integro+die

* * *

dē, adv.: of place, down, only in the phrase susque deque, q. v.

dē, prep. [perh. for ded; cf. Oscan dat, old abl. of pronom. stem da; cf. also Lith. praep. da, as far as; and the suffixes, old case-forms, -dam, -dem, -dum, -do, with the locative -de; v. Ribbeck, Beitr. z. L. v. d. Lat. Part. p. 4 sq.] (with abl., denotes the going out, departure, removal, or separating of an object from any fixed point. Accordingly, it occupies a middle place between ab, away from, which denotes a mere external departure, and ex, out of, which signifies from the interior of a thing. Hence verbs compounded with de are constr. not only with de, but quite as freq. with ab and ex; and, on the other hand, those compounded with ab and ex often have the terminus a quo indicated by de), from, away from, down from, out of, etc.

In space, lit. and trop. with verbs of motion: animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 216 Vahl.):

aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit,

Lucr. 3, 224:

(quod Ariovistus) de altera parte agri Sequanos decedere juberet,

to depart, withdraw from, Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 10; cf.:

civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent,

id. ib. 1, 2:

decedere de provincia,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 49 ( = ex provincia, id. ib. 2, 2, 65, §

147): de vita decedere,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 11:

exire de vita,

id. Lael. 4, 15 (cf.:

excedere e vita,

id. ib. 3, 12):

de triclinio, de cubiculo exire,

id. de Or. 2, 65 fin.:

hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere,

Plin. Ep. 9, 7, 4:

de castris procedere,

Sall. C. 61, 8 et saep.:

brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet,

Cato R. R. 157, 6:

de digito anulum detraho,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 38; cf.:

de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere,

Cic. Font. 17:

nomen suum de tabula sustulit,

id. Sest. 33, 72:

ferrum de manibus extorsimus,

id. Cat. 2, 1, 2:

juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252 et saep.:

... decido de lecto praeceps,

Plaut. Casin. 5, 2, 50:

de muro se deicere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 18, 3:

de sella exsilire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 30 fin.:

nec ex equo vel de muro, etc., hostem destinare,

Tert. adv. Jud. 9, p. 192:

de caelo aliquid demittere,

Lucr. 2, 1155; cf. Cato R. R. 14, 3 et saep.—

In gen., to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds; cf.:

emere de aliquo,

Cato R. R. 1, 4:

aliquid mercari de aliquo,

Cic. Fl. 20 et saep.:

de aliquo quaerere, quid, etc.,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 2:

saepe hoc audivi de patre,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 133; cf.:

de mausoleo exaudita vox est,

Suet. Ner. 46:

ut sibi liceret discere id de me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 31;

so with petere, of place (class.): de vicino terra petita solo,

Ov. F. 4, 822;

so of persons (late Lat.): peto de te,

Dig. 36, 1, 57, § 2; Apul. M. 6, p. 179, 40.

To point out the place from which any thing is brought; and hence, trop., to indicate its origin, derivation, etc.: of, from: de circo astrologi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58; so,

caupo de via Latina,

Cic. Clu. 59, 163:

nescio qui de circo maximo,

id. Mil. 24, 65:

declamator aliqui de ludo aut rabula de foro,

id. Or. 15, 47:

homo de schola atque a magistro... eruditus,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 28:

nautae de navi Alexandrina,

Suet. Aug. 98:

aliquis de ponte,

i. e. a beggar, Juv. 14, 134:

Libyca de rupe leones,

Ov. F. 2, 209:

nostro de rure corona,

Tib. 1, 1, 15:

Vaticano fragiles de monte patellas,

Juv. 6, 344 al.:

de summo loco Summoque genere eques,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 30; cf. id. Aul. prol. 28; id. Poen. 3, 1, 13:

genetrix Priami de gente vetusta,

Verg. A. 9, 284; cf. id. ib. 10, 350; Stat. S. 5, 3, 126:

de Numitore sati,

Ov. F. 5, 41:

de libris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 252:

de Philocteta, id,

ib. 3, 35, 141 (cf.:

e Philocteta versus,

Quint. 3, 1, 14).

Transf., to indicate the quarter from which motion proceeds (cf. ab), from, and because motion is so often and naturally downwards, down from:

haec agebantur in conventu, palam, de sella ac de loco superiore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40; cf. ib. 2, 2, 38:

quem ad se vocari et de tribunali citari jussit,

id. ib. 2, 5, 7:

qui nihil ex occulto, nihil de insidiis, agendum putant,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109; cf.

de tergo plagas dare,

from behind, Plaut. Asin. 2, 2, 10; Just. 20, 5, 5:

de paupere mensa dona,

Tib. 1, 1, 37 et saep.—In jurid. Latin: de plano discutere, interloqui, cognoscere, etc., i. e. on level ground, not on the tribunal (cf. chamothen, opp. pro bêmatos, Dig. 27, 1, 13, § 10), Dig. 1, 4, 1; 1, 16, 9; 14. 3, 11 et saep.; so, de plano, off-hand, without formal consideration, Lucr. 1, 411;

v. planus.—And with pendeo, etc. (the motion in the eye transferred to the object): deque viri collo dulce pependit onus,

Ov. F. 2, 760:

lucerna de camera pendebat,

Petr. 30, 3; cf.:

et nova de gravido palmite gemma tumet,

Ov. F. 1, 152:

de qua pariens arbore nixa dea est,

leaning downwards against the tree, id. H. 21, 100.

In time.

Immediately following a given moment of time, after, directly after (very rare):

de concursu,

Lucr. 1, 384 (cf. Munro, ad loc.):

velim scire hodiene statim de auctione aut quo die venias,

Cic. Att. 12, 3:

non bonus somnus est de prandio,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:

de eorum verbis prosilui, etc.,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 178.—Hence, diem de die, from day to day, day after day, Liv. 5, 48:

cum is diem de die differret, dum, etc.,

id. 25, 25; cf.:

diem de die proferendo,

Just. 2, 15, 6: de die in diem, from day to day, daily (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Psa. 60, 8; 2 Pet. 2, 8; Cypr. Ep. 3, 11.

De nocte, de vigilia, etc., to designate an act which begins or takes its origin from the night-time, Engl. during or in the course of the night, at night, by night, etc.: De. Rus cras cum filio Cum primo lucu ibo hinc. Mi. Imo de nocte censeo, to-night rather, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55: in comitium Milo de nocte venit, in the night (cf. shortly before, Milo media nocte in campum venit), Cic. Att. 4, 3, 4; cf. id. Mur. 33, 69:

vigilas tu de nocte,

id. ib. 9, 22; cf.:

de nocte evigilabat,

Suet. Vesp. 21:

ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones,

at night, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 32;

and Hannibal surgere de nocte solitus, Frontin Strat. 4, 3, 7 et saep.: ut de nocte multa impigreque exsurrexi,

late in the night, Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 10; so,

multa de nocte,

Cic. Sest. 35, 75; id. Att. 7, 4 fin. (for which multa nocte, id. Q. Fr. 2, 9); cf.

also: si de multa nocte (al. de nocte) vigilassent,

id. Att. 2, 15, 2:

Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas eo de media nocte,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45; 7, 88; so,

media de nocte,

at midnight, Suet. Calig. 26; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 91:

Caesar de tertia vigilia e castris profectus,

in the third night-watch, Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

de tertia vigilia,

id. ib. 1, 21; Liv. 9, 44 Drak.; 40, 4 al.; cf.:

de quarta vigilia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21, 3 al.; v. vigilia. —As in this manner de nocte became adverbially = nocte, so de die was sometimes used for die or per diem:

de die potare,

by day, in the daytime, Plaut. Asin. 4, 2, 16:

epulari de die,

Liv. 23, 8; Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 8; Catull. 47, 6; Suet. Calig. 37; id. Domit. 21; cf.:

bibulus media de luce Falerni,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 34;

and in a lusus verbb. with in diem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 34 fin. —Less freq., de mense:

navigare de mense Decembri,

in December, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1 fin. —And once de tempore for tempore: ipse de tempore coenavit, Auct. B. Hisp. 33, 5.

In other relations, implying separation, departure from, etc.

To designate the whole, from which a part is taken, or of which a part is separately regarded, etc., from among, out of, from:

hominem certum misi de comitibus meis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 2:

gladio percussus ab uno de illis,

id. Mil. 24, 65:

si quis de nostris hominibus,

id. Flacc. 4:

quemvis de iis qui essent idonei,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4 fin.:

de tribus et decem fundis tres nobilissimi fundi,

id. Rosc. Am. 35, 99 et saep.:

accusator de plebe,

id. Brut. 34, 131:

pulsare minimum de plebe Quiritem,

Ov. Am. 1, 7, 29; cf. Liv. 7, 17:

malus poëta de populo,

Cic. Arch. 10, 25 et saep.:

partem solido demere de die,

Hor. Od. 1, 1, 20:

quantum de vita perdiderit,

Petr. 26:

praeteriine tuas de tot caelestibus aras,

Ov. Her. 21, 179; Juv. 1, 138. —

Sometimes de with abl. takes the place of the gen. partit. or gen. obj. In the best writers this occurs mainly

to avoid ambiguity where genitives would be multiplied:

ne expers partis esset de nostris bonis,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 39:

ut aliquem partem de istius impudentia reticere possim,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 32;

for greater precision:

si quae sunt de eodem genere,

id. Tusc. 4, 7, 16:

persona de mimo,

id. Phil. 2, 27, 65;

in the poets, metri gratiā:

aliquid de more vetusto,

Ov. F. 6, 309; Grat. Cyneg. 17:

laudes de Caesare,

Ov. Pont. 4, 13, 23:

cetera de genere hoc,

Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 13; Lucr. 4, 746. This circumlocution was freq. [p. 514] in comic writers and in vulgar lang., and became more common in the declining periods of the lang., so that in the Romance tongues de, di, etc., with a case represent the earlier genitive (so, conscius, conscientia, meminisse, mentionem facere, recordari, etc., de aliqua re for alicujus rei, v. h. vv.).

To indicate the property from which the costs of any thing are taken:

obsonat, potat, olet unguenta de meo,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 37; so,

de tuo,

Plaut. Bac. 1, 1, 65:

de suo,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, 5; Suet. Caes. 19:

de nostro,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 11:

de vestro,

Liv. 6, 15, 10; cf.:

de vestris,

Ov. F. 3, 828:

de alieno,

Liv. 3, 1, 3; Just. 36, 3 fin.:

de publico,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44; Liv. 1, 20; 2, 16; 4, 60. For de tuo, once de te:

de te largitor puer,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 17.—Also in a trop. sense:

ad tua praecepta de meo nihil his novum apposivi,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 31; cf. id. Men. 1. 2, 40; Cic. Fam. 4, 3; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 8.— Poet., to denote that out of which, or by which, one pays a penalty or suffers punishment:

has vestro de sanguine poenas datis,

Luc. 4, 805; cf.:

cum de visceribus tuis satisfacturus sis quibus debes,

Cic. Q. Frat. 1, 3, 7.

To designate the material of which any thing is made, of, out of, from:

niveo factum de marmore signum,

Ov. M. 14, 313; cf. Verg. G. 3, 13:

verno de flore corona,

Tib. 2, 1, 59:

sucus de quinquefolio,

Plin. 26, 4, 11:

cinis de fico,

Pall. 1, 35, 3 et saep.:

de templo carcerem fleri,

Cic. Phil. 5, 7; cf. Flor. 2, 6, 32:

captivum de rege facturi,

Just. 7, 2, 11; cf.:

inque deum de bove versus erat,

Ov. F. 5, 616 et saep.:

fles de rhetore consul,

Juv. 7, 197.—Cf. trop. by means of:

de eodem oleo et opera exaravi nescio quid ad te,

Cic. Att. 13, 38.—Prov.:

de nihilo nihilum,

Pers. 3, 84; cf. Lucr. 1, 157 sq.

In mental operations, to indicate the subject-matter or theme on which any mental act (thinking, considering, advising, determining, etc.; discoursing, informing, exhorting, deciding, disputing, doubting, etc.) is founded; of, about, concerning, Gr. peri:

cogitare de aliqua re, etc. (the most common signification): multa narrare de Laelio,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

dubitare de re,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 15:

de suo adventu docere,

Suet. Caes. 9:

de moribus admonere,

Sall. Cat. 5, 9 et saep.—With this, too, is connected its use,

To indicate the producing cause or reason, for, on account of, because of:

nam id nisi gravi de causa non fecisset,

Cic. Att. 7, 7, 3; cf. id. de Or. 1, 41, 186; Cael ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15; Cic. Att. 11, 3:

de quo nomine ad arbitrum adiisti, de eo ad judicium venisti,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 12:

flebat uterque non de suo supplicio, sed pater de filii morte, de patris filius,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76:

de labore pectus tundit,

with pain, Plaut. Casin. 2, 6, 63:

incessit passu de vulnere tardo,

Ov. M. 10, 49:

humus fervet de corpore,

id. ib. 7, 560:

facilius de odio creditur,

Tac. H. 1, 34:

quod erat de me feliciter Ilia mater,

through me, Ov. F. 3, 233 et saep.

To indicate the thing with reference to which any thing is done, with respect to, concerning:

de istac re in oculum utrumvis conquiescito,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 121: nil peccat de savio, Caec. ap. Gell. 2, 23, 11 (v. 161 Ribbeck):

credere de numero militum,

Cic. Att. 9, 1, 2:

de numero dierum fidem servare,

Caes. B. G. 6, 36; Sall. C. 50, 3:

de ceteris senatui curae fore,

id. Jug. 26, 1:

concessum ab nobilitate de consule plebeio,

Liv. 6, 42:

solem de virgine rapta consule,

Ov. F. 4, 581 et saep.—Ellipt.:

de argento somnium,

as for the money, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 50 (for which id. Heaut. 4, 2, 4: quod de argento sperem, nihil est): Varr. R. R. 1, 59, 1:

de Dionysio sum admiratus,

Cic. Att. 9, 12; id. Off. 1, 15, 47:

de me autem suscipe paullisper meas partes,

id. Fam. 3, 12, 2; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 36 et saep.:

de Samnitibus triumphare,

concerning, over, Cic. Sen. 16, 55; cf. Hor. 4, 2, 88:

de Atheniensibus victoria,

Curt. 8, 1, 33.

To indicate the thing in conformity with which any thing is done, according to, after:

secundum: DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD, S. C. de Bac.: fecisse dicas de mea sententia,

Plaut. Bac. 4, 9, 115; cf.:

de suorum propinquorum sententia atque auctoritate fecisse dicatur,

Cic. Cael. 29: de consilii sententia Mamertinis se frumentum non imperare pronunciat, id. Verr. 2, 5, 21 al.:

de ejus consilio velle sese facere,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 17:

vix de mea voluntate concessum est,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 4:

de exemplo meo ipse aedificato,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 86:

de more vetusto,

Verg. A. 11, 142; Ov. M. 7, 606:

de nomine,

id. ib. 1, 447:

patrioque vocat de nomine mensem,

id. F. 3, 77.

With adjectives to form adverbial expressions.

