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he+used+to+go+running

  • 41 coartar

    v.
    1 to limit, to restrict.
    2 to coarct.
    * * *
    1 to limit, restrict
    * * *
    VT to limit, restrict
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < persona> to inhibit; <libertad/voluntad> to restrict
    * * *
    = anchor, restrict, tie down, cripple, frustrate, dam (up), shackle, box in, hamstring, fetter, hem + Nombre + in, chill, cramp.
    Ex. One can now picture a future investigator in his laboratory, his hands are free, he is not anchored.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex. There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex. The objection to it seems to be that by reading rubbish children cripple their own imaginative, linguistic or moral powers.
    Ex. The psychologist Abraham H Maslow has warned of 'true psychopathological effects when the cognitive needs are frustrated'.
    Ex. But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.
    Ex. Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.
    Ex. What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex. Instead, the proposed regulations would hamstring public access.
    Ex. Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex. This would chill the freedom of inquiry that is central to the academic process and that is, moreover, privileged by the First Amendment.
    Ex. They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    ----
    * coartar el avance de Algo = hinder + progress.
    * coartar el progreso de Algo = hinder + progress.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < persona> to inhibit; <libertad/voluntad> to restrict
    * * *
    = anchor, restrict, tie down, cripple, frustrate, dam (up), shackle, box in, hamstring, fetter, hem + Nombre + in, chill, cramp.

    Ex: One can now picture a future investigator in his laboratory, his hands are free, he is not anchored.

    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex: There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex: The objection to it seems to be that by reading rubbish children cripple their own imaginative, linguistic or moral powers.
    Ex: The psychologist Abraham H Maslow has warned of 'true psychopathological effects when the cognitive needs are frustrated'.
    Ex: But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.
    Ex: Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.
    Ex: What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex: Instead, the proposed regulations would hamstring public access.
    Ex: Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex: This would chill the freedom of inquiry that is central to the academic process and that is, moreover, privileged by the First Amendment.
    Ex: They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    * coartar el avance de Algo = hinder + progress.
    * coartar el progreso de Algo = hinder + progress.

    * * *
    coartar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹persona› to inhibit
    su presencia lo coartaba he found her presence inhibiting, her presence inhibited him
    2 ‹libertad/voluntad› to restrict
    * * *

    coartar ( conjugate coartar) verbo transitivo ‹ persona› to inhibit;
    ‹libertad/voluntad› to restrict
    coartar verbo transitivo to restrict
    ' coartar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    constrict
    * * *
    to limit, to restrict
    * * *
    v/t restrict
    * * *
    : to restrict, to limit

    Spanish-English dictionary > coartar

  • 42 restringir

    v.
    1 to limit, to restrict.
    El general restringe las actividades The general restricts the activities.
    El detective restringe la información The detective restricts the data.
    2 to cause a reduction in, to bite into, to bite on.
    Esto restringe la disponibilidad This causes a reduction in availability.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DIRIGIR], like link=dirigir dirigir
    1 (limitar) to restrict, limit
    2 (astringir) to contract
    1 (reducirse) to reduce
    * * *
    verb
    to limit, restrict
    * * *
    VT to restrict, limit (a to)
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo < gastos> to restrict, cut; < libertad> to restrict
    2.
    restringirse v pron to restrict o limit oneself
    * * *
    = curtail, place + restriction, restrict, tie down, circumscribe, box in, constrict, narrow down, fetter, hem + Nombre + in, chill, cramp.
    Ex. The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.
    Ex. Is it necessary to place the same restrictions on research and nonresearch libraries?.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex. There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex. Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex. What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex. The gland was pale pink in colour with an hourglass shape that was constricted in the middle.
    Ex. By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex. Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex. This would chill the freedom of inquiry that is central to the academic process and that is, moreover, privileged by the First Amendment.
    Ex. They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    ----
    * restringir una búsqueda = limit + selection, narrow + search, qualify + search, qualify + selection.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo < gastos> to restrict, cut; < libertad> to restrict
    2.
    restringirse v pron to restrict o limit oneself
    * * *
    = curtail, place + restriction, restrict, tie down, circumscribe, box in, constrict, narrow down, fetter, hem + Nombre + in, chill, cramp.

    Ex: The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.

    Ex: Is it necessary to place the same restrictions on research and nonresearch libraries?.
    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex: There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex: Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex: What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex: The gland was pale pink in colour with an hourglass shape that was constricted in the middle.
    Ex: By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex: Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex: This would chill the freedom of inquiry that is central to the academic process and that is, moreover, privileged by the First Amendment.
    Ex: They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    * restringir una búsqueda = limit + selection, narrow + search, qualify + search, qualify + selection.

    * * *
    restringir [I7 ]
    vt
    ‹gastos› to restrict, cut, limit; ‹libertad› to restrict
    to restrict o limit oneself
    * * *

    restringir ( conjugate restringir) verbo transitivo
    to restrict
    restringir vtr (el acceso a un lugar, derecho) to restrict, limit
    (el consumo, distribución de algo) to cut back, restrict
    ' restringir' also found in these entries:
    English:
    circumscribe
    - confine
    - cut down
    - limit
    - restrict
    - tie down
    - curtail
    - narrow
    * * *
    to limit, to restrict
    * * *
    v/t restrict, limit
    * * *
    restringir {35} vt
    limitar: to restrict, to limit
    * * *
    restringir vb to restrict

    Spanish-English dictionary > restringir

  • 43 better

    I 1. ['betə(r)]
    aggettivo (compar. di 1.good)

    to look, taste, smell better — avere un aspetto, sapore, odore migliore

    to be better — [patient, cold] andare meglio

    to feel all the better for — sentirsi meglio dopo [rest, meal]

    3) (happier) [ mood] migliore

    I feel better about doing — (less nervous) mi sento più a mio agio a fare; (less worried) mi faccio meno problemi a fare

    4) (of superior quality) (di qualità) migliore, superiore
    5) (more virtuous) migliore
    6) (more skilled) [doctor, teacher] migliore

    to be a better swimmer than sb. — nuotare meglio di qcn.

    to be better at — essere più bravo in [subject, sport]

    7) (more suitable) [way, excuse, choice] migliore

    the sooner, bigger the better — prima è, più grande è meglio è

    the less said about that the better — meno se ne parla, meglio è

    9) (more accurate) [description, view] migliore
    2.

    the better — il, la migliore (di due)

    so much the better — tanto meglio, ancora meglio

    to change for the better — migliorare, cambiare in meglio

    my betters — (in rank) i miei superiori; (in merit) quelli migliori di me

    ••

    for better (or) for worse — comunque vada, in ogni caso; (in wedding vow) nella buona e nella cattiva sorte

    to get the better of — avere la meglio su [ enemy]

    ••
    Note:
    When better is used as an adjective, it is translated by migliore or meglio depending on the context (see below, and note that migliore is the comparative form of buono, meglio the comparative form of bene). The choice between migliore e meglio in the construction to be better than depends on whether buono or bene would be used originally with the noun. - Other constructions translate as follows: this is a better bag / car = questa borsa / auto è migliore; it is better to do = è meglio farlo. - For more examples and particular usages, see the entry below
    II ['betə(r)]
    avverbio (compar. di 2.well)
    1) (more adequately) meglio, in modo migliore

    better made, organized than — fatto, organizzato meglio di

    better behaved, educated — più educato, istruito

    to do better — (in career, life) riuscire, meglio; (in exam, essay) fare meglio, ottenere migliori risultati; (in health) andare meglio

    the better to see, hear — per vedere, sentire meglio

    you had better do o you'd better do faresti meglio a fare; I'd better go è meglio che vada; "will she come?" - "she'd better!" o "she better!" colloq. "verrà?" - "sarà meglio! better still,... — meglio ancora

    ••

    to think better of it — cambiare idea, ripensarci

    to think better of sb. — farsi un'opinione migliore di qcn

    III 1. ['betə(r)]
    verbo transitivo migliorare [ one's performance]; superare, fare meglio di [ rival's performance]
    2.
    * * *
    ['betə]
    comparative; = good
    * * *
    I 1. ['betə(r)]
    aggettivo (compar. di 1.good)

    to look, taste, smell better — avere un aspetto, sapore, odore migliore

    to be better — [patient, cold] andare meglio

    to feel all the better for — sentirsi meglio dopo [rest, meal]

