dē-strangŭlo

* * *

strangŭlo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., = strangalaô (cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 96 Müll.), to throttle, choke; and, in gen., to stifle, suffocate, strangle (syn. suffoco).

Lit. (class.): Domitium strangulavit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15 fin.:

strangulata laqueo,

Tac. A. 6, 25:

strangulatus in carcere,

Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 8; Flor. 4, 1, 10:

venena quae strangulando necant,

Plin. 20, 7, 26, § 63:

obesi difficultate spirandi strangulantur,

Cels. 2, 1 fin.:

piro strangulatus,

Suet. Claud. 27:

strangulatae in oleo ranae,

Plin. 32, 10, 38, § 114:

cuniculos vapore,

id. 33, 4, 21, § 71:

ne nimio sanguine stranguletur pecus,

Col. 6, 38, 4; Cels. 4, 4:

volvam strangulati,

Plin. 22, 13, 15, § 32:

sinus (togae) nec strangulet nec fluat,

too closely drawn together, Quint. 11, 3, 140.—In an obscene double sense: si dicimus, Ille patrem strangulavit, honorem non praefamur. Sin de Aureliā aliquid aut Lolliā, honos praefandus est, * Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4. —

Transf., of things: hedera arbores sugit et strangulat, chokes, i. e. kills, makes unfruitful, Plin. 16, 34, 62, § 152:

truncum,

Col. 4, 26, 2:

sata,

Quint. 8, prooem. §

23: solum,

Plin. 17, 8, 4, § 46:

fauces tumentes strangulant vocem,

choke, stifle, constrain, Quint. 11, 3, 20; so,

sonitum,

Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 113.— Poet.:

non tibi sepositas infelix strangulat arca Divitias,

i. e. contains, Stat. S. 2, 2, 150.—

Trop., to torment, torture ( poet. and in post-class. prose):

strangulat inclusus dolor atque exaestuat intus,

Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 63:

voluptates in hoc nos amplectuntur, ut strangulent,

Sen. Ep. 51, 13:

plures nimiā congesta pecunia curā Strangulat,

Juv. 10, 12: venditor omnes causas, quibus strangulatur, exponat, i. e. is forced to the sale, Cod. Th. 12, 3, 1.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

suf-fōco ( subf-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [faux], to choke, stifle, strangle, suffocate by compressing the throat (rare but class.; syn.: strangulo, elido).

Lit.:

patrem,

Cic. Mur. 29, 61:

quem crassior saliva suffocat,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 2, 4:

in melle situm suffocari,

to be suffocated, Lucr. 3, 891:

vox suffocatur saepe,

Quint. 11, 3, 51:

suffocatae (mulieres),

hysterical, Plin. 20, 22, 87, § 238; cf. suffocatio.—

Transf.:

injuriā suffocante vitem,

that chokes, kills, Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 209:

urbem et Italiam fame,

i. e. to starve, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4.

suf-fōco ( subf-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [faux], to choke, stifle, strangle, suffocate by compressing the throat (rare but class.; syn.: strangulo, elido).

Lit.:

patrem,

Cic. Mur. 29, 61:

quem crassior saliva suffocat,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 2, 4:

in melle situm suffocari,

to be suffocated, Lucr. 3, 891:

vox suffocatur saepe,

Quint. 11, 3, 51:

suffocatae (mulieres),

hysterical, Plin. 20, 22, 87, § 238; cf. suffocatio.—

Transf.:

injuriā suffocante vitem,

that chokes, kills, Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 209:

urbem et Italiam fame,

i. e. to starve, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4.

suspendo, di, sum, 3, v. a. [sus, from subs, for sub; v. sub, III., and pendo], to hang up, hang, suspend (freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

pernas suspendito in vento biduum... suspendito in fumo biduum... suspendito in carnario,

Cato, R. R. 162, 3:

aliquid in fumo,

Plin. 30, 4, 11, § 31:

suspensae in litore vestes,

Lucr. 1, 305:

religata ad pinnam muri reste suspensus,

Liv. 8, 16, 9:

oscilla ex altā pinu,

Verg. G. 2, 389:

columbam malo ab alto,

id. A. 5, 489:

tignis nidum suspendat hirundo,

id. G. 4, 307:

habilem arcum umeris,

id. A. 1, 318:

stamina telā,

Ov. M. 6, 576:

aliquid collo,

Plin. 37, 9, 40, § 124:

(ranae) suspensae pedibus,

id. 32, 8, 29, § 92; Col. 7, 10, 3:

aliquid e collo,

Plin. 23, 7, 63, § 125:

allium super prunas,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 115:

vitem sub ramo,

id. 17, 23, 35, § 209:

cocleam in fumo,

id. 30, 4, 11, § 31: aliquid lance, to weigh, Pert. 4, 10; cf.:

in trutinā Homerum,

Juv. 6, 438:

suspendi a jugulis suis gladios obsecrantes,

Amm. 17, 12, 16:

se suspendit fenestrā,

i. e. to look out, App. M. p. 148, 6.— Poet.:

nec sua credulitas piscem suspenderat hamo,

had hung, caught, Ov. M. 15, 101.—In a Greek construction: [p. 1820] (pueri) laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto, with their satchels hanging on their arms, Hor. S. 1, 6, 74; id. Ep. 1, 1, 56.—

In partic.

