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1 housing crisis
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2 crisis
crisis n (pl - ses) crise f (in dans ; over à cause de) ; cabinet/managerial crisis crise au sein du gouvernement/de la direction ; domestic crisis Pol crise interne ; housing crisis crise du logement ; cash crisis gen, Fin crise de trésorerie ; energy crisis crise d'énergie ; the Gulf crisis la crise du Golfe ; midlife crisis crise des cinquante ans ; personal ou emotional crisis crise émotionnelle ; to be in crisis être en crise ; to reach a crisis devenir critique ; to be at/to reach crisis point être à/atteindre un point critique ; crisis of confidence crise de confiance ; to be at crisis level [stocks etc] être à un niveau critique. -
3 Housing
In a country with a chronic housing shortage, it is ironic that Portugal has preserved and restored one of Europe's finest collections of historic castles and palaces. For decades, well before the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal has endured a shortage of decent, affordable housing, whether rented or purchased, as well as the growth of sprawling urban shantytowns outside Lisbon, Oporto, and smaller towns such as Estoril. Known as bairros da lata, literally, "neighborhoods or boroughs of tin," these poorly constructed dwellings lack electricity, water, or sewage systems. The flimsy buildings are made of any kind of building materials, including sheets of galvanized tin that serve as roofs, walls, and doors. As of the early 1980s, it was estimated that there were at least 700,000 illegally constructed buildings in Portugal, some 200,000 of which were in the greater Lisbon area, an example of the worst kind of urban sprawl. Many of these structures were built on unused private lands or on public lands.Even after Portugal's economy began to benefit from membership in the European Economic Community (EEC; later the European Union), a significant portion of housing remained substandard, whether in rural or urban areas. By the early 1990s, electrification in rural areas was still not complete, and running water and sewage systems were lacking. As of the early 21st century, improvement in housing has occurred, but with population growth and the arrival of migrants from Europe, Brazil, and former colonies in Africa, the basic components of a housing crisis persist: shortage of decent rental or purchased housings; persistent urban shantytowns, which in some areas have expanded; and substandard living conditions.A majority of the Portuguese people (60 percent; and in Lisbon and Oporto, 80 percent) rent their housing. Improving or expanding such rental housing has been challenging in part because of rigid recent control laws that, between 1948 and 1985, tended to discourage either the maintenance and improvement or the construction of apartments. In suburbs outside Lisbon, large apartment houses were built after 1980 for the more prosperous new urbanites, but, as in the past, the supply of good, affordable housing lagged behind demand. Many Portuguese governments confronted and engaged the housing problem, and some excellent reforms were instituted. The contemporary housing crisis nevertheless persists and, after 2007, was complicated by the worldwide economic crisis. -
4 crisis
n (pl crises)to aggravate a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
to be gripped by / to be in the midst of / to be locked in a crisis — быть охваченным кризисом
to bring about a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса
to create a crisis — создавать кризис / кризисное положение
to deepen a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
to de-escalate / to defuse the crisis — сокращать масштабы кризиса, ослаблять кризис
to ease the crisis — сокращать масштабы кризиса, ослаблять кризис
to exacerbate a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
to face a crisis — сталкиваться с кризисом; стоять на пороге кризиса
to ignite a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса
to limp / to lurch from one crisis to another — идти от кризиса к кризису
to resolve a crisis — преодолевать / разрешать кризис, справляться с кризисом
to settle / to solve a crisis — преодолевать / разрешать кризис, справляться с кризисом
to spark off / to trigger (off) a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса
- affected by the crisis - agrarian crisisto worsen a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
- agricultural crisis
- amidst the worst crisis
- artificial crisis
- balance-of-payments crisis
- bilateral crisis
- budget crisis