    3) (happier) [ mood] migliore

    I feel better about doing — (less nervous) mi sento più a mio agio a fare; (less worried) mi faccio meno problemi a fare

    4) (of superior quality) (di qualità) migliore, superiore
    5) (more virtuous) migliore
    6) (more skilled) [doctor, teacher] migliore

    to be a better swimmer than sb. — nuotare meglio di qcn.

    to be better at — essere più bravo in [subject, sport]

    7) (more suitable) [way, excuse, choice] migliore

    the sooner, bigger the better — prima è, più grande è meglio è

    the less said about that the better — meno se ne parla, meglio è

    9) (more accurate) [description, view] migliore
    2.

    the better — il, la migliore (di due)

    so much the better — tanto meglio, ancora meglio

    to change for the better — migliorare, cambiare in meglio

    my betters — (in rank) i miei superiori; (in merit) quelli migliori di me

    ••

    for better (or) for worse — comunque vada, in ogni caso; (in wedding vow) nella buona e nella cattiva sorte

    to get the better of — avere la meglio su [ enemy]

    ••
    Note:
    When better is used as an adjective, it is translated by migliore or meglio depending on the context (see below, and note that migliore is the comparative form of buono, meglio the comparative form of bene). The choice between migliore e meglio in the construction to be better than depends on whether buono or bene would be used originally with the noun. - Other constructions translate as follows: this is a better bag / car = questa borsa / auto è migliore; it is better to do = è meglio farlo. - For more examples and particular usages, see the entry below
    II ['betə(r)]
    avverbio (compar. di 2.well)
    1) (more adequately) meglio, in modo migliore

    better made, organized than — fatto, organizzato meglio di

    better behaved, educated — più educato, istruito

    to do better — (in career, life) riuscire, meglio; (in exam, essay) fare meglio, ottenere migliori risultati; (in health) andare meglio

    the better to see, hear — per vedere, sentire meglio

    you had better do o you'd better do faresti meglio a fare; I'd better go è meglio che vada; "will she come?" - "she'd better!" o "she better!" colloq. "verrà?" - "sarà meglio! better still,... — meglio ancora

    ••

    to think better of it — cambiare idea, ripensarci

    to think better of sb. — farsi un'opinione migliore di qcn

    III 1. ['betə(r)]
    verbo transitivo migliorare [ one's performance]; superare, fare meglio di [ rival's performance]
    2.

    English-Italian dictionary > better

  • 44 BIOS

    ['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)
    What is BIOS?
    BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.
    The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
    The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.
    Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.
    For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:
    What is firmware?
    Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.
    Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.
    Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.
    What is the difference between memory and disk storage?
    Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.
    The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.
    Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.
    Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.
    Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.
    What is RAM?
    RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.
    New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.
    If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.
    RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.
    When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.
    Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.
    What is ROM?
    ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.
    Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.
    Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.
    What is an ACPI BIOS?
    ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.
    ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.
    In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.
    What is CMOS?
    CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:
    http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.html
    Most commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.
    How do I enter the Setup program in my BIOS?
    Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.
    You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:
    Press F2 to enter Setup
    Many newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.
    Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.
    On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.
    Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.
    What's the difference between BIOS and CMOS?
    Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.
    The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.
    CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS.

