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pra

  • 1 pretium

        pretium ī, n    [PRA-], a price, money value, value in exchange: pretia praediorum: duobus pretiis idem frumentum vendere: certa pretia constituere, fix: urbem pretio posuit, paid, V.: vectigalia parvo pretio redempta, cheaply, Cs.: pretio mercari ordinem senatorium, purchase: pactum pro capite, ransom: captivos pretio remittere, for a ransom, Cu.: tripodes pretium victoribus, prize, V.: rude, money, O.: In pretio pretium nunc est, wealth, O.: converso in pretium deo, i. e. a shower of gold, H.— Value, worth: agrum preti maioris nemo habet, T.: alicuius preti esse, of any value: in pretio esse, to be esteemed, L.: aurum in pretio habent, prize, Ta.: pudebat libertatis maius esse apud feminas pretium, etc., Cu.— Pay, hire, wages, bribe: Metellum pretio conrumpere: pretio adductus eripere patriam: sine pretio varium ius fuisse, bribery.—Fig., worth, value, esteem: homines magni preti: operae eorum pretium facere, value their services, L.: sive aliquod morum Est pretium, O.— Recompense, return, reward: pretium recte facti triumphum habere, L.: pretium debito beneficio addere, L.: satis ampla pretia, prizes, L.: Est pretium curae cognoscere, etc., it is worth the trouble, Iu.—With operae, a return for trouble, worth the effort, worth while: si nihil quod operae pretium esset fecerant: facturusne operae pretium sim, produce a work worth the pains, L.: operae pretium habent libertatem, i. e. their service is well rewarded by freedom, L.: ratus captā urbe, operae pretium fore, a prize, S.— Recompense, punishment: pretium ob stultitiam fero, T.: peccare nefas, aut pretium est mori, H.: sceleris, Iu.
    * * *
    price/value/worth; reward/pay; money; prayer/request

    Latin-English dictionary > pretium

  • 2 A

    1.
    A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

    A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

    Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

    ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

    Quint. 1, 5, 61.
    II.
    The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
    III.
    In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
    A.
    Short a is changed,
    1.
    , into long a —
    a.
    In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
    b.
    In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
    c.
    In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
    2.
    Short a is changed into é or ē—
    a.
    Into é.
    (α).
    Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
    (β).
    Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
    (γ).
    In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
    b.
    Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
    3.
    Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
    (α).
    before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
    (β).
    Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
    b.
    ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
    c.
    Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
    d.
    In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
    4.
    Short a is changed into short or long o.
    a.
    Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
    b.
    Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
    5.
    Short a is changed into ŭ —
    a.
    In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
    b.
    In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
    c.
    ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
    B.
    Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
    1.
    Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
    2.
    Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
    IV.
    Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
    V.
    The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
    VI.
    Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
    B.
    ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
    1.
    The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
    2.
    In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
    3.
    ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
    4.
    The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
    5.
    Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
    VII.
    In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
    A.
    Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
    B.
    Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
    1.
    Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
    2.
    Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
    3.
    Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
    4.
    Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
    5.
    Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
    6.
    Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
    C.
    Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
    2.
    As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

    so also A. A. A.,

    ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
    3.
    a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
    4.
    ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > A

  • 3 a

    1.
    A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

    A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

    Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

    ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

    Quint. 1, 5, 61.
    II.
    The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
    III.
    In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
    A.
    Short a is changed,
    1.
    , into long a —
    a.
    In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
    b.
    In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
    c.
    In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
    2.
    Short a is changed into é or ē—
    a.
    Into é.
    (α).
    Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
    (β).
    Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
    (γ).
    In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
    b.
    Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
    3.
    Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
    (α).
    before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
    (β).
    Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
    b.
    ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
    c.
    Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
    d.
    In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
    4.
    Short a is changed into short or long o.
    a.
    Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
    b.
    Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
    5.
    Short a is changed into ŭ —
    a.
    In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
    b.
    In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
    c.
    ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
    B.
    Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
    1.
    Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
    2.
    Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
    IV.
    Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
    V.
    The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
    VI.
    Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
    B.
    ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
    1.
    The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
    2.
    In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
    3.
    ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
    4.
    The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
    5.
    Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
    VII.
    In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
    A.
    Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
    B.
    Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
    1.
    Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
    2.
    Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
    3.
    Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
    4.
    Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
    5.
    Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
    6.
    Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
    C.
    Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
    2.
    As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

    so also A. A. A.,

    ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
    3.
    a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
    4.
    ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > a

  • 4 apra

    ā̆pra, ae, f. [aper], a wild sow, Plin. ap. Prisc. p. 698 P.; v. aper.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > apra

  • 5 lepra

    lē̆pra, ae, f., = lepra, the leprosy.
    I.
    Sing. (late Lat.):

    plaga leprae,

    Vulg. Lev. 13, 9 al.; Scrib. Comp. 250; Juvenc. 1.—
    II.
    Plur.: leprae, ārum (class.):

    lepras sedare,

    Plin. 24, 8, 33, § 48:

    curare,

    id. 20, 21, 86, § 234:

    emendare,

    id. 22, 25, 74, § 156:

    sanare,

    id. 32, 9, 31, § 97:

    tollere,

    id. 20, 17, 70, § 181.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > lepra

  • 6 leprae

    lē̆pra, ae, f., = lepra, the leprosy.
    I.
    Sing. (late Lat.):

    plaga leprae,

    Vulg. Lev. 13, 9 al.; Scrib. Comp. 250; Juvenc. 1.—
    II.
    Plur.: leprae, ārum (class.):

    lepras sedare,

    Plin. 24, 8, 33, § 48:

    curare,

    id. 20, 21, 86, § 234:

    emendare,

    id. 22, 25, 74, § 156:

    sanare,

    id. 32, 9, 31, § 97:

    tollere,

    id. 20, 17, 70, § 181.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > leprae

  • 7 plenum

    plēnus, a, um, adj. [from the root ple-; Sanscr. prā-, to fill; Gr. pla- in pimplêmi, plêthô; Lat. plerus, plebs, populus, etc.; whence compleo, expleo, suppleo], full, filled with any thing (class.; cf.: refertus, oppletus).
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen., with gen.:

    rimarum,

    Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 25:

    corpus suci,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 27:

    Gallia est plena civium Romanorum,

    Cic. Font. 1, 11:

    domus plena caelati argenti,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 14. §

    35: vini, somni,

    id. Red. in Sen. 6, 13: [p. 1387] stellarum, id. Rep. 6, 11, 11.—With abl.:

    plena domus ornamentis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 126:

    vita plena et conferta voluptatibus,

    id. Sest. 10, 23:

    plenum pueris gymnasium,

    Quint. 2, 8, 3.— Absol.:

    auditorium,

    Quint. 2, 11, 3:

    plenissimis velis navigare,

    with swelling sails, Cic. Dom. 10, 24.—As subst.: plēnum, i, n., space occupied by matter, a plenum, Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118.—Adverb.: ad plenum, to repletion, copiously, abundantly ( poet.), Verg. G. 2, 244:

    hic tibi copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu,

    Hor. C. 1, 17, 15; so Veg. 2, 9:

    philosophiae scientiam ad plenum adeptus,

    Eutr. 8, 10.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Of bodily size, stout, bulky, portly, plump, corpulent (class.):

    pleni enective simus,

    Cic. Div. 2, 69, 142:

    vulpecula pleno corpore,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 31:

    frigus inimicum est tenui: at prodest omnibus plenis,

    Cels. 1, 9:

    femina,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 661.— Comp.:

    tauros palea ac feno facere pleniores,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12.— Sup.:

    plenissimus quisque,

    Cels. 2, 1.—
    b.
    Of females, big, with child, pregnant (class.):

    et cum te gravidam et cum te pulchre plenam aspicio, gaudeo,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 49:

    femina,

    Ov. M. 10, 469; Val. Fl. 1, 413:

    sus plena,

    Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101; cf.:

    Telluri plenae victima plena datur (preceded by gravida),

    Ov. F. 4, 634.—
    2.
    Filled, satisfied ( poet.), Ov. Am. 2, 6, 29:

    plenus cum languet amator,

    sated with reading, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8; cf.:

    illa bibit sitiens lector, mea pocula plenus,

    Ov. P. 3, 4, 55.—
    3.
    Full packed, laden; with abl.:

    quadrupedes pleni dominis armisque,

    Stat. Th. 4, 812:

    exercitus plenissimus praedā,

    Liv. 41, 28:

    crura thymo plenae (apes),

    Verg. G. 4, 181.— Absol.:

    vitis,

    Ov. Am. 2, 14, 23.—
    4.
    Entire, complete, full, whole:

    ut haberet ad praeturam gerendam plenum annum atque integrum,

    Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

    gaudia,

    id. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:

    numerus,

    id. Rep. 6, 12, 12:

    pleno aratro sulcare,

    with the whole plough sunk in the ground, Col. 2, 2, 25:

    sustineas ut onus, nitendum vertice pleno est, i. e. toto,

    Ov. P. 2, 7, 77:

    pleno gradu,

    at full pace, at storming pace, Liv. 4, 32.— Neutr. adverb.: in plenum, on the whole, generally (post-Aug.), Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 31; Sen. Ep. 91, 9.—
    5.
    Of the voice, sonorous, full, clear, strong, loud (class.):

    vox grandior et plenior,

    Cic. Brut. 84, 289:

