developing+process

1) плёнка, тонкий слой || покрываться плёнкой

2) оболочка; покрытие

3) слабый туман; дымка

4) (фото)плёнка

5) киноплёнка; кинолента

6) (кино)фильм; фильмокопия || производить киносъёмку; снимать на киноплёнку

7) геофиз. диаграмма (сейсмограмма), записанная на фотоплёнке

8) полимерная плёнка

via prep por / vía

a) (ruta, camino):

◊ la vía rápida the fast route;

b) ( medio de transporte):

◊ por vía aérea/marítima/terrestre by air/by sea/by land;

c) (medio, procedimiento) channels (pl);

◊ por la vía diplomática/política through diplomatic/political channels

◊ en vías de: está en vías de solucionarse it's in the process of being resolved;

◊ saldrá por la vía dos it will depart from track (AmE) o (BrE) platform two

◊ por vía oral/venosa orally/intravenously;

◊ vía Miami via Miami

tr['vaɪə]

preposition

1 (through) vía, por

■ he will travel via Athens viajará vía Atenas

2 (by means of) por medio de, a través de

■ I sent a message to Emma via her husband le envié un mensaje a Emma a través de su marido

via ['vaɪə, 'vi:ə] prep

: por, vía

• vía s.f.

• por vía de prep.

a) ( by way of) vía

b) ( by means of) a través de, por medio de

['vaɪǝ]

* * *

a) ( by way of) vía

b) ( by means of) a través de, por medio de

1) технология; технические приёмы

2) техника; технические средства

3) технические знания; технический опыт, систематизированный технический опыт

4) техническая терминология

•

- actuation technology

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.

In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The son of a Wesleyan minister, Mees was interested in chemistry from an early age and studied at St Dunstan's College in Catford, where he met Samuel E.Sheppard, with whom he went on to University College London in 1900. They worked together on a thesis for BSc degrees in 1903, developing the work begun by Hurter and Driffield on photographic sensitometry. This and other research papers were published in 1907 in the book Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process, which became a standard reference work. After obtaining a doctorate in 1906, Mees joined the firm of Wratten \& Wainwright (see F.C.L.Wratten), manufacturers of dry plates in Croydon; he started work on 1 April 1906, first tackling the problem of manufacturing colour-sensitive emulsions and enabling the company to market the first fully panchromatic plates from the end of that year.

During the next few years Mees ran the commercial operation of the company as Managing Director and carried out research into new products, including filters for use with the new emulsions. In January 1912 he was visited by George Eastman, the American photographic manufacturer, who asked him to go to Rochester, New York, and set up a photographic research laboratory in the Kodak factory there. Wratten was prepared to release Mees on condition that Eastman bought the company; thus, Wratten and Wainwright became part of Kodak Ltd, and Mees left for America. He supervised the construction of a building in the heart of Kodak Park, and the building was fully equipped not only as a research laboratory, but also with facilities for coating and packing sensitized materials. It also had the most comprehensive library of photographic books in the world. Work at the laboratory started at the beginning of 1913, with a staff of twenty recruited from America and England, including Mees's collaborator of earlier years, Sheppard. Under Mees's direction there flowed from the Kodak research Laboratory a constant stream of discoveries, many of them leading to new products. Among these were the 16 mm amateur film-making system launched in 1923; the first amateur colour-movie system, Kodacolor, in 1928; and 8 mm home movies, in 1932. His support for the young experimenters Mannes and Godowsky, who were working on colour photography, led to their joining the Research Laboratory and to the introduction of the first multi-layer colour film, Kodachrome, in 1935. Eastman had agreed from the beginning that as much of the laboratory's work as possible should be published, and Mees himself wrote prolifically, publishing over 200 articles and ten books. While he made significant contributions to the understanding of the photographic process, particularly through his early research, it is his creation and organization of the Kodak Research Laboratory that is his lasting memorial. His interests were many and varied, including Egyptology, astronomy, marine biology and history. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.

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SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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A free black, he was the son of Vincent Rillieux, a white engineer, and Constance Vivant, a quadroon. The family was prosperous enough to send him to France to be educated, at the Ecole Centrale in Paris. There he studied engineering and later taught mechanical engineering, developing a special interest in thermodynamics and steampower. In 1830 he devised a vacuum evaporation system with industrial possibilities, but he was unable to interest any French firms in the device. He therefore returned to New Orleans and ob-tained his first patent in 1843. Two years later he was able to have the evaporation system installed on a plantation to refine sugar. It soon demonstrated its worth, for planters were able to recoup the cost of the plant within a year through raised production and reduced operating costs. It came to be the generally accepted method for processing sugar-cane juice, and the price of refined sugar fell so that white sugar ceased to be a luxury food for the rich.

