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61 ἀμαλδύνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `destroy, weaken' (Il.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: One assumes a denominative from *ἀμαλδύς, which is further not known. The first question is whether the word has the same root as βλαδύς (q.v.). The ἀ- must then have been added after the privative formations (which always express some lack), but this is not very probable; influence of ἀμαλός is not very likely. - The form seems identical with Lat. mollis (\< *moldu̯is) `soft', Skt. mr̥dú- id. Arm. meɫk `weak, soft' shows no initial laryngeal for this group (Pok. 718). The absence of prothesis could point to substratal origin, but there are no other indications for this. - μέλδομαι `to smelt' is hardly cognate because of its meaning. However, it has a variant ἀμέλδειν showing the same problem as ἀμαλδύνω \/ βλαδύς. In this case we are certain of cognate forms with s-, OHG smelzan; does this point to h₂m-\/ sm-? The question has not been solved. - μαλθακός, μαλακός, ἀμαλός and ἀμβλύς differ too much to be useful. Not here βλέννα and μύλη.Page in Frisk: 1,84Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμαλδύνω
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62 ἁμαρτάνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `miss the mark, fail' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. ἁμαρτεῖνDialectal forms: Aeol. ἤμβροτον (Hom.)Compounds: νημερτής, νᾱμ- (Hom.) `unfehlbar, untrüglich', Dor. νᾱμέρτεια (S.). Younger ἀναμάρτητος `without fault'.Derivatives: ἁμαρτία `fault' (A.); ἁμαρτωλή (Thgn.), whence ἁμαρτωλός `erroneous, erring' (Arist.,).Etymology: νημερτής supposes *n̥-h₂mert-; this form seems old because of the full grade (cf. ἀναμὰρτητος). - αρ- for - ρα- after the full grade? Aeol. ἀμ(β)ροτ-. The aspiration must be analogical; explanation from * h₂merst- is phonetically doubtful; also a root * h₂merst-, with its three final consonants, is prob. impossible in PIE. - No etym. Connection with * mers- `forget' is impossible because Arm. mor̄anam does not have an initial vowel. The root perfectly suits the IE root structure. Cf. Ruijgh, Lingua 25, 1970, 308f.Page in Frisk: 1,87Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἁμαρτάνω
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63 ἀμαυρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `hardly seen, dim, faint' (Od.); on the meaning McKinley Ant. class. 26 (1957) 12-39, Neugebauer ib. 27, 1968, 373f.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: It is assumed that μαυρόομαι arose through loss of the initial vowel (see the material in Strömberg Wortstudien 44f.). It could also be a prothetic vowel vs. its absence, as a substr. phenomenon; substr. origin is prob. anyhow as the word has no etym. (Scythian LW [loanword] acc. to Puhvel, Studies Whatmough, 1957, 237: maurva-)Page in Frisk: 1,88Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμαυρός
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64 ἀμέρδω
Grammatical information: v.Etymology: If the form without the initial vowel is secondary, the root may have been * h₂merd-, which will be that found in Skt. mr̥dnāti, mardati `zerreiben, zerdrücken' (cf. μαραίνω), OAv. mōrǝndat, Lat. mordeo, OE smeortan `cause pain' (with s- of Germanic origin). - Perhaps here ἀμείρω.Page in Frisk: --Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμέρδω
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65 ἀμνός