    English-Albanian dictionary > BIOS

  • 45 من

    مِن \ by: (showing how sth. is done): We hold things by the handle. We know people by name. We learn by experience. We earn money by working. from: showing the time that sth. started: I waited from six o’clock till eight, showing where sth. began or was obtained Are men descended from monkeys? He read aloud from the newspaper, showing cause He suffered from stomach pains, showing the lower limit of costs, numbers, etc. New bicycles cost from $60 to $90 each, showing a change The price rose from 20 pence to 25 pence, showing difference I don’t know one from the other, showing the place that one has left He arrived from Glasgow. of: (after a noun) showing contents, amount, kind, etc.: a cup of coffee (a cup that contains coffee); a cupful of coffee (enough coffee to fill a cup); a pound of sugar (sugar that weighs a pound); a piece of bread (not a whole loaf), (after an adj. or verb) concerning; about: I’m sure of it. She’s afraid of mice, (after a verb) showing a cause He died of hunger, (after an adj.) showing who did sth. and how he did it It was kind of your father to invite me (Your father was kind...), (after a participle) showing how sth. is formed a dress made of silk. than: used in comparing two objects; here the second subject and verb are always left out: I like you better than him (I like you better than I like him), used in comparing two subjects; it is better to put in the second verb, although some writers leave it out He is taller than I (am). He runs faster than I (do). \ مِن أَجْل \ because of: as a result of: Because of his illness, he could not travel. for: because of: He jumped for joy. She was sent to prison for stealing. for sb. to do sth.: that sb. should do sth.: I’m anxious for him to pass his exams. sake, for the sake of, for sb.’s sake: for the desire of: Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?, for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake. towards: as a help to: He gave me $5 towards the cost of my bicycle. \ مِن أَجْل ذلك \ hence: (often with no verb) for this reason: My car broke down; hence my late arrival. \ مِن أحدث طِراز \ up to date: up to the present moment; modern; knowing or showing the latest facts: Give me an up-to-date report on political events in South America. \ مِن أَصْل \ out: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ preferably: if possible: Any day suits me, but preferably not Sunday. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ had better: would be wise to: You had better try again tomorrow. \ See Also الأَجْدى لِـ \ مِن الآن \ hence: from now: A week hence I shall be in Rome. \ مِن... إلى \ from... to...: (without a or the) showing passage of time, distance in space, or repeated action: He visits me from time to time. He went from house to house in search of work. \ مِن آن إلى آخر \ every now and again, every now and then: again and again, but with no regular space between. \ مِن الآن فَصَاعِدًا \ henceforth, henceforward: from now on; in future. on: onwards: From now on I shall be more careful. \ مِن البداية إلى النهاية \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن بَعْدُ \ since: after; during the period after: I saw him on Tuesday, but I haven’t seen him since. I’ve been thinking about him ever since. \ مِن بَعيد \ from afar: from a great distance. \ مِن بَين \ out of: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن ثَمَّ \ subsequently: afterwards: He became ill in the winter, and subsequently died. \ مِن جَانِبٍ إِلَى آخر \ across: form one side to the other: Run across before a car comes. The river is half a mile across. over: so that a different side is upwards: Turn the page over. Roll the body over. \ مِن جَديد \ afresh: again; making a new beginning: Tear up this page and start afresh. \ مِن جَمِيع الجهَات \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن جَمِيع الوُجوه تقريبًا \ to all intents and purposes: in regard to all that matters: To all intents and purposes, the work is finished (though a few unimportant points remain to be dealt with). \ مِن جِهة \ in respect of, with respect to, respecting: concerning: a bill in respect of car repairs. on the part of: in the case of; so far as sb. is concerned: There was no mistake on her part (If there was a mistake, it was not hers). \ مِن جهة ومِن الجهة الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن الحديد \ iron: made of iron; as strong as iron: an iron bar; an iron will. \ مِن حُسن التوفيق \ happily: fortunately: Happily, he was not hurt in the accident. a good job: a fortunate thing: It’s a good job that you crossed before the bridge fell. fortunately: adv. as the result of good fortune: He fell down but fortunately did not hurt himself. \ See Also لحسن الحظ (لِحُسْنِ الحَظّ)‏ \ مِن حَوْل \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن حَيْثُ شَخْصُهُ \ personally: as a person (in regard to character); socially: I like him personally, but I dislike his political ideas. \ مِن حِين لآخَر \ occasional: happening sometimes, but not regularly: We had an occasional quarrel. now and again, now and then: sometimes. \ مِن خِلال \ through: from one side to the other; from one end to the other: He drove a nail through (the board). A river ran through (the town). Water runs through pipes. I looked through the window, but I couldn’t see far through the mist. I read through my notes. \ مِن الدرجة الأولى \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. \ مِن سُخْرِية الأقدار \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِنَ الشرق \ eastern: belonging to the east. \ مِن صُنْعِ اليَد \ hand-made: made by hand, not by a machine: Hand-made shoes. \ مِن الضروريّ أن كما \ must: (p.t.. had to, neg.. needn’t, don’t/didn’t need to; don’t/didn’t have to) need to: You must go now, mustn’t you? Yes, I must. No, I needn’t go yet. \ مِن الطبيعيّ \ it goes without saying (that): naturally; of course: The invitation was sent to me; but it goes without saying that my wife is included. \ مِن الطراز القديم \ old-fashioned: (of people) holding on to old ideas and customs; (of things) not modern; no longer used. \ مِن طَرَف لآخر \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن عَجيب التَّقادِير \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِن عَلى ظهر السفينة \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن غَيْر \ without: not with; not having: Without doubt, this is the best. I did it without his help. He took my bicycle without asking me. \ مِن غَيْر حَرَج \ freely: readily: They freely accepted my advice. \ مِنَ الفراء \ fur: animal skin, with the fur on it, used as clothing: a coat with a collar of fur; a fur hat. \ مِنَ الفِراش \ up: out of bed: I get up at 6.30 every morning. We stayed up very late last night. \ مِن فَضْلِك \ kindly: please!: kindly close the door!. please: (when asking) giving a polite order: Please stop that noise. A cup of coffee, please, asking for a favour or for permission Will you help me, please? Please, may I use your pen?. \ مِن فَوْق \ over: across, from one side of sth. to the other: He jumped over the fence. The gate was locked, so he climbed over. \ مِن فَوق سَطْح المَرْكَب \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن قَبْل \ ago: before the present time: 100 years ago; a short while ago. already: before this time: She’s already married. before: at an earlier time (than): I have been here before. beforehand: before; early; in readiness: If you want your dinner early, warn the cook beforehand. \ مِن قِبَل \ by: (showing who or what did sth.): He was bitten by a dog. \ مِن قَلْبٍ مُخْلص \ heartily: thoroughly: I heartily agree with you. \ مِنَ المُؤسِف \ pity: (with a) an unfortunate fact or happening: It’s a pity that you can’t go with us to the cinema. \ مِنَ المُحَتَّم \ bound, (bind, bound) to: certain to: He’s bound to win. \ See Also المُؤَكَّد أَنّ \ مِنَ المُحْتَمَل \ likely: (usu. with very, most, more or quite) probably: She’s very likely right. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired. \ مِن مُدّةٍ قريبة \ the other day: a few days ago: I met your son the other day. \ مِن المَرْتَبَة أو الدَّرَجة الثّانِية \ second-class: of the next level below that of top quality: The less comfortable second-class seats were much cheaper than the first-class ones. \ مِن المَفْروض أنّ \ be supposed to: to have a duty to; be expected to: You’re supposed to be working now, not playing. You’re not supposed to be here (You ought not be here). \ مِن مَكانٍ لآخَر \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. \ مِن المُمْكِن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (with an if clause, showing a possibility that depends on sth. else) would be able to: She could buy it if you lent her the money. possibly: perhaps: Possibly you can help. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired.. \ مِنَ المُمْكِن أن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (showing a simple possibility): You could telephone her (if you wanted to). might: expressing a weak possibility (future, present or past): She might do that tomorrow; she might be doing it at this moment; she might even have done it already (but I doubt that she has done it or ever will do it). \ مِنْ ناحية... مِنَ الناحية الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن النّاحية النظريّة \ in theory: as an idea; according to ideas: Your plan may work in theory, but it will not work in practice. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ earl: the title of a British nobleman. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ noble: of high rank: a woman of noble birth. \ See Also الأشراف \ مِنْ نِتاج الوَطَن \ home-grown: (of food) grown in one’s own country, not in another country: home-grown vegetables. \ مِنْ نُسْخَتَين \ in duplicate: on two separate copies: Please complete this list in duplicate. \ مِنْ نَسْل \ descendant: sb. who is descended from a person: a descendant of Queen Victoria. \ See Also ذرية (ذُرِّيَّة)‏ \ مِنْ نَفْس البَلَد \ countryman, countrymen: (usu. fellow countryman) a person of the same nation as another. \ مِنْ نوع راق \ classical: of proved and lasting value: classical music. \ مَنْ هُم أَعْلَى مقَامًا \ betters, one’s betters: those who have more experience or higher rank than onself: Treat your betters with more respect. \ See Also أَرْفَع شَأنًا مِن \ مِن هُنَا \ away: (with verbs of movement) to a distance: Go away! We drove the dog away. by: past: Please let me (get) by. He smiled as he went by. \ مَن هو أَعْلَى دَرَجَةً \ superior: sb. of higher rank: You must obey your superiors. \ مِن واجبه أن \ up to: the duty of: It’s up to his father to punish him. \ مِن وَاحِد إلى آخَر \ over: across, from one person to another: She handed over the keys to a friend. \ مِن الواضح \ much: (in comparison; before most, etc.) without doubt; clearly: He is much the most experienced player in the team. \ مِن وَراءِ ظَهْرِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ مِن وَقْت لاِخَر \ now and again: sometimes. off and on, on and off: not continuously; at one time and another: It has been raining off and on the whole day. sometimes: at certain times but not always: Sometimes I win and sometimes I don’t. England sometimes has a hot summer, but not often.

    Arabic-English dictionary > من

  • 46 activo

    adj.
    1 active, vigorous, diligent, animated.
    2 active, running.
    3 active, effectual.
    4 busy.
    m.
    1 asset, assets, commodity.
    2 active soldier.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: activar.
    * * *
    1 active
    1 FINANZAS asset, assets plural
    \
    activo disponible liquid assets plural
    activo y pasivo assets and liabilities
    ————————
    1 FINANZAS asset, assets plural
    * * *
    (f. - activa)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=que obra) active; (=vivo) lively, energetic; (=ocupado) busy
    2) (Ling) active
    2. SM
    1) (Com) assets pl

    activos inmobiliarios — property assets, real-estate assets

    2) (Mil)
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    a) <persona/población> active
    b) (Ling) active
    c) < volcán> active
    II
    a) (bien, derecho) asset
    b) ( conjunto) assets (pl)
    * * *
    = active, assets, underway [under way], lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.], proactive [pro-active], in operation, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], industrious, energetic, up and about.
    Ex. This function can be used when some information on an active order has to be changed.
    Ex. Those eligible normally include only companies with less than 45 million of net fixed assets and fewer than 500 employees.
    Ex. Experiments in improved document delivery systems, and the establishment of networks between libraries are under way.
    Ex. 'Turnover of stock' is, then, an important part of successful and lively bookselling.
    Ex. Compiling information of this nature requires a proactive and not a reactive approach to the task.
    Ex. However, the network remained in operation until its management was taken over by the fascist regime.
    Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex. The article 'Books made to order: libraries as publishers' reviews the practice of publishing as an activity for industrious smaller libraries.
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex. Active kids are happy kids - they like to be up and about, running around and having fun.
    ----
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * activo digital = digital assets.
    * activo fijo = fixed assets.
    * activo fijo tangible = tangible fixed assets.
    * activos socialmente, los = socially committed, the.
    * activo tangible = tangible assets.
    * capital activo = working capital.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hiperactivo = hyperactive.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * personas muy activas, las = those on the go.
    * población activa = work-force [workforce], labour force, working population.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * verbo activo = active verb.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    a) <persona/población> active
    b) (Ling) active
    c) < volcán> active
    II
    a) (bien, derecho) asset
    b) ( conjunto) assets (pl)
    * * *
    = active, assets, underway [under way], lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.], proactive [pro-active], in operation, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], industrious, energetic, up and about.

    Ex: This function can be used when some information on an active order has to be changed.

