Marcus

marcus, i, m. [cf. Sanscr. mar, mrid, to break, crush], a large hammer, Isid. Orig. 19, 7, 2, v. 1. marculus.

Marcus, i, m., a Roman prænomen, in gen. represented by M. simply, e. g. M. Terentius Varro, M. Tullius Cicero;

written in full, MAARCVS,

Inscr. Rein. 1006;

MARCVS,

Inscr. Fabr. p. 324, 450; p. 342, 528 et saep. Afterwards also a surname, e. g. C. PONTIVS C. L. MARCVS, Inscr. Grut. 986, 5.—Hence, Marcĭānus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Marcus, Marcian: sodales, the priests who performed the sacred rites instituted in honor of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, Capitol. Pertinax, 15; cf. Spart. Sever. 7; Inscr. Grut. 379.

marcus, i, m. [cf. Sanscr. mar, mrid, to break, crush], a large hammer, Isid. Orig. 19, 7, 2, v. 1. marculus.

Marcus, i, m., a Roman prænomen, in gen. represented by M. simply, e. g. M. Terentius Varro, M. Tullius Cicero;

written in full, MAARCVS,

Inscr. Rein. 1006;

MARCVS,

Inscr. Fabr. p. 324, 450; p. 342, 528 et saep. Afterwards also a surname, e. g. C. PONTIVS C. L. MARCVS, Inscr. Grut. 986, 5.—Hence, Marcĭānus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Marcus, Marcian: sodales, the priests who performed the sacred rites instituted in honor of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, Capitol. Pertinax, 15; cf. Spart. Sever. 7; Inscr. Grut. 379.

marcŭlus or martŭlus, i, m. dim. [marcus], a small hammer, a hammer (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

malleus vocatur, quia dum quid calet et molle est, caedit et producit: marcus, malleus major: et dictus marcus, quod major sit ad caedendum, et fortior: marcellus mediocris: marculus malleus pusillus,

Isid. Orig. 19, 7, 2;

Lucil. ib.: tegulas invenit Cinyra, et metalla aeris, item forcipem, martulum, vectem, incudem,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 195:

alii caelo et marculo gemmulas exsculpunt,

Front. ad Caes. 4, 4, 3 Mai.:

aerariorum marculi,

Mart. 12, 57, 6.

Marcŭlus diminutivum a Marco, Paul. ex Fest. p. 125 Müll.

marcŭlus or martŭlus, i, m. dim. [marcus], a small hammer, a hammer (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

malleus vocatur, quia dum quid calet et molle est, caedit et producit: marcus, malleus major: et dictus marcus, quod major sit ad caedendum, et fortior: marcellus mediocris: marculus malleus pusillus,

Isid. Orig. 19, 7, 2;

Lucil. ib.: tegulas invenit Cinyra, et metalla aeris, item forcipem, martulum, vectem, incudem,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 195:

alii caelo et marculo gemmulas exsculpunt,

Front. ad Caes. 4, 4, 3 Mai.:

aerariorum marculi,

Mart. 12, 57, 6.

Marcŭlus diminutivum a Marco, Paul. ex Fest. p. 125 Müll.

• On the nature of things. (title of Marcus Aurelius's magnum opus)

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

as-sĭdĕo ( ads-, Fleck., Kayser, Rib., Merk., Halm, Weissenb.; both, K. and H.), sēdi, sessum, 2, v. n. [sedeo], to sit by or near a person or thing (syn. assido).

Lit.

In gen.:

qui apud carbones adsident,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 48:

in Tiburti forte adsedimus ego et Marcus filius,

Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 224:

non adsidens et attente audiens,

id. Brut. 55, 200.—

Esp.

