on to the rocks буря гнала корабль на скалы || drive a good (bad) bargain with smb. заключить выгодную (невыгодную) сделку с кем-л. id drive smth. home to smb. доводить что-л. до чьего-л. сознания; drive the point (the fact, an argument, etc.) home to smb. довести какую-л. мысль и т.д. до чьего-л. сознания; drive smb. into a corner загнать кого-л. в угол, припереть кого-л. к стенке3) drive smth. through (into, etc.) smth. drive a tunnel through a mountain (a railway through a desert, a road through a hilly district, etc.) прокладывать тоннель в горах и т.д..; drive a nail into a wall (into а, board, into a plank, etc.) забить /загнать/ гвоздь в стену и т.д..; drive a knife into smb.'s back всадить нож кому-л. в спину; drive one's sword through smb.'s body вонзить саблю в кого-л.; drive one's fist through the window-pane разбить кулаком окно || drive smth. into smb.'s head вбивать что-л. кому-л. в голову4) drive smb. to smth. drive smb. to despair /to desperation/ доводить кого-л. до отчаяния; drive smb. to extreme measures вынудить кого-л. принять крайние меры; she drove him to angry words она его так разозлила, что он начал ругаться; drive smb. to suicide толкать кого-л. на самоубийство; you're driving me to my wits' end ума не приложу, что с тобой делать; drive smb. out of smth. drive smb. out of his senses сводить кого-л. с ума10. XXIIdrive smb. into doing smth. drive smb. into lying (into resigning, into going away, etc.) заставлять /вынуждать/ кого-л. лгать и т.д..; she drove him into leaving her она так себя вела, что он вынужден был уйти от нее -
44 separate
1. Iwe walked a mile together and then separated мы прошли вместе милю и разошлись; it was time for the partners to separate наступило время партнерам разойтись /расстаться/; my wife and I have decided to separate мы с женой решали разойтись /разъехаться/2. III1) separate smb. separate the fighters (the boys, two boxers, etc.) разнимать /растаскивать/ дерущихся и т.д.; separate a pair of pigeons разлучать пару голубей; there are but a few points which separate us нас разделяют лишь несколько вопросов /моментов/; separate smth. separate the two gardens (the two rooms, etc.) отделять /разделять/ сады и т.д.; the river separates the two countries эти страны отделены друг от друга рекой; separate a tangle of string распутать клубок бечевки; separate church and state отделить церковь от государства2) separate smth. separate the large oranges отделять /отсортировывать/ крупные апельсины; separate milk пастеризовать молоко3. IVseparate smb. in some manner separate smb. cruelly (ruthlessly, gradually, etc.) жестоко и т.д. разлучать кого-л.; separate smth. in some manner separate smth. formally (partially, symmetrically, nominally, legally, etc.) формально и т.д. отделять что-л.4. XIbe separated we don't want to be separated мы не хотим, чтобы нас разлучали; be /become/ separated from smb. she was separated from her mother ее разлучили с матерью; become separated from one's companions оторваться /отделиться/ от своих спутников; be separated by smth. these sentences are separated by a comma эти предложения отделены запятой; each field is separated from the next by a stone wall каменная стена отделяет одно поле от другого; England is separated from France by the Channel Англия отделена от Франции ЛаМаншем; be separated in time by one hundred years отстоять друг от друга во времени на сто лет; be separated into smth. be separated into small fields (into couples, into groups, etc.) разделяться /быть поделенным/ на маленькие поля и т.д.5. XVIseparate from smb. when did she separate from him? когда она с ним разошлась /развелась/?; I separated from my companions there and returned home там я распрощался со своими спутниками и вернулся домой; separate from smth. when did America separate from England? когда Америка отделилась от Англии?; cream separates from milk and comes to the top сливки отделяются от молока и всплывают: separate into smth. separate into two parties (into classes, into parts, etc.) разделиться на две группы и т.д.; separate at some place separate at the crossroad (on the corner, outside the theatre, etc.) расходиться /расставаться/ у перекрестка и т.д.; separate at some time separate at midnight (at three o'clock, etc.) расходиться /расставаться/ в полночь и т.д.; not to separate till midnight (until 2 a.m., etc.) не расставаться до полуночи и т.д.; separate for some time separate for the night распрощаться на ночь; separate under smth. the горе separated under the strain веревка разошлась /разорвалась/, не выдержав нагрузки6. XXI11) separate smth. from smth., smb. separate America from Europe (England from France, a head from a body, religion from politics, one's land from one's neighbours, etc.) отделять Америку от Европы и т.