austērē

* * *

austērē, adv., v. austerus fin.

* * *

austērus, a, um, adj. (auster, Scrib. Comp. 188; sup. austerrimus, Messala, Corv. Progen. Aug. 5), = austêros.

A.. Lit, of taste, harsh, sour, tart (not before the Aug. per.;

syn.: acer, acerbus, tristis, severus, molestus): vinum nigrum,

Cels. 3, 24:

austerior gustus,

Col. 12, 12, 2:

herba austero sapore,

Plin. 25, 5, 20, § 45:

vinum austerissimum,

Scrib. Comp. 142.—

Transf.

Of smell, pungent:

balsami sucus: odore austerus,

Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 120.—

Of color, deep, dark:

sunt autem colores austeri aut floridi,

Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.— Comp.:

(pictor) austerior colore et in austeritate jucundior,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 134.—

Trop.

Severe, rigid, strict, stern, austere (opp. mol lis, facilis, lenis;

scarcely before Cic.): illo austero more ac modo,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33; id. de Or. 3, 25, 98:

austerior et gravior esse potuisset,

id. Pis. 29, 71:

Nec gravis austeri poena cavenda viri,

Prop. 4, 13, 24:

homo austerus es,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 21; 19, 22.—Of discourse, severe, grave, serious:

ita sit noLis ornatus et suavis orator, ut suavitatem habeat austeram et solidam, non dulcem atque decoctam (the epithet borrowed from wine),

that he may have a severe and solid, not a luscious and effeminate sweetness, Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 103:

austera poëmata,

Hor. A. P. 342:

oratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 128 Spald.—Of style in statuary:

genus,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 66.—

As the opp. of kind, pleasant, severe, gloomy, sad, troublesome, hard, irksome (so first after the beginning of the Aug. per.):

labor,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 12:

Quaelibet austeras de me ferat urna tabellas,

Prop. 5, 11, 49:

aeger omnem austeram curationem recusans,

Plin. 24, 7, 28, § 43.— Adv.:

austērē, acc. to II., rigidly, austerely, severely: agit mecum austere et Stoice Cato, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— Comp.: cum aliquo austerius agere, * Vulg. 2 Macc. 14, 30.

sĕvērus, a, um, adj. [perh. kindr. with serius], serious, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe in aspect, demeanor, conduct, etc. (of persons and things; serius regularly only of things; v. serius; class. and freq.).

Of persons:

nam te omnes saevom severumque commemorant,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

quam severus!

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 21; id. Eun. 2, 1, 21:

civis severus et gravis,

Cic. Lael. 25, 95; cf.:

omnium gravissimus et severissimus, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 56, 228:

Tubero (Stoicus) vitā severus,

id. Brut. 31, 117; cf.:

Stoicorum secta severissima,

Quint. 1, 10, 15:

agricolae,

hardended by toil, rugged, Lucr. 5, 1357:

Cures,

Verg. A. 8, 638:

Zethus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 42; cf. in comp.:

rumores senum severiorum,

Cat. 5, 2.—Of those who live a sober and temperate life:

at vos hinc abite, lymphae, Vini pernicies et ad severos Migrate,

Cat. 27, 6:

adimam cantare severis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 10; 1, 5, 13:

legis custodes,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: neque severus esse (potest) in judicando, qui [p. 1687] alios in se severos esse judices non vult, id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38; so,

judices severi in eos solos,

id. Clu. 20, 56; cf.:

severissimos atque integerrimos judices,

id. Verr. 1, 10, 30:

ex familiā ad judicandum severissimā,

id. ib.:

ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram,

Hor. Epod. 11, 19:

auctor e severissimis,

Plin. 11, 52, 114, § 274:

Aristolaus e severissimis pictoribus fuit,

id. 35, 11, 40, § 137 (for which, just before: austerior colore).—

In a bad sense, harsh, rough, crabbed, rigid, severe (rare):

Neptunus saevus severusque,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112 dub. (a passage bracketed by B. and K.):

in me severior quam in vos,

Liv. 7, 40, 7; Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21:

Eumenidum turba,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 22; cf. II. B.—