- cabinet crisis
- chronic crisis
- consequences of a crisis
- constitutional crisis
- crisis blew up
- crisis broke out
- crisis came to a head
- crisis continues unabated
- crisis erupted
- crisis flared
- crisis gripped the country
- crisis is brewing
- crisis is building up
- crisis is deepening by the hour
- crisis is reaching a climax
- crisis of confidence
- crisis of power
- crisis of the ruling regime
- crisis spills over into war
- current crisis
- cyclical crisis
- deep crisis
- deepening crisis
- deepening mood of crisis
- deep-seated crisis
- diplomatic solution to a crisis
- dire crisis
- ecological crisis
- economic crisis
- elimination of a crisis
- energy crisis
- every possible avenue has got to be explored to find a political solution to the crisis
- exchange crisis
- financial crisis
- fiscal crisis
- food crisis
- fuel crisis
- general crisis
- global crisis
- government crisis
- governmental crisis
- grave crisis
- Gulf crisis
- home crisis
- hostage crisis
- housing crisis
- imminent crisis
- impact of a crisis
- in a state of crisis - internal crisis
- internal political crisis
- international crisis
- intractable crisis
- looming crisis
- ministerial crisis
- monetary and financial crisis
- mounting crisis
- national crisis
- offset of the crisis
- oil crisis
- on the verge of a crisis
- peaceful outcome to a crisis
- periodic crisis
- perpetual crisis
- petroleum crisis
- phase of a crisis
- political crisis
- profound crisis
- protracted crisis
- raw-materials crisis
- recurrent crisis
- resolution of a crisis
- serious crisis
- settling of a crisis
- severe crisis
- signs of a crisis
- social crisis
- spiraling crisis
- underlying crisis
- unparalleled crisis
- way out of the crisis
- world crisis -
5 crisis
plural - crises; noun1) (a deciding moment or turning-point (especially of an illness): Although she is still very ill, she has passed the crisis.) crisis, momento crítico2) (a time of great danger or difficulty: a crisis such as the recent flooding; You can rely on her in a crisis.) crisiscrisis n crisis
crisis sustantivo femenino (pl◊ crisis)
crisis sustantivo femenino inv
1 (mala situación) crisis
2 Fin crisis
3 Med (ataque) fit, attack ' crisis' also found in these entries: Spanish: acentuarse - actual - álgida - álgido - depresión - encarar - frenar - galopante - ingresar - pasar - agudizar - agudo - atravesar - causante - desencadenar - económico - energético - estallar - perdurar - sacar English: actual - acute - background - breakdown - carry through - corner - crack - crisis - flap - identity crisis - midlife - nervous breakdown - pull through - religion - break - confront - crunch - deepen - defuse - depression - develop - hang - head - troubletr['kraɪsɪs]1 crisis nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto reach crisis point hacer crisisn.• crisis s.f.'kraɪsəs, 'kraɪsɪsshe's good in a crisis — reacciona bien en los momentos difíciles; (before n)
['kraɪsɪs]to reach crisis point — hacer* crisis
1.N(pl crises) ['kraɪsiːz] crisis f inv ; (Med) punto m crítico2.CPDcrisis centre (Brit), crisis center (US) N — (for disaster) ≈ centro m coordinador de rescate; (for personal help) ≈ teléfono m de la esperanza; (for battered women) centro m de ayuda (a las mujeres maltratadas)
crisis management N — gestión f de crisis
crisis of confidence N — crisis f de confianza
* * *['kraɪsəs, 'kraɪsɪs]she's good in a crisis — reacciona bien en los momentos difíciles; (before n)
to reach crisis point — hacer* crisis
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6 housing
1. n1) жилищные условия; обеспеченность жильем2) собир. дома, жилье, жилой фонд•- appropriate housingto provide housing for smb — обеспечивать кого-л. жильем
- inadequate housing
- low-income housing
- luxury housing
- public housing
- racially segregated housing
- scattered site housing
- scatter-site housing 2. a -
7 housing
housing [ˈhaʊzɪŋ]1. nounlogement m• affordable housing is difficult to find les logements à des prix abordables sont difficiles à trouver2. compounds[matters, problem] de logement ; [crisis] du logement► housing association noun (British) (for providing housing) association qui construit et rénove des logements pour les louer à des prix raisonnables ; (for co-ownership) association f de copropriétaires► housing estate noun (British) ( = council-owned flats) cité f ; ( = privately-owned houses) lotissement m* * *['haʊzɪŋ] 1.noun (houses, flats) logements mpl2. -
8 housing
A nB modif [crisis, problem, department] du logement ; [conditions] de logement ; [shortage] de logements ; [density] de l'habitat. -
9 housing