д.; separate a bough from the trunk отделить /отрубать, отломать/ ветку от ствола; separate smb. from smb. separate a mother from her child (a man from his wife, etc.) разлучать мать и ребенка и т.д.; the gulf that separates him from his colleagues пропасть, которая разделяет его и его коллег; separate smth. by smth. separate two fields by a fence (a word by a hyphen, etc.) разделять два поля забором и т.д.2) separate smth. from smth. separate grain from chaff (gold from sand, metal from ore, flour from the bran, etc.) отделять зерно от мякины и т.д.; separate the good apples from the bad ones отбирать хорошие яблоки от испорченных, сортировать яблоки; separate the cream from the milk снимать сливки с молока; separate sense from nonsence (truth from error, the worthy from the unworthy, etc.) отличать смысл от бессмыслицы и т.д.; separate smth. by smth. separate cream by machinery отделить сливки машиной /сепаратором/ -
45 Clark, Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]fl. 1850s New York State, USA[br]American co-developer of mass-production techniques at the Singer sewing machine factory.[br]Born in upstate New York, where his father was a small manufacturer, Edward Clark attended college at Williams and graduated in 1831. He became a lawyer in New York City and from then on lived either in the city or on his rural estate near Cooperstown in upstate New York. After a series of share manipulations, Clark acquired a one-third interest in Isaac M. Singer's company. They soon bought out one of Singer's earlier partners, G.B.Zeiber, and in 1851, under the name of I.M.Singer \& Co., they set up a permanent sewing machine business with headquarters in New York.The success of their firm initially rested on marketing. Clark introduced door-to-door sales-people and hire-purchase for their sewing machines in 1856 ($50 cash down, or $100 with a cash payment of $5 and $3 a month thereafter). He also trained women to demonstrate to potential customers the capabilities of the Singer sewing machine. At first their sewing machines continued to be made in the traditional way, with the parts fitted together by skilled workers through hand filing and shaping so that the parts would fit only onto one machine. This resembled European practice rather than the American system of manufacture that had been pioneered in the armouries in that country. In 1856 Singer brought out their first machine intended exclusively for home use, and at the same time manufacturing capacity was improved. Through increased sales, a new factory was built in 1858–9 on Mott Street, New York, but it soon became inadequate to meet demand.In 1863 the Singer company was incorporated as the Singer Manufacturing Co. and began to modernize its production methods with special jigs and fixtures to help ensure uniformity. More and more specialized machinery was built for making the parts. By 1880 the factory, then at Elizabethport, New Jersey, was jammed with automatic and semi-automatic machine tools. In 1882 the factory was producing sewing machines with fully interchangeable parts that did not require hand fitting in assembly. Production rose from 810 machines in 1853 to half a million in 1880. A new family model was introduced in 1881. Clark had succeeded Singer, who died in 1875, as President of the company, but he retired in 1882 after he had seen through the change to mass production.[br]Further ReadingNational Cyclopaedia of American Biography.D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932. The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (a thorough account of Clark's role in the development of Singer's factories).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines. A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot.RLH -
46 McCormick, Cyrus
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1809 Walnut Grove, Virginia, USAd. 1884 USA[br]American inventor of the first functionally and commercially successful reaping machine; founder of the McCormick Company, which was to become one of the founding companies of International Harvester.