hard

ădămas, antis, m. (acc. Gr. adamanta, adamantas), = adamas (invincible), adamant, the hard est iron or steel; hence poet., for any thing inflexible, firm, lasting, etc. (first used by Verg.):

porta adversa ingens solidoque adamante columnae,

Verg. A. 6, 552; cf. Mart. 5, 11;

adamante texto vincire,

with adamantine chains, Sen. Herc. F. 807.— Trop. of character, hard, unyielding, inexorable:

nec rigidos silices solidumve in pectore ferrum aut adamanta gerit,

a heart of stone, Ov. M. 9, 615:

lacrimis adamanta movebis,

will move a heart of stone, id. A. A. 1, 659; so id. Tr. 4, 8, 45:

voce tua posses adamanta movere,

Mart. 7, 99:

duro nec enim ex adamante creati, Sed tua turba sumus,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 69. —

The diamond:

adamanta infragilem omni cetera vi sanguine hireino rumpente,

Plin. 20, prooem. 1; 37, 4, 15, § 55 sq.

con-gĕlo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n.

Act., to cause to freeze up, to congeal.

Lit.:

sal,

Vitr. 8, 3:

oleum,

Col. 1, 6, 18; 12, 50, 12:

pruinas,

Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 277:

radices,

Col. 3, 12, 1:

mare congelatum,

the sea being frozen, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 4:

congelati gutta nasi,

Mart. 11, 98, 7.—

Transf., to thicken, make hard:

lac,

to curdle, Col. 7, 8, 6:

in lapidem rictus serpentis,

Ov. M. 11, 60:

ubi se adeps congelaverit,

Scrib. Comp. 271.—Humorously:

quid prodest, si te congelat uxor anus?

Mart. 14, 147, 2.—

Neutr., to freeze, freeze up.

Lit.: Ister congelat, Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 30.—

Transf., to grow hard:

lingua,

Ov. M. 6, 307; 15, 415. —

Trop.: gaudebam sane et congelasse nostrum amicum laetabar otio, had frozen together, i. e. had become wholly inactive, * Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 3; cf. conglacio, I. B.

cornĕus, a, um, adj. [cornu].

Of horn, horny, horn- (rare but class.): corneo proceroque rostro (ibes), * Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101:

ora,

Ov. M. 8, 545:

arcus,

id. ib. 1, 697:

pyxis,

Plin. 29, 6, 39, § 142:

laterna,

Mart. 14, 61:

crater,

id. 12, 32, 12:

ungula (equi),

Luc. 6, 83; cf.

solum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 4:

porta Somni,

Verg. A. 6, 894; cf. Stat. S. 5, 3, 288.—

Hard as horn, horny (very rare):

corpora piscatorum,

Plin. 31, 9, 45, § 102; 7, 19, 18, § 80.—

Trop.:

fibra,

hard-heartedness, insensibility, Pers. 1, 47; cf.

corda,

Sid. Ep. 4, 1.—

Of the color of korn (post-Aug.):

cereum aut corneum,

Plin. 37, 6, 23, § 89:

color,

id. 36, 8, 12, § 61; Serv. ad Verg. A. 6, 894.

cornĕus, a, um, adj. [1. cornus], of or belonging to the cornel-tree or cornelwood:

virgulta,

Verg. A. 3, 22: clavi, Cato, R. R. 18, 9:

hastilia,

Verg. A. 5, 557:

venabula,

Ov. H. 4, 83.

crūdēlis, e, adj. [cf. Gr. kruos; Lat. crudus, cruor, caro], morally rude or unfeeling, with exclusive reference to conduct towards persons or things, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Of living subjects.

With in and abl.: crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris, Lucr. 3, 72; cf.:

crudelis in calamitate hominis consularis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 198:

cui nimis videtur senatus in conservandā patriā fuisse crudelis,

id. Pis. 8, 17.—

With in and acc.:

cum in eos, quos numquam viderat, tam crudelis fuisset,

Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22:

in liberos atque in sanguinem suum,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34:

in quos Sulla crudelis hoc socio fuisset,

id. Att. 9, 14, 2:

in patriam,

id. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Liv. 2, 56, 7.—

Absol.:

crudelem Castorem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium!