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `lamb' (S.).Other forms: ἀμνόα πρόβατον, οἱ δε ἀμνός H., unreliable.Compounds: ἀμνοκῶν `stupid like a sheep' ( κοέω) Taillardat, Images 453. ? ἀμνοκόμος (Latte for - κόπος). ποιμήν H.Derivatives: Special feminine forms: ἀμνή, -ά (Cos etc..), ἀμνίς (Theoc.). Adj.: ἀμνεῖος (Theoc.); from there ἀμνεῖον, ἀμνίον, also - ός, `inner membrane surrounding the foetus' (Emp.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [9] *h₂e\/ogʷno- `lamb'Etymology: Identical with Lat. agnus ( avillus). OIr. ūan with initial o- (* h₂o-), OCS agnę (with long vowel and acute from Winter's Law). However OE ēanian, Engl. yean, Dutch oonen from PGm. * aunōn seems to suppose - gʷʰ- (but there must be another solution). *o- from ovis? Schrijver Lar. Lat. 39, 438.Page in Frisk: 1,93-94Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμνός
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66 ἄμφω
Grammatical information: pron.Meaning: `both' (Il.)Other forms: later replaced by ἀμφότεροςOrigin: IE [Indo-European] [34]Etymology: Identical witf Lat. ambō; same anlaut in Toch. A āmpi (B antapi, ānpi). Other languages have forms without nasal: Skt. ubháu, Av. uva; OCS oba, Lith. abù. Germanic has no initial vowel, Goth. bai. There is no overall explanation for the forms. - Connection with ἀμφί seems clear; Toch. antapi `both' \< * h₂ent-bho- (?) seems to give new evidence. - On ἀμφίας s.v.Page in Frisk: 1,100Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄμφω
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67 ἀννίς
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: μητρὸς η πατρὸς μήτηρ H.; IG 7, 3380 (Boeotia)Etymology: Elementary form, like Hitt. annaš `mother'. But ḫannaš `grandmother', Lyc. χñna `mother' (Pedersen Lykisch und Hittitisch 26 m. A.) have initial laryngeal, like Arm. han `grandmother', Lat. anna `foster-mother', OHG. ana `grandmother, ancestor'.Page in Frisk: 1,112Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀννίς
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68 ἀντηρίς
ἀντηρίς, - ίδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `prop, support' (E.).Other forms: ἀντήριος στήμων, καὶ κανὼν ὁ προσκείμενος τῃ̃ θύρᾳ H.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Back-formation from ἀντερείδω `set against' with lengthening of the initial vowel of the verbal stem; reshaped after the suffix - ιδ- (as in ἐγκρίς); Strömberg Wortstudien 14f. (who derives ἐγκρίς wrongly from ἐγκρίνω), Szemerényi Syncope 143. For the formation in - ιος cf. παγίς: πάγιος, βωμίς: βώμιος.Page in Frisk: 1,113Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀντηρίς
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69 ἀπειλή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `threat', also `promise' (Il.).Derivatives: ἀπειλέω `threaten' (Il.).Etymology: Unknown. - If to Latv. pel̂t `revile' it would be * h₂pel-. Further have been compared (with s- mobile) Goth. spill n. `fable' etc., also Arm. ar̄a-spel `legend, proverb' (Lidén GHÅ 39: 2, 46ff.), in which case the s- would be difficult (Armenian also vocalizes the initial laryngeal). LIV 525 assumes *( s)pelnH-, as nasal present (with secondary full grade) and compares Toch. A pällāntär, B pällātär `praise'.Page in Frisk: 1,119-120Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπειλή
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70 ἄπιον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `pear' (Pl.)Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: To Lat. pirum, pirus. Generally considerd a Mediterranian loan; initial ἀ- a prothesis, Kretschmer Glotta 21, 89. See Hubschmid, Thesaurus 2, 121. Berger MSS 9 (1956) 15ff compares Burushaski pheṣ̌o; improbable. Steinbauer, Etym. Unters. 1989, 68 argues that it could be IE * h₂pis-os; less likely: PIE root * h₂peis-?Page in Frisk: 1,121Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄπιον
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71 ἀσκαρίς