    Ex: Those eligible normally include only companies with less than 45 million of net fixed assets and fewer than 500 employees.
    Ex: Experiments in improved document delivery systems, and the establishment of networks between libraries are under way.
    Ex: 'Turnover of stock' is, then, an important part of successful and lively bookselling.
    Ex: Compiling information of this nature requires a proactive and not a reactive approach to the task.
    Ex: However, the network remained in operation until its management was taken over by the fascist regime.
    Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex: The article 'Books made to order: libraries as publishers' reviews the practice of publishing as an activity for industrious smaller libraries.
    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex: Active kids are happy kids - they like to be up and about, running around and having fun.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * activo digital = digital assets.
    * activo fijo = fixed assets.
    * activo fijo tangible = tangible fixed assets.
    * activos socialmente, los = socially committed, the.
    * activo tangible = tangible assets.
    * capital activo = working capital.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hiperactivo = hyperactive.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * personas muy activas, las = those on the go.
    * población activa = work-force [workforce], labour force, working population.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * verbo activo = active verb.

    * * *
    activo1 -va
    1 ‹persona/participación› active
    tomar parte activa en algo to take an active part in sth
    2 ‹población/edad› active
    en servicio activo on active service
    3 ( Ling) active
    la voz activa the active (voice)
    4 ‹volcán› active
    1 (bien, derecho) asset
    activos líquidos liquid assets
    2 (conjunto) assets (pl)
    el activo y el pasivo de la empresa the assets and liabilities of the company
    Compuestos:
    current assets (pl)
    frozen assets (pl)
    current assets (pl)
    working assets
    fixed assets (pl)
    floating assets (pl)
    ● activo inmaterial or intangible
    intangible assets (pl)
    property assets (pl), real-estate assets (pl)
    fixed assets (pl)
    invisible assets (pl)
    net assets (pl), net worth
    hidden assets (pl), concealed assets (pl)
    operating assets (pl)
    bankrupt's estate
    corporate assets (pl)
    tangible assets (pl)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo activar: ( conjugate activar)

    activo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    activó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    activar    
    activo
    activar ( conjugate activar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( agilizar) ‹proceso/crecimiento› to speed up;

    ‹economía/producción› to stimulate;
    ‹ circulación› to stimulate;
    ‹ negociaciones› to give fresh impetus to

    ‹ dispositivo› to activate;
    ‹ máquina› to set … in motion
    activarse verbo pronominal [ alarma] to go off;
    [ dispositivo] to start working
    activo 1
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    active
    activo 2 sustantivo masculino
    assets (pl)
    activar verbo transitivo
    1 (poner en marcha) to activate
    2 (acelerar, animar) to liven up: la publicidad les ayudó a activar el negocio, the publicity campaign helped them to bolster up business
    activo,-a
    I adjetivo active
    II m Fin assets pl
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en activo, to be on active service

    ' activo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    activa
    - capital
    - empresarial
    - intensificar
    - liquidación
    - liquidar
    - revalorización
    - sin
    English:
    active
    - asset
    - brisk
    - fixed assets
    - frisky
    - liquidity
    - live
    - move
    - who
    - working
    - fixed
    * * *
    activo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [dinámico] active;
    el principio activo de un medicamento the active ingredient of a medicine;
    es muy activo, siempre está organizando algo he's very active, he's always organizing something or other
    2. [que trabaja]
    la población activa the working population;
    en activo [trabajador] in employment;
    [militar] on active service;
    todavía está en activo he's still working
    3. [eficaz] [veneno, medicamento] fast-acting;
    tiene un veneno poco activo its poison is fairly weak
    4. [volcán] active
    5. Fís [material] active
    6. Gram active
    7. Comp
    Fam
    por activa y por pasiva: hemos tratado por activa y por pasiva de… we have tried everything to…;
    se lo he explicado por activa y por pasiva y no lo entiende I've tried every way I can to explain but she doesn't understand
    ♦ nm
    Fin assets activos de caja available assets, bank reserves;
    activo circulante current assets;
    activo disponible liquid assets;
    activo fijo fixed assets;
    activo financiero financial assets;
    activo inmaterial intangible assets;
    activo inmovilizado fixed assets;
    activos invisibles invisible assets;
    activo líquido liquid assets
    * * *
    I adj
    1 active;
    en activo on active service
    :
    voz activa active voice
    II m COM assets pl
    * * *
    activo, -va adj
    : active
    ♦ activamente adv
    activo nm
    : assets pl
    activo y pasivo: assets and liabilities
    * * *
    activo adj active

    Spanish-English dictionary > activo

  • 47 consecutivo

    adj.
    1 consecutive, serial, successive, sequential.
    2 consecutive, expressing consequence or result.
    m.
    1 consecutive file.
    2 consecutive history, consecutive filing.
    * * *
    1 consecutive
    * * *
    (f. - consecutiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) ( seguido) consecutive
    b) (Ling) consecutive
    * * *
    = adjacent, consecutive, serial, in a row, back-to-back, sequenced.
    Ex. Before him there are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions.
    Ex. This is used for the linking of consecutive UDC class numbers.
    Ex. Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but good to read aloud in a few serial sessions.
    Ex. The integrated library systems installed in Canandian libraries are surveyed for the 3rd year in a row.
    Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex. This report is structured to provide readers with a sequenced view of how the information consumer finds, uses, evaluates and favors information sources.
    ----
    * relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) ( seguido) consecutive
    b) (Ling) consecutive
    * * *
    = adjacent, consecutive, serial, in a row, back-to-back, sequenced.

    Ex: Before him there are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions.

    Ex: This is used for the linking of consecutive UDC class numbers.
    Ex: Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but good to read aloud in a few serial sessions.
    Ex: The integrated library systems installed in Canandian libraries are surveyed for the 3rd year in a row.
    Ex: The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex: This report is structured to provide readers with a sequenced view of how the information consumer finds, uses, evaluates and favors information sources.
    * relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.

    * * *
    1 (seguido) consecutive
    cuatro días consecutivos four days in a row, four consecutive days
    2 ( Ling) consecutive
    * * *

    consecutivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    consecutive
    consecutivo,-a adjetivo consecutive

    ' consecutivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consecutiva
    - tan
    English:
    consecutive
    - straight
    - succession
    - successive
    - running
    * * *
    consecutivo, -a adj
    consecutive;
    tres victorias consecutivas three consecutive victories, three victories in a row;
    siete semanas consecutivas seven consecutive weeks, Br seven weeks on end, US seven straight weeks
    * * *
    adj
    1 consecutive;
    tres años consecutivos three years in a row
    2 GRAM consecutive
    * * *
    consecutivo, -va adj
    : consecutive, successive
    * * *
    consecutivo adj running

    Spanish-English dictionary > consecutivo

  • 48 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 49 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 50 eau