Rillieux's patents protected him from repeated efforts to counterfeit the process, which thus earned him considerable wealth. However, because of increasing hostility and discriminatory laws against blacks in New Orleans, he did not long enjoy it and he returned to France, taking up the study of egyptology.

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дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

 

дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

1) камера; отсек; отделение || помещать в камеру || камерный

2) камера, полость

3) комната

4) мн. ч. англ. квартира

1) материал; вещество

2) ткань, материал

3) мн. ч. детали ( для обработки)

4) мн. ч. производственное оборудование; производственные инструменты

1) раствор

2) растворение

3) электролит

4) матем. решение

а) иссл. опер. ( схема решения задач оптимизации оперативно-календарного планирования)

б) упр. (совокупность принципов и правил, по которым осуществляется процесс планирования в данной организации или проекте)

- in aid of

aid¹ n

1. ayuda / auxilio

2. ayuda / asistencia

aid² vb ayudar

tr[eɪd]

noun

1 (help) ayuda; (rescue) auxilio

■ with the aid of a knife con la ayuda de un cuchillo

■ without the aid of a safety net sin la ayuda de la red

transitive verb

1 ayudar, auxiliar

\

in aid of a beneficio de

to go to somebody's aid socorrer a alguien, acudir en auxilio a alguien

what's all this in aid of? ¿a qué obedece todo esto?

economic aid ayuda económica

humanitarian aid ayuda humanitaria

aid ['eɪd] vt

: ayudar, auxiliar

aid n

1) help: ayuda f, asistencia f

2) assistant: asistente mf

• acudimiento s.m.

• amparo s.m.

• apoyo s.m.

• asistencia s.f.

• auxilio s.m.

• ayuda s.f.

• ayudante s.m.,f.

• favor s.m.

• socorro s.m.

• subsidio s.m.

• abrigar v.

• amparar v.

• asistir v.

• auxiliar v.

• ayudar v.

• favorecer v.

• guarecer v.

a) u (assistance, support) ayuda f

b) u ( monetary) ayuda f, asistencia f

c) c (apparatus, tool)

transitive verb ayudar

1. N

1) (=assistance) ayuda f

2) (economic, medical) ayuda f

3) (=book, tool) ayuda f

4) (=person) asistente mf

2. VT

1) [+ progress, process, recovery] (=speed up) acelerar; (=contribute to) contribuir a

2) [+ person] ayudar

VI ayudar

* * *

a) u (assistance, support) ayuda f

b) u ( monetary) ayuda f, asistencia f

c) c (apparatus, tool)

transitive verb ayudar

1) (the act or process of growing, increasing, developing etc: the growth of trade unionism.) crecimiento, desarrollo

2) (something that has grown: a week's growth of beard.) crecimiento, salida (de pelo); (of beard) barba

3) (the amount by which something grows: to measure the growth of a plant.) crecimiento

4) (something unwanted which grows: a cancerous growth.) tumor

growth n crecimiento / desarrollo

tr[grəʊɵ]

noun

1 (gen) crecimiento; (increase) aumento; (development) desarrollo

■ population growth aumento de población

■ smoking stunts your growth fumar atrofia el crecimiento

■ personal growth crecimiento personal

2 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL (tumour) bulto, tumor nombre masculino

3 (of beard) barba

\

growth area sector nombre masculino en expansión

growth industry industria en crecimiento, industria en expansión

growth ['gro:ɵ] n

1) : crecimiento m

to stunt one's growth: detener el crecimiento

2) increase: aumento m, crecimiento m, expansión f

3) development: desarrollo m

economic growth: desarrollo económico

a five days' growth of beard: una barba de cinco días

4) lump, tumor: bulto m, tumor m

• acrecencia s.f.

• acrecentamiento s.m.

• adelantamiento s.m.

• aumento s.m.

• cobertura s.f.

• crecimiento s.m.

• desarrollo s.m.

• medra s.f.

• plantío s.m.

• vegetación s.f.