[br]Cyrus McCormick's father, a farmer, began to experiment unsuccessfully with a harvesting machine between 1809 and 1816. His son took up the challenge and gave his first public demonstration of his machine in 1831. It cut a 4 ft swathe, but, wanting to perfect the machine, he waited until 1834 before patenting it, by which time he felt that his invention was threatened by others of similar design. In the same year he entered an article in the Mechanics Magazine, warning competitors off his design. His main rival was Obed Hussey who contested McCormick's claim to the originality of the idea, having patented his own machine six months before McCormick.A competition between the two machines was held in 1843, the judges favouring McCormick's, even after additional trials were conducted after objections of unfairness from Hussey. The rivalry continued over a number of years, being avidly reported in the agricultural press. The publicity did no harm to reaper sales, and McCormick sold twenty-nine machines in 1843 and fifty the following year.As the westward settlement movement progressed, so the demand for McCormick's machine grew. In order to be more central to his markets, McCormick established himself in Chicago. In partnership with C.M.Gray he established a factory to produce 500 harvesters for the 1848 season. By means of advertising and offers of credit terms, as well as production-line assembly, McCormick was able to establish himself as sole owner and also control all production, under the one roof. By the end of the decade he dominated reaper production but other developments were to threaten this position; however, foreign markets were appearing at the same time, not least the opportunities of European sales stimulated by the Great Exhibition in 1851. In the trials arranged by the Royal Agricultural Society of England the McCormick machine significantly outperformed that of Hussey's, and as a result McCormick arranged for 500 to be made under licence in England.In 1874 McCormick bought a half interest in the patent for a wire binder from Charles Withington, a watchmaker from Janesville, Wisconsin, and by 1885 a total of 50,000 wire binders had been built in Chicago. By 1881 McCormick was producing twine binders using Appleby's twine knotter under a licence agreement, and by 1885 the company was producing only twine binders. The McCormick Company was one of the co-founders of the International Harvester Company in 1901.[br]Bibliography1972, The Century of the Reaper, Johnson Reprint (the original is in the New York State Library).Further ReadingGraeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (deals in detail with McCormick's developments).G.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, it gives an account of its originating companies).T.W.Hutchinson, 1930, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Seedtime 1809–1856; ——1935, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Harvest 1856–1884 (both attempt to unravel the many claims surrounding the reaper story).Herbert N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).AP -
47 Stephenson, George
[br]b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England[br]English engineer, "the father of railways".[br]George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.Bibliography1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).PJGR -
48 value
1. n1) ценность2) стоимость3) цена4) валюта; сумма векселя или тратты5) величина, значение
- acquisition value
- actual value
- added value
- added at factor values
- advertising value
- aggregate value
- appraisal value
- appraised value
- approximate value
- approximate basic value
- assessed value
- asset value
- asset value per share
- auction value
- average value
- balance value
- balance-sheet value
- base values
- base market value
- basic value
- billed value
- book value
- book value of capital
- break-even value
- breakup value
- bullion value
- capital value
- capitalized value
- capitalized earnings value
- cargo value
- carrying value
- cash value
- cash surrender value
- collateral value
- commercial value
- commitment value
- commodity value
- commuted value
- computed value
- constructed value
- contract value
- conversion value
- core values
- cost value
- critical value
- currency values
- current value
- current value of assets
- current exit value
- current market value
- customs value
- damaged value
- declared value
- denominational value
- depreciable value
- depreciated value
- desired value
- discounted value
- disposal value
- dutiable value
- effective value
- end value
- equivalent value
- estimated value
- exchanged value
- existing-use value
- expected value
- export value
- face value
- face value of stock capital
- fair value
- fair market value
- final value
- finite value
- full value
- future value
- going value
- going-concern value
- gold value
- gross value
- gross book value
- historical value
- home value
- import value
- imputed value
- increasing value
- indicative value
- individual value
- initial value
- insurance value
- insured value
- intrinsic value
- inventory value
- investment value
- invoiced value
- land value
- legal value
- licence value
- limit value
- liquidating value
- liquidation value
- loan value
- manpower value
- marginal value
- market value
- market-to-book value
- material value
- mature value
- maturity value
- mean value
- measured value
- minimum value
- money value
- mortgage value