    eau (plural eaux) [o]
    1. feminine noun
       a. water ; ( = pluie) rain
    • sans eau [alcool] neat
    • laver à grande eau [+ sol] to wash down ; (avec un tuyau) to hose down ; [+ légumes] to wash thoroughly
    • mettre à l'eau [+ bateau] to launch
    • aller sur l'eau ( = flotter) to be buoyant ; ( = naviguer) to sail
    • mettre de l'eau dans son vin ( = modérer ses prétentions) to climb down ; ( = faire des concessions) to make concessions
    2. plural feminine noun
       a. [de fleuve] basses eaux low water
    ► les Eaux et Forêts ≈ the Forestry Commission (Brit), ≈ the Forest Service (US)
    * * *
    * * *
    əay abr nmpl
    Émirats arabes unis UAE, (United Arab Emirates)
    * * *
    eau, pl eaux
    A nf
    1 Chimie, gén water; verre d'eau glass of water; l'eau de source/du robinet spring/tap water; eau de pluie rainwater ¢; pastis/ouzo sans eau neat pastis/ouzo; ⇒ bébé, bec, boudin, clair, goutte, moulin, pont;
    2 ( masse) water; au bord de l'eau by the water; à la surface de l' eau on the surface of the water; l'eau est chaude the water is warm; une eau boueuse/jaunâtre muddy/yellowish water; avoir la tête hors de l'eau lit to have one's head out of the water; fig to keep one's head above water; l'eau de la rivière/du lac the water in the river/the lake; prendre l'eau [chaussure] to let in water; aller sur l'eau to float; faire eau to leak; être à l'eau lit [barque, canot] to be launched; fig [projet, plan] to have gone down the drain; être en eau lit [piscine, réservoir] to be full of water; fig [personne] to be dripping with sweat; mettre à l'eau to launch [bateau]; to push [sb] into the water [personne]; mettre en eau lit to fill with water [piscine, réservoir]; fig to make [sb] sweat [personne]; se mettre à l'eau to get into the water; se jeter à l'eau lit to throw oneself into the water; fig to take the plunge; tomber à l'eau lit [personne, objet] to fall into the water; fig [projet, plan] to fall through; nettoyer le sol à grande eau to sluice the floor down;
    3 ( approvisionnement) water; avoir l'eau et l'électricité to have water and electricity laid on GB, to be hooked up for water and electricity US; eau courante running water; avoir l'eau (courante) to have running water; avoir l'eau froide et l'eau chaude to have hot and cold water; couper l'eau to turn the water off at the mains; consommation d'eau water consumption;
    4 ( pluie) rain; trois centimètres d'eau three centimetresGB of rain;
    5 Minér ( transparence) water; émeraude de la plus belle eau emerald of the first water.
    B eaux nfpl
    1 Géog, Géol ( niveau) water (sg); ( masse) waters; les eaux ont baissé the water has gone down; les eaux ont reculé the waters have receded; eaux troubles lit muddy waters; fig troubled waters;
    2 Physiol ( liquide amniotique) waters; elle perd or a perdu ses eaux her waters have broken;
    3 † Méd waters; prendre les eaux to take the waters; ⇒ bas, grand.
    eau bénite holy water; eau capsulée bottled water; eau céleste fungicidal spray used in vineyards; eau de chaux limewater; eau de Cologne (eau de) cologne; eau dentifrice mouthwash; eau distillée distilled water; eau douce fresh water; eau de fleur d'oranger orange-flower water; eau de Javel ≈ chloride bleach; eau de lavande lavender water; eau lourde heavy water; eau de mer seawater; eau minérale mineral water; eau minérale gazeuse sparkling mineral water; eau minérale naturelle still mineral water; eau oxygénée hydrogen peroxide; eau de parfum eau de parfum; eau de parfum eau de parfum; eau piquante○ fizzy water; eau plate ( du robinet) plain water; ( minérale) still mineral water; eau de rose rose water; à l'eau de rose [roman, film] sentimental, schmaltzy○ US; eau savonneuse soapy water; eau de Seltz seltzer water; eau sucrée sugared water; eau de toilette eau de toilette; eau tonique tonic water; eau de vaisselle lit washing-up water GB, dishwater; fig dishwater; eau vive white-water; kayak en eau vive white-water canoeing; eaux de crue floodwaters ¢; eaux de fonte meltwater ¢; eaux et forêts Admin forestry authority; ingénieur des eaux et forêts forestry officer; eaux grasses slops; eaux internationales international waters; eaux ménagères domestic sewage ¢, grey water GB; eaux minérales mineral water ¢; eaux de ruissellement runoff ¢; eaux souterraines underground water ¢; eaux territoriales territorial waters; eaux thermales thermal waters; eaux usées wastewater ¢.
    mettre l'eau à la bouche de qn to make sb's mouth water; j'en ai l'eau à la bouche my mouth is watering; c'est l'eau et le feu they are like chalk and cheese; être de la même eau to be of the same kidney; ou dans ces eaux-là○ or thereabouts; vivre d'amour et d'eau fraîche to live on love alone.
    ( pluriel eaux) [o] nom féminin
    1. [liquide incolore] water
    des légumes/melons pleins d'eau watery vegetables/melons
    prendre l'eau [chaussure, tente] to leak, to be leaky, to be leaking
    eau déminéralisée/distillée demineralized/distilled water
    eau de vaisselle dish ou washing-up water
    jeu d'eau ou d'eaux fountains
    ça doit valoir 150 euros, enfin, c'est dans ces eaux-là! (familier) it costs around 150 euros more or less
    il est passé/il passera beaucoup d'eau sous les ponts a lot of water has gone/will flow under the bridge
    2. [boisson] water
    eau gazeuse soda ou fizzy water
    a. [pour les animaux] watering hole
    b. [dans un village] standpipe
    mettre de l'eau dans son vin to climb down, to back off
    finir ou partir ou tourner ou s'en aller en eau de boudin (familier) to peter ou to fizzle out
    4. [parfum, PHARMACIE]
    eau de Javel bleach, Clorox® (US)
    6. [limpidité - d'un diamant] water
    de la plus belle eau (sens propre & figuré) of the first water
    faire de l'eau [s'approvisionner] to take on water
    faire eau [avoir une fuite] to take on water
    ————————
    eaux nom féminin pluriel
    1. [masse] water
    hautes/basses eaux GÉOGRAPHIE high/low water
    2. NAUTIQUE [zone] waters
    eaux internationales/territoriales international/territorial waters
    3. [d'une accouchée] waters
    4. [thermes]
    prendre les eaux to take the waters, to stay at a spa (for one's health)
    les Eaux et Forêts ≃ the Forestry Commission
    à grande eau locution adverbiale
    a. [au jet] to hose down
    b. [dans un évier, une bassine] to wash in a lot of water
    ————————
    à l'eau locution adjectivale
    2. [perdu]
    ————————
    à l'eau locution adverbiale
    a. [légumes] to boil
    b. [fruits] to poach
    se jeter ou se lancer à l'eau to take the plunge
    à l'eau de rose locution adjectivale
    de la même eau locution adjectivale
    en eau locution adjectivale
    en eau profonde locution adverbiale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > eau

  • 51 Х-56

    ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что VP subj: human usu. this WO
    1. ( usu. pfv) to set sth.
    usu. a factory, plant etc) operating
    X пустил Y в ход = X got (set) Y going (running).
    «Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся» (Залыгин 1). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).
    2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО ( var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc) to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal
    X пустил в ход Y = X put Y to use
    X used (utilized) Y X made use of Y X brought Y into play (into service, into action) (in limited contexts) X set Y in motion X resorted to Y
    X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) - X turned on the (all his) charm
    X пустил в ход всё (все средства) - X used all possible (available) means
    X did everything in his power.
    У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).
    «Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается» (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)
    Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть» (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).
    Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).
    Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавел ой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, (Чернышевский) сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he (Chernyshevski) at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).
    (Юлия:) Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пущу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). (J.:) The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).
    3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.: X пустил в ход Y = X put Y in(to) circulation
    X brought Y into widespread use X started Y.
    «Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!» (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).
    Кто пустил его (Самиздат) в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it (samizdat), nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Х-56

  • 52 пускать в дело

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что
    [VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:
    - X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).
         ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).
    2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]
    ⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;
    - X brought Y into play (into service, into action);
    - [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;
    || X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;
    - X did everything in his power.
         ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).
         ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)
         ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).
         ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).
         ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).
         ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).
    3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;
    - X started Y.
         ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).
         ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пускать в дело

  • 53 пускать в ход

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что
    [VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:
    - X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).
         ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).
    2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]
    ⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;
    - X brought Y into play (into service, into action);
    - [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;
    || X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;
    - X did everything in his power.
         ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).
         ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)
         ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).
         ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).
         ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).
         ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).
    3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;
    - X started Y.
         ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).
         ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пускать в ход

  • 54 пустить в дело

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что
    [VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:
    - X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).
         ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).
    2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]
    ⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;
    - X brought Y into play (into service, into action);
    - [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;
    || X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;
    - X did everything in his power.
         ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).
         ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)
         ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).
         ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).
         ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).
         ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).
    3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;
    - X started Y.
         ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).
         ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пустить в дело

  • 55 пустить в ход

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что
    [VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. pfv]
    ⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:
    - X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).
         ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).
    2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]
    ⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;
    - X brought Y into play (into service, into action);
    - [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;
    || X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;
    - X did everything in his power.
         ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).
         ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)
         ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).
         ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).
         ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).
         ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).
    3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:
    - X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;
    - X started Y.
         ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).
         ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пустить в ход