    voce plenior,

    id. de Or. 1, 29, 132.—
    6.
    Of letters, syllables, words, full, at full length, not contracted, unabridged:

    pleniores syllabae,

    Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

    ut E plenissimum dicas,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46:

    siet plenum est, sit imminutum,

    id. Or. 47, 157:

    plenissima verba,

    Ov. M. 10, 290.—
    7.
    Of food and drink, strong, hearty, substantial:

    pleniores cibi,

    Cels. 3, 20:

    vinum,

    id. 1, 6.—
    8.
    Full, abundant, plentiful, much:

    non tam Siciliam, quam inanem offenderant, quam Verrem ipsum, qui plenus decesserat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12:

    urbes,

    id. Pis. 37, 91:

    pecunia,

    much money, id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

    mensa,

    Verg. A. 11, 738.— Comp.:

    serius potius ad nos, dum plenior,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 9, 2:

    tres uno die a te accepi litteras, unam brevem, duas pleniores,

    fuller, larger, id. ib. 11, 12, 1.— Sup.:

    plenissima villa,

    Hor. S. 1, 5, 50.—
    9.
    Of age, full, advanced, ripe, mature:

    jam plenis nubilis annis,

    marriageable, Verg. A. 7, 53:

    plenus vitā,

    Stat. S. 2, 2, 129:

    annis,

    full of years, that has reached extreme old age, Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

    plenior annis,

    Val. Fl. 1, 376:

    annus vicesimus quintus coeptus pro pleno habetur,

    Dig. 50, 4, 8.—
    10.
    Law t. t.: pleno jure, with a complete legal title:

    proinde pleno jure incipit, id est et in bonis et ex jure Quiritium, tua res esse,

    Gai. Inst. 2, 41:

    pleno jure heres fieri,

    id. ib. 3, 85 al.—
    II.
    Trop., full, filled.
    A.
    In gen., with gen.: plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 342 Vahl.):

    jejunitatis plenus,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 13:

    consili,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 49:

    viti probrique,

    id. Mil. 2, 5, 13:

    fraudis, sceleris, parricidi, perjuri,

    id. Rud. 3, 2, 37:

    offici,

    Cic. Att. 7, 4, 1:

    negoti,

    full of business, id. N. D. 1, 20, 54; Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 146:

    irae,

    Liv. 3, 48:

    ingenii,

    Cic. Fl. 6, 15:

    laboris,

    Plin. 6, 19, 22, § 66:

    quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris?

    is not full of our disaster? Verg. A. 1, 460.—With abl.:

    plenus sum exspectatione de Pompeio,

    full of expectation, Cic. Att. 3, 14, 1:

    laetitiā,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 74:

    humanitate,

    Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 2; 2, 1, 7.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Complete, finished, ample, copious (class.):

    orator plenus atque perfectus,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 59:

    plenior, opp. to jejunior,

    id. ib. 3, 4, 16:

    oratio plenior,

    id. Off. 1, 1, 2:

    pleniora scribere,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 53.—
    2.
    Full of, abounding or rich in any thing:

    plenum bonarum rerum oppidum,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 2, 38:

    quis plenior inimicorum fuit C. Mario?

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19: pleniore ore laudare, with fuller mouth, i. e. more heartily, id. Off. 1, 18, 61.—Hence, adv.: plēnē.
    1.
    Lit., full (post-Aug.):

    vasa plene infundere,

    Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 139.—
    2.
    Trop., fully, wholly, completely, thorougnly, largely (class.):

    plene cumulateque aliquid perficere,

    Cic. Div. 2, 1:

    plene perfectae munitiones,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 3:

    aliquid vitare,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13:

    plene sapientes homines,

    id. Off. 1, 15:

    praestare aliquid,

    perfectly, Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 14.— Comp.:

    plenius facere aliquid,

    Ov. P. 2, 11, 20:

    alere,

    Quint. 2, 2, 8.— Sup.:

    quamvis illud plenissime, hoc restrictissime feceris,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 13.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > plenum

  • 8 plenus

    plēnus, a, um, adj. [from the root ple-; Sanscr. prā-, to fill; Gr. pla- in pimplêmi, plêthô; Lat. plerus, plebs, populus, etc.; whence compleo, expleo, suppleo], full, filled with any thing (class.; cf.: refertus, oppletus).
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen., with gen.:

    rimarum,

    Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 25:

    corpus suci,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 27:

    Gallia est plena civium Romanorum,

    Cic. Font. 1, 11:

    domus plena caelati argenti,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 14. §

    35: vini, somni,

    id. Red. in Sen. 6, 13: [p. 1387] stellarum, id. Rep. 6, 11, 11.—With abl.:

    plena domus ornamentis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 126:

    vita plena et conferta voluptatibus,

    id. Sest. 10, 23:

    plenum pueris gymnasium,

    Quint. 2, 8, 3.— Absol.:

    auditorium,

    Quint. 2, 11, 3:

    plenissimis velis navigare,

    with swelling sails, Cic. Dom. 10, 24.—As subst.: plēnum, i, n., space occupied by matter, a plenum, Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118.—Adverb.: ad plenum, to repletion, copiously, abundantly ( poet.), Verg. G. 2, 244:

    hic tibi copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu,

    Hor. C. 1, 17, 15; so Veg. 2, 9:

    philosophiae scientiam ad plenum adeptus,

    Eutr. 8, 10.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Of bodily size, stout, bulky, portly, plump, corpulent (class.):

    pleni enective simus,

    Cic. Div. 2, 69, 142:

    vulpecula pleno corpore,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 31:

    frigus inimicum est tenui: at prodest omnibus plenis,

    Cels. 1, 9:

    femina,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 661.— Comp.:

    tauros palea ac feno facere pleniores,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12.— Sup.:

    plenissimus quisque,

    Cels. 2, 1.—
    b.
    Of females, big, with child, pregnant (class.):

    et cum te gravidam et cum te pulchre plenam aspicio, gaudeo,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 49:

    femina,

    Ov. M. 10, 469; Val. Fl. 1, 413:

    sus plena,

    Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101; cf.:

    Telluri plenae victima plena datur (preceded by gravida),

    Ov. F. 4, 634.—
    2.
    Filled, satisfied ( poet.), Ov. Am. 2, 6, 29:

    plenus cum languet amator,

    sated with reading, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8; cf.:

    illa bibit sitiens lector, mea pocula plenus,

    Ov. P. 3, 4, 55.—
    3.
    Full packed, laden; with abl.:

    quadrupedes pleni dominis armisque,

    Stat. Th. 4, 812:

    exercitus plenissimus praedā,

    Liv. 41, 28:

    crura thymo plenae (apes),

    Verg. G. 4, 181.— Absol.:

    vitis,

    Ov. Am. 2, 14, 23.—
    4.
    Entire, complete, full, whole:

    ut haberet ad praeturam gerendam plenum annum atque integrum,

    Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

    gaudia,

    id. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:

    numerus,

    id. Rep. 6, 12, 12:

    pleno aratro sulcare,

    with the whole plough sunk in the ground, Col. 2, 2, 25:

    sustineas ut onus, nitendum vertice pleno est, i. e. toto,

    Ov. P. 2, 7, 77:

    pleno gradu,

    at full pace, at storming pace, Liv. 4, 32.— Neutr. adverb.: in plenum, on the whole, generally (post-Aug.), Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 31; Sen. Ep. 91, 9.—
    5.
    Of the voice, sonorous, full, clear, strong, loud (class.):

    vox grandior et plenior,

    Cic. Brut. 84, 289:

    voce plenior,

    id. de Or. 1, 29, 132.—
    6.
    Of letters, syllables, words, full, at full length, not contracted, unabridged:

    pleniores syllabae,

    Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

    ut E plenissimum dicas,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46:

    siet plenum est, sit imminutum,

    id. Or. 47, 157:

    plenissima verba,

    Ov. M. 10, 290.—
    7.
    Of food and drink, strong, hearty, substantial:

    pleniores cibi,

    Cels. 3, 20:

    vinum,

    id. 1, 6.—
    8.
    Full, abundant, plentiful, much:

    non tam Siciliam, quam inanem offenderant, quam Verrem ipsum, qui plenus decesserat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12:

    urbes,

    id. Pis. 37, 91:

    pecunia,

    much money, id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

    mensa,

    Verg. A. 11, 738.— Comp.:

    serius potius ad nos, dum plenior,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 9, 2:

    tres uno die a te accepi litteras, unam brevem, duas pleniores,

    fuller, larger, id. ib. 11, 12, 1.— Sup.:

    plenissima villa,

    Hor. S. 1, 5, 50.—
    9.
    Of age, full, advanced, ripe, mature:

    jam plenis nubilis annis,

    marriageable, Verg. A. 7, 53:

    plenus vitā,

    Stat. S. 2, 2, 129:

    annis,

    full of years, that has reached extreme old age, Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

    plenior annis,

    Val. Fl. 1, 376:

    annus vicesimus quintus coeptus pro pleno habetur,

    Dig. 50, 4, 8.—
    10.
    Law t. t.: pleno jure, with a complete legal title:

    proinde pleno jure incipit, id est et in bonis et ex jure Quiritium, tua res esse,