ἀσκαρίς, - ίδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `worm in the intestines, larve of the gnat' (Hp.).Other forms: Also σκαρίδες εἶδος ἑλμίνθων H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Generally, e.g. Strömberg Wortstudien 24, taken from ἀσκαρίζω `spring'; "semantisch nicht ganz überzeugend" Frisk. (Germ. Springwurm is a calque from Greek.) If the prothesis \/ absence of the initial vowel is original and not a recent development, rather a substr. word.Page in Frisk: 1,163Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀσκαρίς
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72 ἀσταφίς
ἀσταφίς, - ίδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `dried grapes, raisins' (Hdt.); σταφὶς ἀγρία `stavesacre, Delphinium Staphisagria' (Hp.), s. André, Lex. s.v. pedicularia herba.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like κεδρίς, κεφαλίς and other parts or products of plants. The stem recalls σταφυλή `grapes'. A typical substr. word, with prothesis and variation α\/ο (though the form without initial vowel may be a late loss).Page in Frisk: 1,169-170Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀσταφίς
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73 βρακεῖν
Grammatical information: v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Here perhaps also δυσβράκανον δυσχερές,... δυσκατανόητον H. - Since Roth KZ 19, 223 to Skt. mr̥śáti `touch, take, seize' (*mr̥ḱ-). One compares further βράψαι συλλαβεῖν, ἀναλῶσαι, κρύψαι, θηρεῦσαι and βράπτειν ἐσθίειν, κρύπτειν, ἀφανίζειν, τῳ̃ στόματι ἕλκειν, η στενάζειν as either influenced by μάρψαι or related to it (with assimilation of κ to initial μ-, giving π (Schwyzer 302). All uncertain. S. μάρπτω. - Cf. further βράκετον.. πλῆθος and βράττειν πληθύνειν, βαρύνειν H. - S. Belardi, Doxa 3, 200. S. βρόξαι.Page in Frisk: 1,263Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βρακεῖν
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74 γυμνός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `naked, unarmed' (Il.).Other forms: ἀπόνοιμον ἀπογύμνωσιν H.Derivatives: γυμνάς, - άδος f. m. `naked' (E.); `trained' (E., Attika); collective = `trained men' (Amorgos, Astypalaia, Kos). γυμνής, - ῆτος m. `light-armed warrior' (Tyrt.), with γυμνητικός (X.), γυμνήσιος (Arist.), γυμνητεύω (Plu.), γυμνητεία `light-armed men' (Th.), `nakedness' (Corn.); γυμνήτης, f. - ῆτις `naked' (Lyc.). γυμνικός ( ἀγών) `gymnastic' (opp. ἱππικός) (Hdt.). γυμνηλός `poor' (H., EM, after νοσηλός etc.). - γυμνότης f. (LXX). - Denom. γυμνόομαι `strip' (Il.), - όω (Hdt.), γύμνωσις (Th.). γυμνάζομαι `exercise (naked)' Ion.-Att.; γυμναστής `trainer' (Pl.), γυμναστικός, ἡ γυμναστική ( τέχνη) `gymnastics' (Ion.-Att.); γύμνασμα `training' (D. H.), γύμνασις `id.' (Poll.); γυμνάσιον `training' (Pi.), `school for.., gymnasium' (Att.), γυμνασιώδης (Cic.); γυμνασία; for - σιον, - σία Schwyzer 469f. - γυμνασίδιον (Arr.) and γυμναστήριον (Gal.). - γυμνιεύω `be naked' (P. Ross. Georg. 3, 28, IVp).Etymology: Old word. With dental suffix, Lat. nūdus (\< * nogʷodʰos Schrijver, Larr. Lat. 1991, 274f), OIr. nocht, Goth. naqaÞs, OHG nackt, ONo. nøkkuiðr. Without suffix, Lith. núogas, OCS nagъ (with vowel lengthened acc. to Winter-Kortlandt); with n-Suffix, Skt. nagná-, Av. maγna- (dissimilated); Germ. n-forms like ONo. nakinn, OFries. naken prob. after the n-participles. Hitt. nekumanza (with e-vowel) after the adjektives in -u̯ant- (with - mant- after u). With e also Arm. merk \< *meguro- (cf. Av. maγna-). - The υ from -o- as in νύξ before following labiovelar; - μν- \< -gun-, cf. ἀμνός. We also find λυμνός (H.), with dissimilation for *νυμνός; also ἀπολύγματος ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι H. (with - γ- preserved). The essential point, the γ-, was explained by Kortlandt (ap. Beekes, Orbis 37 (1994)91) through assimilation in *noŋʷ-nos \> *ŋoŋʷnos. The initial ŋ- was rephonemicized (ŋ was not a phoneme in Greek) to γ-, *γυνμος giving γυμνός.Page in Frisk: 1,332-333Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γυμνός