  • 56 das

    I best. Art. the; das Gute the good; das Laufen running; das Fernsehen television; das eine ist falsch, das andere richtig one is wrong, the other (one) is right; das Tier (alle Tiere) the animal kingdom; das Vorkriegsdeutschland pre-war Germany; ich wusch mir das Gesicht I washed my face; zwei Euro das Kilo two euros a kilo
    II Dem. Pron. that, this, those Pl.; das ist der neue Chef that’s the new boss; das sind meine Bücher those are my books; das da that one (there); das war ich that was me; das, was er sagt what he says; das ist es ja! that’s just it ( oder the point)!; sie wurde gelobt, auch das noch! that’s all I need, that tops the lot!; und das mit Recht and quite right too, Am. auch and how! umg.; nur das nicht! anything but that!
    III Rel. Pron. bei Personen: who (Nom.) whom (Akk) bei Sachen: which; das Kind, das ich meine the child I’m referring to; das Erste, das ich tat the first thing I did; das Haus, das abgerissen wird the house which (Am. meist that) is being demolished; der
    * * *
    the ( Artikel)
    * * *
    dạs [das] [das] See: → der
    * * *
    1) ((used in place of a word, phrase etc previously used, or something previously stated) as already indicated: `Are you really leaving your job?' `Yes, I've already told you / said so'; `Is she arriving tomorrow?' `Yes, I hope so'; If you haven't read the notice, please do so now; `Is that so (= true)?' `Yes, it's really so'; `Was your father angry?' `Yes, even more so than I was expecting - in fact, so much so that he refused to speak to me all day!) so
    2) (used for a thing etc or a person nearby or close in time: Read this - you'll like it; This is my friend John Smith.) this
    * * *
    [das]
    I. art def, nom und akk sing nt
    1. (allgemein) the
    \das Buch/Haus/Schiff the book/house/ship
    2. (bei Körperteilen)
    er hob \das Bein he lifted his leg
    sich dat \das Genick brechen to break one's neck
    sich dat \das Gesicht waschen to wash one's face
    \das Glück/Leben/Schicksal happiness/life/fate
    der wichtigste Export ist \das Gold/Öl the key export is gold/oil; (bei spezifischen Stoffen) the
    \das Holz dieses Stuhls ist morsch the wood in this chair is rotten
    \das Foto/Model des Jahres the photo/model of the year
    es ist \das Geschenk für Oma! it's just the present for grandma!
    \das Tessin Ticino
    \das Deutschland der 60er Jahre Germany in the sixties
    \das tägliche Brot one's daily bread
    der Traktor ersetzte \das Pferd the tractor replaced the horse
    8. (nach Angaben)
    10 Euro \das Stück €10 apiece [or each
    9. (vor Substantiviertem)
    \das Arbeiten in einer Fabrik working in a factory
    \das Ärgerliche/Gute what is annoying/good
    \das Schlimme ist,... the bad news is...
    \das Schöne an ihr the nice thing about her
    II. pron dem, nom und akk sing nt
    1. attr, betont
    \das Kind war es! it was that child!
    \das Kleid trägt sie morgen she'll be wearing that dress [or that dress she'll be wearing] tomorrow
    \das Buch/Haus/Schiff da that book/house/ship [there]
    \das Buch/Haus/Schiff hier this book/house/ship [here]
    \das Buch muss man gelesen haben! that's a book you have to read!
    er behauptet, \das und \das Tier gezüchtet zu haben he claims to have bred such and such an animal
    \das ist doch Unsinn! that's nonsense!
    was ist denn \das? (fam) what on earth is that/this?
    \das da that one [there]
    \das da oben ist eine Haufenwolke that [thing] up there is a cumulus
    \das hier this one [here]
    \das und \das such and such
    \das mit den Streifen that/this one with the stripes
    ach das! (pej) oh that!
    das Baby, \das ist so süß! the baby is so sweet!
    mein altes Auto? \das hab ich längst verkauft my old car? I sold it [or that] ages ago
    das Biest, \das! the beast!
    \das, was noch kommen wird that which is to come
    sie ist enttäuscht, und \das mit Recht she's disappointed, and she has every right to be
    auch \das noch! (fam) as if I didn't have enough problems!
    mein Fahrrad quietscht, \das braucht bestimmt Öl my bike's squeaking, it must need oiling
    das Mädchen kommt wieder, \das ist ein Prachtstück! the girl will be here again, she's a real beauty!
    III. pron rel, nom und akk sing nt that; (Person a.) who/whom form; (Gegenstand, Tier a.) which
    ich hörte/sah ein Auto, \das um die Ecke fuhr I heard/saw a car driving around the corner
    das Mädchen, \das gut singen kann,... (einschränkend) the girl who [or that] can sing well...; (nicht einschränkend) the girl, who can sing well,...
    das Buch, \das letztes Jahr erschienen ist,... (einschränkend) the book that [or which] was published last year...; (nicht einschränkend) the book, which was published last year,...
    das Mädchen, \das der Lehrer anspricht,... (einschränkend) the girl [who [or that]] the teacher is talking to..., the girl to whom the teacher is talking... form; (nicht einschränkend) the girl, who the teacher is talking to,..., the girl, to whom the teacher is talking,... form
    das Bild, \das alle betrachten,... (einschränkend) the picture [that [or which]] everyone is looking at..., the picture at which everyone is looking... form; (nicht einschränkend) the picture, which everyone is looking at,..., the picture, at which everyone is looking,... form; s.a. der, die
    * * *
    1.
    bestimmter Artikel Nom. u. Akk. the

    das Laufen fällt ihm schwer — walking is difficult for him

    2.
    1) attr

    das [da] — that one

    das [hier] — this one [here]

    3.
    Relativpronomen (Mensch) who; that; (Sache, Tier) which; that

    das Mädchen, das da drüben entlanggeht — the girl walking along over there

    * * *
    A. best art the;
    das Gute the good;
    das Laufen running;
    das Fernsehen television;
    das eine ist falsch, das andere richtig one is wrong, the other (one) is right;
    das Tier (alle Tiere) the animal kingdom;
    das Vorkriegsdeutschland pre-war Germany;
    ich wusch mir das Gesicht I washed my face;
    zwei Euro das Kilo two euros a kilo
    B. dem pr that, this, those pl;
    das ist der neue Chef that’s the new boss;
    das sind meine Bücher those are my books;
    das da that one (there);
    das war ich that was me;
    das, was er sagt what he says;
    das ist es ja! that’s just it ( oder the point)!; sie wurde gelobt,
    auch das noch! that’s all I need, that tops the lot!;
    und das mit Recht and quite right too, US auch and how! umg;
    nur das nicht! anything but that!
    C. rel pr bei Personen: who (nom); whom (akk); bei Sachen: which;
    das Kind, das ich meine the child I’m referring to;
    das Erste, das ich tat the first thing I did;
    das Haus, das abgerissen wird the house which (US meist that) is being demolished; → der
    * * *
    1.
    bestimmter Artikel Nom. u. Akk. the
    2.
    1) attr

    das [da] — that one

    das [hier] — this one [here]

    3.
    Relativpronomen (Mensch) who; that; (Sache, Tier) which; that

    das Mädchen, das da drüben entlanggeht — the girl walking along over there

    * * *
    art.n.
    the art. pron.
    that pron.
    what pron.
    which pron.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > das

  • 57 Á

    * * *
    a negative suffix to verbs, not;
    era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.
    * * *
    1.
    á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]
    With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
    WITH DAT.
    A. Loc.
    I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.
    II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.
    2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).
    3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.
    4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.
    III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
    B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:
    I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.
    II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.
    III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.
    IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
    C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:
    I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.
    2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.
    3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.
    II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.
    III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.
    IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’
    2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.
    V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.
    VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.
    VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.
    VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
    WITH ACC.
    A. Loc.
    I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.
    2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.
    3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.
    II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:
    1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.
    2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.
    III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.
    IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.
    V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.
    VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.
    VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
    B. TEMP.
    I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.
    II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.
    III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.
    IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.
    V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.
    VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.
    VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.
    C. Metaph. and in various relations:
    I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.
    β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.
    II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:
    1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.
    2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.
    3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.
    β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.
    III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.
    IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:
    1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.
    2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.
    3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.
    V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.
    VI. connected with nouns,
    1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.
    2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.
    3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.
    VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.
    2.
    f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.
    COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > Á

  • 58 go

    I 1. [gəʊ]
    verbo intransitivo (3 a persona sing. pres. goes; pass. went; p.pass. gone)
    1) (move, travel) andare

    to go to London, to the States, to Ireland — andare a Londra, negli Stati Uniti, in Irlanda

    to go to town, to the country — andare in città, in campagna

    to go up, down, across — salire, scendere, attraversare

    to go by train, plane — andare o viaggiare in treno, aereo

    to go by o past [person, vehicle] passare, superare; there he goes again! (that's him again) rieccolo là! fig. (he's starting again) eccolo che ricomincia! where do we go from here? — fig. e adesso cosa facciamo?