    Gai. Inst. 2, 41:

    pleno jure heres fieri,

    id. ib. 3, 85 al.—
    II.
    Trop., full, filled.
    A.
    In gen., with gen.: plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 342 Vahl.):

    jejunitatis plenus,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 13:

    consili,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 49:

    viti probrique,

    id. Mil. 2, 5, 13:

    fraudis, sceleris, parricidi, perjuri,

    id. Rud. 3, 2, 37:

    offici,

    Cic. Att. 7, 4, 1:

    negoti,

    full of business, id. N. D. 1, 20, 54; Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 146:

    irae,

    Liv. 3, 48:

    ingenii,

    Cic. Fl. 6, 15:

    laboris,

    Plin. 6, 19, 22, § 66:

    quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris?

    is not full of our disaster? Verg. A. 1, 460.—With abl.:

    plenus sum exspectatione de Pompeio,

    full of expectation, Cic. Att. 3, 14, 1:

    laetitiā,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 74:

    humanitate,

    Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 2; 2, 1, 7.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Complete, finished, ample, copious (class.):

    orator plenus atque perfectus,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 59:

    plenior, opp. to jejunior,

    id. ib. 3, 4, 16:

    oratio plenior,

    id. Off. 1, 1, 2:

    pleniora scribere,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 53.—
    2.
    Full of, abounding or rich in any thing:

    plenum bonarum rerum oppidum,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 2, 38:

    quis plenior inimicorum fuit C. Mario?

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19: pleniore ore laudare, with fuller mouth, i. e. more heartily, id. Off. 1, 18, 61.—Hence, adv.: plēnē.
    1.
    Lit., full (post-Aug.):

    vasa plene infundere,

    Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 139.—
    2.
    Trop., fully, wholly, completely, thorougnly, largely (class.):

    plene cumulateque aliquid perficere,

    Cic. Div. 2, 1:

    plene perfectae munitiones,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 3:

    aliquid vitare,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13:

    plene sapientes homines,

    id. Off. 1, 15:

    praestare aliquid,

    perfectly, Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 14.— Comp.:

    plenius facere aliquid,

    Ov. P. 2, 11, 20:

    alere,

    Quint. 2, 2, 8.— Sup.:

    quamvis illud plenissime, hoc restrictissime feceris,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 13.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > plenus

  • 9 porro

    porro, adv. [root pra-; Sanscr. prathamus, primus; Lat. prae, pro, prior; cf. Gr. porrô, prosô], forward, onward, farther on, to a distance, at a distance, after off, far.
    I.
    Lit., in space, with verbs both of motion and of rest (rare and mostly anteclass.), Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 18:

    porro agere armentum,

    Liv. 1, 7, 6:

    ire,

    id. 9, 2.—So ellipt.: porro Quirites, on! hither! ye Romans! Laber. ap. Macr. S. 2, 7; Tert. adv. Val. 13 (al. proh).—With verbs of rest:

    habitare,

    Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 95:

    inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro,

    Verg. A. 6, 711:

    campi deinde porro,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 18.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    In time.
    1.
    Of old, aforetime, formerly (very rare):

    altera (Nympha), quod porro fuerat, cecinisse putatur,

    Ov. F. 1, 635.—
    2.
    Henceforth, hereafter, afterwards, in future: me sollicitum habitum esse atque porro fore, Cato ap. Charis. p. 190 P.; Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 36:

    quid in animo Celtiberi haberent aut porro habituri essent,

    Liv. 40, 36:

    fac, eadem ut sis porro,

    Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 38; id. Phorm. 5, 7, 44:

    move ocius te, ut, quid agam, porro intellegas,

    id. And. 4, 3, 16: dehinc ut quiescant porro moneo, id. ib. prol. 22:

    hinc maxima porro Accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem,

    in aftertimes, Verg. A. 5, 600.—
    B.
    In a series.
    1.
    In gen., again, in turn, Plaut. As. 5, 2, 25:

    saepe audivi a majoribus natu, qui se porro pueros a senibus audisse dicebant,

    Cic. Sen. 13, 43; Liv. 27, 51.—
    2.
    In partic., in discourse.
    a.
    In the progress of an argument, or in a sequence of ideas, then, next, furthermore, moreover, besides:

    sequitur porro, nihil deos ignorare,

    Cic. Div. 2, 51, 105; id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Rep. 1, 17, 26:

    age porro, tu, qui, etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 22, § 56; id. Mil. 9, 25:

    Habonium porro intellegebat rem totam esse patefacturum,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 57, § 149; Juv. 6, 240; 3, 126:

    porro autem anxius erat, quid facto opus esset,

    Sall. C. 46, 2:

    quid fit deinde? porro loquere,

    say on, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 69:

    porro dicere,

    id. Curc. 3, 83.—
    b.
    Then, on the other hand, but:

    porro erant qui censerent,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

    porro si in digito Dei eicio daemonas,

    Vulg. Luc. 11, 10 (but the true read., Cic. Fin. 5, 26, 78, is paene).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > porro

  • 10 prae

    prae, adv., and prep. with abl. [for prai, kindred with Sanscr. prefix pra-, before; Gr. pro, prin, prosô; cf.: pro, prior, porro, primus].
    I.
    Adv., before, in front.
    A.
    Lit. (ante-class.):

    abi prae, Sosia, Jam ego sequar,

    go before, go in advance, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 45:

    i prae, sequar,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 144; id. Eun. 5, 2, 69: i tu prae, virgo;

    non queo, quod pone me est, servare,

    Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 1:

    age, age nunc tu, i prae,

    id. Pers. 4, 4, 56.—
    B.
    Trop., as a particle of comparison, with ut, quam, or quod (also written in one word, praeut and praequam; cf. Wagner ad Plaut. Aul. 503), in comparison with, compared with (ante- and post-class. and colloq.):

    parum etiam, praeut futurum est praedicas,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 218; id. Bacch. 4, 9, 5:

    immo noster nunc quidem est de verbis, prae ut dudum fuit,

    id. Men. 5, 5, 33; 2, 3, 25:

    nihil hercle quidem hoc, Prae ut alia dicam,

    id. Mil. 1, 1, 20; id. Merc. 2, 4, 2:

    ludum dices fuisse, praeut hujus rabies quae dabit,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 9:

    satin' parva res est voluptatum in vitā atque in aetate agundā, praequam quod molestum'st?

    in comparison with the trouble, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 2:

    nihil hoc est, triginta minae, prae quam alios dapsilis sumptus facit,

    id. Most. 4, 2, 62 Lorenz ad loc.:

    jam minoris omnia facio prae quam quibus modis Me ludificatus est,

    id. ib. 5, 2, 25:

    sed hoc etiam pulcrum'st praequam sumptus ubi petunt,

    id. Aul. 3, 5, 33; id. Merc. prol. 23:

    quae etsi longioribus verbis comprehensa est praequam illud Graecum, etc.,

    Gell. 16, 1, 3:

    immo res omnis relictas habeo prae quod tu velis,

    Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 38.—
    II.
    Prep. with abl. (with acc.:

    prae cornua, prae litteras,

    Petr. 39, 12; 46, 1), before, in front of, in advance of.
    A.
    Lit.:

    cavendum erit, ut (villa) a tergo potius quam prae se flumen habeat,

    before it, Col. 1, 5, 4: limina alia prae aliis erant, App. de Mundo, p. 69, 22.—Esp. freq.: prae se ferre, agere, mittere, to bear, carry, drive, or send before one's self:

    ille qui stillantem prae se pugionem tulit,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 12, 30:

    argenti prae se in aerarium tulit quattuordecim milia pondo,

    Liv. 28, 38, 5:

    prae se ferens Darium puerum,

    Suet. Calig. 19:

    prae se armentum agens,

    Liv. 1, 7, 4:

    singulos prae se inermes mittere,

    Sall. J. 94, 2: prae manu, and, less freq., prae manibus, at hand, on hand (ante- and postclass.):

    patri reddidi omne aurum, quod fuit prae manu,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 9; Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 23:

    cum prae manu debitor (pecuniam) non haberet,

    Dig. 13, 7, 27:

    si Caesaris liber prae manibus est, promi jubeas,

    Gell. 19, 8, 6:

    aes si forte prae manu non fuerit,

    App. M. 6, p. 180, 30.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    In gen.: prae se ferre, less freq., prae se gerere, declarare, etc., prop. to carry before one's self. as if to show it; hence, to show, exhibit, manifest, reveal, make known, betray, discover, indicate (freq. and class.), Cic. Agr. 2, 2, 4:

    fortasse ceteri tectiores: ego semper me didicisse, prae me tuli,

    id. Or. 42, 146:

    nec vero cum venit, prae se fert, aut qui sit aut unde veniat,

    id. Rep. 2, 3, 6:

    scelus et facinus prae se ferens et confitens,

    id. Mil. 16, 43:

    ceteris prae se fert et ostentat,

    id. Att. 2, 23, 3:

    beata vita glorianda et praedicanda et prae se ferenda est: nihil est enim aliud quod praedicandum et prae se ferendum sit,

    id. Tusc. 5, 17, 50: conjecturam prae se gerere. id. Inv. 2, 9, 30:

    animum altum et erectum prae se gerebat, Auct. B. Afr. 10: prae se declarant gaudia vultu,