De integro, anew ( = ab integro, ex integro; cf.: iterum, rursus, denuo), indidemque eadem aeque oriuntur de integro, atque eodem occidunt, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll. (v. 92 Ribb.):

ratio de integro ineunda est mihi,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 7; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 56; id. Att. 13, 27; id. Fam. 12, 30, 2 et saep. (The combination de novo appears only in the contracted form denuo, v. h. v.).—

De improviso, unexpectedly:

ubi de improviso interventum est mulieri,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 40; id. And. 2, 2, 23; id. Ad. 3, 3, 53; Caes. B. G. 2, 3; 5, 22; 5, 39 et saep.; Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151 et saep.—

De transverso, unexpectedly:

ecce autem de transverso L. Caesar ut veniam ad se rogat,

Cic. Att. 15, 4 fin.; Auct. Her. 4, 10, 14.

or pron. and its substantive; cf.

above multa de nocte, media de nocte, gravi de causa, etc.: qua de re,

Ter. Andr. 1, 2, 13; esp. in the judic. formula: qua de re agitur; cf. Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6; Cic. Brut. 79 fin. Also freq. after a simple relative:

quo de,

Cic. Inv. 1, 28, 41; 54, 104; 2, 11, 37:

qua de,

id. ib. 2, 23, 70 et saep.

In composition the e becomes short before a vowel, as in dĕhisco, dĕhinc, dĕorsum, and coincides with it in the poets by synaeresis; cf.: dehinc, deinde, deinceps, deorsum; sometimes contraction takes place, as in debeo, debilis, dego, demo, from dehabeo, de-habilis, de-ago, de-emo.—

Signif.

Separation, departure, removal, taking away; off, away, down, out: decedo, demigro, demeto, depromo, descendo, devolvo, derivo, deflecto, etc.; and trop. dedico, denuntio; and in a downward direction, decido, decumbo, deprimo, demergo, delabor, defluo, demitto, desido, desideo, declivis, deculco, degredior, deicio, etc.—

Cessation, removal of the fundamental idea ( = un-, de-, dis-): dearmo, deartuo, decresco, dedisco, dedecoro, dedignor, dedoceo, denascor, denormo, desum, etc.; and hence direct negation, as in dedecet, deformis, demens, etc.—

With reference to the terminus of the action: defero, defigo, demitto, etc.; hence also trop., with reference to the extent of the action, to the uttermost, to exhaustion, through. out: debacchor, debello, dedolo, delino, delibuo, etc.: defatigo, delaboro, delasso, etc.; hence freq. a mere strengthening of the fundamental idea, = valde, thoroughly, much: demiror, demitigo, etc.—

Giving a bad sense to the verb: decipio, delinquo, deludo, derideo, detestor.—

Rarely, contraction from a broad into a narrow space, together: deligo, devincio. See also Hand Turs. II. p. 183-229.

* * *

bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

bellum

(ante-class. and poet.

duel-lum

), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

tunc, adv. demonstr., of time [tum, and demonstr. suffix -ce], then, at that time; but in ante-class. and class. prose tunc is always emphatic, and generally refers to a point of time. In post-Aug. style tunc freq. occurs without emphasis, and is freely used of periods of time. Tunc = deinde occurs first in the class. per. and rarely in prose; but is very freq. after the Aug. per. Tunc in mere co-ordinative use is very rare and not ante-class. (v. I. C.). Tunc coupled with an emphatic or temporal particle is very rare in class. prose, but freq. in the postAug. period. Poets often use tunc instead of tum before vowels for the sake of the metre. In general, tunc is not freq. till after the Aug. period. Cic. has tum about thirty times as often as tunc; Caes. has tunc only five times; Livy, in the first two books, has tunc five times, tum eighty-two times; but Val. Max. has tunc four times as often as tum. Sen. almost always has tunc; tum only in a few passages, mostly in co ordinative use. In Vitr., Suet., Plin., Just., and the jurists, tunc largely predominates; but Nep. has tunc once only, and Tac., who employs both words sparingly, has tum oftener than tunc. The Codd. very freq. vary between the words, and in many passages the reading is still doubtful. Undue weight has been given by some critics to opposition to nunc and connection with cum; cf. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 1; Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 142; 2, 5, 10, § 27. Both tum and tunc are freq. opposed to nunc, and connected with cum.

Referring an event to a time before mentioned.

To definite past time.

To a period of time, = illis temporibus (only post-Aug.):

tunc melius tenuere fidem cum paupere cultu Stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus,

Tib. 1, 10, 19:

nulli tunc subsessores alienorum matrimoniorum oculi metuebantur,

Val. Max. 2, 1, 5:

sed tunc clarissimus quisque juvenum pro amplificanda patria plurimum periculi sustinebat,

id. 3, 2, 6:

nunc quo ventum est? A servis vix impetrari potest ne eam supellectilem fastidiant qua tunc consul non erubuit,

id. 4, 3, 7:

quo pacto inter amicos viguisse tunc justitiam credimus, cum inter accusatores quoque, etc.,

id. 6, 5, 6:

si vere aestimare Macedonas qui tunc erant volumus, fatebimur, etc.,

Curt. 4, 16, 33:

sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,

Just. 2, 7, 3; 6, 9, 5.—

Referring to a point of time spoken of: cives Romani [p. 1914] tunc facti sunt Campani, Enn. ap. Censor. 14 (Ann. v. 174 Vahl.): tanto sublatae sunt Augmine tunc lapides, id. ap. Non. p. 211, 8 (Ann. v. 542 ib.): tunc ipsos adoriant, ne quis Spartam referat nuntium, Naev. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 801 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 16 Rib.):

(Sulla) statim ex iis rebus quas tunc vendebat jussit ei praemium tribui, etc.,

Cic. Arch. 10, 25:

neque ego tunc princeps ad salutem esse potuissem si, etc.,

id. Sull. 3, 9:

his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis his... liberaliter responderunt,

Caes. B. C. 3, 104:

tunc duces Nerviorum... colloqui sese velle dicunt,

at this time, id. B. G. 5, 41:

quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent,

id. B. C. 2, 13 fin.:

Romanus tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat,

Liv. 22, 24, 1:

itaque cum in ipsum, et innocentia tutum et magistratu in quo tunc erat, impetus fieri non posset, etc.,

id. 4, 44, 6; cf. id. 2, 2, 2; 4, 8, 6; 10, 37, 10;

44, 44, 3: nec, si rescindere posses (sc. jussa Jovis), Tunc aderas,

Ov. M. 2, 679:

tunc ego nec cithara poteram gaudere sonora, nec, etc.,

Tib. 3, 4, 69:

tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas,

Vell. 2, 88, 2:

forte evenit ut tunc summae dignitatis ibi femina veneno consumere se destinarit,

Val. Max. 2, 6, 8:

qui tunc Libitinam exercebant,

id. 5, 2, 10:

Coriolanus ad Volscos, infestos tunc Romanis, confugit,

id. 5, 4, 1; cf. id. 2, 10, 3; 4, 8, 5; 5, 5, 3; 7, 6, 5 fin.;

8, 1 damn. 1: Carthaginiensium legati ad celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant,

Curt. 4, 2, 10:

et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor, etc.,

id. 3, 5, 1:

perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius, etc.,

Sen. Troad. 1, 11, 5:

tunc,distractis Orientis viribus, casus Mithridati datus est occupandi Armeniam,

Tac. A. 11, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 25:

quidam ex eis qui tunc egerant, decesserunt,

Plin. Ep. 4, 24, 3:

ardente tunc in Africa bello,

Suet. Caes. 70; cf. id. Calig. 48; id. Ner. 20; 21:

Asiam tunc tenebat imperio rex Darius,

Gell. 17, 9, 20:

hostes tunc populi Romani fuerant Fidenates,

id. 17, 21, 17; cf. id. 13, 5, 2 and 3; 14, 1, 8; Ael. Spart. Had. 11; 23; 24.—Repeated by anaphora:

tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, Aurea tunc pressos, etc.,

Tib. 2, 1, 43:

tunc Parmenio et Philotas, tunc Amyntas consobrinus, tunc noverca fratresque interfecti, tunc Attalus, Eurylochus... occurrebant,

Just. 12, 6, 14; so id. 43, 3, 2; 43, 4, 2.—Attributively:

regem tunc Lacedaemoniorum,

Just. 6, 2, 4.—

Referring to a state no longer in existence:

silvae tunc circa viam erant, plerisque incultis,

Liv. 21, 25, 8:

urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium,

id. 45, 28, 2:

hic (Curio) primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc habebatur, pro republica, mox... pro Caesare stetit,

Vell. 2, 48, 3:

certissimum tunc proscriptorum perfugium penetravit,

Val. Max. 7, 3, 9:

docuit in atrio Catulinae domus, quae pars Palatii tunc erat,

Suet. Gram. 17: tunc (i. e. olim) in usu erat, eam hereditatem, etc., Gai Inst. 2, 254 erat autem tunc mos ut cum princeps causam cognosceret... sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret, Ael. Spart. Had. 8.—

Expressly opposed to present time: tunc igitur pelles, nunc aurum et purpura exercent hominum vitam, Lucr 5, 1423;

ea lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia,

Cic. Clu. 56, 154:

cum vero causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74, cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45; 2, 3, 67, § 156; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. Pis. 13, 30; id. Rab. Post. 12, 34; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:

cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus?

Liv. 34, 6, 18:

munitiones et locis opportunioribus tunc fuerunt et validiores impositae (i. e. quam nunc),

id. 36, 17, 4:

parva nunc res videri potest quae tunc patres ac plebem accendit,

id. 4, 25, 13; cf. id. 8, 31, 4; 21, 18, 5:

Macedones milites ea tunc erant fama qua nunc Romani feruntur,

Nep. Eum. 3, 4: nunc solvo poenas;

tunc tibi inferias dedi,

Sen. Phoen. 172:

nunc haberent socios quos tunc hostes habuerant,

Just. 6, 7, 5; cf. id. 8, 2, 9:

hoc tunc Veii fuere, nunc fuisse quis meminit?

Flor. 1, 12, 11.—And tunc and tum in co-ordinated sentences: qui ager nunc multo pluris est quam tunc fuit. Tum enim, etc., nunc, etc.;

tum erat ager incultus, nunc est cultissimus,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: vos etiamsi tunc faciendum non fuerit, nunc utique faciendum putatis;

ego contra, etiamsi tum migrandum fuisset, nunc has ruipas relinquendas non censerem,

Liv. 5, 53, 3 (in such connections tum generally refers to a previous tunc, rarely vice versa).—

Opposed to a previous or a later time:

quae ipsum Hannibalem, armis tunc invictum voluptate vicit (i. e. etsi non postea),

Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95:

raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi quam tunc severissimi consulis fuit,

Liv. 3, 69, 1:

(Syphax) tunc accessio Punici belli fuerat, sicut Gentius Macedonici,

id. 45, 7, 2; 5, 37, 2; 45, 25, 10:

non ab Scipionibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam ausum fortius quam tunc a Caesare,

Vell. 2, 80, 3:

et tunc Aeanti, ut deo, immolaverunt, et deinceps, etc.,

Val. Max. 1, 5, ext. 2:

praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga,

Curt. 3, 11, 18; cf. id. 4, 13, 18:

Cilicum nationes saepe et alias commotae, tunc Troxoboro duce, montes asperos castris cepere,

Tac. A. 12, 55; cf. id. ib. 2, 62; id. H. 3, 58:

ob res et tunc in Africa, et olim in Germania gestas,

Suet. Galb. 8; cf. id. Tib. 10; 18; id. Oth. 4:

idem tunc Faesulae quod Carrhae nuper,

Flor. 1, 5, 8.—

In general statements, applied to the actual state of affairs:

mos est regibus quotiens in societatem coeant, pollices inter se vincire, etc. Sed tunc, qui ea vincula admovebat decidisse simulans, genua Mithridatis invadit,

Tac. A. 12, 47:

legebatur ergo ibi tunc in carmine Latino, etc.,

Gell. 2, 22, 2.— Pregn., as matters then stood:

aptissimum tempus fuerat, delinimentum animis Bolani agri divisionem obici: tunc haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos,

Liv. 4, 51, 6.—

Of coincidence in time: tunc = cum hoc fieret, on that occasion:

quodsi tu tunc, Crasse, dixisses, omnem eorum importunitatem evellisset oratio tua,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230; id. Clu. 56, 153; id. Lig. 5, 16; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:

tunc Lacedaemoniis accusantibus respondendum erat, nunc a vobis ipsis accusati sumus,

Liv. 39, 36, 7:

jam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc... clamore adjuvant militem suum,

while he was doing so, id. 1, 25, 9; 45, 23, 17:

sed neque... nubes Tunc habuit, nec... imbres,

Ov. M. 2, 310:

quid mihi tunc animi fuit?

id. ib. 7, 582:

quid mihi tunc animi credis, germane, fuisse?

id. H. 11, 87; 12, 31:

quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatus trepidatio... neque mihi exprimere vacat, neque, etc.,

Vell. 2, 124, 1:

non Catoni tunc praetura, sed praeturae Cato negatus est,

Val. Max. 7, 5, 6; cf. id. 1, 8, 6; 4, 5, 3; 6, 1, 8; 6, 2, 3; 6, 2, 6; 6, 6, ext. 1;

9, 3, 1: tunc ego dicere debui,

Sen. Ep. 63, 15:

non possum dicere aliud tunc mihi quam deos adfuisse,

Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5:

tunc domus priscorum ducum arserunt,

Suet. Ner. 38; Just. 18, 3, 14; Gell. 6 (7), 3, 48; 12, 13, 21; 19, 1, 11.—Tunc and tum co-ordinate: sanguine tunc (Phaethontis) credunt... Tum facta'st Libya... arida;

tum, etc.,

Ov. M. 2, 235 sqq.: tunc... sorores Debuerant, etc.;

Tum potui Medea mori bene,

id. H. 12, 3 sqq.—And referring to a supposed action at a definite time:

nobis tunc repente trepidandum in acie instruenda erat,

if we had accepted the battle then, Liv. 44, 38, 11.—

Redundant (post-class.):

id quale fuerit, neque ipse tunc prodidit, neque cuiquam facile succurrat,

Suet. Tit. 10; cf.: in ejusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur, Vitr 5, 9, 9.—

= nunc, in oblique discourse (rare):

quod si consulatus tanta dulcedo sit, jam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum a tribunicia potestate esse,

Liv. 2, 54, 5:

ut cum multis saeculis murus urbi civium virtus fuerit, tunc cives salvos se fore non existimaverint nisi intra muros laterent,

Just. 14, 5, 7.—

Referring to indefinite time.

Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc.; at such a season:

tunc (i. e. autumno) praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram,

Varr. R. R. 1, 27:

ab eo in fastis dies hordicalia nominantur, quod tunc hordae boves immolantur,

id. ib. 2, 5:

omnes (nubes sol) enim sub se tunc (= medio die),

Sen. Q. N. 1, 8, 7:

tunc enim maximae et integrae adhuc nives (= aestate prima),

id. ib. 4, 2, 21:

et tunc potest ventis concitari mare,

id. ib. 4, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 4, 5, 2.—

With the force of an indefinite temporal clause:

tunc ignes tenuissimi iter exile designant et caelo producunt, of shooting stars,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 6: nemo observat lunam nisi laborantem. Tunc urbes conclamant, tunc pro se quisque superstitione vana trepidat, id. ib. 7, 1, 2:

adjuvari se tunc (i. e. cum faces vident) periclitantes existimant Pollucis et Castoris numine,

id. ib. 1, 1, 13; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 3; 2, 55, 2; 5, 3, 1; 6, 12, 2; id. Ep. 42, 4; id. Brev. Vit. 11, 1: si ancilla ex cive Romand conceperit, deinde civis Romana facta sit, et tunc pariat, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 88; 1, 90; Dig. 1, 6, 8; 40, 12, 22, § 3.—

With the force of a conditional clause, in this instance: Tr. Erus peregre venit. Si. Tunc tibi actutum chorda tenditur, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 55 Lorenz (al. tum):

dominae mentem convertite... Tunc ego crediderim vobis, et sidera et amnes Posse, etc.,

Prop. 1, 1, 23:

itaque tunc dividere optimum erit (= si plura sunt quae nocent),

Quint. 4, 2, 101; so id. 6, 1, 22:

cuperem tecum communicare tam subitam mutationem mei: tunc amicitiae nostrae certiorem fiduciam habere coepissem,

Sen. Ep. 6, 2: nemo est ex inprudentibus qui reliqui sibi debeat. Tunc mala consilia agitant, tunc aut aliis aut ipsis pericula struunt;

tunc cupiditates improbas ordinant, tunc... tunc... denique, etc.,

id. ib. 10, 2;

7, 2: tunc enim (i. e. si cottidie reputes) subit recordatio: Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi!

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:

propter liberos retentio fit (dotis) si culpa mulieris divortium factum sit, tunc enim sextae retinentur ex dote,

Ulp. Fragm. 6, 10: veluti si a femina manumissa sit: tunc enim e lege Atilia petere debet tutorem, Gai Inst. 1, 195; 1, 76; 1, 40; 3, 181; Fragm. Vat. 52; Dig. 2, 4, 8; 5, 3, 13, § 12; 7, 3, 1; 19, 1, 11, § 15; 11, 1, 20; Just. Inst. 1, 12, § 6; in the jurists, saep.—

Referring to future time.

In gen.: tunc illud vexillum... coloniae Capuae inferetur;

tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 86:

tunc, ut quaeque causa crit statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est,

Liv. 3, 53, 10:

senatus consultum adjectum est ut... praetor qui tunc esset... apud eorum quem qui manumitteretur... jusjurandum daret, etc.,

id. 41, 9, 11:

nec taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti... Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, etc.,

Tib. 2, 5, 95:

tunc interea tempus exercitus ex hoc loco educendi habebis,

Gell. 3, 7, 7.—

With the force of a conditional clause:

tunc me biremis Tutum... Aura feret geminusque Pollux (i. e. si mugiat malus procellis),

Hor. C. 3, 29, 62:

vectabor umeris tunc ego inimicis eques (i. e. si hoc feceris),

id. Epod. 17, 74:

tunc tua me infortunia laedent (i. e. si dolebis tibi),

id. A. P. 103:

tunc ego jurabo quaevis tibi numina... Tunc ego... Efficiam, etc.,

Ov. H. 15 (16), 319:

tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero,

id. ib. 17 (18), 210.—

Representing sequence or succession in events, = deinde.

Simple sequence in time.

Time proper (rare till after the Aug. per.;

in Cic. perh. only in the foll. passages): Herodotus cum Roma reverteretur, offendit eum mensem qui sequitur mensem comitialem. Tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XLV dies longum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:

veni in eum sermonem ut docerem, etc. Tunc mihi ille dixit quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

dixi ei, me ita facturum esse ut, etc. Tunc ille a me petivit, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 6, 2 is finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, Liv. 3, 70, 8:

tandem curia excesserunt. Tunc sententiae interrogari coeptae,

id. 45, 25, 1:

equites, relictis equis, provolant ante signa... Tunc inter priores duorum populorum res geritur,

id. 7, 8, 1:

iterum deinde interpellatus, in proposito persistit. Tunc Poppedius, abjecturum inde se... minatus est,

Val. Max. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. 5, 4, 1; 7, 3, 2; 7, 3, 6: tunc intendit arcum, et ipsum cor adulescentis figit, Sen. de Ira, 3, 14, 2; so id. Ot. Sap. 1, 1; id. Q. N. 1, 12, 1:

Dareum XXX inde stadia abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet,

Curt. 3, 8, 24:

contionem discedere in manipulos jubet. Tunc a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias,

Tac. A. 1, 34; cf. id. ib. 1, 67; 12, 31; 12, 33; 12, 69; id. H. 4, 72; Vitr. 1, 4, 12; 1, 6, 7; 2, 1, 2; 2, 1, 4; 5, 12, 5; 7, praef. 5; 7, 1, 3; 7, 2, 2; 8, 1, 1; Suet. Ner. 49; id. Vit. 15 fin.; id. Dom. 16; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 4; Gell. 1, 22, 6; 6 (7), 17, 6; 13, 31 (30), 6; 14, 2, 9; [p. 1915] Flor. 2, 13 (4, 2), 71; Just. 11, 4, 1; 11, 10, 2; 12, 7, 7; 13, 3, 4; 18, 4, 10 et saep.; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 26.—

Before an abl. absol. (postclass.):

statuunt tempus quo foedissimum quemque invadant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, inrumpunt contubernia,

Tac. A. 1, 48:

tunc, Campaniae ora proximisque insulis circuitis, Caprearum secessui quadriduum impendit,

Suet. Aug. 98:

tunc, exercitu in Aetoliam promoto, pecunias civitatibus imperat,

Just. 14, 1, 6; 21, 5, 2; 22, 2, 7; 25, 2, 6.—

Implying a consequence, then, under these circumstances, hence, accordingly:

caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna circumdare ignemque circumicere coeperunt. Tunc cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, concurrunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere videbat. Tunc Rebilus; Perterritum, inquit, hostem vides;

quid dubitas, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34:

animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. Tunc Caesar apud suos Differendum est iter, inquit, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 85:

omnium spe celerius Saguntum oppugnari adlatum est. Tunc relata de integro res ad senatum,

Liv. 21, 6, 5; cf. id. 9, 30, 10:

Tisiphoneque Saevit et huc illuc impia turba fugit. Tunc niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore Stridet,

Tib. 1, 3, 71:

apud patres disseruit, nec posse Orientem nisi Germanici sapientia conponi, etc. Tunc decreto patrum permissae Germanico provinciae,

Tac. A. 2, 43; id. H. 4, 83; Vitr. 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 16; Just. 39, 3, 11.—Emphatically, = tum vero:

donec ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces ut, etc.,

Liv. 1, 31, 6.—And = tum primum:

multitudo tandem perrumpit ordines hostium. Tunc vinci pertinacia coepta, et averti manipuli quidam,

Liv. 9, 39, 10. —

In enumerations with tum... deinde... postea, etc.

In gen. (postclass.): ante omnia instituit ut e libertorum bonis dextans... cogeretur; deinde ut ingratorum, etc.;

tunc ut lege majestatis facta omnia... tenerentur,

Suet. Ner. 32 med.; so,

tunc... deinde... tunc, etc.,

Vitr. 1, 6, 12 and 13:

tunc... tunc... deinde... tunc,

id. 3, 5, 5 and 6; cf. id. 5, 12, 4; cf. Suet. Oth. 6; Flor. 4, 2, 88.—With tum: terras primum situmque earum quaerit; deinde condicionem maris;

tunc quidquid inter caelum terrasque interjacet perspicit... tum, peragratis humilioribus, ad summa prorumpit,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 17 fin.; so Gai Inst. 3, 6, 3.—

Of successive speakers in dialogue (rare):

tu vero abi, inquit, etc. Tunc Mucius Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti honos, etc.,

Liv. 2, 12, 15:

apud quem Valerius in hunc modum egit, etc. Tunc Collatinus Quaero inquit, etc.,

Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.—With tum:

tunc poeta... inquit, etc. Tum Fronto ita respondit, etc.,

Gell. 19, 8, 10 and 11; 12, 13, 19; Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4.—

In co-ordination (very rare).

= praeterea, and then:

(Romulus) hoc consilio fultus... locupletari civis non destitit. Tunc, id quod retinemus hodie magna cum salute rei publicae, auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15 sq.:

praeter has, frugalitas et continentia... splendorem illi suum adfunderent. Tunc providentia cum elegantia quantum decoris illi adderent!

Sen. Ep. 115, 3.—

In the connection cum... tunc (v. tum, I. C. 3.):

vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc.,

Juv. 9, 118 ( poet. for tum, on account of the foll. vowel).—

Vid. tunc etiam, III. B. 7. b.

As correlative of dependent clauses.

Of temporal clauses with cum.

Referring to definite past time.

Tunc as antecedent of the clause:

set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis quom hinc abit?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 108:

etiamne in ara tunc sedebant mulieres Quom ad me profectu's ire?

id. Rud. 3, 6, 8:

quo damnato tunc, cum judicia fiebant, HS. IV milibus lis aestimata est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 22:

etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur,

id. ib. 2, 5, 43, §

111: atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo nisi qui voluit,

id. Lig. 7, 20: se ita pugnaturos ut Romae pugnaverint in repetenda patria, ut postero die ad Gabios, tunc cum effecerint ne quis hostium, etc., Liv. 6, 28, 9:

et quod tunc fecimus cum hostem Hannibalem in Italia haberemus, id nunc, pulso Hannibale, cunctamur facere?

id. 31, 7, 5:

infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas,

Verg. A. 4, 597 (Rib. tum; v. Prisc. p. 8, 841 P.):

prudenter sensit tunc incrementum Romano imperio petendum fuisse cum intra septimum lapidem triumphi quaerebantur,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 10:

quorum nihil tunc cum diceretur parum aptum fuit,

Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf. Val. Max. 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 8, ext. 1.—

Introducing the apodosis.

Of coincident actions:

cum jam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubie esset... tunc injecta trepidatio,

Liv. 44, 28, 10.—

= deinde:

adversus singula quaeque cum respondere haud facile esset, et quereretur... purgaretque se invicem, tunc Papirius, redintegrata ira, virgas et secures expediri jussit,

Liv. 8, 32, 10:

divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes, imperavissetque, etc., tunc qui in eo castello fuerunt... noluerunt imperio parere,

Vitr. 2, 9, 15:

cum nuntiatum esset Leonidae a XX milibus hostium summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant,

Just. 2, 11, 5.—

Of definite present time, tunc is not found; v. tum.—

Referring to indefinite time.

As antecedent:

arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta habemus,

Cic. Font. 13, 29 (9, 19):

tunc obsequatur naturae cum senserit, etc.,

id. Fragm. Hort. Phil. 75 B. and K.; id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; id. Verr. 1, 18, 55; 2, 5, 12, § 29: qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi, only... when, never... unless (= tote dê), Cat. 44, 21 Ellis (Mull. tum):

deum tunc adfuisse cum id evenisset, veteres oratores aiebant,

Quint. 10, 7, 14:

tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad illud Plodite,

id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 4, 2, 8; 12, 11, 7; Vitr. 2, 9, 3:

voluptas tunc, cum maxime delectat, exstinguitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 7, 4; cf. id. Q. N. 1, prol. 3; 5, 3, 3; 6, 3, 1; id. Ep. 10, 5; 85, 38:

in tantam quantitatem tenetur quae tunc in peculio fuit cum sententiam dicebat,

Dig. 5, 1, 15: tunc cum certum esse coeperit neminem ex eo testamento fore heredem, Gai Inst. 3, 13; 4, 71; Dig. 28, 3, 6, § 6; 40, 12, 16, § 2; 40, 7, 34.—

Introducing the apodosis:

cum autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, tunc inter ea alia transversa... collocentur,

Vitr. 1, 5, 7; 2, 1, 6; 2, 3, 2; 2, 5, 2;

3, 5, 13: cum folia pauca in acumine germinent, tunc maxime serendas ficus,

Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 245; Just. 41, 2, 9.—

Referring to future time:

ex ceteris autem generibus tunc pecunia expedietur cum legionibus victricibus erunt quae spopondimus persolvenda, Cic. Fragm. Ep. Caes. jun. 1, 8: tunc inter eas fore finem belli dixit cum alterutra urbs in habitum pulveris esset redacta,

Val. Max. 9, 3, ext. 3:

poterant videri tunc incohanda cum omnia quae... peregissem,

Quint. 6, 4, 1; Col. praef. 33; v. infra, III. A. 2. b.—

With temporal clauses introduced by ubi (rare).

Of definite past time:

ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni,

Liv. 4, 55, 2:

haec ubi convenerunt, tunc vero Philomelus consuetudinem nocte egrediendi frequentiorem facere,

id. 25, 8, 9.—

Of indefinite time.

As antecedent:

tunc autem est consummata infelicitas, ubi turpia non solum delectant, sed etiam placent,

Sen. Ep. 39, 6; id. Ben. 2, 3, 3; 2, 17, 3; id. Ep. 89, 19.—

In apodosis:

stillicidia ubi plura coiere et turba vires dedit, tunc fluere et ire dicuntur,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; 6, 17, 2; 6, 18, 2.—

With temporal clauses introduced by postquam (posteaquam); rare.

Of definite past time:

posteaquam ingenuae virgines et ephebi venerunt ad deprecandum, tunc est pollicitus his legibus ut, etc.,

Vitr. 10, 16, 7 (but in Sall. C. 51, 40 Dietsch reads tum).—

Of indefinite time: si vero posteaquam eam destinasses, tunc perierit, etc., Dig 17, 2, 58, § 1.—

With temporal clauses introduced by ut (very rare):

ut vero... casus suorum miseris eluxit, tunc toto littore plangentium gemitus, tunc infelicium matrum ululatus... audiebantur,

Just. 19, 2, 11.—

With temporal clauses introduced by quando (rare).

As antecedent:

tunc quando abiero,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 7, 19 (4, 8, 8): tunc inserentur (cerasi) quando his vel non est, vel desinit gummi effluere, Pall. Oct. 12.—

In apodosis:

quando quodque eorum siderum cursum decorum est adeptum... tunc ex alterius naturae motione transversa... vinci a tardioribus videbantur,

Cic. Univ. 9.—

With temporal clauses introduced by dum (very rare):

tunc tamen utrumque tolerabile est, dum illi vis sua est,

Sen. Ep. 83, 21.—

With conditional clauses.

In gen.

As antecedent:

consilium istud tunc esset prudens si rationes ad Hispaniensem casum accommodaturi essemus,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

sin autem ventus interpellaverit et... tunc habeat canalem longum pedes quinque, etc.,

Vitr. 8, 5, 2:

tunc fidem fallam, tunc inconstantiae crimen audiam si, cum omnia eadem sint quae erant promittente me, non praestitero promissum,

Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2.—

In apodosis:

si se simul cum gloria rei gestae exstinxisset, tunc victorem, quidquid licuerit in magistro equitum, in militibus ausurum,

Liv. 8, 31, 7:

quem si inclusit mare, tum ille exitu simul redituque praecluso, volutatur,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 15:

quod si non illum, sed me peccasse putabis, tunc ego te credam cordis habere nihil,

Mart. 2, 8, 6: si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ad adgnatos, Gai Inst. 3, 9:

si vero dissentiunt, tunc praetoris partes necessariae sunt,

Dig. 2, 14, 7, § 19; Sen. Q. N. 6, 9, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 205; Dig. 1, 3, 22.—

With a supposition contrary to fact:

audivi te cum alios consolareris: tunc conspexissem, si te ipse consolatus esses,

Sen. Prov. 4, 5.—

After abl. absol. (rare):

legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit,

Liv. 44, 21, 1:

his ita praeparatis, tunc in rotae modiolo tympanum includatur,

Vitr. 10, 9 (14), 2.