Cic. Deiot. 1, 2:

crudelis atque importuna mulier,

id. Clu. 63, 177:

malus atque crudelis,

Sall. C. 16, 3:

o crudelis adhuc, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 10, 1:

Neptunus tanto amori,

Prop. 2 (3), 26, 45 et saep.— Comp.:

ecquid acerbius? ecquid crudelius?

Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2:

magis timeo ne in eum exsistam crudelior,

id. ib. 10, 11, 3:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.— Sup.:

parricidae,

Sall. C. 52, 31.—

Of inanimate subjects:

crudele et exitiosum bellum,

Cic. Att. 9, 6, 7:

o rem cum auditu crudelem tum visu nefariam,

id. Planc. 41, 99:

poena in cives crudelis,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 1:

in tam crudelem necessitatem incidere,

id. Tusc. 3, 25, 60:

facinora (with foeda),

Sall. C. 11, 4:

crudele intolerandumque imperium (opp. justissimum atque optimum),

id. ib. 10, 6:

sententia,

id. ib. 51, 17:

consilia,

Cat. 64, 175; cf. id. 64, 136:

pestes,

id. 69, 9; cf. id. 64, 76:

venenum vitae nostrae,

id. 77, 5:

ferrum,

Prop. 2 (3), 15, 43:

verber,

Ov. F. 2, 695:

poena,

id. M. 2, 612; Verg. A. 6, 585:

egestas,

Val. Fl. 4, 459 et saep.:

quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,

Ov. M. 1, 617.— Comp.:

ignis,

Cat. 62, 20:

janua,

Prop. 1, 16, 17:

mens,

Ov. M. 11, 701:

quid crudelius, quam? etc.,

Quint. 11, 1, 85. — Sup.:

nomen tyranni,

Nep. Dion, 1, 4:

manus,

Petr. 105:

caedes,

Suet. Calig. 30.— Hence, advv.

crūdēlĕ (prop. neutr. sing. of adj.), cruelly, etc., Stat. Th. 3, 211; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 340; id. in Eutr. 2, 108. —

crūdēlĭter, cruelly, in a cruel manner (very freq.), Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; id. Off. 1, 24, 82; Caes. B. G. 7, 38; Nep. Paus. 3, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 9; Suet. Tib. 61 al.— Comp., Liv. 31, 29, 11; Cat. 62, 24; Ov. M. 3, 442.— Sup., Cic. Sull. 27, 75; id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 2 fin.; Nep. Eum. 6, 3 et saep.

crūdēlis, e, adj. [cf. Gr. kruos; Lat. crudus, cruor, caro], morally rude or unfeeling, with exclusive reference to conduct towards persons or things, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Of living subjects.

With in and abl.: crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris, Lucr. 3, 72; cf.:

crudelis in calamitate hominis consularis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 198:

cui nimis videtur senatus in conservandā patriā fuisse crudelis,

id. Pis. 8, 17.—

With in and acc.:

cum in eos, quos numquam viderat, tam crudelis fuisset,

Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22:

in liberos atque in sanguinem suum,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34:

in quos Sulla crudelis hoc socio fuisset,

id. Att. 9, 14, 2:

in patriam,

id. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Liv. 2, 56, 7.—

Absol.:

crudelem Castorem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium!

Cic. Deiot. 1, 2:

crudelis atque importuna mulier,

id. Clu. 63, 177:

malus atque crudelis,

Sall. C. 16, 3:

o crudelis adhuc, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 10, 1:

Neptunus tanto amori,

Prop. 2 (3), 26, 45 et saep.— Comp.:

ecquid acerbius? ecquid crudelius?

Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2:

magis timeo ne in eum exsistam crudelior,

id. ib. 10, 11, 3:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.— Sup.:

parricidae,

Sall. C. 52, 31.—

Of inanimate subjects:

crudele et exitiosum bellum,

Cic. Att. 9, 6, 7:

o rem cum auditu crudelem tum visu nefariam,

id. Planc. 41, 99:

poena in cives crudelis,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 1:

in tam crudelem necessitatem incidere,

id. Tusc. 3, 25, 60:

facinora (with foeda),

Sall. C. 11, 4:

crudele intolerandumque imperium (opp. justissimum atque optimum),

id. ib. 10, 6:

sententia,

id. ib. 51, 17:

consilia,

Cat. 64, 175; cf. id. 64, 136:

pestes,

id. 69, 9; cf. id. 64, 76:

venenum vitae nostrae,

id. 77, 5:

ferrum,

Prop. 2 (3), 15, 43:

verber,

Ov. F. 2, 695:

poena,

id. M. 2, 612; Verg. A. 6, 585:

egestas,

Val. Fl. 4, 459 et saep.:

quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,

Ov. M. 1, 617.— Comp.:

ignis,

Cat. 62, 20:

janua,

Prop. 1, 16, 17:

mens,

Ov. M. 11, 701:

quid crudelius, quam? etc.,

Quint. 11, 1, 85. — Sup.:

nomen tyranni,

Nep. Dion, 1, 4:

manus,

Petr. 105:

caedes,

Suet. Calig. 30.— Hence, advv.

crūdēlĕ (prop. neutr. sing. of adj.), cruelly, etc., Stat. Th. 3, 211; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 340; id. in Eutr. 2, 108. —

crūdēlĭter, cruelly, in a cruel manner (very freq.), Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; id. Off. 1, 24, 82; Caes. B. G. 7, 38; Nep. Paus. 3, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 9; Suet. Tib. 61 al.— Comp., Liv. 31, 29, 11; Cat. 62, 24; Ov. M. 3, 442.— Sup., Cic. Sull. 27, 75; id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 2 fin.; Nep. Eum. 6, 3 et saep.

dif-fĭcĭlis, e (old form difficul, like facul, famul, simul, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 111, 25), adj. [facilis; hence, far from easy to do, to accomplish, to bear, etc.; v. facilis], hard, difficult, troublesome (very freq. and class.).

In gen.:

nulla est tam facilis res, quin difficilis siet, quom invitus facias,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 1; cf. Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 20; and:

sacrorum diligentiam difficilem, apparatum perfacilem esse voluit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14 Mos.:

quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27, fin.:

quam graves, quam difficiles plerisque videntur calamitatum societates!

Cic. Lael. 17 fin.:

res arduae ac difficiles,

id. Inv. 2, 54, 163; cf. id. Or. 10; id. Tusc. 3, 34 fin.; Plin. 17, 4, 3, § 28:

contortae res et difficiles,

Cic. de Or. 1, 58 fin.:

quam scopuloso difficilique in loco verser,

id. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35; cf.:

in locos difficiles abire,

Sall. J. 87 fin. Kritz.:

iter angustum et difficile,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6; id. B. C. 1, 65, 3:

valles,

id. ib. 1, 68, 2:

difficili et arduo ascensu,

id. ib. 3, 34; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23:

difficilis atque impedita palus,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

transitus,

id. ib. 6, 7, 5:

aditus,

id. ib. 7, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 56:

tempus anni difficillimum,

Caes. B. C. 1, 48, 5:

difficili rei publicae tempore,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 21:

difficillimo reip. tempore,

id. Phil. 5, 13, 36; cf. id. Caecin. 4, 11:

difficilioribus usi tempestatibus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 15, 4:

partus,

Plin. 24, 5, 13, § 22:

urina,

id. 23, 9, 83, § 165:

venter,

id. 22, 13, 15, §

33 et saep.: (Macer et Lucretius) alter humilis, alter difficilis,

Quint. 10, 1, 87 Frotsch.:

nimium difficile est reperiri amicum,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 20;

so with a subjectclause,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 6; Lucr. 1, 138; Cic. Lael. 6, 22; 8, 26; 10, 33 et saep.; Caes. B. G. 1, 14, 2; 7, 58, 2; id. B. C. 1, 50 fin. et saep.; cf.:

difficile ad fidem est in tam antiqua re, quot pugnaverint ceciderintve exacto affirmare numero,