    Cat. 64, 34:

    prae se maximam speciem ostentare,

    App. Flor. p. 342, 10.—
    2.
    In partic., in comparisons, in comparison with, compared with (mostly in comparisons which imply a contrast of kind; while praeter refers to a contrast of degree only: dives prae ceteris, in contrast with the others, who are poor: dives praeter ceteros, richer than the other rich ones; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 894).
    (α).
    With positive adj. (class.; v. infra):

    omnia prae meo commodo,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 9: omnium unguentum odor prae tuo nautea est, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 5; id. Men. 1, 2, 67:

    Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 30:

    prae divitiis,

    Liv. 3, 26:

    videbant omnes prae illo parvi futuros,

    Nep. Eum. 10, 4; Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96:

    veros illos Atticos prae se paene agrestes putat,

    id. Brut. 83, 286:

    ab isto prae lucro praedāque nec vectigalium nec posteritatis habitam esse rationem,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128:

    non tu quidem vacuus molestiis, sed prae nobis beatus,

    id. Fam. 4, 4, 2; Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 4:

    (stultitia) prae ceteris parit immensas cupiditates,

    Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34.—
    (β).
    So with comp. for quam (ante- and post-class.):

    atque me minoris facio prae illo,

    Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 85:

    id prae illo, quod honestum nobis est, fit plenius,

    Gell. 1, 3, 25; Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 1, 2; Hier. in Psa. 44, 3; Aug. c. Acad. 1, 22.—
    3.
    In giving the cause, which, as it were, goes before, for, because of, by reason of, on account of (class. only of a hinderance; with an express or implied negation; or with vix, v. Zumpt, § 310): Ulixi cor frixit prae pavore, Liv. Andron. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 92:

    prae laetitiā lacrumae praesiliunt mihi,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 13:

    prae lassitudine opus est ut lavem,

    id. Truc. 2, 3, 7; Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 71:

    prae gaudio ubi sim nescio,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 67:

    vivere non quit Prae macie,

    Lucr. 4, 1167:

    nec loqui prae maerore potuit,

    Cic. Planc. 41, 99:

    quorum ille nomen prae metu ferre non poterat,

    id. Phil. 13, 9, 20:

    solem prae jaculorum multitudine non videbitis,

    id. Tusc. 1, 42, 101:

    prae irā,

    Liv. 31, 24 fin.:

    vix sibimet ipsi prae nec opinato gaudio credentes,

    id. 39, 49.—In composition, prae usually denotes,
    a.
    Before: praedico, praebibo, praecaveo, etc.; so too, praeceps, headforemost, headlong. —In time: praecanus, gray before one's time. —
    b.
    Enhancing the main idea, qs. in advance of others: praealtus, extremely high: praeclarus, very celebrated; praevalidus, very strong, etc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > prae

  • 11 prandium

    prandĭum, ii, n. [Sanscr. prep-, pra-, before; Gr. prôiên; Dor. pran, early; and Lat. dies; hence, early in the day, sc. that taken or eaten], a late breakfast, luncheon (cf.:

    jentaculum, cena), usually taken at or soon after noon, composed of bread, fish, cold meats, etc. (it was thought gluttonous to have several dishes and wine at the prandium): ire ad prandium,

    Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 18; id. Stich. 4, 2, 45:

    adducere aliquem ad se ad prandium,

    id. Poen. 5, 5, 3:

    coquere alicui prandium,

    id. Men. 2, 3, 37:

    funus prandio facere,

    id. ib. 3, 2, 27:

    apparare,

    to get ready, prepare, id. ib. 1, 2, 61:

    accurare,

    id. ib. 3, 25:

    ornare,

    id. Rud. 1, 2, 53:

    dare,

    to give, id. Am. 2, 2, 33:

    obsonare alicui,

    id. Poen. 5, 5, 16:

    anteponere,

    to set before, serve up, id. Men. 2, 2, 2:

    comedere,

    id. ib. 3, 2, 55:

    prandere,

    id. Poen. 3, 5, 14:

    in prandio aliquem accipere apud se,

    id. Cist. 1, 1, 12:

    invitare ad prandium,

    Cic. Mur. 35, 73:

    prandiorum apparatus,

    id. Phil. 2, 39, 101; id. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

    ad prandium surgere,

    Suet. Calig. 58:

    panis deinde siccus et sine mensā prandium: post quod non sunt lavendae manus,

    Sen. Ep. 83, 6:

    post prandium aut cenam bibere volgare est,

    id. ib. 122, 6: de prandio nihil detrahi potuit;

    paratum fuit non magis hora, nusquam sine caricis, nusquam sine pugillaribus: illae, si panem habeo, propulmentario sunt, si non habeo, pro pane,

    id. ib. 87, 3:

    prandia cenis usque in lucem ingesta,

    id. Q. N. 4, 13, 6. The candidates gave such prandia to their tribules, Cic. Mur. 32, 67;

    the emperor to the people,

    Suet. Caes. 38; id. Tib. 20; cf. also Cic. Att. 5, 1, 3; Mart. 6, 64, 2; Suet. Vit. 13; id. Aug. 78; id. Claud. 34.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Poet., a meal, in gen.:

    qui scribit prandia saevi Tereos,

    Mart. 4, 49, 3.—
    B.
    The feed or fodder of animals:

    bubus glandem prandio depromere,

    Plaut. Truc. 3, 1, 2:

    prandio dato ipsis jumentisque eorum,

    Val. Max. 3, 7, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > prandium

  • 12 pro

    1.
    prō (archaic collat. form, posi in posimerium; cf. pono, from posino; cf. Gr. poti and pot with pros), adv. and prep. [root in Sanscr. prep. pra-, before, as in prathamas, first; Gr. pro; cf.: proteros, prôtos, etc.; Lat.: prae, prior, priscus, etc.; perh. old abl. form, of which prae is the loc. ], before, in front of; and, transf., for, with the idea of protection, substitution, or proportion.
    I.
    Adv., found only in the transf. comp. signif. (v. infra, II. B. 3.) in connection with quam and ut: pro quam and pro ut (the latter usually written in one word, prout), like prae quam and prae ut.
    * A.
    Pro quam, in proportion as, just as:

    nec satis est, pro quam largos exaestuat aestus,

    Lucr. 2, 1137. —
    B.
    Pro ut or prout, according as, in proportion, accordingly, proportionably as, just as, as (class.):

    compararat argenti bene facti, prout Thermitani hominis facultates ferebant, satis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 83:

    tuas litteras, prout res postulat, exspecto,

    id. Att. 11, 6 fin.:

    id, prout cujusque ingenium erat, interpretabantur,

    Liv. 38, 50:

    prout locus iniquus aequusve his aut illis, prout animus pugnantium est, prout numerus, varia pugnae fortuna est,

    id. 38, 40 fin. —With a corresp. ita:

    ejusque rationem ita haberi, prout haberi lege liceret,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

    prout sedes ipsa est, ita varia genera morborum sunt,

    Cels. 4, 4, 5:

    prout nives satiaverint, ita Nilum increscere,

    Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 51.—
    II.
    Prep. with abl. (late Lat. with acc.:

    PRO SALVTEM SVAM,

    Inscr. Grut. 4, 12; 46, 9; Inscr. Orell. 2360), before, in front of.
    A.
    Lit., of place:

    sedens pro aede Castoris,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 11, 27:

    praesidia, quae pro templis cernitis,

    id. Mil. 1, 2:

    ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 32:

    pro castris copias habere,

    id. ib. 7, 66:

    pro castris dimicare,

    id. ib. 5, 16:

    pro oppido,

    id. ib. 7, 71:

    pro opere consistere,

    Sall. J. 92, 9:

    castra pro moenibus locata,

    Liv. 2, 53; 4, 17:

    pro muro,

    id. 30, 10:

    pro castris explicare aciem,

    id. 6, 23:

    pro vallo,

    Plin. 2, 37, 37, § 101; Vell. 2, 19, 1.—With verbs of motion:

    Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit,

    before the camp, Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

    hasce tabulas hic ibidem pro pedibus tuis obicito,

    before your feet, App. Mag. p. 337, 36; id. M. 4, p. 155, 2.—
    2.
    In partic., with the accessory idea of presence on the front part, on the edge or brink of a place, on or in the front of, often to be translated by a simple on or in:

    pro censu classis iuniorum, Serv. Tullius cum dixit, accipi debet in censu, ut ait M. Varro, sicuti pro aede Castoris, pro tribunali, pro testimonio,