Of things, grave, serious, severe, austere, etc.:

severā fronte curas cogitans,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46:

vultus severior et tristior,

Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 289; cf. Hor. A. P 107:

frons,

Ov. Tr. 2, 241: Falernum, rough, sharp, tart (syn. austerum), Hor. C. 1, 27, 9:

divaeque (Palladis) severas Fronde ligare comas,

Stat. Achill. 1, 288:

animus (opp. mitis),

Quint. 3, 9, 7:

disciplina maxime severa,

id. 1, 2, 5:

imperia severiora,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43:

judicia severa,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 133:

lex,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 57:

severiora judicia,

Quint. 4, 2, 122:

severiores leges,

id. 12, 1, 40; cf.:

Lycurgus severissimarum justissimarumque legum auctor,

Vell. 1, 6, 3:

imperii severissimi vir,

Liv. 4, 26:

quod ego dixi per jocum, Id eventurum esse et severum et serium,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 51:

linque severa,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 28:

paulo severior poena,

Sall. C. 51, 15.—Of style:

sententiae graves et severae,

Cic. Brut. 95, 325:

triste et severum genus dicendi,

id. ib. 30, 113; so Quint. 2, 4, 6; 6, 3, 102; 9, 4, 63 sq.; 10, 1, 131 al.; cf.:

severae Musa tragoediae,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 9:

fidibus voces crevere severis,

id. A. P. 216.—

Severe, dreadful, gloomy:

severus Uncus abest,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

silentia noctis,

Lucr. 4, 460:

heims,

Quint. Decl. 4, 14:

amnem Cocyti metuet,

Verg. G. 3, 37; cf. absol.: Si. Accurrite, Ne se interimat... Me. Hau! voluisti istuc severum facere? this horrible deed, Plaut. Cist. 3, 15 (but in Lucr. 5, 35 the correct read. is pelage sonora; v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—Hence, adv., in three forms, severe (class.), severiter (anteand post-class.), and severum (post-class.).

sĕvērē, gravely, seriously, austerely, rigidly, severely, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19:

graviter et severe voluptatem secernit a bono,

id. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

vetuit (with graviter),

Quint. 11, 3, 148:

uti judicio,

id. 1, 3, 4:

aestimatae lites,

Cic. Mur. 20, 42; 25, 51:

vindicare Hiempsalis mortem,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

dicere,

Cic. Off. 1, 37, 134; Quint. 6, 3, 101; 8, 3, 40:

domesticam disciplinam regere,

Suet. Caes. 48.— Comp.:

ad aliquem severius scribere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

adhibere aliquem,

Cic. Att. 10, 12, 3:

coërcere matrimonia,

Just. 3, 3, 8. — Sup.:

sunt qui voluptatem severissime contemnant,

Cic. Off. 1, 21, 71; so,

exacta aetas,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:

dicere jus,

Suet. Caes. 43.—

sĕvērĭter, gravely, seriously, severely: sermonem cum aliquo conferre, Titin. ap. Non. 509, 33; and in Prisc. p. 1010 P.; Plaut., acc. to Prisc. 1. 1.; App. M. 2, p. 126, 33.—

sĕvērum, harshly, austerely:

nunc severum vivitur,

Prud. Cath. 2, 33.

Sĕvērus, i, m. [1. severus], a proper name.

Of several men.

Cornelius Severus, a poet in the Augustan age, Quint. 10, 1, 89; Ov. P. 4, 2, 2 sqq.; 4, 16, 9.—

Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor, A.D. 193-211.—

Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, A. D. 222-235, Eutr. 8, 10; Spart. Sev. 1 sqq.—

T. Cassius Severus, a Roman orator, in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, Quint. 10, 1, 116; Tac. Or. 19.—

Sulpicius Severus, a bishop in Gaul, author of a Historia Sacra, and of the Vita S. Martini, and several smaller works. —

Mons Severus, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, Verg. A. 7, 713.

sĕvērus, a, um, adj. [perh. kindr. with serius], serious, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe in aspect, demeanor, conduct, etc. (of persons and things; serius regularly only of things; v. serius; class. and freq.).

Of persons:

nam te omnes saevom severumque commemorant,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

quam severus!