- ziŋ1) (houses: These flats will provide housing for the immigrants.) alojamiento2) (the hard cover round a machine etc.) bastidorhousing n viviendatr['haʊzɪŋ]1 vivienda2 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL bastidor nombre masculino, caja\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLhousing estate urbanización nombre femeninoMinistry of Housing Ministerio de la Viviendahousing ['haʊzɪŋ] n1) houses: vivienda f2) covering: caja f protectoran.• albergue s.m.• almacenaje s.m.• alojamiento s.m.• bastidor s.m.• casas s.f.pl.• cárter s.m.• encaje s.m.• provisión de vivienda s.f.• vivienda s.f.'haʊzɪŋ1) ua) ( dwellings) viviendas fpl; (before n)housing shortage — escasez f de viviendas
b) ( provision of houses)2) c ( cover) caja f protectora['haʊzɪŋ]1. Nthere's a lot of new housing — hay muchas casas or viviendas nuevas
2) (gen) vivienda f3) (Mech) caja f, cubierta f2.CPDhousing association N — asociación f de la vivienda
housing benefit N — (Brit) subsidio m de vivienda
housing conditions NPL — condiciones fpl de vivienda
housing cooperative N — cooperativa f de la vivienda
housing development N (US) — = housing estate
housing estate N — (Brit) urbanización f, fraccionamiento m (Mex), reparto m (Mex); (=council estate) urbanización f or barrio m de viviendas protegidas
housing list N — (Brit) lista de espera para conseguir una vivienda de protección oficial
housing market N — mercado m de la vivienda
housing policy N — política f de la vivienda
housing project N — (US) urbanización f or barrio m de viviendas protegidas
housing scheme N — (Scot) urbanización f or barrio m de viviendas protegidas
housing shortage N — crisis f inv de la vivienda
housing stock N — total m de viviendas
housing subsidy N — subsidio m por vivienda
* * *['haʊzɪŋ]1) ua) ( dwellings) viviendas fpl; (before n)housing shortage — escasez f de viviendas
b) ( provision of houses)2) c ( cover) caja f protectora -
10 housing
['haʊzɪŋ] 1.nome (houses, flats) alloggi m.pl.2.modificatore [crisis, problem, conditions, shortage] degli alloggi* * *[-ziŋ]1) (houses: These flats will provide housing for the immigrants.) alloggio2) (the hard cover round a machine etc.) scatola* * *['haʊzɪŋ] 1.nome (houses, flats) alloggi m.pl.2.modificatore [crisis, problem, conditions, shortage] degli alloggi -
11 housing shortage
s.escasez de viviendas, crisis de la vivienda, crisis de vivienda. -
12 price out
гл.1)а) эк. вытеснять с рынка ( компании или товары путем ценовой конкуренции)One of the dangers of the Common Market is that it may price out British meat. — Есть опасность, что вступление Великобритании в Общий рынок может привести к падению спроса на английское мясо из-за слишком высокой цены на него.
to price smth. out of the market — вытеснить что-л. с рынка, сделать что-л. неконкурентосопосбным (на рынке)
The major increase in air freight costs have priced the Chilean fish out of the market. — Значительное увеличение стоимости авиаперевозок сделало чилийскую рыбу неконкурентоспособной.
б) эк. терять рынок* (о самой компании: терять покупателей из-за слишком высоких цен, неспособности выдержать конкуренции с другими компаниями, предлагающими аналогичные товары/услуги по более низкой цене)The textbook companies have priced themselves out of the market charging high premiums for new editions that offer little new material when compared to older editions. — Компании, издающие учебники, теряют рынок из-за того, что устанавливают высокие наценки на новые издания, предлагающие мало нового материала по сравнению с более старыми изданиями.
Our last supplier just priced himself out of the market and refused to give us a Christmas discount! — Просто наш последний поставщик стал необоснованно завышать цены и отказался предоставить нам рождественскую скидку!
See:2) эк. вытеснять с рынка* (потенциальных потребителей в результате слишком высоких цен, неподъемных для потребителей)Yes, it's ok to be priced out of some things like fancy automobiles or trips to Hawaii — but to be priced out of food? — Да, это нормально быть не в состоянии позволить себе некоторые вещи, такие как модные автомобили или поездки на Гавайи, — но не иметь возможности приобрести еду?
The housing boom resulted in many poor people being priced out of the market, leading to a homelessness crisis so bad that some families are being housed by welfare agencies in tents. — Жилищный бум привел к тому, что многие необеспеченные люди были вытеснены с рынка (жилья), создавая критическую ситуацию с бездомностью, настолько тяжелую, что некоторым семьям агентства социального обеспечения выделяют в качестве жилья палатки.