Liv. 3, 5, 12:

difficile est longum subito deponere amorem,

Cat. 77, 13.—Prov.:

difficile est, crimen non prodere vultu,

Ov. M. 2, 447:

difficile est, tristi fingere mente jocum,

Tib. 3, 7, 2:

(rebus) difficilibus ad eloquendum,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 126:

ad percipiendum,

Quint. 8 prooem. § 4.—With supin.:

difficile factu est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43; so,

factu,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71; id. N. D. 3, 1; id. Univ. 11:

dictu,

id. Lael. 3, 12; 7, 23; id. Fam. 1, 7, 2:

aditu (locus),

Sall. J. 91 fin. Kritz.—With dat.:

fructus difficilis concoctioni,

Plin. 23, 8, 79, § 151.—With gerund.:

in difficili esse,

Liv. 3, 65, 11; cf.:

in facili esse,

id. 3, 8, 9; so,

in difficili rem esse,

Cels. 5, 26 fin.:

ille casus in difficili est, si, etc.,

Dig. 28, 2, 29, § 15.

In partic., of character, hard to manage or to please, obstinate, captious, morose, surly:

difficiles ac morosi,

Cic. Or. 29 fin.; cf. id. Fin. 1, 18, 61; Att. ap. Non. 407, 25; Hor. S. 2, 5, 90; id. A. P. 173:

senex,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 24; cf.:

moderati nec difficiles nec inhumani senes,

Cic. de Sen. 3, 7:

sunt morosi et anxii et iracundi et difficiles senes,

id. ib. 18, 65:

avunculus difficillimā naturā,

Nep. Att. 5; cf.:

difficili bile tumet jecur,

Hor. C. 1, 13, 4: parens in liberos difficilis, Att. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

Penelopen difficilem procis,

Hor. C. 3, 10, 11:

vocanti,

id. ib. 3, 7, 32:

Gradivo,

Ov. A. A. 2, 566:

precibus,

id. P. 2, 2, 20.— Trop.:

terrae,

intractable, Verg. G. 2, 179. —Prov.:

difficilem oportet aurem habere ad crimina,

deaf, inaccessible, Pub. Syr. 133 (Rib.).— Adv., in three forms (but the use of the adv. is mostly avoided by the best authors, difficile est taking its place, v. supra).

diffĭcĭlē, with difficulty (perh. not ante-Aug.), Vell. 2, 63, 3; Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 62; 27, 12, 94, § 120; Suet. Gramm. 11; Just. 27, 3, 2; Pall. Jan. 7; Tert. Apol. 48.—

diffĭculter, with difficulty (the usual form), Caes. B. C. 1, 62; Sall. C. 14, 5; Liv. 1, 52, 4; 42, 54, 3; Tac. A. 12, 35; Suet. Claud. 41; Quint. 1, 3, 3 al.—

diffĭcĭl-ĭter, with difficulty (rare), Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 49 and 50; Col. 5, 3, 1; 5, 7, 1; Lact. Mort. Pers. 9, 7.—

Comp.:

difficilius,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58; Quint. 1, 12, 8; 11, 2, 28; Plin. 22, 21, 28, § 56; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Ner. 43 al.—

Sup.:

difficillime,

Cic. Lael. 17, 64; Plin. 16, 33, 60, § 139; 19, 7, 35, § 117 al.

ferrĕus, a, um, adj. [ferrum], made of iron, iron.