To sit, stand, or be at one's side, as attendant, aid, protector; absol. or with dat.:

cum lacrimans in carcere mater noctes diesque adsideret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 43:

principes Macedoniae hujus (Plancii) periculo commoti huic adsident, pro hoc laborant,

id. Planc. 11 fin.:

cum Pompeius P. Lentulo consuli frequens adsideret,

id. Pis. 32, 80:

qui (nobilium adulescentes) ibi adsidebant,

Liv. 9, 46, 9:

Ut assidens inplumibus pullis avis Serpentium adlapsus timet,

Hor. Epod. 1, 19:

adsidens foribus,

Vulg. Sap. 6, 15; ib. 1 Macc. 11, 40; ib. Act. 26, 30.—Hence, in judic. lang., t. t., to aid, assist one in the office of judge, to be an assessor (cf. assessor):

rarus in tribunali Caesaris Piso, et si quando adsideret, atrox ac dissentire manifestus,

Tac. A. 2, 57; Dig. 1, 22, 2; 1, 22, 3; 1, 22, 6 al.—

Of the sick, to attend upon, take care of:

adsidet aegrae,

Ov. H. 20, 137:

Adsidet una soror,

Prop. 5, 3, 41: si alius casus lecto te adflixit, habes qui Adsideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, etc., Hor. S. 1, 1, 82; Plin. Ep. 7, 19:

adsidente amantissimā uxore,

Tac. Agr. 45:

adsidere valetudini,

id. ib. —

To be busily, assiduously engaged about a thing:

litteris,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 19:

gubernaculis,

to attend to, to mind, id. Pan. 81 fin. —

Transf.

Of a place, to station one's self before; and more freq. in a hostile sense, to be encamped before, sit down before, besiege, blockade; constr. with dat. or acc.; also pass.:

adsidere sepultae urbis ruinis,

Tac. H. 3, 35:

prope moenia Romana adsidere,

Liv. 26, 22:

moenibus adsidet hostis,

Verg. Cir. 267; Liv. 23, 19; 21, 25; Curt. 4, 3; Tac. H. 2, 22 al.:

cum muros adsidet hostis,

Verg. A. 11, 304:

adsidendo castellum,

Tac. A. 6, 43:

arces,

Sil. 9, 623:

adsidebat oppugnabatque oppidum,

Gell. 7, 1, 8: Amisumque adsideri audiebat, Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 830 P. (IV. 8 Gerl.):

adsessos Capuae muros,

Sil. 12, 453.—

Poet., to be near one in qualities, i. e. to be like, to resemble (in prose, instead of it, accedo;

opp. dissideo, q. v.): parcus Adsidet insano,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 14 (sedet stulto proximus eique simillimus est, Crucq.; cf. in Gr. engus einai tini.—Acc. to Schmid the figure is drawn from the sitting together of similar classes in the theatre).

Armĕnĭa, ae, f., = Armenia.

A country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major (eastern, now Turcomania and Kurdistan) and Minor (western, now Anatolia), Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25:

utraque,

Luc. 2, 638:

utraeque,

Flor. 3, 5, 21.— Absol. Armenia, for Armenia Minor, Cic. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Phil. 2, 37, 94.— Hence,

Derivv.

Armĕnĭăcus, a, um, adj., = Armeniakos, Armenian:

bellum,

Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 129:

triumphus,

id. 30, 2, 6, § 16:

cotes,

id. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—

Hence, Armeniacus,

an epithet of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, on account of his conquest of Armenia, Capitol. M. Anton. Philos. 9; Inscr. Grut. 253, 2.—Armeniacum malum, or absol. Armĕnĭăcum, the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 19 (id. 5, 10, 404, called Armenium).— Armĕ-nĭăca, ae, f., the apricot-tree, Col. 11, 2, 96; Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 41.—

Armĕnĭus, a, um, adj., Armenian:

lingua,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 100 Müll.:

reges,

Cic. Att. 2, 7:

tigres,

Verg. E. 5, 29:

pedites,

Nep. Dat. 8, 2:

triumphi,

Flor. 4, 2, 8.—

Subst.

Ar-mĕnĭus, ii, m., an Armenian, Ov. Tr. 2, 227; Mart. 5, 59; Vulg. 4 Reg. 19, 37.—

Armĕnĭum, ii, n.

Sc. pigmentum, a fine blue color, obtained from an Armenian stone, ultramarine, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Vitr. 7, 5 fin.; Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.—

Sc. pomum, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 404.

Armĕnĭa, ae, f., = Armenia.