Housing in Seattle is not the only thing that is priced out of reach for the ‘Working Poor’. — Жилье в Сиэтле — не единственная вещь, из-за высокой цены находящаяся за пределами досягаемости "работающей бедноты".
Homes are still priced out of reach for too many buyers, they say, and many more people want to sell homes than want to buy. — Цены на дома все еще удерживаются на уровне, недосягаемом для слишком многих покупателей, и намного больше людей хотят продать дома, чем купить.
Vital drugs will be priced out of reach of poor people. — Цены жизненно важных лекарств станут недосягаемыми для неимущих.
The dream of a college education is being priced out of reach for more and more American students and their families. — Мечта об университетском образовании из-за высокой цены становится недосягаемой для все большего и большего числа американских студентов и их семей.
See:price 2. 1) -
13 shortage
-ti‹noun (a lack; the state of not having enough: a shortage of water.) falta, escasezshortage n escasez / faltatr['ʃɔːtɪʤ]1 falta, escasez nombre femeninoshortage ['ʃɔrtɪʤ] n: falta f, escasez f, carencia fn.• carestía s.f.• déficit s.m.• escasez s.f.• falta s.f.'ʃɔːrtɪdʒ, 'ʃɔːtɪdʒcount & mass nounshortage (OF something/somebody) — falta f or escasez f (de algo/alguien)
there is no shortage of ideas/helpers — no faltan ideas/colaboradores
['ʃɔːtɪdʒ]N1) (=lack) escasez f, falta fa water shortage — escasez or falta de agua
shortage of staff — escasez or falta de personal
there is no shortage of advice — no es que falten consejos, no faltan los consejos
2) (=state of deficiency) escasez f* * *['ʃɔːrtɪdʒ, 'ʃɔːtɪdʒ]count & mass nounshortage (OF something/somebody) — falta f or escasez f (de algo/alguien)
there is no shortage of ideas/helpers — no faltan ideas/colaboradores
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14 situation
[ˌsɪtʃʊ'eɪʃ(ə)n]n1) положение дел, ситуация, обстановкаThe situation at home is getting more and more unbearable every day. — Обстановка дома с каждым днем становится все невыносимей.
- criminal situation- housing situation
- rules governing every situation
- oil and energy situation
- serious and pop music situation- crisis situation- desperate situation- fluid situation- explosive situation
- threatening situation
- humiliating situation
- life-and-death situation
- thrilling situation
- moving situation- international situation- emergency situation- situation report- situation map
- situation in the country
- situation at the front
- present situation in teaching
- with this situation in view
- appreciate the situation
- be master of the situation
- ease the housing situation
- experience a similar situation
- get involved into an unpleasant situation
- get out come out of a bad situation
- introduce dramatic situations into the play
- realize one's financial situation
- sense the situation
- size up the situation
- solve a difficult situation
- straighten a bad situation
- talk over political situation
- accept a situation
- be in a strange situation
- be well informed of the whole situation
- come out of a difficult situation with credit
- deal with the situation
- be determined by the situation
- exploit use of the situation
- have the situation well in hand
- improve the situation
- laugh off an awkward situation
- manage situation
- cope with the situation- watch the situation with alarm- view the situation with alarm2) расположение, положениеThe country is in a crucial (desperate, hopeless, unfavourable, gloomy) situation. — Страна находится в критическом (отчаянном, безнадежном, невыгодном, мрачном) положении.
The present situation calls for urgent measures. — Сложившаяся обстановка требует принятия срочных мер.
That's quite a situation. — Вот так ситуация!
It was a life and death situation. — Это был вопрос жизни и смерти.
- convenient situation for a house- geographical situation of the country
- situation of a city
- have a good geographical situation
- place is beautiful in situation3) работа, место, должностьSituations are guarantied to all students trained at the college. — Всем выпускникам этого колледжа гарантируется работа.
He studied the "situations vacant" columns in the newspaper. — Он внимательно просматривал газетные объявления о найме рабочей силы.