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75 δᾱήρ
δᾱήρGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `husbands brother, brother-in-law'.Other forms: Acc. - έρα, voc. δᾶερ, gen. pl. δᾰέρων Ω 769 (verse initial) and 762 (Il.), hellenist. and late also acc. and dat. sg. δαῖρα, δαιρί, nom. pl. δέρες (Lydia), gen. sg. δῆρος (Bithynia).Derivatives: Perhaps Δάειρα, s.v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] *deh₂i-uēr `brother-in-law'Etymology: Old relative term, agreeing with Skt. devár-, Arm. taygr, Lith. diever-ìs, OCS děver-ь; so from *δαιϜήρ (so δαιρί from *δαιϜρί and *δαιϜρῶν for metrically impossible δᾱέρων?; see Schwyzer 266 und 568). Lat. lēvir was transformed after vir, and with `Sabine' l- for d- and ē from the general language for ae. Also the Germ. word, OHG zeihhur, OE tācor, with unfitting velar, was influenced by another word (to Lith. láigonas `brother of the wife'?).Page in Frisk: 1,338-339Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δᾱήρ
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76 δάκρυ
Grammatical information: n.Compounds: παρά- δακρυ plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); many bahuvrihi's in - δακρυς.Derivatives: Demin. δακρύδιον as plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); - δακρυ-όεις `rich in tears' (Il.) on which Risch, Museum Helv. 3 (1946) 255; δακρυώδης `with tears' (of wounds, Hp.); denomin. δακρύω `weep (over)' (Il.) with δάκρῡμα `wept over' (Orac. ap. Hdt. 7, 169), `tear' (A.); hell. *δάκρῠμα to Lat. dacrŭma, lacrĭma, s. Leumann Sprache 1, 206.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [179] *drḱ-h₂ḱru `eye-bitter' \> `tear'Etymology: Old word for `tear'. Arm. artasu-k` pl. (\< *draḱu-, s. below), sg. artawsr (\< *draḱu-r); Germ., e. g. OHG zahar, Goth. tagr (with grammat. change); Celt., e. g. OBret. dacr, OIr. dēr, \< *daḱr(o)-. - Beside it OHG trahan, \< PGm. * trahnu-, \< *draḱnu-. One started from *draḱru- with dissimilation. - The eastern languages have no initial consonants: Skt. áśru-, Av. asrū-, Balt., e. g. Lith. ašarà, Toch. A ākär. "Eine befriedigende Erklärung ist noch nicht gefunden; vielleicht liegt alte Kreuzung mit einem anderen Wort vor." (Frisk) - Kortlandt assumes a compound from *dr̥ḱ-h₂ḱru `eye-bitter', the first element from *derḱ- `to see', the second element being `bitter'. Cf. Pinault FS Beekes 1997, 291-233. - Note Hitt. išḫaḫru- n. `tears'. Kortlandt supposes *skʷ-h₂ḱru (from * sekʷ- `see'). - See W.-Hofmann s. lacrima; further Sapir Lang. 15, 180ff..Page in Frisk: 1,344Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δάκρυ
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77 δέλεαρ
δέλεαρ, - ατοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `decoy' (Ion.-Att.).Derivatives: Denomin. δελεάζω `entice' (Ion.-Att.) with δελέασμα (Ar.), δελεασμάτιον (Philox.), δελεασμός (Arist.) and the instr. names δελεάστρα `baited trap' (Cratin.), δελέαστρον `id.' (Nicoph.); with δελαστρεύς `fisher with baited trap' (Nic.; for *δελεα- metri causa, s. Boßhardt Die Nomina auf - ευς 68). - With the same meaning δείλατα pl. (Call. Fr. 458), δελήτιον (Sophr.; δελῆτι δελέατι H.), δέλετρον (Numen. ap. Ath., Opp.; after the instr. names in - τρον), δέλος ( PMagPar. 1, 939, Eust.; innov. after the neutres in - ος).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The plural δέλευρα (Ath.) suggests for δέλεαρ an original r-n-stem *δέλε-Ϝαρ; cf. ἄλευρα: *ἄλε-Ϝαρ. Twosyllabic δελε- also in δελήτιον \< *δελεάτιον and in new δέλετρον (s. Chantr. Form. 332f.). Deviant only late δείλατα, which may derive from *δέλ-Ϝατα. Beside twosyll. δελε- we have βλη- in βλῆρ (Alc.), from *βλῆ-(Ϝ)αρ? or *βλέ-(Ϝ)αρ?; s. βλέτυες. -- One might suppose that δέλεαρ und βλῆρ originated frim dissimilation from *δέρεαρ and *βρῆρ, and connect βιβρώσκω (s. v.) and OHG querdar `bait'. One has also tried to connect δέλεαρ and βλῆρ with initial Labiovelar gu- with Arm. klanem, aor. ekul `devour', with Russ. gɫotátь `swallow', Lat. gula, gluttio `devour'. However, the word may well be non-IE; see the words cited.Page in Frisk: 1,360-361Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δέλεαρ