Lit.:

Britanni utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis... pro nummo,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12, 4:

vomer,

Lucr. 1, 314:

ensis,

id. 5, 1293:

furcae,

Varr. R. R. 1, 22, 3; for which absol.:

ferreae,

Cato, R. R. 10, 3:

clavi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13, 4:

hami,

id. ib. 7, 73 fin.:

manus,

id. B. C. 1, 57, 2; 1, 58, 4; 2, 6, 2:

clathri,

Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 21:

fibula,

Quint. 6, 3, 58:

anulus,

id. 7, 6, 8; cf. Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 9; Suet. Aug. 100:

litterae imagunculae,

id. ib. 7:

Hercules,

an iron statue of Hercules, Plin. 34, 14, 40, § 141.— Poet.: hastati spargunt hastas, fit ferreus imber, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 287 ed. Vahl.);

imitated: imber,

Verg. A. 12, 284; cf.:

seges telorum,

id. ib. 3, 45:

ager,

i. e. glistening with weapons, id. ib. 11, 601.—

Transf., like or pertaining to iron:

color,

iron-color, Plin. 37, 10, 61, § 170:

fabrica,

the art of working iron, id. 7, 56, 57, § 198.—

Trop.

Hard, unfeeling, hard-hearted, cruel:

qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt (opp. tenera atque tractabilis),

Cic. Lael. 13, 48; cf.:

quis tam fuit durus et ferreus, quis tam inhumanus, qui? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121; and:

ferreus essem, si te non amarem,

id. Fam. 15, 21, 4:

ferus et ferreus,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 3:

ferus et vere ferreus,

Tib. 1, 10, 2:

quis tam esset ferreus, qui, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 23, 87:

o te ferreum, qui illius periculis non moveris!

id. Att. 13, 30, 2:

illa (carmina) tamen numquam ferrea dixit Amo,

Prop. 2, 8, 12; Tib. 2, 3, 2; 3, 2, 2:

praecordia,

Ov. H. 12, 183:

bella,

id. ib. 13, 64:

sors vitae (with difficilis),

id. Tr. 5, 3, 28:

os ferreum,

shameless, impudent, Cic. Pis. 26, 63: ferrea tum vero proles exorta repente est, i. e. the iron age, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 63, 159; cf.

saecula,

Tib. 2, 3, 35.—

With the idea of firmness, fixedness predominating, firm, fixed, rigid, unyielding, immovable:

(Cato) in parsimonia, in patientia laboris periculique, ferrei prope corporis animique,

Liv. 39, 40, 11:

vox,

Verg. G. 2, 44; id. A. 6, 626; cf.: scriptor (Atilius), Licin. poët. ap. Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 5:

jura,

Verg. G. 2, 501: olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget Somnus, ironsleep, i. e. death (a transl. of the Homeric chalkeos hupnos), Verg. A. 10, 745; 12, 309:

decreta Sororum,

Ov. M. 15, 781.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

glăcĭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [glacies] (not ante-Aug.).

Act., to make or turn into ice; in pass., to freeze, congeal.

Lit.: positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Juppiter, Hor. C. 3, 10, 7:

humor glaciatur arescitve in gemmas,

Plin. 8, 38, 57, § 137; cf. id. 2, 39, 39, § 105:

ruptis vasis (vini) stetere glaciatae moles,

id. 14, 21, 27, § 132; 24, 13, 72, § 116.—

Transf., to render hard or solid:

nec dubium quin fici ramulis glaciatus caseus jucundissime sapiat,

Col. 7, 8, 2.—

Trop.:

stupet anxius alto Corda metu glaciante pater,

Stat. Th. 10, 622.—

Neutr., to become hard, to harden:

(unguentum) fit hieme, quoniam aestate non glaciat, nisi acceptā cerā,

Plin. 29, 3, 13, § 56.

in-dūro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n., to make hard, to harden ( poet. and post-Aug.).