Particular connections.

With other particles of time.

Jam tunc (rare):

nisi jam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem,

Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3: bellum jam tunc ab illis geri coeptum cum sibi Phrygiam ademerint, Trog. Pomp. ap. Just. 38, 53:

At. C. Marius L. Sullam jam tunc, ut praecaventibus fatis, copulatum sibi quaestorem habuit,

Vell. 2, 12, 1:

Archilochum Nepos Cornelius tradit, Tullo Hostilio Romae regnante, jam tunc fuisse poematis clarum et nobilem,

Gell. 17, 21, 8:

palam jam tunc multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam fremebant,

Just. 13, 5, 5. —

With demum and denique, not until then, then only, then at last.

Tunc demum.

Absol.:

tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam,

Liv. 41, 3, 5:

tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit,

Ov. H. 11, 91:

tunc demum intrat tabernaculum,

Curt. 4, 13, 20:

tunc demum alia mala (exstiterunt),

Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 6:

(aquilae) primo deponunt, expertaeque pondus, tunc demum abeunt,

Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 14:

tunc demum... invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt,

Suet. Calig. 9:

tunc demum ad otium concessit,

id. Claud. 5.—

With cum clause:

postero die cum circumsessi aqua arceremur, nec ulla... erumpendi spes esset, tunc demum pacti sumus, etc.,

Liv. 21, 59, 6:

et serius cum redisset, tum demum, recepto sospite filio, victoriae tantae gaudium consul sensit,

id. 44, 44, 3:

cum ab his oritur, tunc demum ei ratio constat,

Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.: quos ordine suo tunc demum persequar cum praefaturus fuero, Col. praef. 33; Sen. Ep. 84, 6; id. Q. N. 7, 13, 1.—

Tunc denique (very rare): hi dicebantur in eo tempore mathêmatikoi. Exinde ad perspicienda principia naturae procedebant ac tunc denique nominabantur phusikoi, Gell. 1, 9, 7.—

Tunc primum:

quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est,

Sall. J. 5, 2:

tunc primum circo qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est,

Liv. 1, 35, 8:

eum dolorem ulta est (plebs) tunc primum plebeis quaestoribus creatis,

id. 4, 54, 2:

tunc primum equo merere equites coeperunt,

id. 5, 7, 13:

lectisternio tunc primum in urbe Romana facto,

id. 5, 13, 6; Tac. A. 11, 38; Suet. Ner. 17; Just. 8, 5, 1; 11, 10, 2; Jul. Capitol. Anton. Phil. 5; 7.—

With deinde (cf.: tum deinde).

Deinde tunc:

roga bonam mentem, bonam valetudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis,

Sen. Ep. 10, 4; 74, 23; 117, 1.—

Tunc deinde: primum militiae vinculum est religio et signorum amor, et deserendi nefas; tunc deinde facile cetera [p. 1916] exiguntur, Sen. Ep. 95, 35; 11, 4; Val. Fl. 8, 109; Cels. 4, 15.—So, tunc postea, Vitr. 1, 6, 7.—

Tunc tandem:

simul enim cessit possessione Dii, excitavit hostem, ut tunc tandem sciret recuperanda esse quae prius amissa forent,

Liv. 44, 8, 4.—

With emphatic particles.

Tunc vero (or enimvero):

in turbatos jam hostes equos inmittunt. Tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur,

Liv. 40, 40, 10:

cunctantem tamen ingens vis morbi adorta est. Tunc enim vero deorum ira admonuit,

id. 2, 36, 6:

tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit,

Curt. 3, 11, 23: Tiberioque suspensa semper verba;

tunc vero nitenti, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 11.—

Tunc quidem: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit;

postero die, etc.,

Liv. 42, 57, 9:

tunc quidem sacrificio rite perpetrato, reliquum noctis rediit, etc.,

Curt. 4, 13, 16; cf. id. 3, 12, 21.—

Ne tunc quidem:

quia ne tunc quidem obsistebatur,

Front. Strat. 3, 17, 9:

ac ne tum quidem senatu aut populo appellato,

Suet. Ner. 41; cf. Just. 27, 3, 6.—

Tunc maxime (or tunc cum maxime).

Chiefly at that time, especially then:

Theophrastus est auctor, in Ponto quosdam amnes crescere tempore aestivo... aut quia tunc maxime in umorem mutabilis terra est, aut quia, etc.,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 26, 2.—

Just then:

hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi jussit ad capitale supplicium,

Curt. 3, 2, 17:

non incidunt causae quae iram lacessant? sed tunc maxime illi oppugnandae manus sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 14, 2: sapiens tunc maxime paupertatem meditatur cum in mediis divitiis constitit,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1.—

Tunc interea, Gell. 3, 7, 7; v. supra, I. A. 4. a.—

Etiam tunc.

Even then:

experiri etiam tunc volens an ullae sibi reliquae vires essent, etc.,

Gell. 15, 16, 3.—

Still:

quam defunctam praetextatus etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit,

Suet. Calig. 10.— And with cum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 8; v. supra, II. A. 1. a.—

Tunc etiam.

Etiam as connective, tum = eo tempore:

in civitate plena religionum, tunc etiam ob recentem cladem superstitiosis principibus, ut renovarentur auspicia, res ad interregnum redit,

Liv. 6, 5, 6.—

Poet. for tum etiam, on account of the vowel:

ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo, Tunc etiam... Tethys solet ipsa vereri,

Ov. M. 2, 68.—

Tunc quoque.

Also then:

irae adversus Vejentes in insequentem annum dilatae sunt. Tunc quoque ne confestim bellum indiceretur religio obstitit,

Liv. 4, 30, 13; 44, 37, 12: saepe legit flores;

et tunc quoque forte legebat,

Ov. M. 4, 315:

quare et sereno tonat? quia tunc quoque per quassum et scissum aera spiritus prosilit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 18:

cum quidam histriones producti olim, tunc quoque producerentur,

Suet. Claud. 21:

tunc quoque in Hyrcaniam remittitur,

Just. 38, 9, 9.—

Even then:

tunc quoque cum antiqui illi viri inclite viverent, cura comere capillum fuit,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 7:

faba vero non antequam trium foliorum. Tunc quoque levi sarculo purgare melius quam fodere,

Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 241; Suet. Ner. 26; Flor. 1, 7, 12.—With tum demum:

tametsi ad audiendum pigre coitur. Plerique in stationibus sedent... ac sibi nuntiari jubent an jam recitator intraverit... an ex magna parte evolverit librum: tum demum ac tunc quoque lente cunctanterque veniunt,

Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2.—

= sic quoque, even as it was:

quin nisi firmata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est,

Liv. 21, 34, 8.—

Tunc temporis (postclass.;

v. tum, III. E.): ex gente obscura tunc temporis Persarum,

Just. 1, 4, 4:

parvae tunc temporis vires Atheniensibus erant,

id. 3, 6, 6:

ad abolendam invidiae famam qua insignis praeter ceteros tunc temporis habebatur,

id. 8, 3, 7:

erat namque tunc temporis urbs Appulis Brundisium,

id. 12, 2, 7.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

tum, adv. demonstr., of time [pronom. demonstr. stems to-, ta-; Gr. to, seen in ita, tam, etc.; cf. quom or cum], then.

Referring to a time previously specified.

To a definite past time.

To a period of time in which something was or happened (opp. later periods) = illis temporibus:

is dictu'st ollis popularibus olim Qui tum vivebant homines,

Enn. Ann. v. 308 Vahl.:

quod tum erat res in pecore et locorum possessionibus, i. e. Romuli temporibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 16:

cum illi male dicerent, quod tum fieri licebat, i. e. Periclis temporibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 138:

erat omnino tum mos ut faciles essent in suum cuique tribuendo,

id. Brut. 21, 85; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 46, 111:

vastae tum in his locis solitudines erant,

Liv. 1, 4, 6; 2, 6, 8; 3, 29, 3; 4, 6, 12; 42, 62, 11;

44, 9, 4: ut tum erant tempora,

Nep. Att. 1, 2; 12, 3; Liv. 1, 3, 3; 1, 8, 4; 2, 7, 4; 2, 9, 8; 2, 50, 2; 2, 63, 6;

39, 6, 7 and 9.—With illis temporibus: nam jam tum illis temporibus fortius... loquebantur quam pugnabant,

Nep. Thras. 2, 4.—

Referring to a point of time, then, at that time:

insigneita fere tum milia militum octo Duxit,

Enn. Ann. v. 336 Vahl.: ut jacui exsurgo;

ardere censui aedis: ita tum confulgebant,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 15:

jam duo restabant fata tum,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 35; id. Cist. 1, 3, 14: quot eras annos gnatus tum, quom, etc.? Me Septuennis, nam tum dentes mihi cadebant primulum, id. Men. 5, 9, 56; id. Merc. prol. 66; id. Most. 1, 2, 49; id. Am. 2, 1, 56; Ter. And. 1, 1, 82: sic igitur tum se levis ac diffusilis aether... undique flexit. Lucr. 5, 467; 5, 837; 5, 911; 5, 432;

5, 942: atque huic anno proximus Sulla consule et Pompejo fuit. Tum P. Sulpicii in tribunatu, cottidie contionantis, totum genus dicendi cognovimus,

Cic. Brut. 89, 306; id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:

scribit Eudemum Pheras venisse, quae erat urbs in Thessalia tum admodum nobilis,

id. Div. 1, 25, 53; id. Rep. 2, 37, 63:

hi tum in Asia rhetorum principes,

id. Brut. 91, 316; id. Sest. 11, 26; id. Planc. 37, 90; id. Quint. 61, 170; id. Fam. 9, 21, 2:

hoc tum veritus Caesar Pharum prehendit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

eodem anno a Campanis Cumae, quam Graeci tum urbem tenebant, capiuntur,

Liv. 4, 44, 13; 1, 7, 14; 2, 9, 5;

2, 37, 7: praetores tum duos Latium habebat,

id. 8, 3, 9:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant, dictatorem dixit,

id. 8, 12, 13; 5, 8, 4; 22, 46, 6;

1, 7, 12: tum Athenis perpetui archontes esse desierunt,

Vell. 1, 8, 3:

tum Cimbri et Teutoni transcendere Rhenum,

id. 2, 8, 3; Val. Max. 1, 5, 3; Tac. H. 4, 49; 3, 57:

non timido, non ignavo cessare tum licuit,

Curt. 3, 11, 5:

Archiae, qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat,

Nep. Pelop. 3, 2; id. Phoc. 3, 3.—With in eo tempore: eum quem virile secus tum in eo tempore habebat, Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 5.—Repeated by anaphora:

quae nox omnium temporum conjurationis acerrima fuit. Tum Catilinae dies exeundi, tum ceteris manendi condicio, tum descriptio... constituta est, tum tuus pater, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 18, 52; cf. Lucr. 5, 1377; 5, 1399.—

Esp., referring to a former state, implying that it no longer exists:

quaesivit ex lege illa Cornelia quae tum erat,

Cic. Clu. 20, 55:

cum sententias Oppianicus, quae tum erat potestas, palam ferri velle dixisset,

id. ib. 27, 75:

Caere, opulento tum oppido,

Liv. 1, 2, 3; 3, 52, 3:

praetores aerarii (nam tum a praetoribus tractabatur aerarium), etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 9.—

Expressly opposed to present time (hodie, nunc, hoc tempore, etc.; class. and very freq.; but in post-Aug. writers tunc is regularly used): prius non is eras qui eras;

nunc is factu's qui tum non eras,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 138:

tu nunc tibi Id laudi ducis quod tum fecisti inopia?

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 25; id. Hec. 3, 3, 48:

quae tabula, tum imperio tuo revulsa, nunc a me tamen reportata est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 112:

tum imperator populi Romani deos patrios reportabat, nunc praetor ejusdem populi eosdem illos deos... auferebat,

id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 77; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 78; 2, 5, 20, § 51; id. Clu. 31, 86; id. Planc. 9, 22; id. Quint. 22, 71; id. Phil. 14, 8, 21; id. Leg. 2, 22, 57; Caes. B. C. 3, 17; Liv. 5, 3, 5; 6, 15, 11; 10, 9, 6.—

Opposed to another time specified:

itaque tum eos exire jussit. Post autem e provincia litteras ad conlegium misit, se, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

itaque ut tum carere rege, sic pulso Tarquinio nomen regis audire non poterat,

id. Rep. 2, 30, 53; id. Mil. 21, 55:

sicut legatorum antea, ita tum novorum colonorum caede imbutis armis,

Liv. 4, 31, 7; 39, 22, 10; 9, 36, 1; 2, 52, 7; 4, 2, 10; 4, 57, 11;

21, 17, 1: et tum sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ide,

Ov. M. 2, 218; Verg. A. 11, 33; Nep. Arist. 2, 3; id. Ham. 11, 7.—

In the historians in applying general statements or truths to the state of affairs spoken of: communi enim fit vitio naturae ut invisis atque incognitis rebus... vehementius exterreamur;

ut tum accidit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 4; 3, 68; id. B. G. 7, 3; 2, 6; id. B. C. 1, 80:

foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt. Tum ita factum accepimus,

Liv. 1, 24, 4; 1, 32, 14; 21, 31, 12.—

Denoting coincidence or inner connection with an action before mentioned = a temporal clause (tum = cum hoc fieret), then, on that occasion:

quis tum non ingemuit?

Cic. Vatin. 13, 31:

ne tum quidem hominum venustatem et facetias perspicere potuisti? i. e. cum coronam auream imponebant,

id. Fl. 31, 76: apud imperitos tum illa dicta sunt;

nunc agendum est subtilius,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 74:

itaque tum Stajenus condemnatus est,

i. e. in that trial, id. Clu. 36, 101; id. Sen. 7, 22:

M. Porcius Cato qui, asper ingenio, tum lenem mitemque senatorem egit,

Liv. 45, 25; Val. Max. 8, 3, 3:

sed tum supplicia dis... decernuntur,

Tac. A. 3, 64; 3, 72:

Graecia tum potuit Priamo quoque flenda videri,

Ov. M. 14, 474.—

With the occasion referred to specified in the same clause: Manlius... ex petulanti scurra in discordiis civitatis ad eam columnam tum suffragiis populi pervenerat,

Cic. Clu. 13, 39:

emisti tum in naufragio hujus urbis... tum, inquam, emisti ut, etc.,

id. Prov. Cons. 4, 7.—Repeated by anaphora: et Capitolinis injecit sedibus ignes. Tum statua Nattae, tum simulacra deorum, Romulusque et Remus cum altrice belua vi fulminis icti conciderunt, Cic. Div. 2, 20, 45;

so repeated seven times,

id. Rep. 1, 40, 62.—

Redundant, the time of the action being clear without it (esp. in Cic.):

atque hoc tum judicio facto... tamen Avitus Oppianicum reum statim non facit,

Cic. Clu. 20, 56:

itaque tum ille inopia et necessitate coactus ad Caepasios confugit,

id. ib. 20, 57; id. Brut. 23, 90; 39, 145; 43, 161; cf. id. Sull. 18, 51, where tum redundant occurs six times successively.—

In oblique discourse, referring to the time of the speaker, = nunc in direct discourse:

quando autem se, si tum non sint, pares hostibus fore?

if they were not now so, Liv. 3, 62, 1:

(dixit Sempronius)... nec tum agrum plebi, sed sibi invidiam quaeri,

id. 4, 44, 9; 4, 57, 4:

moenia eos tum transcendere non Italiae modo, sed etiam urbis Romanae,

id. 21, 35, 9; 5, 21, 7 (in this use nunc is also freq.).—

Referring to indefinite time.

Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc., at such a season:

tum denique tauros in gregem redigo (after Lyra rises),

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12; 1, 35 fin.; Col. 11, 2, 87.—

With the force of an indefinite temporal clause, at such a time, in such circumstances, i. e. when such a thing happens as has happened:

qui (porci) a partu decimo die habentur puri, ab eo appellantur sacres, quod tum ad sacrificium idonei habentur primum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 16; 2, 7, 13:

deinde cibum sequitur somnus... quia plurima tum se corpora conturbant (i. e. cum cibum ceperunt),

Lucr. 4, 957; 3, 599; 4, 892; 4, 919;

4, 1030: quam regionem cum superavit animus... finem altius se efferendi facit. Tum enim sui similem et levitatem et calorem adeptus... nullam in partem movetur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43; 1, 31, 75; 3, 23, 55; 4, 24, 54; Tac. Dial. 7.—

With the force of a conditional clause, then, in this instance, if so: immo res omnis relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Ph. Tum tu igitur, qua causa missus es ad portum, id expedi (i. e. si ita est), Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 39; id. Most. 5, 1, 55; id. As. 1, 1, 93; 2, 2, 64; 3, 3, 36; id. Aul. 3, 6, 31; id. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 2, 78: non potitus essem;

fuisset tum illos mi aegre aliquot dies,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 7; id. Eun. 2, 2, 50; 5, 1, 23; id. Hec. 3, 5, 12:

ego C. Caesaris laudibus desim, quas, etc.? Tum hercule me confitear non judicium aliquod habuisse,

Cic. Planc. 39, 93: scribant aliquid Isocrateo more...;

tum illos existimabo non desperatione formidavisse genus hoc,

id. Or. 70, 235; id. Font. 21, 49 (17, 39); id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85; id. Fam. 9, 8, 2; Ov. H. 18 (19), 81: vellem tam ferax saeculum haberemus...;

tum ego te primus hortarer, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 15, 8.—

Referring to future time.

To a definite time before mentioned:

ut sit satius perdere Quam aut nunc manere tam diu, aut tum persequi,

i. e. after my future return, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 27:

jam nunc mente prospicio quae tum studia hominum, qui concursus futuri sint,

Cic. Div. in Caecin. 13, 42; id. Verr. 1, 13, 37; 1, 10, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 17; id. Marcell. 9, 30:

tum meae... Vocis accedet bona pars,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 45.—

With the force of a conditional clause (cf. 3. b, supra), then, in this instance, if so: specta, tum scies. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 100; cf.:

quom videbis, tum scies,

id. ib. 1, 2, 37: tuom incendes genus;

Tum igitur aquae erit tibi cupido, etc.,

id. Trin. 3, 2, 50; id. Curc. 2, 3, 17:

confer sudantes, ructantes, refertos epulis... tum intelleges, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 100; id. Planc. 18, 45; id. Phil. 2, 45, 115:

agedum, dictatorem creemus... Pulset tum mihi lictorem qui sciet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 29, 12; Cic. Phil. 10, 3, 6; id. Or. 23, 78; 71, 235; Liv. 4, 22, 11; 5, 16, 10; 9, 11, 4.—

Referring to a time subsequent to a time mentioned, then, thereupon.

Simple sequence in time.

Time proper (only of an immediate sequence;

otherwise deinde, postea, etc., are used): tum cum corde suo divum pater atque hominum rex Effatur, etc.,

Enn. Ann. 179:

dico ei quo pactod eam viderim erilem nostram filiam sustollere. Extimuit tum illa,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 9; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 29; id. As. 4, 1, 58: tum ille egens forte adplicat Primum ad Chrysidis patrem se. Ter. And. 5, 4, 21; id. Eun. 3, 1, 17; Cato, R. R. 48 (49); 135 (136); so id. ib. 112 (113): equos quinto anno... amittere binos (dentes);

tum renascentes eis sexto anno impleri,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2 sq.: collo [p. 1909] cari jussit hominem in aureo lecto, abacosque complures ornavit... Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros jussit consistere, eosque, etc., Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 61:

dixerat hoc ille, cum puer nuntiavit venire ad eum Laelium... Tum Scipio e cubiculo est egressus, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Div. 2, 66, 135; id. Clu. 14, 40; id. Cat. 3, 5, 10; id. Ac. 2, 5, 13; id. Div. 1, 35, 77:

hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo more conclamaverunt ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 26; cf. id. ib. 7, 64; 5, 43 fin.;

5, 48: adsurgentem ibi regem cuspide ad terram adfixit. Tum spolia caputque abscisum spiculo gerens... hostes fudit,

Liv. 4, 19, 5; 5, 21, 1; 1, 26, 9; 1, 18, 10; 1, 20, 1; 1, 22, 6; 1, 28, 4; 1, 28, 9; 2, 24, 4;

3, 8, 11, etc.: tum Caesar cum exercitu Thessaliam petit,

Vell. 2, 52, 1; Val. Max. 5, 1, 3; Curt. 4, 3, 7; Tac. A. 3, 28; 11, 35; id. H. 4, 84; Ov. M. 2, 122; 4, 80; 7, 121; 10, 481; 14, 386; Flor. 1, 13, 12; Gell. 1, 19, 5; 1, 23, 5.—

In partic., foll. by an abl. absol.:

tum, prope jam perculsis aliis tribunis, A. Verginius Caesoni capitis diem dicit,

Liv. 3, 11, 9; 8, 32, 1; 10, 29, 12:

tum omni spe perdita, Meherdates dolo ejus vincitur, traditurque victori,

Tac. A. 12, 15; 12, 16:

tum, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est,

Nep. Epam. 9, 4.—

Implying a connection between two events, hence, under these circumstances, accordingly, thereupon:

at pater omnipotens ira tum percitus acri... Phaethonta... Deturbavit in terram,

Lucr. 5, 399:

madefactum iri Graeciam sanguine... tum neque te ipsum non esse commotum, Marcumque Varronem et M. Catonem... vehementer esse perterritos,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Caes. B. G. 4, 25; cf. id. ib. 5, 49; 5, 51;

7, 59: quippe quibus nec domi spes prolis, nec cum finitimis conubia essent. Tum ex consilio patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit,

Liv. 1, 9, 2; 3, 26, 1; 3, 31, 7; 4, 45, 7.—

Enumeration of a series of events; the co-ordinate clauses introduced by tum... tum, or primum (primo)... deinde... tum, etc.

Succession of time proper:

ducem Hannibali unum e concilio datum (a Jove), tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret, illum autem respexisse, tum visam beluam vastam, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49; 1, 27, 57; 2, 28, 58 sq.:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

id. Fin. 1, 16, 50; 5, 23, 65; id. Tusc. 5, 2, 5:

primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; 3, 3, 6: primum colonos inde Romanos expulit: inde in Latinam viam transgressus, etc., inde Lavinium recepit; tum deinceps Corbionem, Vitelliam;

postremum, etc.,

Liv. 2, 39, 4:

primi consules sub jugum missi, tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat, tum deinceps singulae legiones,

id. 9, 6, 1:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

id. 21, 22, 8; id. praef. 9; 3, 28, 8: 5, 39, 7;

23, 23, 6: deinde... deinde... Tum... post quas, etc.,

Curt. 3, 3, 24: primum... deinde... deinde... tum... postea, Masur. Gabin. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 5; Gai. Inst. 4, 60.—

So in partic.: tum (also hic, et;

not deinde or postea), to denote the succession of speakers in dialogue: immo duas dabo, inquit adulescens... Tum senex ille: Si vis, inquit, quattuor sane dato,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 46 dub.:

tum Piso... inquit, etc. Tum Quintus... inquit, etc. Hic ego... inquam, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Piso... inquit, etc. Et ille ridens... inquit, etc. Tum Piso exorsus est, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2 sqq.:

tum Atticus... inquit, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Brutus, etc. Tum ille, etc. Tum Atticus, etc. Tum Pomponius... inquit, etc.,

id. Brut. 3, 11 sqq., and through the whole treatise; cf. id. Ac. 1, 2, 4; 1, 3, 9; 1, 4, 13; 1, 12, 43 and 44; 2, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 15 sqq.; id. Rep. 1, 13, 19 sqq.; Liv. 7, 10, 2 sqq.; 23, 12, 8; Tac. Dial. 3; 15; 25; 42; Gell. 3, 1, 11 sqq.; 18, 1, 9 sqq.; Ov. M. 14, 594.—

Transf., of sequence or succession of thought, passing into mere co-ordination (v. C. 2. b, g), then... again... furthermore:

qui mi in cursu obstiterit, faxo vitae is obstiterit suae. Prius edico ne quis, etc. Tum pistores scrofipasci qui, etc. Tum piscatores.... Tum lanii autem qui, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 28; 4, 2, 34; 4, 2, 39: (res familiaris) primum bene parta sit, tum quam plurimis se utilem praebeat, deinde augeatur ratione, diligentia, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92; id. Ac. 2, 47, 146; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68 sq.; 5, 40, 117; id. Ac. 2, 10, 30; id. de Or. 1, 42, 190; id. Cat. 4, 3, 5; id. Agr. 1, 2, 5; id. Clu. 2, 6; Liv. 3, 26, 11.—

Hence, as co-ordinating conjunction, introducing an additional assertion, or thought.

Alone, = praeterea, and then, besides, also, moreover, on the other hand (freq. in ante-class. style and in Cic.;

rare in Livy and post-Aug. prose): argenti aurique advexit multum, lanam purpuramque multam... tum Babylonica peristromata, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 3, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 10; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 71; 4, 8, 17; id. Ps. 3, 2, 78; id. Aul. 1, 2, 6; 1, 3, 16; id. Men. 5, 5, 41; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 1, 3, 15; 4, 2, 3; Ter. And. 1, 5, 27; 1, 2, 21; 2, 3, 7; id. Eun. prol. 4; 5, 6, 15; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 16; Lucr. 4, 680; cf. id. 1, 494; 4, 1152:

magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis ab eo percepta doctrina... caruit omnino rebus urbanis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 1; 2, 14, 43; id. Div. 1, 24, 50; 1, 42, 94; id. de Or. 1, 46, 201; id. Off. 1, 6, 19; id. Fin. 1, 6, 21; 2, 16, 53; id. Leg. 1, 5, 17; 1, 9, 26; id. Rab. Post. 14, 40; id. Phil. 13, 12, 26:

altera ex parte Bellovaci instabant, alteram Camulogenus tenebat: tum legiones a praesidio interclusas maximum flumen distinebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 59; id. B. C. 3, 49: naves convenerunt duae Punicae quinqueremes;

duae ab Heraclea triremes... tum quinque Rhodiae quadriremes,

Liv. 42, 56, 6; 1, 40, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 4; Just. 5, 10, 3.—Sometimes connecting two terms of the same clause, with the force of cum... tum (v. infra, 3. d.):

quot me censes homines jam deverberasse, hospites tum civis?

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 14:

faciendum est igitur nobis ut... veteranorum, tum legionis Martiae quartaeque consensus... confirmetur,

Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 7; Liv. 28, 43, 1 (in co-ordination often with etiam, autem, and sometimes with praeterea and porro; v. III. infra).—

Tum as correlative of a preceding tum.

With an added assertion or thought: ita est haec hominum natio: voluptarii atque potatores, Tum sycophantae... plurimi In urbe habitant;

tum meretrices mulieres Nusquam perhibentur blandiores gentium,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 28; id. Mil. 3, 1, 100; 3, 1, 102.—

Tum... tum = nunc... nunc (modo... modo), sometimes... sometimes, now... now, at one time... at another (freq. in Cic., not in Caes., rare in Liv., and very rare in postAug. writers):

tum huc, tum illuc inretitos impedit piscis,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17:

tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 134:

mihi... tum hoc tum illud probabilius videtur,

id. Off. 3, 7, 33; so id. Am. 4, 13; id. Sen. 13, 45; id. Top. 7, 31; id. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

(alvus) tum restringitur, tum relaxatur,

id. ib. 2, 54, 136; id. Rep. 3, 13 (14), 23; id. Leg. 2, 7, 16; id. Or. 63, 212; id. Sen. 3, 7; id. Inv. 1, 37, 66:

dictator tum appellare tum adhortari milites,

Liv. 8, 39, 4; Suet. Ner. 1; Gell. 1, 11, 15.—Tum may be repeated several times:

plerique propter voluptatem tum in morbos graves, tum in damna, tum in dedecora incurrunt,

Cic. Fin. 1, 14, 47; 3, 7, 26;

so three times,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 29; 1, 14, 37; 1, 15, 39; id. Inv. 1, 52, 98; id. Or. 3, 45, 177; id. Off. 1, 7, 22; id. Leg. 2, 17, 43; id. Top. 25, 96;

four times,

id. N. D. 1, 43, 120; 2, 20, 52; 2, 39, 101; id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 75;

five times,

id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; 1, 41, 76; id. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94;

six times,

id. ib. 1, 53, 120;

seven times,

Quint. 9, 4, 133;

nine times,

Cic. N. D. 2, 50, 51.—And in chronological order (to be distinguished from the instances B. 2. a and g):

Atheniensium (rem publicam constituerunt) tum Theseus, tum Draco, tum Solo, tum Clisthenes, tum multi alii,

at different times, successively, Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 2.—

Preceded or followed by other co-ordinate words (alias, modo, aliquando, aut... aut, nunc... nunc):

ex quo intellegitur qualis ille sit quem tum moderatum, alias modestum, tum temperantem, alias constantem continentemque dicimus,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36:

tum... tum... aliquando,

id. Div. 2, 2, 6:

tum... tum... aut... aut,

id. Or. 61, 204:

modo... tum autem,

id. N. D. 2, 40, 142:

nunc... nunc... tum... tum,

Flor. 1, 17, 5.—

Tum... tum = et... et, both... and, not only... but also, partly... partly, without regard to time, the second term being frequently strengthened by etiam (mostly post-Aug.):

Milo Compsam oppugnans, ictusque lapide tum Clodio, tum patriae, quam armis petebat, poenas dedit,

Vell. 2, 68, 3:

Muciam et Fulviam, tum a patre, tum a viro utramque inclitam,

Val. Max. 9, 1, 8:

Caesar Pompejo tum proprias, tum etiam filiae lacrimas reddidit,

id. 5, 1, 10; Quint. 7, 3, 18; Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 28; id. Clem. 1, 19, 2; Front. Aquaed. 1; Tac. A. 12, 33; Suet. Tit. 3; Nep. praef. 8;

and with etiam,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8; 5, 9, 1; 7, 6 prooem.; Nep. Them. 2, 3.—

As correlative with a preceding cum, introducing particular after a universal or a stronger or more important assertion after a weaker or less important.