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78 εἱαμενή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `low land, humid prairie' (Il.),Other forms: ἴαμνοι pl. `id.' (Nic., H.). Cf. ἰαμενή, - αί, auch εἱαμένον νήνεμον, κοῖλον, βοτανώδη H. ( εἰ-)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: One assumes a partiple with accent shift as in δεξαμενή (s. v.). Initial εἱ- for the metre? Prob. Pre-Greek seen the variation - μεν-\/- μν-, which cannot have occurred in an inherited word (so no part.).Page in Frisk: 1,450Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἱαμενή
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79 εἴλιγγος
Grammatical information: m., often plur.Meaning: `whirling, whirl-pool' (Hp., Pl.),Derivatives: Denomin. verb εἰλιγγ-ιάω ( ἰλ-) `have whirlings' (Ar.); with εἰλιγγιώδης `have vertigo's' (gloss.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Form in - ιγγ(ο)- (Schwyzer 498, Chantr. Form. 398ff.), either direct from εἰλέω `turn, wind' or through an unknown noun. Initial εἰ- from the present (cf. 2. εἰλέω); a prothet. ἐ- (Solmsen Unt. 243f. as alternative) is superfluous. On ἰλ- for εἰλ- cf. ἴλη. - See 2. εἰλέω. Uncertain is Toch. B wai walau `vertigo' (two words?), s. v. Windekens Lexique étymologique 150, Sieg OLZ 46, 137. - The word could well be Pre-Greek and have nothing to do with εἰλέω.Page in Frisk: 1,459Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἴλιγγος
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80 ἐκεῖ
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `there, to there' (Hdt.)Other forms: κεῖ (Archil., Herod.), κῆ (Sapph.), an old instr. From there ( ἐ)κεῖθι, κῆθι `id.', ( ἐ)κεῖθεν `from there', ( ἐ)κεῖσεOrigin: IE [Indo-European] [609] *(h₁)e-ḱe(i)- `there'Etymology: Ending as in πεῖ, πῆ `where?', τεῖ-δε, τῆ-δε `here' etc. (Schwyzer 549f.) and like these prob. an old locative. The basis is a deictic particle, IE *ḱe, *ḱi, seen e.g. in Lat. cĕ-do, hi-c, ci-s and with pronomin. function in Hitt. ki `this', Lith. šì-s `this' etc. (s. W.-Hofmann s. -ce; s. also τήμερον); the 3rd person deixis must then be a Greek innovation _(cf. on ἐκεῖνος). The initial ἐ- (cf. ἐ-κεῖνος, ἐ-χθές) too is an inherited demonstrative particle: Oskc. e-tanto `tanta', Russ. é-tot `this', Skt. a-sáu `that' (s. οὗτος; Pok. 283f.).Page in Frisk: 1,475-476Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐκεῖ
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initial — adj Initial, original, primordial can all mean existing at or constituting the beginning or start of a thing, espe cially of a thing that gradually assumes shape or form or that manifests itself in many ways. Nevertheless, in spite of this… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
Initial — In*i tial, a. [L. initialis, from initium a going in, entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin; pref. in in + ire to go: cf. F. initial. See {Issue}, and cf. {Commence}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
initial — [i nish′əl] adj. [< Fr or L: Fr < L initialis < initium, a beginning < inire, to go into, enter upon, begin < in , into, in + ire, to go < IE base * ei > Goth iddja] having to do with, indicating, or occurring at the… … English World dictionary
Initial — In*i tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Initialed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Initialing}.] To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials. [R.] [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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