Lit.:

nivem Indurat Boreas,

Ov. Tr. 3, 9, 14:

sues indurantes attritu arborum costas,

Plin. 8, 52, 78, § 212.—

Trop., to harden, steel:

indurandus est animus,

Sen. Ep. 51:

adversus omnia, quae accidere possunt,

id. ib. 4:

frontem,

to render shameless, id. Ben. 7, 28.—

Neutr., to become hard, harden:

quae (creta) si induraverit,

Veg. 3, 82, 2.— Hence, indūrā-tus, a, um, P. a., hardened.

Lit.:

robora indurata flammis,

Stat. Th. 4, 64.—

Trop.:

induratus praeter spem resistendo hostium timor,

Liv. 30, 18, 3:

Germanis quid induratius ad omnem patientiam?

Sen. Ira, 1, 11. [p. 939]

juxtā, adv. and prep. [ sup. form from jugis; v. jungo], near to, nigh.

Lit., of place.

Of several objects, near together, in close proximity:

theatra duo juxta fecit amplissima e ligno,

Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 117.—

In gen., near at hand, near, near by, hard by, close to, by the side of:

legio, quae juxta constiterat,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 1:

ut sellam juxta poneret,

Sall. J. 65, 2:

furiarum maxima juxta Accubat,

Verg. A. 6, 605:

forte fuit juxta tumulus,

id. ib. 3, 22:

procul vel juxta sitas vires circumspectabat,

Tac. H. 2, 72: talem perlatum Pompeio juxta res gerenti Mithridatico bello, Plin. 6, 17, 19, § 51:

abjecto clam juxta pugione,

Suet. Ner. 34:

thermisque juxta celeriter constructis,

id. Tit. 7.—

Rarely with verbs of motion: accedere juxta,

Ov. M. 8, 809.—

Transf., in like manner, equally, alike (syn.: aeque, pariter).

Absol.:

eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,

Sall. C. 2:

aestatem et hiemem juxta pati,

id. J. 85, 33:

ceteri juxta insontes,

Liv. 24, 5, 13:

qui Argenta habent, aliaque castella juxta ignobilia,

id. 32, 14, 2:

juxta periculosum seu ficta seu vera promeret,

Tac. A. 1, 6:

solo caeloque juxta gravi,

id. H. 5, 7.—

With dat.:

Fabius omittendam rem parvam ac juxta magnis difficilem censebat,

Liv. 24, 19, 6.—

With ac, atque, et, quam, cum, in the sense of as, than (cf.:

aeque ac, pariter ac, etc.): juxta tecum aeque scio,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 75:

juxta eam curo cum mea,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 160 (so always in Plaut.;

v. Brix ad loc.): juxta mecum omnes intellegitis,

Sall. C. 58, 5:

absentium bona juxta atque interemptorum divisa fuere,

Liv. 1, 54, 9; 3, 33, 10:

juxta eam rem aegre passi patres, quam cum consulatum vulgari viderent,

i. e. were just as indignant, id. 10, 6, 9: qui me, juxta ac si meus frater esset, sustentavit, just as if, = non secus ac si, Cic. post Red. ap. Sen. 8, 20:

juxta ac si hostes adessent,

Sall. J. 45, 2; Liv. 22, 31, 3:

in re juxta manifesta atque atroci,

id. 3, 33, 10; 24, 5, 13; 21, 33, 4;

5, 6, 5: reipublicae juxta ac sibi consulere,

Sall. C. 37, 8:

litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta eruditus,

id. J. 95, 3:

juxta bonos et malos interficere,

id. C. 51, 30.—

Prep., with acc., very near, close to, near to, hard by (not ante-class.).

Lit., of place:

juxta eum castra posuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 41, 4; 3, 65, 4; 3, 20, 1; Nep. Dat. 1, 1; id. Att. 22 fin.; Quint. 8, 4, 22:

juxta murum castra posuit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 16, 4:

totos dies juxta focum atque ignem agunt,

Tac. G. 17; Col. 4, 8, 2.—Placed after the case:

hanc (aram) juxta,

Nep. Paus. 4, 4:

vicina Ceraunia juxta,

Verg. A. 3, 506:

cubiculum Caesaris juxta,

Tac. A. 13, 15 fin.:

Rhenum juxta,

id. ib. 4, 5:

Tiberim juxta,

id. ib. 2, 41:

Aditum juxta moenia urbis Volsco militi struxit,

Val. Max. 5, 4, 1.—

Transf.