A country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major (eastern, now Turcomania and Kurdistan) and Minor (western, now Anatolia), Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25:

utraque,

Luc. 2, 638:

utraeque,

Flor. 3, 5, 21.— Absol. Armenia, for Armenia Minor, Cic. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Phil. 2, 37, 94.— Hence,

Derivv.

Armĕnĭăcus, a, um, adj., = Armeniakos, Armenian:

bellum,

Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 129:

triumphus,

id. 30, 2, 6, § 16:

cotes,

id. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—

Hence, Armeniacus,

an epithet of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, on account of his conquest of Armenia, Capitol. M. Anton. Philos. 9; Inscr. Grut. 253, 2.—Armeniacum malum, or absol. Armĕnĭăcum, the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 19 (id. 5, 10, 404, called Armenium).— Armĕ-nĭăca, ae, f., the apricot-tree, Col. 11, 2, 96; Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 41.—

Armĕnĭus, a, um, adj., Armenian:

lingua,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 100 Müll.:

reges,

Cic. Att. 2, 7:

tigres,

Verg. E. 5, 29:

pedites,

Nep. Dat. 8, 2:

triumphi,

Flor. 4, 2, 8.—

Subst.

Ar-mĕnĭus, ii, m., an Armenian, Ov. Tr. 2, 227; Mart. 5, 59; Vulg. 4 Reg. 19, 37.—

Armĕnĭum, ii, n.

Sc. pigmentum, a fine blue color, obtained from an Armenian stone, ultramarine, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Vitr. 7, 5 fin.; Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.—

Sc. pomum, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 404.

Armĕnĭa, ae, f., = Armenia.

A country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major (eastern, now Turcomania and Kurdistan) and Minor (western, now Anatolia), Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25:

utraque,

Luc. 2, 638:

utraeque,

Flor. 3, 5, 21.— Absol. Armenia, for Armenia Minor, Cic. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Phil. 2, 37, 94.— Hence,

Derivv.

Armĕnĭăcus, a, um, adj., = Armeniakos, Armenian:

bellum,

Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 129:

triumphus,

id. 30, 2, 6, § 16:

cotes,

id. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—

Hence, Armeniacus,

an epithet of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, on account of his conquest of Armenia, Capitol. M. Anton. Philos. 9; Inscr. Grut. 253, 2.—Armeniacum malum, or absol. Armĕnĭăcum, the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 19 (id. 5, 10, 404, called Armenium).— Armĕ-nĭăca, ae, f., the apricot-tree, Col. 11, 2, 96; Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 41.—

Armĕnĭus, a, um, adj., Armenian:

lingua,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 100 Müll.:

reges,

Cic. Att. 2, 7:

tigres,

Verg. E. 5, 29:

pedites,

Nep. Dat. 8, 2:

triumphi,

Flor. 4, 2, 8.—

Subst.

Ar-mĕnĭus, ii, m., an Armenian, Ov. Tr. 2, 227; Mart. 5, 59; Vulg. 4 Reg. 19, 37.—

Armĕnĭum, ii, n.

Sc. pigmentum, a fine blue color, obtained from an Armenian stone, ultramarine, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Vitr. 7, 5 fin.; Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.—

Sc. pomum, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 404.

Armĕnĭa, ae, f., = Armenia.

A country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major (eastern, now Turcomania and Kurdistan) and Minor (western, now Anatolia), Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25:

utraque,

Luc. 2, 638:

utraeque,

Flor. 3, 5, 21.— Absol. Armenia, for Armenia Minor, Cic. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Phil. 2, 37, 94.— Hence,

Derivv.

Armĕnĭăcus, a, um, adj., = Armeniakos, Armenian:

bellum,

Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 129:

triumphus,

id. 30, 2, 6, § 16:

cotes,

id. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—

Hence, Armeniacus,

an epithet of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, on account of his conquest of Armenia, Capitol. M. Anton. Philos. 9; Inscr. Grut. 253, 2.—Armeniacum malum, or absol. Armĕnĭăcum, the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 19 (id. 5, 10, 404, called Armenium).— Armĕ-nĭăca, ae, f., the apricot-tree, Col. 11, 2, 96; Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 41.—

Armĕnĭus, a, um, adj., Armenian:

lingua,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 100 Müll.:

reges,

Cic. Att. 2, 7:

tigres,

Verg. E. 5, 29:

pedites,

Nep. Dat. 8, 2:

triumphi,

Flor. 4, 2, 8.—

Subst.