Connecting complete sentences with different predicates, cum... tum = as... so, while... (tum being not translated; ante-class. cum always with indic.; class. with subj. or indic.):

quom antehac te amavi, et mihi amicam esse crevi... tum id mihi hodie aperuisti,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 2; id. Truc. 4, 1, 6:

quom id mihi placebat, tum uno ore omnes omnia Bona dicere,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 10:

quae cum res tota ficta sit pueriliter, tum ne efficit quidem quod vult,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19; id. Tusc. 5, 39, 13; id. Fam. 13, 16, 1; and so with subj., id. N. D. 1, 1, 1; id. Off. 3, 2, 5; id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Brut. 39, 145; 11, 250:

cum omnium rerum simulatio est vitiosa, tum amicitiae repugnat maxime,

id. Lael. 25, 91; id. Div. 2, 27, 58; and so with indic., id. Planc. 33, 80; id. Tull. 4, 8; id. Div. in Caecil. 20, 65; id. Sest. 1, 2; id. Fam. 16, 4, 4:

haec cum merito ejus fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 4; 3, 16; id. B. C. 1, 58; Liv. 3, 34, 1; 4, 53, 4.—

Clauses with the same predicate, which is placed after the first clause (always with indic.):

nam mihi, cum multa eximie divineque videntur Athenae tuae peperisse, tum nihil melius illis mysteriis quibus, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 36; id. Tusc. 4, 18, 42; id. Phil. 2, 5, 12; Liv. 4, 46, 10; 6, 38, 10.—

Clauses with a common predicate placed before both co-ordinate terms, cum... tum = not only, but also; as... so especially:

visa est Arcesilae cum vera sententia, tum honesta et digna sapiente,

Cic. Ac. 2, 24, 77; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; 2, 35, 119; 3, 1, 3:

movit patres conscriptos cum causa tum auctor,

Liv. 9, 10, 1; 4, 57, 2; Suet. Ner. 46 init. —

With a common predicate after both co-ordinate terms:

quom virum tum uxorem, di vos perdant,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 103:

luxuria cum omni aetati turpis tum senectuti foedissima est,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 123; id. Clu. 59, 161; id. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 86; id. N. D. 1, 21, 57; id. Deiot. 9, 26; id. Clu. 16, 46:

concitatos animos flecti quam frangi putabat cum tutius tum facilius esse,

Liv. 2, 23, 15; 6, 9, 8; 1, 57, 1; 10, 26, 13; Tac. Dial. 5.—With tum several times repeated:

quem pater moriens cum tutoribus et propinquis, tum legibus, tum aequitati magistratuum, tum judiciis vestris commendatum putavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 151; cf. esp. id. Planc. 40, 95. —

Tum, in this construction, is freq. strengthened,

By vero:

cum haec sunt videnda, tum vero illud est hominis magni, etc.,

in particular, Cic. Clu. 58, 159; id. Mur. 27, 55; id. Phil. 3, 5, 12; 7, 3, 9; cf. id. Or. 1, 23, 106; 3, 16, 60; Liv. 34, 39, 9; Quint. 12, 1, 25.—

By maxime, above all, most of all, especially, chiefly:

cum omnibus in rebus temeritas in adsentando turpis est, tum in eo loco maxime in quo ju dicandum est quantum, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 4, 7; id. Tusc. 4, 1, 1; 5, 12, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 69:

cum infamia atque indignitas rei impediebat, tum maxime quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 56; Sall. J. 43, 5; Liv. 1, 8, 2; Suet. Claud. 30; Quint. 6, 1, 29.—

By praecipue, especially, chiefly, above all:

cum omnium sociorum provinciarumque rationem diligenter habere debetis, tum praecipue Siciliae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2; id. Fam. 13, 11, 3:

fortuna quae plurimum potest cum in reliquis rebus, tum praecipue in bello,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68; Liv. 22, 43, 11; 1, 40, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 29; 1, 10, 13; 5, 10, 106; Plin. Ep. 4, 3, 2.—

By inprimis, chiefly, principally:

cum multa non probo, tum illud inprimis quod, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 18; id. Fam. 12, 22, 3.—

By cumprimis, chiefly, principally: quapropter bene cum superis de rebus habenda Nobis est ratio... tum cumprimis Unde anima atque animi constet [p. 1910] natura videndum, Lucr. 1, 131.—

By certe, especially, at least, assuredly:

at cum de plurimis eadem dicit, tum certe de maximis,

Cic. Fin. 4, 5, 13; id. Fam. 7, 4; cf. Quint. 2, 1, 10.—

By nimirum, assuredly, undoubtedly:

cum plurimas... commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum praestat omnibus quod, etc.,

Cic. Am. 7, 23. —

By etiam, besides, as well:

cum omnes omnibus ex terris homines improbos audacesque collegerat, tum etiam multos fortes viros et bonos... tenebat,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14; id. Ac. 2, 10, 31; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:

quos tu cum memoriter, tum etiam erga nos amice et benevole collegisti,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:

cum sua virtute, tum etiam alienis vitiis,

id. Leg. 23, 67; id. Fin. 2, 12, 38; id. N. D. 2, 37, 95; id. de Or. 3, 60, 225; Liv. 1, 21, 2; 7, 23, 6; 7, 32, 10; Val. Max. 7, 2, 3; 3, 2, 10; 9, 6, 3; Quint. 9, 1, 20; 9, 4, 143.—

By quoque, also, besides, as well:

cum potestas major, tum vir quoque potestati par hostes trans Anienem submovere,

Liv. 4, 17, 11; 1, 22, 2; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 72.—

By et, also, besides, too:

cujus mortem cum luctus civitatis, tum et dictaturae undecim insignem fecere,

Just. 19, 1, 7.—

By praeterea, moreover, besides:

dicimus C. Verrem cum multa libidinose fecerit, tum praeterea quadringentiens sestertium ex Sicilia abstulisse,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56.

Tum as correlative of dependent clauses (freq. in ante - class. writings and Cic., rare in post-Aug. writings).

With temporal clauses, introduced by cum, = at the time when, at a time when.

Referring to definite past time.

Tum as antecedent of cum:

jam tum cum primum jussit me ad se arcessier, Roget quis, Quid tibi cum illa?

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 4; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21:

qui (Hercules) tum dolore frangebatur cum immortalitatem ipsa morte quaerebat,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 8, 20:

bene apud majores nostros senatus tum cum florebat imperium decrevit ut, etc.,

id. Div. 1, 41, 91; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114; id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160; id. Clu. 33, 89; id. Verr. 1, 2, 5; id. Brut. 2, 7; 23, 89; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Agr. 2, 24, 64; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; 3, 4, 11:

tum mittendos legatos fuisse cum Perseus Graecas urbes obsideret,

Liv. 45, 3, 7:

tum cum Vipereos sparsi... dentes,

Ov. M. 4, 572; id. H. 3, 23; Val. Max. 6, 1, 12.—After pluperf.:

nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant scimus Romae solutione impedita fidem concidisse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19; Val. Max. 3, 6, 1; 2, 8, 15 fin. —Tum inserted in the temporal clause:

cum Davo egomet vidi jurgantem ancillam... quom ibi me adesse neuter tum praesenserat,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 20.—

Tum, introducing the apodosis of the temporal clause (generally not transl. in Engl.).

Of coincident events, cum... tum = while: quom genui tum morituros scivi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. Rel. v. 361 Vahl.); Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 18:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Cael. 26, 63; id. Phil. 3, 5, 13:

cum pavida mulier nullam opem videret, tum Tarquinius fateri amorem, orare, etc.,

Liv. 1, 58, 3; 5, 11, 4. —

Tum = deinde, usu. after a pluperf.:

id cum Sulla fecisset, tum ante oppidum Nolam Samnitium castra cepit,

Cic. Div. 1, 33, 72; id. Brut. 92, 319; id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; 2, 3, 15; id. Fin. 1, 8, 26; id. Tusc. 4, 20, 45; id. Div. 1, 25, 53; 2, 2, 7; id. Rep. 2, 25, 47; Liv. 21, 11, 8; cf. id. 1, 26, 7; 23, 22, 4.—Inserted in the apodosis:

cum jam humanae opes egestae a Veis essent, amoliri tum deum dona,

Liv. 5, 22, 3.—

Referring to definite present time:

quem esse negas, eundem esse dicis. Cum enim miserum esse dicis, tum eum qui non sit, dicis esse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 12.—

Referring to indefinite time.

As antecedent of the clause, = at the time when, at a time when, whenever: hominum inmortalis est infamia;

etiam tum vivit quom esse credas mortuam,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28; id. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7; Cato, R. R. 31:

nec sibi enim quisquam tum se vitamque requirit Cum pariter mens et corpus sopita quiescunt,

Lucr. 3, 919; 4, 444; 4, 455;

4, 1166: omnis praedictio mali tum probatur cum ad praedictionem cautio adjungitur,

Cic. Div. 2, 25, 54; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104; id. N. D. 2, 3, 9: tum cum sine pondere suci Mobilibus ventis arida facta volant, Ov. H. 5, 109; Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44; 2, 27, 88; id. Fin. 4, 8, 20; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 20; 5, 26, 73; id. N. D. 1, 4, 9; id. Off. 1, 27, 93.—Tum maxime... cum plurimum = eo magis quo magis:

eam (partem animi) tum maxime vigere cum plurimum absit a corpore,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 70; so, cum maxime... tum maxime; v. b. a foll.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

As coincident:

quom amamus, tum perimus,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 94:

ulmus, cum folia cadunt, tum iterum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; so id. ib. 155 (156):

cum ea quae quasi involuta fuerunt, aperti sunt, tum inventa dicuntur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 26; id. Fin. 5, 10, 29; 1, 17, 57; id. N. D. 2, 52, 129; 1, 19, 49; id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 15.—Cum maxime... tum maxime = quo magis eo magis:

nam quom pugnabant maxume, ego tum fugiebam maxume,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 45:

quamobrem omnes, cum secundae res sunt maxume, tum maxume Meditari secum oportet, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 30 poet. —

As subsequent:

ad legionem quom itum, adminiculum eis danunt tum jam aliquem cognatum suum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 47:

eo cum accessit ratio argumentique conclusio... tum et perceptio eorum omnium apparet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 10, 30; 2, 41, 128; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24; 1, 20, 69; 5, 15, 41; id. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 1, 24, 58; 3, 2, 3; id. N. D. 2, 48, 123; id. Div. 2, 19, 44.—

Referring to future time.

Tum as antecedent of cum:

quom mi haec dicentur dicta, tum tu, furcifer, quasi mus in medio pariete vorsabere,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 51; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 20:

non committam ut tum haec res judicetur cum haec frequentia Roma discesserit,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54; id. Agr. 2, 17, 44; 2, 25, 67; id. Fin. 4, 22, 62; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Liv. 23, 13, 4; 41, 10, 7; Ov. M. 2, 651; id. H. 15, 293; Nep. Them. 6, 5.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

quom videbis, tum scies,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; 4, 6, 30:

de quo cum perpauca dixero, tum ad jus civile veniam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Clu. 2, 6; 4, 9; Liv. 3, 56, 10.—

With temporal clause, introduced by ubi.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

vitem novellam resecare tum erit tempus ubi valebit,

Cato, R. R. 33:

tum tu igitur demum id adulescenti aurum dabis, ubi erit locata virgo in matrimonium?

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 52.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Referring to definite past time (tum always = deinde):

ubi eorum dolorem majorem quam ceterorum cognovi, tum meum animum in illos, tum mei consilii causam proposui, tum eos hortatus sum, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140; Sall. J. 94, 3:

ubi illuxit, et Romanis Punica et Gallica arma cognita, tum dubitationem exemere,

Liv. 25, 10, 5; 1, 9, 10; 4, 57, 3; 9, 43, 16; 21, 25, 12; 23, 11, 4.—

Referring to indefinite time:

post ubi tempust promissa jam perfici, Tum coacti necessario se aperiunt,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 8: Cato, R. R. 3 init.; 17:

ubi jam morbi se flexit causa... Tum quasi vaccillans primum consurgit,

Lucr. 3, 503; 6, 129; 6, 526.—

Referring to future time:

otium ubi erit, tum tibi operam ludo et deliciae dabo,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 13; id. Stich. 4, 2, 14:

ubi tu voles, Ubi tempus erit, sat habet si tum recipitur,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 32; Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 18; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 72; id. Pers. 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 3, 2, 27:

ut ubi id interrogando argumentis firmavero, tum testes ad crimen accommodem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 55:

ubi haerere jam aciem videris, tum terrorem equestrem infer,

Liv. 6, 12, 10; 22, 55, 8.—

With a temporal clause introduced by postquam.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

Flaminius qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus erat, tum vero postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, etc.,

Liv. 22, 3, 7; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 (v. infra, III. A. 2. a. b).—

Tum introducing the apodosis (always = deinde).

Referring to definite past time:

posteaquam e portu piratae exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 100; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40 (al. tunc):

postquam satis virium collectum videbat, tum ex suis unum sciscitatum Romam ad patrem misit,

Liv. 1, 54, 5; 3, 66, 5; 6, 13, 4; 22, 48, 4; 25, 10, 6; Gell. 5, 3, 6.—

Referring to indefinite time: postquam vero commoditas quaedam... dicendi copiam consecuta est, tum ingenio freta malitia pervertere urbes adsuevit, Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 3.—

With a temporal clause introduced by ut.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

tum vero ingentem gemitum dat Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici... conspexit,

Verg. A. 1, 485; cf. id. ib. 12, 218.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Of definite past time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi, puto, prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46:

sed ut intellectum est quantam vim haberet accurata... oratio, tum etiam magistri dicendi multi subito exstiterunt,

Cic. Brut. 8, 30; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; Liv. 24, 44, 10; id. 21, 54, 9; 23, 34, 6.—

Referring to future time:

neque ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum, si eam Romanus rite emisisset, victoriam de Vejentibus dari (= si quando),

Liv. 5, 15, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.—

With a temporal clause introduced by quando.

Tum as antecedent of the clause.

Of definite past time:

auctoritatem senatus exstare sentio, tum, quando Alexandro mortuo, legatos Tyrum misimus,

Cic. Agr. 2, 16, 41.—

Of future time:

at scire tum memento quando id quod voles habebis,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 41; id. Mil. 3, 1, 213; id. Most. 3, 1, 136; id. Men. 5, 7, 57:

utinam tum essem natus quando Romani dona accipere coepissent,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Of indefinite time (quando = whenever):

quando esurio tum crepant (intestina),

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 27; id. Truc. 1, 1, 15; id. Ps. 4, 7, 85:

quando mulier dotem marito dabat, tum quae ex suis bonis retinebat reciperare dicebatur,

Gell. 17, 6, 6; 7 (6), 14, 4.—

Of future time:

at tu, quando habebis, tum dato,

Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 23:

quando ab eadem parte sol eodemque tempore iterum defecerit, tum signis omnibus ad principium revocatis, expletum annum habeto,

Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

quando mihi usus venerit, tum quaeram ex te atque discam,

Gell. 6 (7), 17, 4.—

In the apodosis after simul ac:

an simul ac nubes successere, ipse in eas tum Descendit (Juppiter), prope ut hinc teli determinet ictus?