- well-paying situation- one's former situation
- situation as a typist
- situation with high wages
- from one's former situation
- accept the situation
- apply for a situation
- be in a situation
- be out of a situation
- get a situation out of town
- hold a responsible situation
- leave the situation without a character
- look for a good situation
- lose one's situation
- take a situation as a nurseASSOCIATIONS AND IMAGERY:Ситуации и состояния ассоциируются с местом; хорошая ситуация ассоциируется с таким надежным местом, как дом, а нехорошая ситуация - с ненадежным, опасным местом. ср.: We are in a situation where there are no real winness. Мы оказались в такой ситтуации, где победителей не может быть. In this work, the author is back on familiar territory. Автор опять описывает вполне знакомую ему ситуацию. It was time for her to leave the family nest. Настало время ей покинуть тепло семейного гнезда/изменить ситуацию. I have felt at home since the moment I started workhere. С тех пор, как я работаю здесь, я чувствую себя как дома/на своем месте/вполне комфортно. He carved out a niche for himself within the company. Он нашел себе безопасную нишу в этой компании. This is right up my street/alley. Это вполне по мне/мне подходит. The park is a heaven for tired shoppers. Парк вокруг торгового центра просто рай для усталых покупателей. This town has always been a cultural desert. С точки зрения культурной деятельностиэтот городишко просто пустыня. That pary of the city is nothing but a concrete jungle. Эта часть города не что иное как бетонные джунгли. He spent many years in the political wilderness. Многие годы он провел в политическом забвении/был абсолютно неуспешен в политике. This is a potential minefield for beginners. Для новичка эта ситуация полна опасностей. /Оказавшись в этой ситуации, новички вступают на минное поле. We have a very rocky road to travel. Нам предстоит нелегкий путь. /На этом пути нас ждет немало трудностей. I have been caught between a rock and a hard place. Я оказался между Сциллой и Харибдой. /Куда не кинь всюду клин. /Я оказался в безвыходном положении. /И то то и то плохо. He is in a fight spot. Он в затруднительном положении. We were left nigh and dry when they withdrew our funding. Мы оказались на мели, когда у нас изъяли финансирование -
15 gobierno
Del verbo gobernar: ( conjugate gobernar) \ \
gobierno es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativoMultiple Entries: gobernar gobierno
gobernar ( conjugate gobernar) verbo transitivo ‹ país› to govern, rule; ‹ barco› to steer verbo intransitivo (Gob, Pol) to govern; (Náut) to steer
gobierno sustantivo masculino government
gobernar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
1 to govern
2 Náut to steer
gobierno sustantivo masculino
1 Pol government
2 (mando, administración) management
3 Náut steering ' gobierno' also found in these entries: Spanish: abaratarse - acosar - actual - administración - angular - bicolor - billón - cajón - conspirar - decretar - derribar - derrocar - derrumbamiento - dicotomía - estrechar - favorecer - ilegítima - ilegítimo - instrumentación - junta - mandato - presidenta - presidente - promover - sede - títere - argentino - caer - caída - coalición - crisis - débil - echar - entrante - estado - formación - formar - intendencia - interino - jefe - lo - mayoría - precario - prever - reconocer English: act - administration - antipollution - bring down - call - caretaker government - central government - coalition - collusion - confer - crackdown - curtail - decentralize - decree - defraud - department - enviable - expansion - fellow - for - government - govt. - incoming - institute - institution - itself - lawsuit - on - overthrow - powerful - present - rule - scientific - seat - Secretary of State - shaky - state - subsidize - superficial - back - bow - conveniently - county - devolution - front - govern - house - housing - line - official -
16 area
район; округ; площадь; участок; зона; область; пространство; категория ( действий); см. тж. ground; zonebooster (engine) disposal area — ркт. район сброса [падения] стартовых двигателей [(ракетных) ускорителей]
booster (engine) impact area — ркт. район сброса [падения] стартовых двигателей [(ракетных) ускорителей]
simulated (radioactive) contamination area — ложный [имитируемый] участок (радиоактивного) заражения