Ar-mĕnĭus, ii, m., an Armenian, Ov. Tr. 2, 227; Mart. 5, 59; Vulg. 4 Reg. 19, 37.—

Armĕnĭum, ii, n.

Sc. pigmentum, a fine blue color, obtained from an Armenian stone, ultramarine, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Vitr. 7, 5 fin.; Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.—

Sc. pomum, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 404.

Armĕnĭa, ae, f., = Armenia.

A country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major (eastern, now Turcomania and Kurdistan) and Minor (western, now Anatolia), Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25:

utraque,

Luc. 2, 638:

utraeque,

Flor. 3, 5, 21.— Absol. Armenia, for Armenia Minor, Cic. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Phil. 2, 37, 94.— Hence,

Derivv.

Armĕnĭăcus, a, um, adj., = Armeniakos, Armenian:

bellum,

Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 129:

triumphus,

id. 30, 2, 6, § 16:

cotes,

id. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—

Hence, Armeniacus,

an epithet of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, on account of his conquest of Armenia, Capitol. M. Anton. Philos. 9; Inscr. Grut. 253, 2.—Armeniacum malum, or absol. Armĕnĭăcum, the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 19 (id. 5, 10, 404, called Armenium).— Armĕ-nĭăca, ae, f., the apricot-tree, Col. 11, 2, 96; Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 41.—

Armĕnĭus, a, um, adj., Armenian:

lingua,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 100 Müll.:

reges,

Cic. Att. 2, 7:

tigres,

Verg. E. 5, 29:

pedites,

Nep. Dat. 8, 2:

triumphi,

Flor. 4, 2, 8.—

Subst.

Ar-mĕnĭus, ii, m., an Armenian, Ov. Tr. 2, 227; Mart. 5, 59; Vulg. 4 Reg. 19, 37.—

Armĕnĭum, ii, n.

Sc. pigmentum, a fine blue color, obtained from an Armenian stone, ultramarine, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Vitr. 7, 5 fin.; Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.—

Sc. pomum, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 404.

Armĕnĭa, ae, f., = Armenia.

A country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major (eastern, now Turcomania and Kurdistan) and Minor (western, now Anatolia), Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25:

utraque,

Luc. 2, 638:

utraeque,

Flor. 3, 5, 21.— Absol. Armenia, for Armenia Minor, Cic. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Phil. 2, 37, 94.— Hence,

Derivv.

Armĕnĭăcus, a, um, adj., = Armeniakos, Armenian:

bellum,

Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 129:

triumphus,

id. 30, 2, 6, § 16:

cotes,

id. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—

Hence, Armeniacus,

an epithet of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, on account of his conquest of Armenia, Capitol. M. Anton. Philos. 9; Inscr. Grut. 253, 2.—Armeniacum malum, or absol. Armĕnĭăcum, the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 19 (id. 5, 10, 404, called Armenium).— Armĕ-nĭăca, ae, f., the apricot-tree, Col. 11, 2, 96; Plin. 15, 13, 12, § 41.—

Armĕnĭus, a, um, adj., Armenian:

lingua,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 100 Müll.:

reges,

Cic. Att. 2, 7:

tigres,

Verg. E. 5, 29:

pedites,

Nep. Dat. 8, 2:

triumphi,

Flor. 4, 2, 8.—

Subst.

Ar-mĕnĭus, ii, m., an Armenian, Ov. Tr. 2, 227; Mart. 5, 59; Vulg. 4 Reg. 19, 37.—

Armĕnĭum, ii, n.

Sc. pigmentum, a fine blue color, obtained from an Armenian stone, ultramarine, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Vitr. 7, 5 fin.; Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.—

Sc. pomum, the apricot, Col. 5, 10, 404.

as-sĭdĕo ( ads-, Fleck., Kayser, Rib., Merk., Halm, Weissenb.; both, K. and H.), sēdi, sessum, 2, v. n. [sedeo], to sit by or near a person or thing (syn. assido).