1) u (of animals, plants, humans) crecimiento m

2) u c (of population, city) crecimiento m; (of quantity, profits) aumento m; (of industry, business) crecimiento m, desarrollo m, expansión f

3)

a) u ( what grows)

b) c ( Med) bulto m, tumor m

1. N

1) (=development) [of person, animal, plant] crecimiento m

2) (=expansion) [of city] crecimiento m ; (Econ) crecimiento m, desarrollo m

3) (=increase) (in productivity, profits, demand) aumento m

4) (Bot) (=vegetation) vegetación f ; (=buds, leaves) brotes mpl

5) (=beard)

6) (Med) tumor m

* * *

1) u (of animals, plants, humans) crecimiento m

2) u c (of population, city) crecimiento m; (of quantity, profits) aumento m; (of industry, business) crecimiento m, desarrollo m, expansión f

3)

a) u ( what grows)

b) c ( Med) bulto m, tumor m

1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) poner, colocar

2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) poner

3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) poner, fijar, acordar

4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) mandar

5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) provocar

6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) ponerse

7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) endurecer, cuajar

8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) poner

9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) marcar

10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) montar, engastar

11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) componer, encajar

1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) fijo, determinado, establecido

2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) listo, preparado

3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) deliberado

4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) fijo

5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) fijo

6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) engastado

1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) juego, colección, equipo

2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) aparato

3) (a group of people: the musical set.) grupo, pandilla

4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) marcado

5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) decorado

6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) set

•

- setting

set¹ n

1. juego / colección

2. aparato

3. decorado / plató

4. set

set² vb

1. poner

2. fijar / establecer

3. ponerse

El pasado y participio pasado de set es set; el gerundio se escribe setting

◊ sets) set

tr[set]

noun

1 (in hairdressing) marcado

■ shampoo and set, please lavar y marcar, por favor

2 (scenery) decorado; (place of filming) plató nombre masculino

■ all actors must be on the set at 9.00 am todos los actores deben estar en el plató a las 9.00

3 (position, posture) postura, posición nombre femenino

adjective

1 (placed) situado,-a

■ a village set on a hill un pueblo situado sobre una colina

■ the cottage is set in beautiful countryside la casita está enclavada en un paisaje precioso

2 (fixed, arranged) fijo,-a, determinado,-a, establecido,-a

■ we've got set hours of work tenemos un horario fijo de trabajo

■ meals are served at set times se sirven las comidas a horas determinadas

■ my day never follows a set pattern no tengo ninguna rutina establecida durante el día

3 (rigid, stiff) rígido,-a, forzado,-a; (opinion) inflexible; (idea) fijo,-a

4 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (book) prescrito,-a

5 (ready, prepared) listo,-a (for/to, para), preparado,-a (for/to, para); (likely) probable

■ is everyone set to go? ¿todos estáis listos para salir?

■ the Socialists seem set to win again parece que los socialistas volverán a ganar

transitive verb (pt & pp set)

1 (put, place) poner, colocar

■ she set the divorce papers (down) before him le puso los papeles de divorcio delante

2 (prepare - trap) tender, preparar; (- table) poner; (- camera, video) preparar; (- clock, watch, oven, etc) poner

■ set the table for dinner pon la mesa para la cena

■ I've set the alarm clock for 6.00 am he puesto el despertador a las 6.00

3 (date, time) fijar, señalar, acordar; (example) dar; (rule, record, limit) establecer; (precedent) sentar; (fashion) imponer, dictar

■ have you set a date for the wedding? ¿has fijado una fecha para la boda?

■ you should set a good example deberías dar buen ejemplo

4 (price) fijar; (value) poner

■ he sets a minimum price on his services fija un precio mínimo para sus servicios

■ high values are set on safety se valora mucho la seguridad

5 (jewel, stone) montar, engastar

6 (text for printing) componer

7 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL (broken bone) componer; (joint) encajar

8 (exam, test, problem) poner; (homework) mandar, poner; (task) asignar; (text) prescribir; (target, aim) fijar, proponer

■ the teacher set them some difficult questions in the exam el profesor les puso unas preguntas difíciles en el examen

9 (story, action) ambientar

■ the novel is set in Madrid la novela está ambientada en Madrid

■ the action is set in 1930s Spain la acción se desarrolla en la España de los años treinta

10 (provoke, start off) poner, hacer

■ you've set me thinking me has hecho pensar

■ this will certainly set tongues wagging esto sí que dará que hablar

11 (provide music for) arreglar, poner música a

12 (hair) marcar

13 (make firm - jelly) cuajar; (- cement) hacer fraguar; (- teeth) apretar

intransitive verb

1 (sun, moon) ponerse

2 (liquid, jelly) cuajar, cuajarse; (cement) fraguarse, endurecerse; (glue) endurecerse; (bone) soldarse