Lucr. 6, 402.—

With a temporal clause introduced by dum.

Tum as antecedent:

sanctius visum est nomen Augusti, ut scilicet jam tum dum colit terras, ipso numine ac titulo consecretur,

Flor. 2, 33, 66 (4, 12, 66).—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

dum habeat, tum amet,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 23:

dum se glomerant... tum pondere turris Procubuit,

Verg. A. 9, 540.—

As antecedent of quamdiu:

qui cum tibi amicus non modo tum fuerit quamdiu tecum in provincia fuerit, verum etiam nunc sit cum, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 24, § 58.—

Denoting a logical consequence after quando and cum:

quando ergo erga te benignus fui... tum te mihi benigne itidem addecet... referre gratiam,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 35:

cum magnus numerus deesset, tum iste homo nefarius in eorum locum... substituere coepit cives Romanos,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 72.—

After relative clauses denoting time: qua tempestate Paris Helenam innuptis junxit nuptiis, Ego tum gravida expletis jam fere ad pariendum mensibus, Poet. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 219 (Trag. Rel. p. 246 Rib.).—

With conditional clauses.

With a conditional clause introduced by si, sin, ni (not nisi).

Tum as antecedent of clause:

tum pol ego interii, homo si ille abiit,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 6; id. Men. 2, 2, 71; Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 40:

si tenuis causa est, tum etiam argumentandi tenue filum,

Cic. Or. 36, 124; id. Rep. 1, 40, 62; 2, 9, 15; id. Fin. 1, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 13; id. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

tum vero ego nequiquam Capitolium servaverim si civem in servitutem duci videam,

Liv. 6, 14, 4; 3, 9, 11; 6, 14, 4; 7, 34, 14; Cato ap. Plin. 29, 1, 7, § 14; Gell. 2, 12, 1 sq.; 4, 13, 1; 14, 2, 21.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

si triduum hoc hic erimus, tum arbores in te cadent,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 30; id. Rud. 5, 2, 59; 3, 4, 49; id. As. 1, 3, 89; id. Rud. 1, 3, 13; id. Ps. 4, 1, 1; 4, 1, 48 (39); Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 64; 3, 1, 17; id. Phorm. 1, 3, 19; Cato, R. R. 26; cf. id. ib. 27:

quod si, ut spero, cepero, tum vero litteras publice mittam,

Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 3; id. Div. 1, 44, 100; cf. id. Ac. 2, 10, 32; id. Fin. 2, 4, 79; id. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Rep. 1, 43, 66: id. [p. 1911] Rosc. Am. 49, 142:

si dimicandum erit, tum tu in novissimos te recipito,

Liv. 7, 40, 13; 8, 10, 12; Hor. S. 1, 2, 97; Ov. M. 7, 32.—

Esp., denoting the consequences of perjury in ancient formulas of oaths: si ego injuste illos homines dedier mihi exposco, tum patriae compotem me numquam siris esse,

Liv. 1, 32, 7; 1, 24, 8; 22, 53, 11; hence, quid si falles? Me. Tum Mercurius Sosiae iratus siet, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 239; 3, 2, 52; id. Aul. 4, 10, 50; cf. also Liv. 3, 64, 10.—

With a condition contrary to fact.

Tum, antecedent of clause:

tum esset ostentum, si anguem vectis circumplicavisset,

Cic. Div. 2, 28, 62; id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

tum id audirem si tibi soli viveres,

id. Marcell. 8, 25; id. Fin. 4, 13, 33; id. Div. 2, 35, 73.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

si quidem me amaret, tum istuc prodesset,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 56:

quodsi omnia nobis quae ad victum pertinent. suppeditarentur, tum optimo quisque ingenio, totum se in cognitione et scientia collocaret,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 158. —

After an abl. absol.

With perfect participles (= postquam or cum... tum), mostly with denique, vero, demum.

Referring to definite past time:

ut morte ejus nuntiata tum denique bellum confectum arbitraretur,

Cic. Mur. 16, 34:

sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres quanta vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae,

Sall. C. 61, 1:

ita rebus divinis peractis tum de bello deque republica dictator rettulit,

Liv. 22, 11, 1; 2, 29, 1; 2, 29, 3; 3, 56, 1; 5, 50, 8; Plin. 11, 20, 22, § 68.—

Referring to indefinite time:

hisce omnibus rebus consideratis, tum denique id quod primum est dicendum, postremum soleo cogitare, quo utar exordio,

Cic. Or. 2, 77, 315.—

Referring to future time (the abl. absol. = a fut. perf.):

ita prope XL. diebus interpositis tum denique se responsuros esse arbitrantur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 31; 1, 18, 54; id. Fin. 4, 13, 32; id. Scaur. Fragm. 10, 22.—

With pres. participles (post-class.):

tacentibus cunctis, tum ipse (dixit), etc.,

Just. 12, 15, 6.

Particular connections.

With other particles of time.

Jam tum, already at that time, i. e. earlier than might be anticipated:

jam tum erat suspitio Dolo malo haec fieri,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8; cf. id. ib. 4, 4, 58; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 34:

quippe etenim jam tum divom mortalia saecla Egregias animo facies vigilante videbant,

Lucr. 5, 1169; 5, 1037:

ut mihi jam tum divinasse ille (Romulus) videatur hanc urbem sedem aliquando summo esse imperio praebituram,

Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10; 2, 7, 12; id. Div. 2, 57, 118; id. Tusc. 4, 2, 4:

jam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludicrum ferunt,

Liv. 1, 5, 1; 1, 7, 16; 1, 41, 7; 10, 21, 14;

24, 49, 1: ut jam tum qualis futurus esset ostenderet,

Suet. Dom. 1; Curt. 4, 6, 29.—

Tum demum and tum denique, then only, then at length, then at last, not till then, i. e. later than might be expected, implying delayed action.

Tum demum.

In gen.:

adversisque in rebus noscere qui sit. Nam verae voces tum demum pectore ab imo Eiciuntur,

Lucr. 3, 58:

tum demum Liscus, oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat proponit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 5, 33; Sall. J. 46, 1:

nec ante in campum degressi sunt quam, etc. Tum demum castra Etruscorum pro moenibus Fidenarum posita,

Liv. 4, 17, 12; 45, 12, 6; 2, 20, 11; 5, 39, 2; 23, 19, 15 et saep.; Val. Max. 1, 6, 10; 1, 7, 4; Curt. 3, 12, 12; Tac. A. 3, 18; 3, 47.—

In partic., referring to clauses introduced by cum, ubi, si, or abl. absol. (v. II. A. B. L. M.), denoting absolute restriction to the terms of the clause:

imo etiam ubi expolivero, magis hoc tum demum dices,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 60:

tum demum mihi procax Academia videbitur si aut consenserint omnes, aut, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 13:

cum is Casilini eo die mansurum dixisset, tum demum cognitus est error,

Liv. 22, 13, 8; Vell. 2, 115, 4; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 fin.; 7, 2, 4; Curt. 3, 11, 6; Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 7.—

Sometimes = nunc demum (anteclass.): victus es, Chaline. St. Tum nos demum vivere. Olympio. Gaudeo, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 65.—

Tum denique.

In gen.:

tum denique tauros in gregem redigo,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5:

injecta glaeba tumulus is (locus) ubi humatus est vocatur, ac tum denique multa religiosa jura complectitur,

Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57; id. Fin. 3, 22, 76; id. Tusc. 3, 26, 61: nequiquam temptati ut tum denique desisterent impediendo bello, Liv. 4, 55, 5; Ov. M. 4, 519; 7, 857; 10, 664.—

Referring to clauses with cum, etc. (v. II. A. B. L. M.):

tum denique homines nostra intellegimus bona quom quae in potestate habuimus ea amisimus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 33:

quo cum venerimus, tum denique vivemus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75; 3, 31, 75; id. Leg. 2, 4, 10; id. Rep. 1, 6, 11; so,

tum denique si,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10, § 29; id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 1:

indicandum primum fuisse, dein petendum praesidium, postremo ni impetraretur, tum denique querendum,

Liv. 23, 43, 2; Cato ap. Plin. 17, 18, 29, § 126 (for tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9, v. II. D. 2. a).—

Tum primum (rarely primo), then for the first time:

tum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit,

Lucr. 5, 1014:

ludorum gratia quos tum primum anniversarios in circo facere constituisset,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 12; id. Sen. 21, 78; Caes. B. G. 7, 11:

ponte sublicio tum primum in Tiberi facto,

Liv. 1, 33, 6; 2, 41, 3; 39, 22, 2; 2, 20, 6; 39, 49, 4; Vell. 2, 37, 5; Tac. A. 2, 27; id. H. 4, 57; Curt. 3, 12, 26. —

With deinde, hic, postea, with consecutive force emphatic.

Deinde tum (very rare):

primum ea quae sumus acturi cogitare debemus, deinde tum dicere ac facere,

Varr. L. L. 6, 6, 62.—

Tum deinde.

= tum demum or tum denique, then at length, not till then, then only:

nonne optime patronus occurrat prius conviciis luxuriae, etc., tum deinde narret de bonis Pallae? etc.,

Quint. 4, 2, 27; 12, 10, 11:

emam, aedificabo, credam, exigam, honores geram: tum deinde lassam senectutem in otium referam,

Sen. Ep. 101, 4; Plin. 16, 44, 95, § 251.—So corresp. with cum:

quas cum solus pertulisset, tum deinde comitia collegae subrogando habuit,

Liv. 2, 8, 3 (Weissenb. demum, by conj.); Col. R. R. 1, 6, 13. —

= an emphatic deinde: nam praetermisit quod in prima parte sumere debuit;

tum deinde eodem ipso quod omiserat quasi proposito ad confirmandum aliud utitur,

Gell. 2, 8, 3; 13, 24 (23), 1; Just. 2, 1, 19.—

With hic:

hic tum repente Pacilius quidam accedit, ait, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 94:

hic ego tum ad respondendum surrexi,

id. Clu. 18, 51; 27, 73:

hic tum injectus est hominibus scrupulus,

id. ib. 28, 76; id. Sest. 11, 25.—

Tum postea:

tum postea complorantibus nostris, dies quidem tandem inluxit,

Gell. 19, 1, 3; so id. 14, 3, 10 (for quid tum postea, v. D. 1.).—

With interim:

unum, alterum, tertium annum Sassia quiescebat... Tum interim, Q. Hortensio, Q. Metello coss.... despondet ei filiam suam,

Cic. Clu. 64, 179.—

With particles of emphasis.

Tum vero (sometimes tum enimvero or enimvero tum), then indeed, at that crisis, then if not before, etc., or merely = emphatic then, denoting either coincidence or sequence of action.

In gen.:

discedit a Melino Cluentia. Tum vero illa egregia mater palam exsultare... coepit,

Cic. Clu. 5, 14; 22, 61; id. Agr. 1, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 107:

semper equidem magno cum metu incipio dicere... tum vero ita sum perturbatus ut, etc.,

id. Clu. 18, 51:

tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8; 5, 37; id. B. C. 1, 82; 2, 42:

Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia minor... junguntur nuptiis. Tum vero in dies infestior Tulli senectus... coepit esse,

Liv. 1, 47, 1; 2, 22, 6; 4, 49, 13; 10, 19, 12; 21, 45, 9; 21, 58, 5; Ov. M. 2, 227; 7, 685; Curt. 4, 13, 1; 3, 11, 5; Tac. Agr. 37.—And in enumerations:

deinde... post autem... tum vero ipsam veterem Karthaginem vendunt,

Cic. Agr. 1, 2, 5.—

As correlative of temporal or conditional clauses, and after abl. absol.:

quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, senatui metum injecit ne tum vero sustineri nec in urbe seditio, nec in castris posset,

Liv. 5, 7, 4; Sall. J. 94, 3:

tum vero... si,

Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 63; Liv. 6, 14, 4 (v. II. M. 1. a, b).—With cum, Liv. 32, 12, 1:

quae postquam frustra temptata rogumque parari... vidit, Tum vero gemitus... Edidit,

Ov. M. 2, 621; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40; v. C. 1. b. (so, tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; v. II. D. 2. and M. 1.).—

Tum quidem, at that time, thereupon, then at least (usu. opposed to a later time): dixit sibi in somnis visum esse, etc. Et tum quidem incolumis exercitum liberavit; post triennium autem devovit se, etc., Cic. Div. 1, 24, 51; so,

actum quidem,

id. Fl. 25, 59; id. Lael. 11, 39:

et tum quidem ab Dio Perseus in interiora regni recepit se... post dies paucos, etc.,

Liv. 42, 39, 1; 1, 57, 10; 3, 2, 10;

7, 17, 3.—Often in resuming the narrative after a digression: ac tum quidem regem... filium appellat,

Curt. 4, 7, 25.—Merely emphatic:

Duillio Cornelioque coss. etiam mari congredi ausus est. Tum quidem ipsa velocitas classis comparatae victoriae auspicium fuit,

Flor. 1, 18 (2, 2), 7; so id. 1, 22 (2, 6), 20; 1, 40 (3, 5), 12.—With cum, Tac. Dial. 11.—

Ne tum quidem, not even then:

num quis horum miser hodie? Ne tum quidem, post spiritum extremum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 37, 89; id. Div. 1, 26, 55; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, § 98:

ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50; 7, 53; Tac. H. 5, 21; Curt. 3, 2, 18.—With cum:

ille vere ne tum quidem miser cum ab Oroete in crucem actus est,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 92; so id. Tusc. 5, 20, 57; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; Liv. praef. 12; 39, 39, 11.—

Tum maxime (sometimes tum cummaxime).

Especially at that time, chiefly then: illi sumposia, nos convivia quod tum maxime simul vivitur, Cic. Fam. 9, 24, 35; id. Leg. 2, 11, 26.—With cum:

quae quidem vis tum maxime cognita est cum... M. Cato, legem suadens, in Galbam multa dixit,

Cic. Brut. 23, 89; id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Par. 4, 1, 29.—

Just then, just at that moment (not ante-Aug.):

regi, tum maxime captivos ex Illyrico vendenti,

Liv. 43, 20, 3; 1, 10, 1:

per totam aciem vulgatum est, castra amissa esse, et tum cummaxime ardere,

id. 40, 32, 1; so,

tum cummaxime,

id. 43, 7, 8:

corpus enim suum a caupone trucidatum tum maxime plaustro ad portam ferri,

Val. Max. 1, 7, ext. 10; 2, 10, 2; 3, 2, 2 fin.; Curt. 3, 4, 14; 6, 6, 10; Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154; Quint. 2, 15, 30; 2, 61, 31; Suet. Caes. 65; id. Calig. 53.—So with cum:

et quod tum maxime Abydum oppugnaret cum rex ab Attalo et Rhodiis ultro se bello lacessitum diceret,

Liv. 31, 18, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 15, 2.—

Strengthening the co-ordinate tum after cum, so especially; v. I. C. 3. e. b (for cum maxime... tum maxime and tum maxime... cum plurimum, v. II. A. 3. a. b.).—

Tum potissimum = tum maxime, just then (rare):

C. Caesar... tum potissimum acie commissa impeditos religione hostes vicit,

Front. Strat. 2, 1, 16.—

Etiam tum.