— amphibious objective area— armor killing area— artillery position area— dangerous area— delaying operations area— dropping area— gun area— hot area— killing area— lethality area— limited access area— MOS area— patrolling area— POL area— preference service area— radioactive contamination area— rallying area— recreation area— SAM launching area— uploading area -
17 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
(1889-1970)The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
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18 clutch
clutch [klʌtʃ](a) (hold tightly) serrer fortement, étreindre∎ to clutch hold of sth s'agripper ou se cramponner à qch∎ to clutch at sth se cramponner à qch, s'agripper à qch; figurative se cramponner à qch, se raccrocher à qch3 noun∎ to let in the clutch embrayer;∎ to let out the clutch débrayer∎ to be in a clutch être dans le pétrinfigurative (control) influence f;∎ to have sb in one's clutches tenir qn en son pouvoir;∎ to fall into sb's clutches tomber dans les griffes de qn;∎ he escaped the clutches of the law il a échappé aux griffes de la justice►► clutch bag (handbag) pochette f (sac à main);Cars clutch cable câble m de commande d'embrayage;Cars clutch disc disque m d'embrayage;Cars clutch fluid fluide m d'embrayage;Cars clutch housing carter m d'embrayage;Cars clutch pedal pédale f d'embrayage ou de débrayage;Cars clutch plate disque m d'embrayage -
19 lead
Ⅰ.lead1 [led]1 noun∎ it's made of lead c'est en plomb∎ they pumped him full of lead ils l'ont plombé(c) (in pencil) mine f(d) (piece of lead → for sounding) plomb m (de sonde); (→ on car wheel, fishing line) plomb m; Typography interligne m∎ to get the lead out (of one's pants) se magner (le train);∎ very familiar that'll put some lead in your pencil! (invigorate) ça te requinquera!;∎ very familiar to have lead in one's pencil (be sexually potent) ne pas avoir de problèmes pour bander(b) Typography interligner(made of lead) de ou en plomb; (containing lead) plombifère;∎ familiar to go down like a lead balloon tomber à plat□British Building industry (on roof) plombs mpl (de couverture); (on window) plombures fpl, plombs mpl►► lead crystal verre m de ou au plomb;lead glass verre m de ou au plomb;lead ore minerai m de plomb;lead oxide oxyde m de plomb;lead paint peinture f à base de plomb;lead pencil crayon m noir ou à papier ou à mine de plomb;lead poisoning Medicine intoxication f par le plomb, saturnisme m; American familiar (death) mort f par balle(s); (injury) blessure f par balle(s);lead pipe tuyau m de plomb;lead shot grenaille f de plombTypography (lines of text) augmenter l'interlignage deⅡ.lead2 [li:d]tête ⇒ 1 (a) initiative ⇒ 1 (b) indice ⇒ 1 (c) gros titre ⇒ 1 (d) rôle principal ⇒ 1 (e) laisse ⇒ 1 (g) fil ⇒ 1 (h) mener ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c), 2 (e) être à la tête de ⇒ 2 (b) diriger ⇒ 2 (b) amener ⇒ 2 (d) aller devant ⇒ 3 (d) principal ⇒ 4(pt & pp led [led])1 noun∎ to be in the lead être en tête, mener;∎ to have a 10-point/10-length lead avoir 10 points/10 longueurs d'avance;∎ to have a good lead over the rest of the field avoir une bonne avance sur les autres concurrents;∎ he's opened up a tremendous lead il a pris une avance considérable;∎ France are hanging on to the lead (in race) la France reste en tête de la course; (in points table) la France reste en tête du classement(b) (initiative) initiative f;∎ he took the lead in asking questions il fut le premier à poser des questions;∎ take your lead from me prenez exemple sur moi;∎ to follow sb's lead suivre l'exemple de qn;∎ it's up to the government to give a lead on housing policy c'est au gouvernement (qu'il revient) de donner l'exemple en matière de politique du logement(c) (indication, clue) indice m, piste f;∎ to give sb a lead mettre qn sur la voie;∎ the police have several leads la police tient plusieurs pistes;∎ we're currently following up an important lead nous sommes actuellement sur une piste prometteuse∎ the news made the lead in all the papers la nouvelle était à la une de tous les journaux;∎ the 'Telegraph' opens with a lead on the Middle East crisis le 'Telegraph' consacre sa une à la crise au Proche-Orient(e) Cinema & Theatre (role) rôle m principal; (actor) premier rôle m masculin; (actress) premier rôle m féminin;∎ Jude Law plays the male lead Jude Law tient le premier rôle masculin∎ to have the lead jouer le premier;∎ your lead! à vous de jouer!;∎ whose lead is it? c'est à qui de jouer?;∎ you must follow the lead il faut fournir à la couleur demandée;∎ a heart lead une ouverture à cœur∎ dogs must be kept on a lead (sign) les chiens doivent être tenus en laisse(h) Electricity fil m(a) (take, guide) mener, emmener, conduire;∎ to lead sb somewhere mener ou conduire qn quelque part;∎ I was led into the garden on m'a emmené ou conduit dans le jardin;∎ he led them across the lawn il leur fit traverser la pelouse;∎ she led him down the stairs elle lui fit descendre l'escalier;∎ she led them to safety elle les a conduits en lieu sûr;∎ to lead an army into battle mener une armée au combat;∎ to lead a team to victory mener une équipe à la victoire;∎ the captain led the team onto the field le capitaine a conduit son équipe sur le terrain;∎ she led them through the garden (to get out) elle les fit passer par le jardin; (to visit) elle leur fit visiter le jardin;∎ literary he led her to the altar il la prit pour épouse;∎ to lead the way montrer le chemin;∎ police motorcyclists led the way des motards de la police ouvraient la route;∎ they led the cable along the edge of the floor ils ont fait passé le câble par terre, le long du mur;∎ Bible lead us not into temptation ne nous soumets pas à la tentation;∎ proverb you can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink on ne saurait faire boire un âne qui n'a pas soif;∎ figurative to lead sb up the garden path mener qn en bateau∎ to lead the prayers/singing diriger la prière/les chants∎ Stardust is leading Black Beauty by 10 lengths Stardust a pris 10 longueurs d'avance sur Black Beauty;∎ to lead the field mener;∎ to lead sb by 8 points avoir une avance sur qn de 8 points;∎ figurative Great Britain leads the field in heart transplant technology la Grande-Bretagne est le pays le plus avancé dans le domaine des greffes cardiaques∎ to lead sb to do sth amener qn à faire qch;∎ despair led him to commit suicide le désespoir l'a poussé au suicide;∎ he led me to believe (that) he was innocent il m'a amené à croire qu'il était innocent;∎ everything leads us to believe (that) she is still alive tout porte à croire ou nous avons toutes les raisons de croire qu'elle est encore en vie;∎ I was led to the conclusion that he had been lying all along je suis arrivé à la conclusion qu'il mentait depuis le début;∎ what led you to apply for this job? qu'est-ce qui vous a conduit ou amené à postuler?;∎ he is easily led il se laisse facilement influencer;∎ figurative subsequent events led the country into war des événements ultérieurs ont entraîné le pays dans la guerre;∎ this leads me to my second point ceci m'amène à ma seconde remarque;∎ he led the conversation round to money again il a ramené la conversation sur la question de l'argent∎ he has lead a life of debauchery il a mené une vie de débauche;∎ she has led a full and happy life elle a eu une vie heureuse et bien remplie∎ to lead trumps demander ou jouer atout;∎ what was led? qu'est-ce qui a été demandé?∎ to lead a witness poser des questions tendancieuses à un témoin∎ this path leads to the village ce chemin mène au village;∎ where does this door lead to? sur quoi ouvre cette porte?;∎ the stairs lead to the cellar l'escalier mène ou conduit à la cave;∎ take the street that leads away from the station prenez la rue qui part de la gare;∎ that road leads nowhere cette route ne mène nulle part;∎ figurative this is leading nowhere! cela ne rime à rien!∎ to lead by 2 metres avoir 2 mètres d'avance;∎ to lead by 3 points to 1 mener par 3 points à 1;∎ Black Beauty is leading Black Beauty est en tête∎ hearts led cœur (a été) demandé;∎ Joanne to lead c'est à Joanne de jouer∎ if you lead, I'll follow allez-y, je vous suis∎ to lead with sth mettre qch à la une;∎ the 'Times' led with news of the plane hijack le détournement d'avion faisait la une ou était en première page du 'Times'∎ he leads with his right il attaque toujours du droit ou de la droite(g) (in dancing) conduire∎ he led for the prosecution il dirigea l'accusation en tant qu'avocat principal►► Commerce leads and lags termaillage m;Banking & Stock Exchange lead manager (banque f) chef m de file;Marketing lead user utilisateur(trice) m,f piloteemmener;∎ the guards led him away les gardes l'ont emmené;∎ he led her away from the scene of the accident il l'éloigna du lieu de l'accidentramener, reconduire;∎ they led him back to his room ils l'ont ramené ou reconduit à sa chambre;∎ she led the conversation back to the question of money elle a ramené la conversation sur la question de l'argent∎ this path leads back to the beach ce chemin ramène à la plage➲ lead off(in conversation) commencer, débuter; (in debate) entamer les débats; (in game) jouer le(la) premier(ère); (at dance) ouvrir le bal; (in relay race) être le premier relayeur∎ several avenues lead off the square plusieurs avenues partent de la place(person) conduire;∎ they were led off to jail ils ont été conduits ou emmenés en prison➲ lead onaller ou marcher devant;∎ lead on! allez-y!