- net value
- net asset value
- net asset value of securities
- net asset value per bond
- net asset value per share of preferred stock
- net book value
- net depreciated value
- net present value
- net realizable value
- net selling value
- nominal value
- no par value
- numerical value
- order value
- original value
- output value
- overall value
- par value
- par value of currencies
- parity value
- peak value
- permissible value
- policy value
- predicted value
- prescribed value
- present value
- price adjusted value
- rateable value
- real value
- realizable value
- realization value
- reasonable value
- recovery value
- redemption value
- reinstatement value
- relative value
- replacement value
- residual value
- sale value
- salvage value
- scarcity value
- scrap value
- settlement value
- shipped value
- standardized value
- standing value
- stated value
- stock value
- surplus value
- surrender value
- target value
- taxable value
- time value
- total value
- total value of a contract
- trade value
- trade-in value
- trading value
- true value
- underpreciated value
- unit value
- use value
- use value of gold
- written-down value
- written-off value
- zero value
- value for customs purposes
- value for insurance
- value for money
- value in exchange
- value in foreign currency
- value in use
- value of a business
- value of cargo
- value of commodity
- value of a contract
- value of credit
- value of the creditors' potential assets
- value of currency
- value of a deal
- value of delivery
- value of exports
- value of finished goods inventories
- value of gold
- value of goods
- value of imports
- value of an invention
- value of labour
- value of the land
- value of machinery
- value of manpower
- value of materials
- value of money
- value of an order
- value of output
- value of production
- value of products
- value of property
- value of purchases
- value of returns
- value of shipments
- value of supply
- value of tare
- value of work
- value on hand
- value per machine
- above the value
- above face value
- at value
- at face value
- at nominal value
- at par value
- at producers' values
- at purchasers' values
- by face value
- for value
- of value
- of equal value
- of full value
- of little value
- of small value
- of stable value
- value added
- value compensated
- value insured
- appreciate in value
- assess the value
- compensate for the value
- compute the value
- declare the value
- decline in value
- decrease in value
- determine the value
- establish the value
- exceed the value
- exceed in value
- fall in value
- fluctuate in value
- increase in value
- lose in value
- maintain its value
- offset the value
- preserve value
- put value on smth
- realize the value
- recompense the value
- reduce the value
- reduce in value
- refund the value
- rise in value
- state the value
- take on a value
- transmit value2. vоценивать, производить оценку, определять стоимость -
49 Herreshoff, Nathaniel Greene
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 18 March 1848 Bristol, Rhode Island, USAd. 2 June 1938 Bristol, Rhode Island, USA[br]American naval architect and designer of six successful America's Cup defenders.[br]Herreshoff, or, as he was known, Captain Nat, was seventh in a family of nine, four of whom became blind in childhood. Association with such problems may have sharpened his appreciation of shape and form; indeed, he made a lengthy European small-boat trip with a blind brother. While working on yacht designs, he used three-dimensional models in conjunction with the sheer draught on the drawing-board. With many of the family being boatbuilders, he started designing at the age of 16 and then decided to make this his career. As naval architecture was not then a graduating subject, he studied mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While still studying, c.1867, he broke new ground by preparing direct reading time handicapping tables for yachts up to 110 ft (33.5 m) long. After working with the Corliss Company, he set up the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, in partnership with J.B.Herreshoff, as shipbuilders and engineers. Over the years their output included steam machinery, fishing vessels, pleasure craft and racing yachts. They built the first torpedo boat for the US Navy and another for the Royal Navy, the only such acquisition in the late nineteenth century. Herreshoff designed six of the world's greatest yachts, of the America's Cup, between 1890 and 1920. His accomplishments included new types of lightweight wood fasteners, new systems of framing, hollow spars and better methods of cutting sails. He continued to work full-time until 1935 and his work was internationally acclaimed. He maintained cordial relations with his British rivals Fife, Nicholson and G.L. Watson, and enjoyed friendship with his compatriot Edward Burgess. Few will ever match Herreshoff as an all-round engineer and designer.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHerreshoff was one of the very few, other than heads of state, to become an Honorary Member of the New York Yacht Club.Further ReadingL.F.Herreshoff, 1953, Capt. Nat Herreshoff. The Wizard of Bristol, White Plains, NY: Sheridan House; 2nd edn 1981.FMWBiographical history of technology > Herreshoff, Nathaniel Greene