Even then:

etiam tum vivit cum esse credas mortuam,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28:

totum se Servilio etiam tum tradidit,

even then, at so late a time, Cic. Sest. 62, 130:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit,

id. Rosc. Am. 20, 57.— So with cum, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 59, § 154; id. Dom. 13, 23; id. Sest. 38, 81.—

Still, as yet (also as one word; cf. etiamtum, and v. the foll. additional passages), Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 19, § 41; id. Fin. 3, 14, 48; id. Rep. 2, 12, 24; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; id. Brut. 20, 80; id. Off. 2, 14, 47; Caes. B. C. 3, 93; Liv. 5, 40, 10; Val. Max. 9, 6, 3; Tac. A. 3, 72; Suet. Claud. 27 fin.; id. Dom. 22.—

And with a negation, = nondum: ipsa ego non longos etiam tum scissa capillos,

not yet long, Ov. H. 8, 79.—

Tum etiam.

Followed by si or cum, even if, even when:

atque equidem filium Tum etiam si nolit, cogam,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 65:

qui tum etiam cum... circumfusi erant caligine,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 45.—

Then also, then too, besides:

tum etiam illud cogitatote, sic vivere Cornelium ut, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 28, 65; id. N. D. 1, 16, 43; so id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Fin. 2, 16, 53; Col. 12 praef.—

Tum quoque.

Also then, then likewise, then as before, then as on another occasion mentioned before: ceu lapidem si Percutiat lapis aut ferrum;

nam tum quoque lumen Exsilit,

Lucr. 6, 162:

tum quoque homini plus tribui quam nescio cui necessitati,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 11, 28:

tum quoque multis milibus Latinorum in civitatem acceptis,

Liv. 1, 33, 5; 2, 52, 2; 21, 22, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 37; Ov. M. 14, 369.—

Even then, = etiam tum (rare):

et tamen tum quoque se absentes triumphare credunt,

Liv. 45, 38, 13; 39, 41, 3; 39, 47, 11; Ov. H. 17 (18), 190.—

In orat. obliq. (v. I. A. 2.), even now:

quod si Romani tum quoque aequa aspernarentur,

Liv. 42, 62, 7. —

= sic quoque, even under the circumstances, even as it was, etc. (v. sic, V. 3.): ut si effugium patuisset in publicum, impleturae urbem tumultu fuerint. Tum quoque [p. 1912] aliquotiens integro corpore evaserunt, Liv. 24, 26, 13; 40, 16, 6; 43, 4, 1;

9, 13, 9: tum quoque, amputata dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit,

Just. 2, 9, 18.—

Tum ipsum = eo ipso tempore, at the very time, just then, even then (only in Cic. in four passages; cf.:

nunc ipsum): tota igitur ratio talium largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum... moderanda est,

Cic. Off. 2, 17, 60:

quem quidem cum sua voluntate ex patria Karthaginem revertisset, tum ipsum cum vigiliis et fame cruciaretur, clamat virtus beatiorem fuisse quam Thorium,

id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv. ad loc.:

tum ipsum cum immolare velis extorum fieri mutatio potest,

id. Div. 1, 52, 118:

ita (oratores), non injuria, quotienscunque dicerent, id quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,

id. Or. 1, 27, 123.—

Tum with co-ordinating particles.

Tum autem.

= praeterea, and then, besides (v. I. C. 1.): turpilucricupidum te vocant cives tui;

tum autem sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

oves scabrae sunt... Tum autem Surorum nemo exstat qui ibi sex menses vixerit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 141; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 4, 2, 3; id. Poen. 5, 5, 34; 5, 7, 22; Ter. And. 1, 5, 34; id. Eun. 5, 9, 7; id. Hec. 2, 1, 14; 3, 2, 10:

tum autem qui non ipso honesto movemur... callidi sumus, non boni,

Cic. Leg. 1, 14, 41; id. Or. 1, 58, 247; 2, 19, 80.—

= tum... tum:

visne igitur inter hos populos inambulantes, tum autem residentes quaeramus eisdem de rebus?

Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 15.—

= eo tempore, with autem as connective:

tum illic autem Lemnius... uxorem duxit, etc.,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 25:

tum autem ex omnibus montibus nives proluit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 48.—

But in this instance:

uxori emunda ancilla'st: tum autem pluscula Supellectile opus est,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 60; 5, 7, 25 sq.—

For tum etiam, v. B. 7. b.—

Tum praeterea:

nam tui similis est probe. Tum praeterea talem, nisi tu, nulla pareret filium,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 20; so id. Ad. 3, 2, 47; id. Phorm. 3, 2, 33; Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56 (v. I. C. 3. e. l).—

Tum porro:

tum porro venti magnam quoque tollere partem Umoris possunt,

Lucr. 6, 623; 4, 829 (827).—

Quid tum?

In dialogue, what then? what next? what further? novi ego hos pugnos meos. Ca. Quid tum? Th. Quid tum? Rogitas? Hisce ego, si tu me inritaveris, placidum te hodie reddam, Plaut. Curc. 5, 3, 49; so id. As. 2, 2, 83; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 47; 3, 5, 66; id. Phorm. 3, 3, 8.—And strengthened:

quid tum postea?

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; id. As. 2, 2, 68; 2, 2, 79; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 78; 4, 2, 9; 4, 7, 23; id. Ad. 4, 5, 15; id. Hec. 4, 1, 36: videsne abundare me otio? A. Quid tum? Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 26.—

In imitation of a dialogue:

at mulctantur bonis exsules. Quid tum? Parumne multa de toleranda paupertate dicuntur?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 37, 107; so id. Quint. 22, 72; 27, 84; id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 132; id. Dom. 47, 123; id. Dejot. 7, 22; id. Phil. 1, 10, 26; Hor. S. 2, 3, 230.—

As emphatic co-ordinative in quoting the different items of a document, law, etc.: quive in senatu sententiam dixit, dixerit. Quid tum? Qui eorum coiit, coierit, etc., what next? i. e. and then, listen! Cic. Clu. 54, 148; so id. Agr. 1, 5, 16; 3, 3, 11; id. Mur. 12, 26; id. Fl. 23, 55.—

Tum temporis = eo tempore (post class. and rare; cf.:

tunc temporis): postera die civitas principem suum, ac tum temporis consulem in foro expectabat,

Just. 31, 2, 6.

in (old forms endŏ and indŭ, freq. in ante-class. poets; cf. Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4; id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; Lucil. ap. Lact. 5, 9, 20; Lucr. 2, 1096; 5, 102; 6, 890 et saep.), prep. with abl. and acc. [kindr. with Sanscr. an; Greek en, en-tha, en-then, eis, i. e. en-s, ana; Goth. ana; Germ. in], denotes either rest or motion within or into a place or thing; opp. to ex; in, within, on, upon, among, at; into, to, towards.

With abl.

In space.

Lit., in (with abl. of the place or thing in which):

aliorum fructus in terra est, aliorum et extra,

Plin. 19, 4, 22, § 61:

alii in corde, alii in cerebro dixerunt animi esse sedem et locum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19:

eo in rostris sedente suasit Serviliam legem Crassus,

id. Brut. 43, 161:

qui sunt cives in eadem re publica,

id. Rep. 1, 32 fin.:

facillimam in ea re publica esse concordiam, in qua idem conducat omnibus,

id. ib.:

T. Labienus ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:

quod si in scaena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 26, 97:

in foro palam Syracusis,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81:

plures in eo loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga intereunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 35:

tulit de caede, quae in Appia via facta esset,

Cic. Mil. 6, 15:

in via fornicata,

Liv. 22, 36:

vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplina,

Cic. de Sen. 11, 37:

in domo furtum factum ab eo qui domi fuit,

Quint. 5, 10, 16:

nupta in domo,

Liv. 6, 34, 9:

copias in castris continent,

in, within, Caes. B. C. 1, 66:

cum in angusto quodam pulpito stans diceret,

Quint. 11, 3, 130:

se ac suos in vehiculo conspici,

Liv. 5, 40, 10:

malo in illa tua sedecula sedere, quam in istorum sella curuli,

Cic. Att. 4, 10:

sedere in solio,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 66:

Albae constiterant, in urbe opportuna,

id. Phil. 4, 2, 6. —

Sometimes, also, with names of places: omnes se ultro sectari in Epheso memorat mulieres,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 182:

heri aliquot adolescentuli coiimus in Piraeo,

Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 1:

navis et in Cajeta est parata nobis et Brundisii,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 6:

complures (naves) in Hispali faciendas curavit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 18:

caesos in Marathone ac Salamine,

Quint. 12, 10, 24:

in Berenice urbe Troglodytarum,

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183.—

In indicating a multitude or number, of, in, or among which a person or thing is, in, among (= gen. part.):

in his poeta hic nomen profitetur suum,

Ter. Eun. prol. 3:

Thales, qui sapientissimus in septem fuit,

Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 26:

peto ut eum complectare, diligas, in tuis habeas,

id. Fam. 13, 78, 2; cf.:

in perditis et desperatis,

id. ib. 13, 56, 1:

omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis,

id. de Sen. 19, 71:

dolor in maximis malis ducitur,

id. Leg. 1, 11, 31:

justissimus unus in Teucris,

Verg. A. 2, 426:

cecidere in pugna ad duo milia... in his quatuor Romani centuriones,

Liv. 27, 12, 16:

in diis et feminae sunt,

Lact. 1, 16, 17.—

Of analogous relations of place or position:

sedere in equo,

on horseback, id. Verr. 2, 5, 10:

quid legati in equis,

id. Pis. 25, 60:

sedere in leone,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 109:

in eo flumine pons erat,

on, over, Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

in herboso Apidano,

on the banks of, Prop. 1, 3, 6:

in digitis,

on tiptoe, Val. Fl. 4, 267:

castra in limite locat,

on the rampart, Tac. A. 1, 50:

ipse coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in collo,

on, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27:

oleae in arbore,

Cels. 2, 24:

Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius,

among, Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

in ceteris nationibus, Cels. praef. 1: qui in Brutiis praeerat,

Liv. 25, 16, 7:

in juvenibus,

Quint. 11, 1, 32:

nutus in mutis pro sermone est,

id. 11, 3, 66.—Of dress, like cum, q. v.:

in veste candida,

Liv. 45, 20, 5; 34, 7, 3:

in calceis,

id. 24, 38, 2:

in insignibus,

id. 5, 41, 2:

in tunicis albis,

Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13:

in Persico et vulgari habitu,

Curt. 3, 3, 4:

in lugubri veste,

id. 10, 5, 17:

in Tyriis,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297:

in Cois,

id. ib. v. 298; cf.:

homines in catenis Romam mittere,

Liv. 29, 21, 12; 32, 1, 8: quis multa te in rosa urget, etc., Hor C. 1, 5, 1; so, in viola aut in rosa, Cic. Tusc. [p. 912] 5, 26, 73.—So of arms:

duas legiones in armis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 3, 395:

in armis hostis,

under arms, Ov. M. 12,65:

quae in ore atque in oculis provinciae gesta sunt (= coram),

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81; so,

in oculis provinciae,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 2:

in oculis omnium,

id. ib. 1, 3, 7:

divitiae, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt,

Sall. C. 20, 14; Curt. 4, 13, 1; Liv. 22, 12, 6:

Julianus in ore ejus (Vitellii) jugulatur,

Tac. H. 3, 77; Sen. Ben. 7, 19, 7.—Of a passage in any writing (but when the author is named, by meton., for his works, apud is used, Krebs, Antibarb. p. 561):

in populorum institutis aut legibus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 15, 42:

in illis libris qui sunt de natura deorum,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

in Timaeo dicit,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 30:

epistula, in qua omnia perscripta erant,

Nep. Pelop. 3, 2:

perscribit in litteris, hostes ab se discessisse,

Caes. B. G. 5, 49; but in is also used with an author's name when, not a place in his book, but a feature of his style, etc., is referred to:

in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero,

Cic. Or. 71, 234:

in Herodoto omnia leniter fluunt,

Quint. 9, 4, 18.—Of books:

libri oratorii diu in manibus fuerunt,

Cic. Att. 4, 13, 2; id. Lael. 25, 96; but more freq. trop.: in manibus habere, tenere, etc., to be engaged, occupied with, to have under control or within reach:

philosophi quamcunque rem habent in manibus,

id. Tusc. 5, 7, 18:

quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, exponam,

id. Verr. 1, 6, 16:

rem habere in manibus,

id. Att. 6, 3, 1; cf.:

neque mihi in manu fuit Jugurtha qualis foret,

in my power, Sall. J. 14, 4:

postquam nihil esse in manu sua respondebatur,

Liv. 32, 24, 2:

quod ipsorum in manu sit,... bellum an pacem malint,

Tac. A. 2, 46; but, cum tantum belli in manibus esset, was in hand, busied (cf.:

inter manus),

Liv. 4, 57, 1; so,

quorum epistulas in manu teneo,

Cic. Phil. 12, 4, 9; cf. id. Att. 2, 2, 2:

in manu poculum tenens,

id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71:

coronati et lauream in manu tenentes,

Liv. 40, 37, 3; Suet. Claud. 15 fin. —Of that which is thought of as existing in the mind, memory, character, etc.:

in animo esse,

Cic. Fam. 14, 11:

in animo habere,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:

lex est ratio insita in natura,

id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:

in memoria sedere,

id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:

tacito mutos volvunt in pectore questus,

Luc. 1, 247:

quanta auctoritas fuit in C. Metello!

Cic. de Sen. 17, 61. —So freq. of a person's qualities of mind or character:

erat in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides,

Cic. Mur. 28, 58; cf.:

in omni animante est summum aliquid atque optimum, ut in equis,

id. Fin. 4, 41, 37:

si quid artis in medicis est,

Curt. 3, 5, 13; cf.:

nibil esse in morte timendum,

Lucr. 3, 866.— Esp., in eo loco, in that state or condition:

in eo enim loco res sunt nostrae, ut, etc.,

Liv. 7, 35, 7: si vos in eo loco essetis, quid aliud fecissetis? Cat. ap. Quint. 9, 2, 21; so,

quo in loco, etc.: cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res essent, cognovissent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

videtis, quo in loco res haec siet, Ter Phorm. 2, 4, 6: quod ipse, si in eodem loco esset, facturus fuerit,

Liv. 37, 14, 5.—Hence, without loco, in eo esse ut, etc., to be in such a condition, etc.:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut Galliam armis obtineant,

Liv. 30, 19, 3:

cum res non in eo esset, ut Cyprum tentaret,

id. 33, 41, 9; 8, 27, 3; 2, 17, 5; Nep. Mil. 7, 3; id. Paus. 5, 1 (cf. I. C. 1. infra).—