\

to be all set estar listo,-a, estar preparado,-a

to be dead set against something oponerse rotundamente a algo

to be set in one's ways tener unas costumbres muy arraigadas, ser reacio,-a al cambio

to be set on doing something estar empeñado,-a en hacer algo, estar resuelto,-a a hacer algo

to set fire to something prender fuego a algo

to set free poner en libertad, liberar

to set one's heart on something querer algo más que nada

to set somebody's mind at rest tranquilizar a alguien

to set the ball rolling / to set things in motion poner las cosas en marcha

to set the pace marcar el paso

to set the tone marcar las pautas

set lunch menú nombre masculino del día

set phrase frase nombre femenino hecha

set square cartabón nombre masculino, escuadra

tr[set]

noun

1 (of golf clubs, brushes, tools, etc) juego; (books, poems) colección nombre femenino; (of turbines) equipo, grupo; (of stamps) serie nombre femenino

■ chess set juego de ajedrez

■ set of cutlery cubertería

■ set of dishes vajilla

■ set of saucepans batería de cocina

■ set of teeth dentadura

■ tea set juego de té

■ a boxed set un juego en estuche

2 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL (apparatus) aparato

■ they bought a TV set compraron un televisor

■ a wireless set una radio

3 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL conjunto

4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (tennis) set nombre masculino

5 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (performance) actuación nombre femenino

■ the set included several new songs la actuación incluía varias canciones nuevas

■ the band played a short set la banda tocó pocos temas

6 (of people) grupo; (clique) pandilla, camarilla

7 (of pupils) grupo

\

to make a dead set at (attack) emprenderla con 2 (seduce) proponerse ligar con

set ['sɛt] v, set ; setting vt

1) seat: sentar

2) or set down place: poner, colocar

3) arrange: fijar, establecer

to set the date: poner la fecha

he set the agenda: estableció la agenda

4) adjust: poner (un reloj, etc.)

5) (indicating the causing of a certain condition)

to set fire to: prenderle fuego a

she set it free: lo soltó

6) make, start: poner, hacer

I set them working: los puse a trabajar

set vi

1) solidify: fraguar (dícese del cemento, etc.), cuajar (dícese de la gelatina, etc.)

2) : ponerse (dícese del sol o de la luna)

set adj

1) established, fixed: fijo, establecido

2) rigid: inflexible

to be set in one's ways: tener costumbres muy arraigadas

3) ready: listo, preparado

set n

1) collection: juego m

a set of dishes: un juego de platos, una vajilla

a tool set: una caja de herramientas

2) or stage set : decorado m (en el teatro), plató m (en el cine)

3) apparatus: aparato m

a television set: un televisor

4) : conjunto m (en matemáticas)

• fijo, -a adj.

• puesto, -a adj.

• resuelto, -a adj.

• rígido, -a adj.

• conjunto (Matemática) s.m.

• equipo s.m.

• grupo s.m.

• juego s.m.

• muestra s.f.

• partida s.f.

• serie s.m.

• servicio de mesa s.m.

(§ p.,p.p.: set) = encasar v.

• engastar v.

• poner v.

(§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-

1)

a) (of tools, golf clubs, bowls, pens, keys) juego m; (of books, records) colección f; ( of stamps) serie f

b) ( Math) conjunto m

2) (+ sing o pl vb) (BrE Educ) grupo de estudiantes seleccionados de acuerdo a sus aptitudes

3) (TV) aparato m, televisor m; ( Rad) aparato m, receptor m

4) (in tennis, squash) set m; (before n)

5)

a) ( Theat) ( stage) escenario m; ( scenery) decorado m

b) ( Cin) plató m

6) ( in hairdressing) marcado m

1) (established, prescribed) <wage/price> fijo

2) (pred)

a) (ready, prepared)

b) (likely, about to) (journ)

c) (determined, resolute)

3)

a) (rigid, inflexible)

b) ( solid) <yoghurt/custard/jelly> cuajado

1) (put, place) poner*, colocar*

2)

a) (cause to be, become)

b) (make solid, rigid) \<\<jelly/cheese\>\> cuajar; \<\<cement\>\> hacer* fraguar

3)

a) ( prepare) \<\<trap\>\> tender*; \<\<table\>\> poner*

b) ( Med) \<\<bone\>\> encajar, componer* (AmL)