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50 South American Wool
Three-quarters of South American wool is of a Lincoln character, due to the importation of these sheep for crossing purposes. The Argentine gives the biggest supplies of long, strong, preparing wool suitable for Bradford machinery, while a fair amount of finer cross-bred wool from 48's to 56's quality of a good combing length is grown in the Republic. Argentine wools are subject to " burr " trouble, and this varies in degree according to season. South of the Argentine there is a fair amount of wools of a merino and fine crossbred character, these being chiefly from Chubut, Santa Cruiz, Deseado, etc., but these latter are mostly unattractive and wasty owing to loose soil, often with occasional grey fibres, lacking uniformity in length and diameter, and difficult of estimation from the grease state to the clean equivalent.Dictionary of the English textile terms > South American Wool
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51 lie
I 1. nложь ж- lie detector 2. v IItell a lie — солга́ть
(lay; lain)1) лежа́ть; быть располо́женнымlie in ambush — зале́чь в заса́ду
the isle lies near the coast — о́стров нахо́дится близ побере́жья
2) быть, остава́тьсяthe machinery lay idle — маши́ны не рабо́тали
3) поко́иться- lie back- lie down
- lie around
- lie down on the job
- lie in wait
- lie low
- how the land lies
- it lies with you
- body lies in state
- take it lying down -
52 layout
- топология интегральной схемы (ее компонентов)
- раскладка клавиатуры
- разводка (соединений)
- программа проведения эксперимента
- положение дел
- планировка
- общая схема расположения отдельных частей
- оборудование
- методика проведения эксперимента
- компановка
методика проведения эксперимента
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
- layout
- l/o
оборудование
оборудование
Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]
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[IEV number 151-11-25 ]
оборудование
Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]EN
equipment
single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
[IEV number 151-11-25 ]
equipment
material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
[IEC 60204-1-2006]FR
équipement, m
matériel, m
appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
[IEV number 151-11-25]Тематики
EN
- accessories
- apparatus
- appliance
- assets
- environment
- equipment
- facility
- fitment
- fixing
- gear
- H/W
- hardware
- hardware environment
- HW
- installation
- instrument
- instrumentation
- layout
- machinery
- outfit
- paraphernalia
- plant
- plant stock
- product
- provisions
- rig
- rigging
- set-up
- stock-in-trade
- tackle
- technical equipment
- technique
DE
FR
- machine
- matériel, m
- équipement, m
общая схема расположения отдельных частей
генеральный план
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
программа проведения эксперимента
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
- layout
- l/o
разводка (соединений)
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
топология интегральной схемы (ее компонентов)
геометрия интегральной схемы
компоновка
формирование топологии
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
3.1.12 раскладка клавиатуры (layout): Соглашение о соответствии вводимых знаков или символов клавишам клавиатуры.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 9241-4-2009: Эргономические требования к проведению офисных работ с использованием видеодисплейных терминалов (VDT). Часть 4. Требования к клавиатуре оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > layout
-
53 political
[pə'lɪtɪk(ə)l] 1. прил.1) политический- political prisonerThe Chinese civilization differs from ours in the economic and political organization of the country. — Китайское общество отличается от нашего политическими и экономическими принципами организации.
- political offence
- political capital
- political mileage2)Syn:б) занятый на государственной службе; гражданский ( в отличие от военного)2. сущ.1) политический заключенный, политзаключенный2)а) политикSyn:3) представитель, атташеSyn:political agent, political resident -
54 разрушать
несовер. - разрушать;
совер. - разрушить( кого-л./что-л.)