    2) (on specific errand, activity) andare

    to go for a walk, a drink — andare a fare una passeggiata, a bere qualcosa

    to go on holiday, on a journey — andare in vacanza, a fare un viaggio

    3) (attend) andare
    5) (depart) andare, partire

    I must go, I must be going — devo andare

    6) eufem. (die) morire, dipartirsi

    when I am gone — quando me ne sarò andato o non sarò più qui

    7) (disappear) partire, andare
    8) (be sent, transmitted)

    to go red — arrossire, diventare rosso

    to go white — diventare bianco, imbiancare

    to go Labour — pol. [country, constituency] votare per il partito laburista

    11) (be, remain)

    his voice, hearing is going — sta perdendo la voce, sta diventando sordo

    13) (elapse) passare, trascorrere

    three hours went by before... — passarono tre ore prima che...

    either she goes or I do! — o se ne va lei, o me ne vado io o lo faccio io!

    15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] andare, funzionare

    to set sth. going — mettere in funzione o in moto qcs.

    to get going — [engine, machine] mettersi in moto; fig. [ business] avviarsi, decollare

    to keep going — [ person] tenere duro; [ machine] continuare a funzionare; [ business] continuare ad andare bene

    to get things going — darci dentro, muoversi

    ready, steady, go! — pronti, partenza, via!

    here goes! here we go! forza! ci siamo! once he gets going, he never stops — una volta partito, non si ferma più o non lo ferma più nessuno

    17) (lead) andare, condurre, portare

    the road goes down to the sea, goes up the mountain — la strada scende verso il mare, sale verso la montagna

    to go very deep — [ roots] andare molto profondo; [reasons, habits] avere radici profonde, risalire a molto tempo fa

    19) (belong, be placed) andare
    20) (fit) entrare

    the story goes that — corre voce o si dice che

    what he says goes — quello che dice lui, va bene

    anything goes — tutto è permesso, qualsiasi cosa va bene

    it's going to snow — nevicherà, sta per nevicare

    the way things are going... — da come vanno le cose...

    how are things going? how's it going? — colloq. come vanno le cose? come va?

    how goes it? — scherz. come va?

    it's old, as Australian towns go — per essere una città australiana, è vecchia

    it wasn't a bad party, as parties go — non è stata una brutta festa rispetto alla media

    to go for over Ј 100,000 — andare o essere venduto per oltre 100.000 sterline

    "going, going, gone!" — (at auction) "centomila, ecc. e uno, centomila, ecc. e due, centomila, ecc. e tre, aggiudicato!"

    I'll have some coffee, if there's any going — prenderò un caffè, se ce n'è

    29) (be given) [award, job] andare; [estate, inheritance, title] andare, passare

    to go to charity — [ money] andare in beneficenza

    then he had to go and lose his wallet — come se non bastasse, ha anche perso il portafoglio

    32) (make sound, perform action or movement) fare; [bell, alarm] suonare

    the cat went "miaow" — il gatto ha fatto "miao"

    so he goes "what about my money?" — colloq. poi fa "e i miei soldi?"

    to go to war — [ country] entrare in guerra; [ soldier] andare in guerra

    to go to law — BE o

    to the law — AE ricorrere alla giustizia

    34) (break, collapse) [ roof] sfondarsi; [cable, rope] spezzarsi, cedere; [ light bulb] bruciarsi

    you go first — prima tu, dopo di te

    2.
    verbo transitivo (3 a persona sing. pres. goes; pass. went; p.pass. gone)

    we had gone ten miles before we realized that... — abbiamo fatto dieci miglia prima di accorgerci che...

    ••

    to go one better than sb. — fare meglio di o superare qcn.

    there you go! — colloq. voilà!

    II [gəʊ]
    nome (pl. goes)
    1) BE (turn) turno m.; (try) tentativo m.

    it's your go — è il tuo turno, tocca a te

    to have a go at sth. — provare a o tentare di fare qcs.

    2) colloq. (energy) entusiasmo m.

    to be full of go, to be all go — essere pieno di energia o vita

    ••

    to have a go at sb. — prendersela con qcn.

    to make a go of sth. — fare un successo di qcs.

    he's always on the go — è sempre in movimento, non si ferma mai

    in one go — in un colpo solo, in una volta

    * * *
    [ɡəu] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - goes; verb
    1) (to walk, travel, move etc: He is going across the field; Go straight ahead; When did he go out?) andare
    2) (to be sent, passed on etc: Complaints have to go through the proper channels.) passare
    3) (to be given, sold etc: The prize goes to John Smith; The table went for $100.) andare; essere venduto
    4) (to lead to: Where does this road go?) andare
    5) (to visit, to attend: He goes to school every day; I decided not to go to the movie.) andare
    6) (to be destroyed etc: This wall will have to go.) andarsene
    7) (to proceed, be done: The meeting went very well.) scorrere
    8) (to move away: I think it is time you were going.) partire
    9) (to disappear: My purse has gone!) scomparire
    10) (to do (some action or activity): I'm going for a walk; I'm going hiking next week-end.) andare
    11) (to fail etc: I think the clutch on this car has gone.) cedere
    12) (to be working etc: I don't think that clock is going.) camminare, funzionare
    13) (to become: These apples have gone bad.) diventare
    14) (to be: Many people in the world regularly go hungry.) andare
    15) (to be put: Spoons go in that drawer.) passare
    16) (to pass: Time goes quickly when you are enjoying yourself.) essere permesso
    17) (to be used: All her pocket-money goes on sweets.) fare
    18) (to be acceptable etc: Anything goes in this office.) essere
    19) (to make a particular noise: Dogs go woof, not miaow.) andare
    20) (to have a particular tune etc: How does that song go?) fare
    21) (to become successful etc: She always makes a party go.) riuscire
    2. noun
    1) (an attempt: I'm not sure how to do it, but I'll have a go.) prova, tentativo
    2) (energy: She's full of go.) energia
    •
    3. adjective
    1) (successful: That shop is still a going concern.) fiorente
    2) (in existence at present: the going rate for typing manuscripts.) corrente
    •
    4. noun
    (permission: We'll start as soon as we get the go-ahead.) (il) via
    - going-over
    - goings-on
    - no-go
    - all go
    - be going on for
    - be going on
    - be going strong
    - from the word go
    - get going
    - give the go-by
    - go about
    - go after
    - go against
    - go along
    - go along with
    - go around
    - go around with
    - go at
    - go back
    - go back on
    - go by
    - go down
    - go far
    - go for
    - go in
    - go in for
    - go into
    - go off
    - go on
    - go on at
    - go out
    - go over
    - go round
    - go slow
    - go steady
    - go through
    - go through with
    - go too far
    - go towards
    - go up
    - go up in smoke/flames
    - go with
    - go without
    - keep going
    - make a go of something
    - make a go
    - on the go
    * * *
    I 1. [gəʊ]
    verbo intransitivo (3 a persona sing. pres. goes; pass. went; p.pass. gone)
    1) (move, travel) andare

    to go to London, to the States, to Ireland — andare a Londra, negli Stati Uniti, in Irlanda

    to go to town, to the country — andare in città, in campagna

    to go up, down, across — salire, scendere, attraversare

    to go by train, plane — andare o viaggiare in treno, aereo

    to go by o past [person, vehicle] passare, superare; there he goes again! (that's him again) rieccolo là! fig. (he's starting again) eccolo che ricomincia! where do we go from here? — fig. e adesso cosa facciamo?