    Fest. p. 246 Müll.; cf.: pro significat in, ut pro rostris, pro aede, pro tribunali, Paul. ex Fest. p. 228 Müll.; and:

    pro sententia ac si dicatur in sententiā, ut pro rostris id est in rostris,

    id. p. 226 Müll.: hac re pro suggestu pronunciata, qs. standing on the front part of the tribune, or, as we would say, on the tribune, Caes. B. G. 6, 3: pro tribunali cum aliquid ageretur, was transacted before or at my tribunal, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 21; so,

    pro tribunali,

    id. Pis. 5, 11; id. Sest. 15, 34: pro contione, before the assembled army; and, in gen., before the assembly:

    laudatus pro contione Jugurtha,

    Sall. J. 8, 2; cf. Curt. 9, 1, 1:

    pro contione laudibus legati militumque tollere animos,

    Liv. 7, 7:

    fortes viros pro contione donantis,

    Curt. 10, 5, 10:

    pro contione litteras recitare,

    id. 4, 10, 16; Liv. 38, 23 fin.:

    pro contione palam utrumque temptavit,

    Suet. Vesp. 7; Tac. A. 3, 9; Front. Strat. 1, 11, 3: [p. 1448] 4, 5, 11; cf.:

    pro comitio,

    Suet. Aug. 43:

    uti pro consilio imperatum erat,

    in the council, Sall. J. 29, 6; cf.:

    supplicatio in triduum pro collegio decemvirūm imperata fuit,

    Liv. 38, 36:

    pontifices pro collegio decrevisse,

    Gell. 11, 3, 2:

    pro collegio pronuntiare,

    Liv. 4, 26, 9:

    suas simultates pro magistratu exercere,

    id. 39, 5:

    pro munimentis castelli manipulos explicat,

    before, on the fortifications, Tac. A. 2, 80; 12, 33: stabat pro litore diversa acies, in front of or upon the shore, id. ib. 14, 30:

    legionem pro ripā componere,

    id. ib. 12, 29:

    velamenta et infulas pro muris ostentant,

    in front of, from the walls, Tac. H. 3, 31; so,

    pro muris,

    id. A. 2, 81:

    ad hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum saxa et alia, quae locus praebebat, certatim mittere,

    standing on the edge of the roofs, from the roofs, Sall. J. 67, 1 Kritz.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To signify a standing before or in front of, for defence or protection; hence an acting for, in behalf of, in favor of, for the benefit of, on the side of (opp. contra, adversum):

    veri inveniendi causā contra omnia dici oportere et pro omnibus,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 60; cf.:

    hoc non modo non pro me, sed contra me est potius,

    id. de Or. 3, 20, 75:

    partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse,

    id. Clu. 32, 88:

    difficillimum videtur quod dixi, pro ipsis esse quibus eveniunt ista, quae horremus ac tremimus,

    Sen. Prov. 3, 2:

    haec cum contra legem proque lege dicta essent,

    Liv. 34, 8: pro Romano populo armis certare, Enn. ap. Non. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.); cf.: pro vostrā vitā morti occumbant, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 62 (Trag. v. 176 Vahl.): quae ego pro re publica fecissem, Cato ap. Front. p. 149:

    nihil ab eo praetermissum est, quod aut pro re publicā conquerendum fuit, aut pro eā disputandum,

    Cic. Sest. 2, 3:

    omnia me semper pro amicorum periculis, nihil umquam pro me ipso deprecatum,

    id. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

    convenit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patriā,

    id. Tusc. 4, 19, 43:

    dulce et decorum est pro patriā mori,

    Hor. C. 3, 2, 13; cf. id. ib. 3, 19, 2:

    pro sollicitis non tacitus reis,

    id. ib. 4, 1, 14:

    spondere levi pro paupere,

    id. A. P. 423:

    urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et advorsum se opportunissumae erant,

    Sall. J. 88, 4:

    nec aliud adversus validissimas gentes pro nobis utilius, quam, etc.,

    Tac. Agr. 12:

    et locus pro vobis et nox erit, Liv 9, 24, 8: et loca sua et genus pugnae pro hoste fuere,

    id. 39, 30, 3:

    pro Corbulone aetas, patrius mos... erant: contra, etc.,

    Tac. A. 3, 31; id. H. 4, 78; Curt. 4, 14, 16.—
    2.
    With the notion of replacement or substitution, in the place of, instead of, for.
    a.
    In gen.: numquam ego argentum pro vino congiario... disdidi, Cato ap. Front. p. 149:

    ego ibo pro te, si tibi non libet,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 10:

    ego pro te molam,

    Ter. And. 1, 2, 29; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 13:

    mutata (ea dico), in quibus pro verbo proprio subicitur aliud... ut cum minutum dicimus animum pro parvo, etc.,

    id. Or. 27, 92 sq.; cf.:

    libenter etiam copulando verba jungebant, ut sodes pro si audes, sis pro si vis... ain' pro aisne, nequire pro non quire, malle pro magis velle, nolle pro non velle. Dein etiam saepe et exin pro deinde et exinde dicimus,

    id. ib. 45, 154:

    pro vitulā statuis dulcem Aulide natam, Hor S. 2, 3, 199: pro bene sano Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus,

    id. ib. 1, 3, 61; cf. Suet. Caes. 70:

    pro ope ferendā sociis pergit ipse ire, etc.,

    Liv. 23, 28, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.; Zumpt, Gram. § 667; cf.:

    pro eo, ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent, suas terras, etc.,

    Liv. 22, 1, 2.—
    b.
    Esp. freq. in connection with the title of any officer, to denote his substitute' pro consule, pro praetore, pro quaestore, pro magistro, etc. (afterwards joined into one word, as proconsul, propraetor, proquaestor, promagister, etc.), proconsul, proprœtor, proquœstor, vice-director:

    cum pro consule in Ciliciam proficiscens Athenas venissem,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 82; cf.:

    cum L. Philippus pro consulibus eum se mittere dixit, non pro consule,

    instead of the consuls, not as proconsul, id. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

    nec pro praetore, Caesarem (vocat),

    id. ib. 13, 10, 22; Liv. 35, 1. cum Alexandriae pro quaestore essem, Cic. Ac. 2, 4, 11' cf.:

    litteris Q. Caepionis Bruti pro consule... Q. Hortensii pro consule opera, etc.,

    id. Phil. 10, 11, 26: P. Terentius operas in portu et scripturā Asiae pro magistro dedit, id. Att. 11, 10, 1; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169; id. Fam. 13, 65, 1; see also the words proconsul, promagister, propraetor, proquaestor, etc.—
    c.
    So of price, penalty, etc., in exchange, in return for:

    tres minas pro istis duobus dedi,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 138; id. Aul. 3, 3, 8:

    pro hujus peccatis ego supplicium sufferam,

    Ter. And. 5, 3, 17:

    dimidium ejus quod pactus esset, pro carmine daturum,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 351:

    pro vitā hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum inmortalium numen placari,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 16:

    id pro immolatis in foro Tarquiniensium Romanis poenae hostibus redditum,

    Liv. 7, 19, 3:

    vos, pro paternis sceleribus, poenas date,

    Sen. Med. 925; Lact. 2, 7, 21:

    pro crimine poenas,

    Ov. Ib. 621.—
    3.
    Pro is also frequently used to denote the viewing, judging, considering, representing of a thing as something, for, the same as, just as, as:

    pro sano loqueris, quom me appellas nomine,

    Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 24:

    sese ducit pro adulescentulo,

    id. Stich. 3, 1, 65; id. Cist. 1, 3, 24:

    hunc Eduxi a parvulo, habui, amavi pro meo,

    as my own, Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 23:

    Cato ille noster qui mihi unus est pro centum milibus,

    whose voice I regard as equal to that of thousands, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 1:

    Siciliam nobis non pro penariā cellā, sed pro aerario fuisse,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5:

    P. Sestio pro occiso relictus est,

    id. Sest. 38, 81; Caes. B. G. 3, 109:

    cum pro damnato mortuoque esset,

    as good as condemned and dead, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 33:

    summa ratio, quae sapientibus pro necessitate est,

    Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 3:

    negotia pro solatiis accipiens,

    Tac. A. 4, 13:

    consuli pro hostibus esse,

    Liv. 43, 5, 4:

    adeo incredibilis visa res, ut non pro vano modo, sed vix pro sano nuncius audiretur,

    as a boaster, Liv. 39, 49: quoniam de adventu Caesaris pro certo habebamus, to consider as certain, Mat. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 15, 6 et saep.; v. certus.—
    4.
    Esp. in certain phrases: pro eo, for the same thing, as just the same:

    ut si a Caesare, quod speramus, impetrarimus, tuo beneficio nos id consecutos esse judicemus: sin minus, pro eo tantum id habeamus, cum a te data sit opera, ut impetraremus,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 7, 5.—With the particles of comparison: atque ( ac), ac si, quasi, just the same as, even as, as though: pro eo ac debui, just as was my duty, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 1:

    pro eo ac si concessum sit,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 32, 54:

    pro eo est atque si adhibitus non esset,

    Dig. 28, 1, 22:

    pro eo erit quasi ne legatum quidem sit,

    ib. 30, 1, 38: pro eo quod, for the reason that, because:

    pro eo quod ejus nomen erat magnā apud omnes gloriā,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 75: pro eo quod pluribus verbis vos quam volui fatigavi, veniam a vobis petitam velim, Liv 38, 49 fin. —
    5.
    On account of, for the sake of:

    dolor pro patriā,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 24:

    tumultus pro recuperandā re publicā,

    id. Brut. 90, 311 dub. (B. and K. omit pro):

    dedit pro corpore nummos, i. e. to rescue his person,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 43:

    aliquem amare pro ejus eximiā suavitate,

    Cic. de Or 1, 55, 234:

    pro quibus meritis quanto opere dilectus sit,

    Suet. Aug. 57:

    cum pro incolumitate principis vota susceperunt,

    Tac. A. 4, 17:

    pro bono (= bene),

    Sall. J. 22, 4.—
    6.
    Pro is used in its most general sense in stating the relation between two objects or actions, in proportion, in comparison with, according to or as, conformably to, by virtue of, for, etc.:

    meus pater nunc pro hujus verbis recte et sapienter facit,

    according to his story, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 133:

    tu pro oratione nec vir nec mulier mihi's,

    id. Rud. 4, 4, 71: pro viribus tacere ac fabulari, according to one's ability, Enn. ap. Non. 475, 4 (Trag. v. 181 Vahl.):

    facere certum'st pro copiā ac sapientiā,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 8:

    agere pro viribus,

    Cic. Sen. 9, 27:

    aliquem pro dignitate laudare,

    id. Rosc. Am. 12, 33:

    proelium atrocius quam pro numero pugnantium fuit,

    Liv. 21, 29: pro imperio, by virtue of his office or authority:

    quia pro imperio palam interfici non poterat,

    Liv. 1, 51, 2; hence, imperatively, dictatorially, summarily:

    nec illum ipsum submovere pro imperio posse more majorum,

    id. 2, 56, 12 ' hem! satis pro imperio, quisquis es, Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 18:

    pro tuā prudentiā,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 10, 2; 11, 12, 2:

    cum in eam rationem pro suo quisque sensu ac dolore loqueretur,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69:

    quibus aliquid opis fortasse ego pro meā, tu pro tuā, pro suā quisque parte ferre potuisset,

    id. Fam. 15, 15, 3: pro virili parte, according to one's ability, id. Sest. 66, 138; Liv. praef. 2; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 23. —Esp. freq.: pro ratā parte and pro ratā, in proportion, proportionably; v. ratus:

    pro se quisque,

    each according to his ability, each one for himself, Cic. Off. 3, 14, 58; Caes. B. G. 2, 25; Verg. A. 12, 552 et saep.:

    pro tempore et pro re,

    according to time and circumstances, Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

    pro facultatibus,

    Nep. Epam. 3, 5.—Pro eo, quantum, or ut, in proportion to, as, according to, according as:

    eāque pro eo, quantum in quoque sit ponderis, esse aestimanda,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 21, 58:

    equidem pro eo, quanti te facio, quicquid feceris, approbabo,

    id. Fam. 3, 3, 2: tamen pro eo ut temporis difficultas tulit, etc., L. Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.
    ► In composition the o is long in some words, in others short (through the influence of the Gr.
    pro-): prōdeo, prŏfiteor; and even in words borrowed from the Greek, as prōlogus.—Its signification has reference either to place, before, forwards; or to protection, for; procedo, procurro, profanus; procuro, propugno, prosum, protego.
    2.
    prō (less correctly prōh), interj., an exclamation of wonder or lamentation, O! Ah! Alas! (class.).
    (α).
    With nom.:

    proh! bonae frugi hominem te jam pridem esse arbitror,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 4: pro Juppiter! Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 7, § 12 Müll. (Trag. v 225 Vahl.); Ter. And. 4, 3, 17; id. Eun. 3, 5, 2; id. Ad. 1, 2, 31; cf.:

    pro supreme Juppiter,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 42:

    pro Juppiter, Hominis stultitiam!

    id. ib. 3, 3, 12:

    pro di immortales,

    id. ib. 3, 4, 1; cf.: pro, dii immortales: Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

    pro curia inversique mores!

    Hor. C. 3, 5, 7:

    pro scelus,

    Mart. 2, 46, 8.—
    (β).
    Parenthet.:

    pro, quanta potentia regni Est, Venus alma, tui,

    Ov. M. 13, 758:

    et mea, pro! nullo pondere verba cadunt,

    id. H. 3, 98:

    tantum, pro! degeneramus a patribus,

    Liv. 22, 14, 6; Curt. 4, 16, 10.—
    (γ).
    With acc.: pro divom fidem! Enn. ap. Don. ad. Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25 (Sat. v. 30 Vahl.); Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 28; cf.:

    pro deum atque hominum fidem!

    id. And. 1, 5, 2; 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9; Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 48;

    instead of which, ellipt.: pro deum immortalium!

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 4:

    pro deum atque hominum,

    id. Hec. 2, 1, 1:

    pro fidem deum! facinus foedum,

    id. Eun. 5, 4, 21.—
    (δ).
    With gen.: pro malae tractationis! Tert. Poen. fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > pro

  • 13 Probus

    1.
    prŏbus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. prabhus, prominent, strong, from pra (v. pro) and bhu = fio], good, proper, serviceable, excellent, superior, able; esp. in a moral point of view, upright, honest, honorable, excellent, virtuous, etc. (class.).
    A.
    Of persons:

    frugi et probum esse,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

    probum patrem esse oportet, qui gnatum suom esse probiorem, quam ipsus fuerit, postulat,

    id. Ps. 1, 5, 23:

    cantores probos,

    skilful, excellent, fine, id. ib. 3, 132:

    faber,

    id. Poen. 4, 2, 93:

    architectus,

    id. Mil. 3, 3, 40:

    artifex,

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 29:

    lena,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 14:

    amator,

    id. ib. 20:

    ad aliquam rem,

    fit, id. Poen. 3, 3, 67. —
    2.
    In partic., well-behaved, well-conducted:

    quam cives vero rumificant probam,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 46:

    proba et modesta (mulier),

    Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 7.—
    B.
    Of things abstr. and concr.:

    affer huc duas clavas, sed probas,

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 20:

    argentum,

    id. Pers. 4, 3, 57:

    nummi,

    id. ib. 3, 3, 33:

    materies,

    id. Poen. 4, 2, 93:

    occasio,

    id. Cas. 5, 4, 2:

    navigium,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

    res,

    id. Or. 51, 170:

    ager,

    Col. Arbor. 3, 6:

    sapor,

    id. ib. 3, 7?? color, id. ib. 8, 2.—Prov.:

    proba merx facile emtorem reperit,

    the best goods sell themselves, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 129; cf.: probae fruges suāpte naturā enitent, Acc. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13.—As subst.: prŏbus, i, a good, worthy, upright man:

    poëta peccat, cum probi orationem adfingit improbo stultove sapienti,

    Cic. Or. 22, 74.— Adv., in two forms.
    A.
    Form prŏbē, rightly, well, properly, fitly, opportunely, excellently (class.):

    milites armati atque animati probe,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 18:

    aedes factae probe,

    id. Most. 1, 2, 19?? probe lepideque concinnatus, id. Men. 3, 2, 1:

    usque adhuc actum est probe,

    id. Mil. 2, 6, 107:

    probe curare aliquid,

    id. Rud. 2, 3, 50:

    satis scite et probe,

    id. Trin. 3, 3, 56:

    narras,

    Ter. And. 5, 6, 6:

    intellegere,

    id. Eun. 4, 6, 30:

    Antipater, quem tu probe meministi,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:

    de aquaeductu probe fecisti,

    id. Att. 13, 6, 1:

    scire,

    id. Fam. 2, 12, 2:

    exercitus satis probe ornatus auxiliis,

    id. ib. 2, 10, 2:

    illud probe judicas,

    id. Att. 7, 3, 3:

    de Servio probe dicis,

    id. Brut. 41, 151; id. Off. 1, 19, 62:

    scire,

    id. Brut. 2, 12; Liv. 22, 15.—
    2.
    Transf., in gen., well, fitly, thoroughly, very, very much, greatly, finely, capitally, bravely (syn.:

    plane, omnino, sine dubio): appotus probe,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 126:

    percutere aliquem,

    id. ib. 1, 1, v. 162:

    decipere,

    id. ib. 1, 1, v. 268:

    errare,

    id. ib. 3, 3, 20:

    vide, ut sit acutus culter probe,

    id. Mil. 5, 4:

    tui similis est probe,

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 18:

    perdocta est probe,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 120. —In responses, as a token of applause, well done! good! bravo! unde agis te? Ca. Unde homo ebrius. Philo. Probe, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 28: miles concubinam intro abiit oratum suam, ab se ut abeat. Acr Eu, probe! id. Mil. 4, 4, 9:

    probissime,

    very well, Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 65; id. Eun. 4, 7, 3.—
    B.
    Form prŏbĭter, well, fitly, capitally (ante-class.), Varr. ap. Non. 510, 29; cf. Prisc. p. 1010.
    2.
    Prŏbus, i, m., a Roman surname, Suet. Gram. 24.— Prŏbĭānus, a, um, adj., of or named from a Probus:

    purpura,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 40.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Probus