Next to, immediately after, beside, on a par with:

juxta deos in tua manu positum est,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

apud quos juxta divinas religiones, humana fides colitur,

Liv. 9, 9, 4:

homo, juxta M. Varronem doctissimus,

Gell. 4, 9:

vilitate juxta beluas esse,

Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 26.—

Near, approaching to, like, almost the same as:

velocitas juxta formidinem, cunctatio propior constantiae est,

Tac. G. 30:

gravitate annonae juxta seditionem ventum est,

id. A. 6, 13:

juxta seditionem esse,

Sall. H. 3, 67, 11 Dietsch:

populi imperium juxta libertatem,

Tac. A. 6, 42:

sapor juxta fontis dulcissimos,

Sall. H. 4, 13.—

Along with, together with: cum interea lucubrando faceret juxta ancillas lanam, Varr. ap. Non. 322: juxta se conjuges vexari, just as:

pariter ac,

Liv. 41, 6:

periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta libertatem,

among a free people, Tac. G. 21.—

In consequence of, in proportion to (post-class., except one doubtful passage in Liv.):

huic consuetudo juxta vicinitatem cum Aebutio fuit,

Liv. 39, 9, 6 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.:

quem juxta nocturnum visum ergastulo liberavit,

Just. 1, 7, 1:

convivium juxta regiam magnificentiam ludis exornat,

id. 12, 3, 11.—

According to:

juxta praeceptum,

Just. 2, 12, 25; Nazar. Pan. Const. 23; Vulg. Gen. 1, 11:

juxta morem,

id. ib. 19, 31:

juxta hoc videtur et divus Hadrianus rescripsisse in haec verba,

Dig. 29, 5, 1, § 28:

juxta inclytum oratorem,

Hier. Ep. 82.

ob-dūro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n.

Act., to harden, render hard (only postclass.);

in the trop. signif.: obdurare se contra manifestam veritatem,

Lact. 1, 1, 23:

obdurata patientia,

Nazar. Pan. ad Const. 13:

obdurata nequitia,

Cod. Just. 10, 19, 2:

obdurata verecundia,

Capitol. Pert. 9.—Esp., to harden the heart against God (eccl. Lat.):

obdurare corda,

Vulg. Heb. 3, 8; id. Psa. 94, 8; id. Deut. 15, 7.— Pass.:

ut non obduretur quis vestrum,

Vulg. Heb. 3, 13.—

Neutr., to be hard or hardened; only trop., to hold out, persist, endure:

pernegabo atque obdurabo,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 56:

persta, atque obdura,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 39; Cat. 8, 11:

perfer et obdura,

Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 7.— Impers. pass.: quare obduretur hoc triduum, * Cic. Att. 12, 3.

prae-dūrus, a, um, adj., very hard (not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit.:

faba praedura,

Plin. 18, 12, 30, § 121:

radices,

id. 26, 8, 29, § 46:

caput,

id. 9, 29, 46, § 85; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 69:

corium,

Tac. H. 1, 79:

dens,

Mart. 13, 66 (al. perjurus).—

Transf., very strong:

homo praedurus viribus,

Verg. A. 10, 748:

corpora,

id. G. 2, 531:

tempora,

Ov. M. 12, 349.—

Trop., very hard or difficult, very harsh, etc.: aetas, i. e. hardy (opp. tenera), Col. 6, 2, 1:

labor,

Val. Fl. 1, 235:

sunt quidam praeduri oris,

i. e. very impudent, Quint. 6, 4, 11:

verba,

very harsh, id. 1, 6, 26.—Hence, praedurē, adv., very hardy, Avien. Pr. Mar. 488.