1) destroy, demolish, wreck
2) (подрывать) ruin разрушать здоровье
3) (расстраивать планы, надежды и т.п.) frustrate, blast, blight;
wreckразруш|ать -, разрушить (вн.)
1. destroy (smth.), demolish (smth.) ;
wreck (smth.) (тж. перен.) ;
разрушить что-л. до основания raze smth. to the ground;
разрушить государственный аппарат wreck the machinery of State;
2. (портить) ruin (smth.) ;
~ здоровье ruin one`s health;
3. (губить, расстраивать) wreck (smth.) ;
разрушить все его планы wreck all his plans;
разрушить надежды shatter hopes;
~аться, разрушиться
4. (превращаться в развалины) collapse, be* demolished;
5. (приходить в полный упадок) collapse;
6. (не осуществляться) be* ruined, be* wrecked;
~ение с. destruction, demolition, collapse;
перен. ruin.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > разрушать
-
55 government bureaucracy
пол. государственная машина, бюрократический аппарат, государственный аппаратThe growth of the government bureaucracy has been accompanied by a decrease in its rate of efficiency. — Разрастание государственного аппарата сопровождалось снижением его эффективности.
Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > government bureaucracy
-
56 neglect
neglect [nɪˈglekt][+ person, animal] délaisser ; [+ garden, house, car, machinery] ne pas entretenir ; [+ rule, law, advice] ne tenir aucun compte de ; [+ duty, obligation, promise] manquer à ; [+ business, work, hobby, one's health] négliger ; [+ opportunity] laisser passer2. noun[of duty, obligation] manquement m (of à)• the building collapsed after years of neglect le bâtiment, à l'abandon depuis des années, s'est écroulé* * *[nɪ'glekt] 1.1) ( lack of care) ( of person) négligence f; (of building, garden equipment) manque m d'entretien; (of health, appearance) manque m de soin2) ( lack of interest) indifférence f (of à l'égard de)2.transitive verb1) ( fail to care for) ne pas s'occuper de [person, dog, plant]; ne pas entretenir [garden, house]; négliger [health, appearance]2) ( ignore) négliger [problem, friend, artist, subject, work]; se désintéresser de [industry, economy, sector]; ne pas tenir compte de [needs, wishes]; ignorer [offer, opportunity]3) ( fail)3. -
57 value
1) ценность (в экономическом и этическом смысле) || ценить2) стоимость (особ. в классической домарксистской и марксистской политэкономии)3) стоимость (в хозяйственной практике)4) валюта; сумма векселя или тратты || выставлять вексель5) оценка || оценивать6) величина, значение7) цена8) часто pl фрахтовые ставки- at value- of value -
58 government service
эк. правительственная (государственная) служба; (государственная) служба в аппарате правительства (какого-л. государства)United States government service is defined as employment with the federal government or any of its agencies. — Правительственная служба в США определяется как служба в федеральном правительстве или его органах.
See:* * * -
59 complex
1. 'kompleks, ]( American) kəm'pleks adjective1) (composed of many parts: a complex piece of machinery.) complejo2) (complicated or difficult: a complex problem.) complejo
2. 'kompleks noun1) (something made up of many different pieces: The leisure complex will include a swimming-pool, tennis courts, a library etc.) complejo2) ((often used loosely) an abnormal mental state caused by experiences in one's past which affect one's behaviour: She has a complex about her weight; inferiority complex.) complejo•tr['kɒmpleks]1 (gen) complejo,-a1 (group, system) complejo2 (in psychology) complejo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto have a complex about something tener complejo de algocomplex [kɑm'plɛks, kəm-; 'kɑm-.plɛks] adj: complejo, complicadocomplex ['kɑm.plɛks] n: complejo madj.• complejo, -a adj.• complicado, -a adj.• enrevesado, -a adj.• revesado, -a adj.n.• complejo s.m.