  • 14 probus

    1.
    prŏbus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. prabhus, prominent, strong, from pra (v. pro) and bhu = fio], good, proper, serviceable, excellent, superior, able; esp. in a moral point of view, upright, honest, honorable, excellent, virtuous, etc. (class.).
    A.
    Of persons:

    frugi et probum esse,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

    probum patrem esse oportet, qui gnatum suom esse probiorem, quam ipsus fuerit, postulat,

    id. Ps. 1, 5, 23:

    cantores probos,

    skilful, excellent, fine, id. ib. 3, 132:

    faber,

    id. Poen. 4, 2, 93:

    architectus,

    id. Mil. 3, 3, 40:

    artifex,

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 29:

    lena,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 14:

    amator,

    id. ib. 20:

    ad aliquam rem,

    fit, id. Poen. 3, 3, 67. —
    2.
    In partic., well-behaved, well-conducted:

    quam cives vero rumificant probam,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 46:

    proba et modesta (mulier),

    Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 7.—
    B.
    Of things abstr. and concr.:

    affer huc duas clavas, sed probas,

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 20:

    argentum,

    id. Pers. 4, 3, 57:

    nummi,

    id. ib. 3, 3, 33:

    materies,

    id. Poen. 4, 2, 93:

    occasio,

    id. Cas. 5, 4, 2:

    navigium,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

    res,

    id. Or. 51, 170:

    ager,

    Col. Arbor. 3, 6:

    sapor,

    id. ib. 3, 7?? color, id. ib. 8, 2.—Prov.:

    proba merx facile emtorem reperit,

    the best goods sell themselves, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 129; cf.: probae fruges suāpte naturā enitent, Acc. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13.—As subst.: prŏbus, i, a good, worthy, upright man:

    poëta peccat, cum probi orationem adfingit improbo stultove sapienti,

    Cic. Or. 22, 74.— Adv., in two forms.
    A.
    Form prŏbē, rightly, well, properly, fitly, opportunely, excellently (class.):

    milites armati atque animati probe,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 18:

    aedes factae probe,

    id. Most. 1, 2, 19?? probe lepideque concinnatus, id. Men. 3, 2, 1:

    usque adhuc actum est probe,

    id. Mil. 2, 6, 107:

    probe curare aliquid,

    id. Rud. 2, 3, 50:

    satis scite et probe,

    id. Trin. 3, 3, 56:

    narras,

    Ter. And. 5, 6, 6:

    intellegere,

    id. Eun. 4, 6, 30:

    Antipater, quem tu probe meministi,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:

    de aquaeductu probe fecisti,

    id. Att. 13, 6, 1:

    scire,

    id. Fam. 2, 12, 2:

    exercitus satis probe ornatus auxiliis,

    id. ib. 2, 10, 2:

    illud probe judicas,

    id. Att. 7, 3, 3:

    de Servio probe dicis,

    id. Brut. 41, 151; id. Off. 1, 19, 62:

    scire,

    id. Brut. 2, 12; Liv. 22, 15.—
    2.
    Transf., in gen., well, fitly, thoroughly, very, very much, greatly, finely, capitally, bravely (syn.:

    plane, omnino, sine dubio): appotus probe,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 126:

    percutere aliquem,

    id. ib. 1, 1, v. 162:

    decipere,

    id. ib. 1, 1, v. 268:

    errare,

    id. ib. 3, 3, 20:

    vide, ut sit acutus culter probe,

    id. Mil. 5, 4:

    tui similis est probe,

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 18:

    perdocta est probe,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 120. —In responses, as a token of applause, well done! good! bravo! unde agis te? Ca. Unde homo ebrius. Philo. Probe, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 28: miles concubinam intro abiit oratum suam, ab se ut abeat. Acr Eu, probe! id. Mil. 4, 4, 9:

    probissime,

    very well, Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 65; id. Eun. 4, 7, 3.—
    B.
    Form prŏbĭter, well, fitly, capitally (ante-class.), Varr. ap. Non. 510, 29; cf. Prisc. p. 1010.
    2.
    Prŏbus, i, m., a Roman surname, Suet. Gram. 24.— Prŏbĭānus, a, um, adj., of or named from a Probus:

    purpura,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 40.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > probus

  • 15 pronus

    prōnus, a, um (archaic form of fem. pronis, Varr. ap. Non. 494 fin.), adj. [like Gr. pranês = prênês, from root pra-, pro; cf. prae).
    I.
    Lit., turned forward, bent or inclined, leaning or hanging forward, stooping, bending down (class.; opp. supinus; cf. cernuus).
    1.
    Of living beings:

    puerum imponere equo pronum in ventrem,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 13:

    pronus pendens in verbera,

    leaning forward to strike, Verg. A. 10, 586:

    ipsum Pronum sterne solo,

    id. ib. 11, 485:

    pronus magister Volvitur in caput,

    id. ib. 1, 115:

    pecora, quae natura prona finxit,

    Sall. C. 1, 1; Ov. M. 8, 379.— Poet., of those running swiftly, Ov. M. 10, 652:

    leporem pronum catulo sectare sagaci,

    flying swiftly, id. R. Am. 201.—
    2.
    Of things, bending forward or downward, going or inclined downward:

    ilex paulum modo prona, dein flexa,

    Sall. J. 93, 4:

    prona ac fastigiata tigna,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17:

    pronae atque vergentes ampullae,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 30, 6:

    demissus inde pronusque pulvinus,

    id. ib. 5, 6, 16:

    (urbs) prona in paludes,

    sinking down, Liv. 4, 59:

    crateres,

    overturned, Stat. Th. 5, 255:

    motus corporis,

    Cic. Div. 1, 53, 120:

    cubitus,

    Plin. 28, 4, 14, § 54:

    prona via,

    steep, Ov. M. 2, 67:

    amnis,

    Verg. G. 1, 203:

    rivi,

    Hor. C. 1, 29, 11:

    currus,

    Ov. M. 5, 424. — Absol.:

    nihil habent proni et supera semper petunt,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

    per pronum ire,

    downwards, Sen. Ep. 123, 14:

    per prona voluti,

    Sil. 15, 235.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Of the heavenly bodies, of time, etc., setting, sinking, declining ( poet.):

    pronus Orion,

    Hor. C. 3, 27, 18:

    sidera,

    Prop. 1, 16, 23:

    Titan,

    Ov. M. 11, 257:

    dies,

    Stat. Th. 2, 41:

    menses (=celeriter praetereuntes),

    Hor. C. 4, 6, 39:

    anni,

    id. A. P. 60.—
    2.
    Of localities, turned, looking, or lying towards (postAug.).
    (α).
    With dat.:

    loca Aquiloni prona,

    Col. 3, 2, 6:

    aedificii solum pronius orienti,

    situated more to the east, id. 1, 5, 8.—
    (β).
    With ad:

    campo patente et ad solem prono,

    Col. 2, 9, 3.—
    II.
    Trop., inclined, disposed, prone to any thing (class.); usu. constr. with ad, in aliquid, or dat.; poet. also with gen.
    A.
    In gen.
    (α).
    With ad:

    rei publicae genus inclinatum et quasi pronum ad perniciosissimum statum,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 26, 47:

    anxitudo prona ad luctum,

    id. ib. 2, 41, 68 (from Non. 72, 31):

    boves ad domandum proni,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 2:

    pronus ad omne nefas,

    Luc. 6, 147:

    pronus ad cujusque necem,

    Suet. Vit. 14:

    ad poëticam,

    id. Ner. 50:

    ad simultates,

    Plin. Pan. 84.— Sup.: ad indulgentias pronissimus, Capit. Anton. 10, 8.—
    (β).
    With in and acc.:

    in obsequium plus aequo pronus,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 10:

    in libidines,

    Suet. Caes. 50:

    saeculum in omnia mala,

    Flor. 4, 12.—Prov.:

    prona est timori semper in pejus fides,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 316. —
    (γ).
    With dat.:

    pronus deterioribus,

    Tac. Agr. 41 fin.—Comp.:

    aures offensioni proniores,

    Tac. A. 4, 29 fin. —
    (δ).
    With gen. ( poet.):

    ruendi In ferrum mens prona viris,

    Luc. 1, 461.— Comp.:

    unus audendi pronior,

    Claud. Ruf. 2, 400.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Inclined to favor, favorable to any thing (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    With dat.:

    si modo prona bonis invicti Caesaris assint Numina,

    Stat. S. 4, 8, 61.— Comp.:

    cohors Cn. Dolabellae pronior,

    Suet. Galb. 12.—
    (β).
    With in and acc.:

    prona in eum aula Neronis,

    Tac. H. 1, 13.— Comp.:

    ut quis misericordiā in Germanicum pronior,

    Tac. A. 2, 73:

    in verum nepotem,

    Suet. Cat. 19.—
    (γ).
    Absol.:

    prona sententia,

    Val. Fl. 8, 340:

    pronis auribus accipere aliquid,

    Tac. H. 1, 1; Luc. 5, 501.— Comp.:

    quos pronior fortuna comitatur,

    Vell. 2, 69, 6.—
    2.
    Easy, without difficulty (mostly post - Aug.):

    omnia virtuti suae prona esse,

    Sall. J. 114, 2:

    omnia prona victoribus,

    Tac. Agr. 33:

    pronum ad honores iter,

    Plin. Ep. 8, 10, 3:

    via ad regnum,

    Just. 1, 5, 9: pronum est, it is easy:

    agere memoratu digna pronum erat,

    Tac. Agr. 1:

    invitos praebere deos,

    Luc. 6, 606:

    facile et pronum est agere,

    Juv. 9, 43.— Comp.:

    id pronius ad fidem est,

    is easier to believe, Liv. 21, 28.—Hence, adv.: prōnē, downwards, pronely (post-class.).
    A.
    Lit., Paul. Petr. Vit. S. Mart. 4, 546.—
    B.
    Trop., readily, willingly; comp. pronius, Amm. 30, 8, 10.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > pronus