Lit.

In gen.:

qui apud carbones adsident,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 48:

in Tiburti forte adsedimus ego et Marcus filius,

Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 224:

non adsidens et attente audiens,

id. Brut. 55, 200.—

Esp.

To sit, stand, or be at one's side, as attendant, aid, protector; absol. or with dat.:

cum lacrimans in carcere mater noctes diesque adsideret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 43:

principes Macedoniae hujus (Plancii) periculo commoti huic adsident, pro hoc laborant,

id. Planc. 11 fin.:

cum Pompeius P. Lentulo consuli frequens adsideret,

id. Pis. 32, 80:

qui (nobilium adulescentes) ibi adsidebant,

Liv. 9, 46, 9:

Ut assidens inplumibus pullis avis Serpentium adlapsus timet,

Hor. Epod. 1, 19:

adsidens foribus,

Vulg. Sap. 6, 15; ib. 1 Macc. 11, 40; ib. Act. 26, 30.—Hence, in judic. lang., t. t., to aid, assist one in the office of judge, to be an assessor (cf. assessor):

rarus in tribunali Caesaris Piso, et si quando adsideret, atrox ac dissentire manifestus,

Tac. A. 2, 57; Dig. 1, 22, 2; 1, 22, 3; 1, 22, 6 al.—

Of the sick, to attend upon, take care of:

adsidet aegrae,

Ov. H. 20, 137:

Adsidet una soror,

Prop. 5, 3, 41: si alius casus lecto te adflixit, habes qui Adsideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, etc., Hor. S. 1, 1, 82; Plin. Ep. 7, 19:

adsidente amantissimā uxore,

Tac. Agr. 45:

adsidere valetudini,

id. ib. —

To be busily, assiduously engaged about a thing:

litteris,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 19:

gubernaculis,

to attend to, to mind, id. Pan. 81 fin. —

Transf.

Of a place, to station one's self before; and more freq. in a hostile sense, to be encamped before, sit down before, besiege, blockade; constr. with dat. or acc.; also pass.:

adsidere sepultae urbis ruinis,

Tac. H. 3, 35:

prope moenia Romana adsidere,

Liv. 26, 22:

moenibus adsidet hostis,

Verg. Cir. 267; Liv. 23, 19; 21, 25; Curt. 4, 3; Tac. H. 2, 22 al.:

cum muros adsidet hostis,

Verg. A. 11, 304:

adsidendo castellum,

Tac. A. 6, 43:

arces,

Sil. 9, 623:

adsidebat oppugnabatque oppidum,

Gell. 7, 1, 8: Amisumque adsideri audiebat, Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 830 P. (IV. 8 Gerl.):

adsessos Capuae muros,

Sil. 12, 453.—

Poet., to be near one in qualities, i. e. to be like, to resemble (in prose, instead of it, accedo;

opp. dissideo, q. v.): parcus Adsidet insano,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 14 (sedet stulto proximus eique simillimus est, Crucq.; cf. in Gr. engus einai tini.—Acc. to Schmid the figure is drawn from the sitting together of similar classes in the theatre).

ăvĕo, ēre, v. a. [from Sanscr. av, to love, to wish; to satisfy one's self, to be content, to do or fare well], to wish, desire earnestly, to long for, crave (syn.: volo, cupio): avere nihil aliud est quam cupere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 14 Müll.: ab ludis animus atque aures avent Avide exspectantes nuntium, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 70 (Trag. v. 70 Vahl.).—Constr. with inf., acc., and absol.