Pregn., of persons.

To choke to death by hanging, to hang (cf.:

suffoco, strangulo): capias restim ac te suspendas,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 184; cf. id. Pers. 5, 2, 34:

nisi me suspendo, occidi,

id. Rud. 5, 3 59:

se suspendere,

id. Trin. 2, 4, 135; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 56, § 129; id. Att. 13, 40, 1: caput obnubito: arbori infelici suspendito, Lex. ap. Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 13; Liv. 1, 26, 6:

uxorem suam suspendisse se de ficu,

Cic. de Or. 2, 69, 278:

se e ficu,

Quint. 6, 3, 88:

hominem in oleastro,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 57:

more vel intereas capti suspensus Achaei,

Ov. Ib. 297:

aliquem in furcā,

Dig. 48, 13, 6; cf.:

virgines, quae corporibus suspensis demortuae forent,

Gell. 15, 10, 2.—

To hang at the whipping-post; pass., to be flogged, Amm. 15, 7, 4.—

Of offerings in a temple, to hang up, dedicate, consecrate:

votas vestes,

Verg. A. 12, 769; cf. id. ib. 9, 408:

arma capta patri Quirino,

id. ib. 6, 859:

vestimenta maris deo,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 15:

insignia,

Tib. 2, 4, 23.—

Esp., of buildings, to build upon arches or vaults, to arch or vault: primus balneola suspendit, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 194, 14; cf. id. Top. 4, 22:

pavimenta,

Pall. 1, 20, 2:

cameras harundinibus,

to arch over, Plin. 16, 36, 64, § 156:

castra saxis praeruptis,

to build on, Sil. 3, 556:

velabra,

Amm. 14, 6, 25:

duo tigna... suspenderent eam contignationem,

propped up, supported, Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2; cf. id. ib. § 5.—

Transf. (with esp. reference to the thing beneath), to prop up, hold up, support:

muro suspenso furculis,

Liv. 38, 7, 9:

agentem ex imo rimas insulam,

Sen. Ben. 6, 15, 5:

tellus ligneis columnis suspenditur,

Plin. 33, 4, 21, § 68:

dolia subjectis parvis tribus lapidibus suspenduntur,

Col. 12, 18, 6; cf. id. 2, 15, 6; 3, 13, 8:

orbis Libycos Indis dentibus,

tables with ivory feet, Mart. 2, 43, 9:

cum terra levis virgultaque molem suspendant,

Luc. 3, 397; Petr. 135:

pes summis digitis suspenditur,

is raised on tiptoe, Quint. 11, 3, 125.—

Esp., of ploughing, etc., to lift up, raise:

si non fuerit tellus fecunda... tenui sat erit suspendere sulco,

Verg. G. 1, 68:

ripas... litora multo vomere suspendere,

Stat. Th. 4, 181; cf.:

vineam in summā terrā suspendere,

Col. 3, 13.—

Trop.; pass. suspendi, to depend, rest, etc.

In gen. (very rare):

extrinsecus aut bene aut male vivendi suspensas habere rationes,

dependent upon externals, Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 1:

cui viro ex se ipso apta sunt omnia, nec suspensa aliorum aut bono casu aut contrario pendere, etc.,

id. Tusc. 5, 12, 36:

genus, ex quo ceterae species suspensae sunt,

Sen. Ep. 58, 7:

numquam crediderim felicem ex felicitate suspensum,

id. ib. 98, 1.—

In partic., to cause to be suspended, i. e.,

To make uncertain or doubtful, to keep in suspense:

medio responso rem suspenderunt,

Liv. 39, 29, 1:

illa Suspendit animos fictā gravitate rogantum,

Ov. M. 7, 308:

ea res omnium animos exspectatione suspenderat,

Curt. 9, 7, 20:

aliquem exspectatione,

Plin. Ep. 2, 20, 3:

diu judicum animos,

Quint. 9, 2, 22; cf.:

senatum ambiguis responsis,

Suet. Tib. 24:

suspensa ac velut dubitans oratio,

Quint. 10, 7, 22:

exspectationem,

Curt. 7, 4, 14; cf. infra, in the P. a. —

To stay, stop, check, interrupt, suspend (syn. supprimo):

nec jam suspendere fletum Sustinet,

Ov. F. 4, 849:

lacrimas,

id. Am. 1, 7, 57:

spiritum,

Quint. 1, 8, 1:

sermonem,

Quint. 11, 3, 35 sq.:

fluxiones oculorum,

Plin. 28, 7, 21, § 73:

epiphoras,

id. 25, 12, 91, § 143:

causas morbi,

Veg. Vet. 3, 65, 5:

gressum,

id. ib. 2, 55, 3:

manum tuam,

id. ib. 2, 40, 3; cf. P. a. 2. infra. —

To hang or fix upon something:

suspendit pictā vultum mentemque tabellā,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 97.—

Aliquem or aliquid naso (adunco), to turn up one ' s nose at, to sneer at a person or thing (Horatian):

naso suspendis adunco Ignotos,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 5:

Balatro suspendens omnia naso,

id. ib. 2, 8, 64.—

Of a temporary removal from office, to suspend:

duobus hunc (episcopum) mensibus, Greg. M. Ep. 3, 46: ab officio suspensus,

id. ib. —Hence, suspen-sus, a, um, P. a.