I 'kɑːmpleks, 'kɒmpleksa) ( complicated) <person/issue/situation> complejo, complicadob) ( intricate) <system/pattern/design> complejo
II
1) ( buildings) complejo m2) ( Psych) complejo m['kɒmpleks]1.ADJ (=difficult) complejo, complicado; (=consisting of different parts) complejo; (Ling) compuesto2. N1) (Psych) complejo minferiority/Oedipus complex — complejo m de inferioridad/Edipo
he's got a complex about his nose — está acomplejado por su nariz, su nariz lo acompleja
2) [of buildings] complejo msports complex — complejo m deportivo
housing complex — colonia f de viviendas, urbanización f
shopping complex — complejo m comercial
* * *
I ['kɑːmpleks, 'kɒmpleks]a) ( complicated) <person/issue/situation> complejo, complicadob) ( intricate) <system/pattern/design> complejo
II
1) ( buildings) complejo m2) ( Psych) complejo m -
60 complex
1. adjective1) (complicated) kompliziert2) (composite) komplex2. noun(also Psych.) Komplex, dera [building] complex — ein Gebäudekomplex
* * *1. ['kompleks, ]( American[) kəm'pleks] adjective1) (composed of many parts: a complex piece of machinery.) zusammengesetzt2) (complicated or difficult: a complex problem.) kompliziert2. ['kompleks] noun1) (something made up of many different pieces: The leisure complex will include a swimming-pool, tennis courts, a library etc.) der Komplex2) ((often used loosely) an abnormal mental state caused by experiences in one's past which affect one's behaviour: She has a complex about her weight; inferiority complex.) der Komplex•- academic.ru/14809/complexity">complexity* * *com·plexI. adj[ˈkɒmpleks, AM kɑ:mˈpleks]komplex; (complicated) kompliziert; issue, matter, personality, problem vielschichtig; plot, theory verwickelt, verstrickt\complex carbohydrate/molecule komplexes Kohlenhydrat/Molekül\complex network of roads verästeltes StraßennetzII. n<pl -es>[ˈkɒmpleks, AM ˈkɑ:m-]apartment \complex AM Wohnkomplex mhousing \complex Wohnhausanlage fsports and leisure \complex Sport- und Freizeitzentrum ntshopping \complex Einkaufszentrum nthe's got a \complex about being bald er hat einen Komplex wegen seiner KahlköpfigkeitI've got a real \complex about spiders ich kann Spinnen partout nicht ausstehenguilt/inferiority \complex Schuld-/Minderwertigkeitskomplex mpersecution \complex Verfolgungswahn mweight \complex Komplex m aufgrund von Gewichtsproblemento give sb a \complex ( fam) bei jdm Komplexe verursachen* * *['kɒmpleks]1. adj1) komplex; person, mind, issue, question, problem, poem also vielschichtig; theory, task, system also, machine, pattern differenziert, kompliziert; situation also, paragraph verwickelt, kompliziert2) (GRAM)2. n1) Komplex mhe has a complex about his ears — er hat Komplexe or einen Komplex wegen seiner Ohren
don't get a complex about it — deswegen brauchst du keine Komplexe zu bekommen
* * *A adj [ˈkɒmpleks; US kɑmˈpleks; ˈkɑmˌpleks] (adv complexly)2. komplex, vielschichtig:actor of complex parts Charakterdarsteller m3. MATH komplex:complex fraction komplexer Bruch, Doppelbruch mB s [ˈkɒmpleks; US ˈkɑm-]1. Komplex m, (das) Ganze, Gesamtheit f2. (Gebäude- etc) Komplex m:3. PSYCH Komplex m:have a complex about Komplexe haben wegen4. CHEM Komplexverbindung f* * *1. adjective1) (complicated) kompliziert2) (composite) komplex2. noun(also Psych.) Komplex, dera [building] complex — ein Gebäudekomplex
* * *adj.komplex (Problem) adj.komplex adj.kompliziert adj.vielschichtig adj. n.Komplex -en m.
См. также в других словарях:
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