With inf.:

te imitari aveo,

Lucr. 3, 6:

Illud in his quoque te rebus cognoscere avemus,

id. 2, 216:

res exponere,

id. 4, 778:

rationem reddere,

id. 3, 259:

discedere aventes,

id. 4, 1203:

Non est mihi tempus aventi Ponere signa novis praeceptis,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 1; 2, 6, 99:

propiusque accedere aventi figere pectora,

Ov. M. 2, 503:

valde aveo scire quid agas,

Cic. Att. 1, 15; 2, 18; id. Fin. 2, 14, 46; id. Off. 1, 4, 13; id. Div. 1, 6, 11:

Jam mens praetrepidans avet vagari,

Cat. 46, 7:

avet (ara) spargier agno,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 7:

ipsum L. Paulum omnium oculi conspicere urbem curru ingredientem avent,

Liv. 45, 39, 8; 33, 32, 8; Col. 3, 21, 6:

avebat animus antire statimque memorare exitus,

Tac. A. 4, 71; 12, 36.—

With acc.:

quia semper aves quod abest, praesentia temnis,

Lucr. 3, 957; so id. 3, 1082; 3, 1083:

parto, quod avebas,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 94:

aveo genus legationis ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 15, 11 fin. (acc. to conj. of Gronov.; so B. and K.; v. Orell. ad h. l.); Sil. 9, 371.—

Absol.:

Et mora, quae fluvios passim refrenat aventes,

which restrains the eager river, Lucr. 6, 531, where Lachm. and Munro read euntīs:

Talem dira sibi scelerisque dolique ministram Quaerit avens,

Val. Fl. 2, 123; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—

Avens = libens, Laev. ap. Gell. 19, 7.— ăventer, adv., eagerly, earnestly (post - class.), Sid. Ep. 2, 2; v. Amm. 18, 5 and 19.

ăvĕo (or, acc. to Quint. 1, 6, 21, hă-vĕo; cf. Spald. ad l. l. and Schneid. Gr. 1, p. 185), ēre, v. n. [v. 1. aveo init. ], to be or fare well; except once in Mamert., used only in the imper. ave, aveto, avete, and inf. avere, as a form of salutation, both at meeting and separating, like salve and chaire (hence, Fest. p. 13 explains it by gaudeo).

In gen., Hail! God bless thee, farewell! adieu (prob. not used by Cic.): Caesar simulatque, Have, mihi dixit, statim exposuit, [p. 214] i. e. had saluted me, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 4:

numquam dicis Ave, sed reddis etc.,

Mart. 3, 95, 1:

Ave! gratiā plena, Dominus tecum!

Vulg. Luc. 1, 28:

Jesus occurrit illis dicens Avete!

ib. Matt. 28, 9.—

In mock homage (eccl. Lat.): dixit Ave! Rabbi,

Vulg. Matt. 26, 49; 27, 29; ib. Marc. 15, 18; ib. Joan. 19, 3.—Haveto at the end of a letter, Cato ap. Sall. C. 35, 6; and Ave at the beginning, August. ap. Gell. 15, 7, 3:

Marcus avere jubet,

Mart. 3, 5, 10 al. —

Esp.

As a morning greeting (diff. from vale, a greeting at separating in the evening; cf. Suet. Galb. 4:

ut liberti servique mane salvere, vesperi valere sibi singuli dicerent): et matutinum portat ineptus ave,

Mart. 1, 56, 6; 1, 56, 109 fin.; 4, 79, 4; 7, 39, 2.—

As a farewell to the dead, = vale: Atque in perpetuom, frater, ave atque vale, *Cat. 101, 10;

and so frequently in inscriptions,

Inscr. Orell. 2663; 4732; 4734; 4735;

4742. But in Martial avere is distinguished, as a greeting to the living, from valere, a greeting to the dead: Jam satis est, Afer: non vis avere: vale!

Mart. 9, 7, 4. And thus the ambiguity of avere in the anecdote in Suet. Claud. 21 is to be explained: Emissurus (Claudius) Fucinum lacum naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus naumachiariis, Ave ( farewell), Imperator, morituri te salutant: respondisset, Avete vos (i. e. as dying), neque post hanc vocem, quasi venia data (since they interpreted the exclamation as live!), quisquam dimicare vellet, etc.—

As a mere expression of goodwill (eccl. Lat.):

nec Ave ei dixeritis,

nor bid him God-speed, Vulg. 2 Joan. 10, 11.

.. cum is avere jubeat, qui jam fecit, ut averem, Mamert. Grat. Act. ad Julian.