Lit. (mostly poet. and in post-Aug-prose).

Raised, elerated, suspended: Roma cenaculis sublata atque suspensa, Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96; so,

saxis suspensam hanc aspice rupem,

Verg. A. 8, 190: equi illi Neptunii, qui per undas currus suspensos rapuisse dicuntur, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 67; cf.:

vel mare per medium fluctu suspensa tumenti Ferret iter,

skimming lightly over the waters, Verg. A. 7, 810:

(corus) suspensum in terras portat mare,

raised on high, Sil. 1, 470:

suspensis auribus,

Prop. 3, 6 (4, 5), 8:

aura suspensa levisque,

Lucr. 3, 196:

terra,

loosened, loose, Col. 11, 3, 54:

suspensissimum pastinatum,

id. 3, 13, 7:

(oliva) inicitur quam mundissimis molis suspensis ne nucleus frangatur,

id. 12, 51, 2, and 54, 2:

radix suspensa pariter et mersa,

Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 6:

suspensum inter nubila corpus,

Sil. 12, 94; 1, 470:

loco ab umore suspenso,

Pall. 1, 40, 1:

alituum suspensa cohors,

Sen. Phoen. 77.—

Transf., suspended, i. e. pressing or touching lightly, light:

suspenso gradu placide ire perrexi,

on tiptoe, Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 28; so,

gradu,

Ov. F. 1, 426; 6, 338; cf.:

evagata noctu suspenso pede,

Phaedr. 2, 4, 18:

pedes,

Sen. Contr. 1 praef. fin.:

suspensa levans digitis vestigia primis,

Verg. Cir. 212:

vestigia,

Sil. 15, 617:

suspensā manu commendare aliquem,

slightly, Plin. Ep. 6, 12, 1:

suspensis dentibus,

Lucr. 5, 1069:

suspensis passibus,

Amm. 14, 2, 31:

molis suspensis,

Col. 12, 51, 2; 12, 54, 2.—

Trop.

Uncertain, hovering, doubtful, wavering, hesitating, in suspense, undetermined, anxious (the predom. and class. signif.;

syn.: incertus, dubius): nolo suspensam et incertam plebem Romanam obscurā spe et caecā exspectatione pendere,

Cic. Agr. 2, 25, 66; cf.:

civitas suspensa metu,

id. ib. 1, 8, 23:

suspensum me tenes,

id. Att. 10, 1, 2:

maneo Thessalonicae suspensus,

id. ib. 3, 8, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43:

tot populos inter spem metumque suspensos animi habetis,

Liv. 8, 13:

suspensus animus et sollicitus,

Cic. Att. 2, 18, 1:

suspenso animo exspectare, quod quis agat,

id. ib. 4, 15, 10:

animus,

id. de Or. 1, 56, 239; id. Fam. 16, 3, 2; id. Verr. 2, 5, 6, § 14:

animus suspensus curis majoribus,

id. Phil. 7, 1, 1:

auditā inspectāque re, omnia suspensa neutro inclinatis sententiis reliquere,

Liv. 34, 62, 16:

dimissis suspensā re legatis,

id. 31, 32, 5.— Comp.:

exercitus suspensiore animo, Auct. B. Afr. 48, 3: suspensus incertusque vultus, coloris mutatio,

Cic. Clu. 19, 54; 3, 8; cf.: hominum exspectationem et spem rei publicae suspensam tenere, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 8, 1; Cic. Fam. 11, 8, 1:

suspensam dubiamque noctem spe ac metu exegimus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 19:

pro homine amicissimo,

id. ib. 8, 5, 3:

munera suspensi plena timoris,

Ov. H. 16, 84 Ruhnk.:

suspensa et obscura verba,

Tac. A. 1, 11.— Neutr. absol.:

quare non semper illam (nequitiam) in suspenso relinquam?

Sen. Ep. 97, 14:

est suspensum et anxium, de eo, quem ardentissime diligas, interdum nihil scire,

Plin. Ep. 6, 4, 3:

rem totam in suspenso reliqui,

id. ib. 10, 31 (40), 4:

ipse in suspenso tenuit,

Tac. H. 1, 78 fin.:

si adhuc in suspenso sit statuta libertas,

Dig. 9, 4, 15; Just. Inst. 1, 12, 5.—

Of goods held under a lien or judgment:

suspensis amici bonis libellum deicio creditoribus ejus me obligaturus,

Sen. Ben. 4, 12, 3.—

Dependent:

qui fideles nobis socii, qui dubii suspensaeque ex fortunā fidei,

Liv. 44, 18, 4:

animos ex tam levibus momentis fortunae suspensos,

id. 4, 32, 2.