∎ to lead sb on faire marcher qn;∎ you shouldn't lead him on like that vous ne devriez pas le faire marcher comme ça(b) (bring on) faire entrer;∎ lead on the horses! faites entrer les chevaux!(c) (in progression) amener;∎ this leads me on to my second point ceci m'amène à mon deuxième point(result in, have as consequence) mener ou aboutir à;∎ what's all this leading to? sur quoi tout ceci va-t-il déboucher?;∎ the decision led to panic on Wall Street la décision a semé la panique à Wall Street;∎ one thing led to another une chose en amenait une autre;∎ a course leading to a degree un cursus qui débouche sur un diplôme;∎ several factors led to his decision to leave plusieurs facteurs le poussèrent ou l'amenèrent à décider de partir;∎ this led to several of them losing their jobs à cause de cela, plusieurs d'entre eux ont perdu leur emploi;∎ drinking too much can lead to violence l'excès d'alcool peut conduire à la violence;∎ his statement led to a misunderstanding sa déclaration est à l'origine d'un malentendu;∎ this could lead to some confusion ça pourrait provoquer une certaine confusion;∎ her research led to nothing ses recherches n'ont abouti à rien ou n'ont rien donné(a) (path, road) conduire à, mener à;∎ a narrow path led up to the house un étroit sentier menait jusqu'à la maison;∎ those stairs lead up to the attic cet escalier mène au grenier∎ she's leading up to something je me demande où elle veut en venir;∎ what are you leading up to? où voulez-vous en venir?;∎ I was just leading up to that j'allais justement y venir(c) (precede, cause)∎ the events leading up to the war les événements qui devaient déclencher la guerre;∎ in the months leading up to her death pendant les mois qui précédèrent sa mort;∎ Music the chords that lead up to the final movement les accords qui introduisent le dernier mouvementⓘ Lead on, MacDuff Cette phrase ("après toi, MacDuff") est une déformation d'un vers de Macbeth de Shakespeare, dans un passage où Macbeth défie à l'épée son ennemi MacDuff en prononçant les mots lay on, MacDuff ("frappe, MacDuff"). On utilise la version modifiée de cette phrase de façon humoristique lorsque l'on demande à quelqu'un d'ouvrir la marche. -
20 root
root [ru:t]1 noun∎ to pull up a plant by its roots déraciner une plante;∎ to touch up one's roots (person with dyed hair) refaire ses racines;∎ to get one's roots done se faire refaire les racines∎ to have its roots in sth (of crisis etc) avoir ses origines dans qch;∎ the root of all evil la source de tout les maux;∎ to get at or to the root of the problem aller au fond du problème;∎ poor housing is at the root of much delinquency la mauvaise qualité des logements est souvent à l'origine de la délinquance(f) Mathematics racine f∎ corruption must be eliminated root and branch il faut éradiquer la corruption(cause, problem) fondamental, de base∎ figurative he stood rooted to the spot il est resté cloué sur place;∎ her political convictions are rooted in her upbringing c'est dans son éducation qu'il faut chercher les racines de ses convictions politiques∎ to root for truffles chercher des truffes(of person → origin) racines fpl, origines fpl;∎ he has no real roots il n'a pas de véritables racines;∎ she is in search of her roots elle est à la recherche de ses origines;∎ to get back to one's roots retrouver ses racines;∎ their actual roots are in Virginia en fait ils sont originaires de Virginie►► American root beer = boisson gazeuse à base d'extraits végétaux;Anatomy root canal canal m dentaire;root canal treatment, root canal work traitement m canalaire;American root cellar cave f potagère;Botany root climber plante f grimpante à racines crampons;root crop racine f comestible;Computing root directory racine f, répertoire m principal;Botany root hair poil m radiculaire;Mathematics root mean square moyenne f quadratique;roots music musique f "roots" (influencée par la musique traditionelle);Botany root rot piétin m;root vegetable légume m à racine comestible∎ to root about for sth fouiller pour trouver qch;∎ to root about in a drawer fouiller dans un tiroir(team) encourager, soutenir;∎ to root for a candidate appuyer un candidat;∎ we're all rooting for you nous sommes de votre côté(b) (suppress) supprimer, extirper(search through) fouiller dans
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