  • 16 pruina

    prŭīna, ae, f. [for provina; root pra-, prae; cf. Gr. prôï, early], hoar-frost, rime (cf.:

    glacies, gelu),

    Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 26; Sen. Q. N. 4, 3 fin.; Plin. 2, 60, 61, § 152; Varr. R. R. 2, 2; Lucr. 2, 431 et saep.—In plur.:

    pruinae ac nives,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 23; Hor. C. 1, 4, 4:

    matutinae,

    Ov. M. 3, 488; Val. Fl. 2, 287 al.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Snow ( poet. and in post-class. prose):

    nix concreta pruinā,

    Lucr. 3, 20:

    gelidae,

    Verg. G. 2, 263; 3, 368; Val. Fl. 8, 210; Gell. 12, 5, 11.—
    B.
    Ad medias sementem extende pruinas, winter, Verg. G. 1, 230.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > pruina

  • 17 supra

    sū̆prā (orig. form sŭpĕrā, Lucr. 1, 429; 4, 672; 5, 1407; Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 42, 106; cf. Prisc. pp. 980 and 1001 P.), adv. and prep. [superus].
    I. A.
    Lit., of place:

    omnia haec, quae supra et subter, unum esse dixerunt,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 20:

    partes eae, quae sunt infra quam id, quod devoratur, dilatantur, quae autem supra, contrahuntur,

    id. N. D. 2, 54, 135:

    magno numero jumentorum in flumine supra atquo infra constituto,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 64; and:

    et mare, quod supra, teneant, quodque alluit infra,

    Verg. A. 8, 149:

    oleum supra siet,

    Cato, R. R. 119; 101:

    cotem illam et novaculam defossam in comitio supraque impositum puteal accepimus,

    Cic. Div. 1, 17, 33:

    toto vertice supra est,

    i. e. is taller, Verg. A. 11, 683: ut letata corpora vidit Victoremque supra hostem, i. e. lying or stretched over them, Ov. M. 3, 56; cf.:

    stupet inscia supra,

    Verg. A. 7, 381.— Comp.:

    alia superius rapiuntur,

    upward, on high, Sen. Q. N. 5, 8, 3: piscina superius construenda, Pall. 1, 34, 2 (opp. subterius, Isid. 16, 8, 4).—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    Of time, before, formerly, previously (esp. of any thing previously said or written):

    quae supra scripta est,

    Cato, R. R. 157, 2:

    quod jam supra tibi ostendimus,

    Lucr. 1, 429:

    quae supra dixi,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 208:

    quae supra scripsi,

    id. Fam. 6, 10, 2:

    quem supra deformavi,

    id. Caecin. 5, 14:

    uti supra demonstravimus,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 1:

    ut supra dixi,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 9; id. Lael. 4, 15; 14, 48:

    ut supra scripsi,

    Plin. Ep. 6, 27, 5:

    de quo (filio) commemoravi supra,

    Nep. Dion, 6, 2:

    supra repetere,

    farther back, from past times, Sall. C. 5, 9; id. J. 5, 3; Tac. A. 16, 18.— Comp.:

    quantum valerent inter homines litterae, Dixi superius,

    before, farther back, Phaedr. 4, 23, 2: ut superius demonstravimus, Auct. B. Hisp. 28, 4; 34, 5.—
    2.
    Of number or measure, beyond, over, more:

    supra adjecit Aeschrio,

    offered higher, more, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33, § 77:

    amor tantus ut nihil supra possit,

    id. Fam. 14, 1, 4:

    ita accurate, ut nihil posset supra,

    id. Att. 13, 19, 3:

    nihil pote supra,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 11:

    voltu Adeo modesto, ut nihil supra,

    id. And. 1, 1, 93; id. Eun. 3, 1, 37:

    nihil supra Deos lacesso,

    Hor. C. 2, 18, 11.—After et or aut ( poet. and post-class.):

    agrum fortasse trecentis Aut etiam supra nummorum milibus emptum,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 165:

    quot illum putas annos secum tulisse? Septuaginta et supra,

    Petr. 43 fin.:

    tricena aut supra stipendia numerantes,

    Tac. A. 1, 35:

    a triginta annis et supra,

    Vulg. Num. 4, 23; 4, 30; 4, 35 (cf. II. B. 2. infra).—
    b.
    With quam, less freq. quod, above or beyond what, more than:

    saepe supra feret, quam fieri possit,

    Cic. Or. 40, 139:

    corpus patiens inediae, algoris, vigiliae, supra quam cuiquam credibile est,

    Sall. C. 5, 3; id. J. 24, 5:

    dominandi supra quam aestimari potest avidissimus,

    Aur. Vict. Epit. 1 med.:

    supra quam optari potuit,

    Amm. 17, 1, 12:

    supra quod capere possum,

    Dig. 32, 1, 28.—
    II.
    Prep. with acc., above, over.
    A.
    Lit., of place:

    si essent, qui sub terrā semper habitavissent... nec exissent umquam supra terram,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 95:

    ille qui supra nos habitat,

    Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 38:

    supra tribunal et supra praetoris caput,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33, § 77:

    supra eum locum,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 9:

    supra se in summo jugo,

    id. B. G. 1, 24:

    accubueram horā nonā... et quidem supra me Atticus, infra Verrius,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 1:

    saltu supra venabula fertur,

    Verg. A. 9, 553:

    supra segetes Navigat,

    over the cornfields, Ov. M. 1, 295:

    attolli supra ceteros mortales,

    Plin. 34, 6, 12, § 27 (dub.;

    Jahn, super): supra lignum turba insilit,

    Phaedr. 1, 2, 20:

    ecce supra caput homo levis ac sordidus,

    i. e. burdensome, annoying, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; so,

    supra caput esse,

    to be close at hand, Sall. C. 52, 24; cf. Verg. A. 3, 194; Liv. 3, 17, 4; 4, 22, 6; Tac. H. 4, 69; Sen. Ep 108;

    rarely supra capita,

    Liv. 42, 42, 6.—
    2.
    In partic., of geographical position, above, beyond: supra Maeotis paludes, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 5, 17, 49 (Epigr. v. 7, p. 163 Vahl.):

    supra Suessulam,

    Liv. 23, 32, 2:

    Syene oppidum, quod est supra Alexandriam quinque millibus stadiorum,

    Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183;

    supra Britanniam,

    id. 2, 97, 99, § 217. —
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    Of time, before:

    paulo supra hanc memoriam,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 19; supra septingentesimum annum, Liv. praef. § 4.—
    2.
    Of number, degree, or quantity.
    (α).
    With numbers, = plus, amplius (not in Cic. or Cæs.), over, above, beyond, more than:

    supra quattuor milia hominum orabunt ut, etc.,

    Liv. 43, 3, 2:

    caesa eo die supra milia viginti,

    id. 30, 35, 3; 3, 31, 4:

    supra septem milia hominum domos remisit,

    id. 21, 23, 6; 23, 17, 2; 23, 37, 11 sq.; 23, 49, 13; Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 17; 3, 6, 1; 3, 7, 11:

    supra duos menses sapor ejus non permanet integer,

    Col. 12, 49, 3:

    tres (cyathos),

    Hor. C. 3, 19, 15.—
    (β).
    In gen.:

    quibus solida ungula, nec supra geminos fetus,

    Plin. 11, 40, 95, § 233; cf.:

    de floribus supra dictus scripsit Theophrastus,

    besides, id. 21, 3, 9, § 13:

    hominis fortunam,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 41:

    ratio supra hominem putanda est deoque tribuenda,

    id. N. D. 2, 13, 34:

    potentia, quae supra leges se esse velit,

    id. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 17, 6:

    humanam supra fortunam,

    Phaedr. 4, 24, 24:

    supra Coclites Muciosque id facinus esse,

    Liv. 2, 13, 8:

    modum,

    id. 21, 7, 7; Col. 4, 27, 4:

    vires,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 22: humanam fidem Plin. 34, 7, 17, § 38: morem, Verg. G. 2, 227; Sall. C. 3, 2:

    supra belli Latini metum id quoque accesserat, quod,

    besides, Liv. 2, 18, 3.—Prov.:

    supra homines, supra ire deos pietate,

    i. e. to attain the highest degree, Verg. A. 12, 839 Heyne ad loc.—
    3.
    Sometimes to indicate that over which one is placed as superintendent (mostly postclass.):

    dispositi, quos supra somnum habebat,

    watchers, Curt. 6, 11, 3:

    qui supra bibliothecam fuerunt,

    Vitr. 7, praef. §

    5: servus supra rationes positus,

    Pseudo Quint. Decl. 353:

    SVPRA INSVLAS,

    Inscr. Orell. 721 and 2927:

    SVPRA IVMENTA,

    ib. 2870:

    SVPRA VELARIOS,

    ib. 2967:

    SVPRA COCOS,

    ib. 2827; Inscr. Grut. p. 1111, 1.—
    III.
    Compounds formed with supra are extremely rare. In late Lat. supradictus, suprafatus, suprafundo, suprajacio, supranatans, suprasedeo, etc., are found, but here supra is properly written separately as an adv.; only suprascando (v. h. v.), on account of its signif., is to be written as one word.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > supra

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