    2) (on specific errand, activity) andare

    to go for a walk, a drink — andare a fare una passeggiata, a bere qualcosa

    to go on holiday, on a journey — andare in vacanza, a fare un viaggio

    3) (attend) andare
    5) (depart) andare, partire

    I must go, I must be going — devo andare

    6) eufem. (die) morire, dipartirsi

    when I am gone — quando me ne sarò andato o non sarò più qui

    7) (disappear) partire, andare
    8) (be sent, transmitted)

    to go red — arrossire, diventare rosso

    to go white — diventare bianco, imbiancare

    to go Labour — pol. [country, constituency] votare per il partito laburista

    11) (be, remain)

    his voice, hearing is going — sta perdendo la voce, sta diventando sordo

    13) (elapse) passare, trascorrere

    three hours went by before... — passarono tre ore prima che...

    either she goes or I do! — o se ne va lei, o me ne vado io o lo faccio io!

    15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] andare, funzionare

    to set sth. going — mettere in funzione o in moto qcs.

    to get going — [engine, machine] mettersi in moto; fig. [ business] avviarsi, decollare

    to keep going — [ person] tenere duro; [ machine] continuare a funzionare; [ business] continuare ad andare bene

    to get things going — darci dentro, muoversi

    ready, steady, go! — pronti, partenza, via!

    here goes! here we go! forza! ci siamo! once he gets going, he never stops — una volta partito, non si ferma più o non lo ferma più nessuno

    17) (lead) andare, condurre, portare

    the road goes down to the sea, goes up the mountain — la strada scende verso il mare, sale verso la montagna

    to go very deep — [ roots] andare molto profondo; [reasons, habits] avere radici profonde, risalire a molto tempo fa

    19) (belong, be placed) andare
    20) (fit) entrare

    the story goes that — corre voce o si dice che

    what he says goes — quello che dice lui, va bene

    anything goes — tutto è permesso, qualsiasi cosa va bene

    it's going to snow — nevicherà, sta per nevicare

    the way things are going... — da come vanno le cose...

    how are things going? how's it going? — colloq. come vanno le cose? come va?

    how goes it? — scherz. come va?

    it's old, as Australian towns go — per essere una città australiana, è vecchia

    it wasn't a bad party, as parties go — non è stata una brutta festa rispetto alla media

    to go for over Ј 100,000 — andare o essere venduto per oltre 100.000 sterline

    "going, going, gone!" — (at auction) "centomila, ecc. e uno, centomila, ecc. e due, centomila, ecc. e tre, aggiudicato!"

    I'll have some coffee, if there's any going — prenderò un caffè, se ce n'è

    29) (be given) [award, job] andare; [estate, inheritance, title] andare, passare

    to go to charity — [ money] andare in beneficenza

    then he had to go and lose his wallet — come se non bastasse, ha anche perso il portafoglio

    32) (make sound, perform action or movement) fare; [bell, alarm] suonare

    the cat went "miaow" — il gatto ha fatto "miao"

    so he goes "what about my money?" — colloq. poi fa "e i miei soldi?"

    to go to war — [ country] entrare in guerra; [ soldier] andare in guerra

    to go to law — BE o

    to the law — AE ricorrere alla giustizia

    34) (break, collapse) [ roof] sfondarsi; [cable, rope] spezzarsi, cedere; [ light bulb] bruciarsi

    you go first — prima tu, dopo di te

    2.
    verbo transitivo (3 a persona sing. pres. goes; pass. went; p.pass. gone)

    we had gone ten miles before we realized that... — abbiamo fatto dieci miglia prima di accorgerci che...

    ••

    to go one better than sb. — fare meglio di o superare qcn.

    there you go! — colloq. voilà!

    II [gəʊ]
    nome (pl. goes)
    1) BE (turn) turno m.; (try) tentativo m.

    it's your go — è il tuo turno, tocca a te

    to have a go at sth. — provare a o tentare di fare qcs.

    2) colloq. (energy) entusiasmo m.

    to be full of go, to be all go — essere pieno di energia o vita

    ••

    to have a go at sb. — prendersela con qcn.

    to make a go of sth. — fare un successo di qcs.

    he's always on the go — è sempre in movimento, non si ferma mai

    in one go — in un colpo solo, in una volta

    English-Italian dictionary > go

  • 59 sorry

    ['sɒrɪ] 1.
    1) (apologetic) spiacente, dispiaciuto; (for emphasis) desolato

    I'm sorry — mi spiace, mi rincresce

    to be sorry for doing, to do — scusarsi o essere spiacente di avere fatto, di fare

    to be sorry about — scusarsi di [behaviour, mistake]

    to say sorry — chiedere scusa, scusarsi

    I'm sorry to hear of o that mi dispiace sentire che; I'm very sorry about your uncle sono addolorato per tuo zio; to feel sorry for oneself — compiangersi, autocommiserarsi

    and, I'm sorry to say — e, mi spiace dirlo

    4) (pathetic) [ state] pietoso; [ sight] penoso; [ person] misero
    2.
    1) (apologizing) scusa
    2) (failing to hear, understand)

    sorry, time is running out — scusate o spiacente, ma il tempo sta per scadere

    we have two, sorry, three options — abbiamo due, cosa dico, tre scelte

    sorry, may I just say that — scusate, volevo soltanto dire che

    * * *
    ['sori] 1. adjective
    1) (used when apologizing or expressing regret: I'm sorry (that) I forgot to return your book; Did I give you a fright? I'm sorry.) spiacente, dispiaciuto
    2) (apologetic or full of regret: I think he's really sorry for his bad behaviour; I'm sure you were sorry to hear about his death.) dispiaciuto
    3) (unsatisfactory; poor; wretched: a sorry state of affairs.) penoso, misero
    2. interjection
    1) (used when apologizing: Did I tread on your toe? Sorry!) scusa, scusate, scusi
    2) ((used when asking a person to repeat what he has said) I beg your pardon?: Sorry (, what did you say)?) come?, prego?
    •
    * * *
    ['sɒrɪ] 1.
    1) (apologetic) spiacente, dispiaciuto; (for emphasis) desolato

    I'm sorry — mi spiace, mi rincresce

    to be sorry for doing, to do — scusarsi o essere spiacente di avere fatto, di fare

    to be sorry about — scusarsi di [behaviour, mistake]

    to say sorry — chiedere scusa, scusarsi

    I'm sorry to hear of o that mi dispiace sentire che; I'm very sorry about your uncle sono addolorato per tuo zio; to feel sorry for oneself — compiangersi, autocommiserarsi

    and, I'm sorry to say — e, mi spiace dirlo

    4) (pathetic) [ state] pietoso; [ sight] penoso; [ person] misero
    2.
    1) (apologizing) scusa
    2) (failing to hear, understand)

    sorry, time is running out — scusate o spiacente, ma il tempo sta per scadere

    we have two, sorry, three options — abbiamo due, cosa dico, tre scelte

    sorry, may I just say that — scusate, volevo soltanto dire che

    English-Italian dictionary > sorry

  • 60 Reed Counting Systems

    Reeds are counted in two systems: (1) Those in which the count or sett is expressed by the number of dents or splits contained in a given space, and include the Radcliffe, Huddersfield, Stockport, Scottish and Macclesfield systems; (2) those in which the count or sett indicates the number of groups of dents contained in a given space. These groups are variously termed beers, porties, or porters, and include the Bolton, Bradford, Dewsbury, Leeds, and Dundee systems. For details see under each system given. REED, ERDMANN - A patented reed used to weave ondule or waved patterns. The wires are specially shaped, and the reeds are raised and lowered in the loom while weaving. REED, FLEXIBLE - Specially constructed reeds used for leno weaving where the douping threads are very thick. They are made by wrapping only one baulk with pitched cord and the other with unpitched cord. REED MARKS - Marks or streaks running the warp way of the cloth. Marks uniformly across the cloth are usually due to insufficient warp threads per inch. Isolated marks may be due to a defective reed. Reed marks may also be caused by incorrect setting of the warp rollers, incorrect timing of shedding and picking, and also by wrong weighting of the warp. REED, OMBRE - A mill term in the U.S.A. for reed marks in cloth showing in the form of streaks running warp way and caused by irregular spacing of the warp threads. REEDS, ONDULE, FAN, or PAQUET - Specially constructed reeds used for weaving wave effects down the cloth. They are of many forms, and when weaving are raised and lowered as required for pattern (see Ondule)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Reed Counting Systems

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