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 21; id. Eun. 2, 1, 21:

civis severus et gravis,

Cic. Lael. 25, 95; cf.:

omnium gravissimus et severissimus, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 56, 228:

Tubero (Stoicus) vitā severus,

id. Brut. 31, 117; cf.:

Stoicorum secta severissima,

Quint. 1, 10, 15:

agricolae,

hardended by toil, rugged, Lucr. 5, 1357:

Cures,

Verg. A. 8, 638:

Zethus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 42; cf. in comp.:

rumores senum severiorum,

Cat. 5, 2.—Of those who live a sober and temperate life:

at vos hinc abite, lymphae, Vini pernicies et ad severos Migrate,

Cat. 27, 6:

adimam cantare severis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 10; 1, 5, 13:

legis custodes,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: neque severus esse (potest) in judicando, qui [p. 1687] alios in se severos esse judices non vult, id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38; so,

judices severi in eos solos,

id. Clu. 20, 56; cf.:

severissimos atque integerrimos judices,

id. Verr. 1, 10, 30:

ex familiā ad judicandum severissimā,

id. ib.:

ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram,

Hor. Epod. 11, 19:

auctor e severissimis,

Plin. 11, 52, 114, § 274:

Aristolaus e severissimis pictoribus fuit,

id. 35, 11, 40, § 137 (for which, just before: austerior colore).—

In a bad sense, harsh, rough, crabbed, rigid, severe (rare):

Neptunus saevus severusque,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112 dub. (a passage bracketed by B. and K.):

in me severior quam in vos,

Liv. 7, 40, 7; Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21:

Eumenidum turba,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 22; cf. II. B.—

Of things, grave, serious, severe, austere, etc.:

severā fronte curas cogitans,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46:

vultus severior et tristior,

Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 289; cf. Hor. A. P 107:

frons,

Ov. Tr. 2, 241: Falernum, rough, sharp, tart (syn. austerum), Hor. C. 1, 27, 9:

divaeque (Palladis) severas Fronde ligare comas,

Stat. Achill. 1, 288:

animus (opp. mitis),

Quint. 3, 9, 7:

disciplina maxime severa,

id. 1, 2, 5:

imperia severiora,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43:

judicia severa,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 133:

lex,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 57:

severiora judicia,

Quint. 4, 2, 122:

severiores leges,

id. 12, 1, 40; cf.:

Lycurgus severissimarum justissimarumque legum auctor,

Vell. 1, 6, 3:

imperii severissimi vir,

Liv. 4, 26:

quod ego dixi per jocum, Id eventurum esse et severum et serium,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 51:

linque severa,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 28:

paulo severior poena,

Sall. C. 51, 15.—Of style:

sententiae graves et severae,

Cic. Brut. 95, 325:

triste et severum genus dicendi,

id. ib. 30, 113; so Quint. 2, 4, 6; 6, 3, 102; 9, 4, 63 sq.; 10, 1, 131 al.; cf.:

severae Musa tragoediae,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 9:

fidibus voces crevere severis,

id. A. P. 216.—

Severe, dreadful, gloomy:

severus Uncus abest,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

silentia noctis,

Lucr. 4, 460:

heims,

Quint. Decl. 4, 14:

amnem Cocyti metuet,

Verg. G. 3, 37; cf. absol.: Si. Accurrite, Ne se interimat... Me. Hau! voluisti istuc severum facere? this horrible deed, Plaut. Cist. 3, 15 (but in Lucr. 5, 35 the correct read. is pelage sonora; v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—Hence, adv., in three forms, severe (class.), severiter (anteand post-class.), and severum (post-class.).

sĕvērē, gravely, seriously, austerely, rigidly, severely, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19:

graviter et severe voluptatem secernit a bono,

id. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

vetuit (with graviter),

Quint. 11, 3, 148:

uti judicio,

id. 1, 3, 4:

aestimatae lites,

Cic. Mur. 20, 42; 25, 51:

vindicare Hiempsalis mortem,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

dicere,

Cic. Off. 1, 37, 134; Quint. 6, 3, 101; 8, 3, 40:

domesticam disciplinam regere,

Suet. Caes. 48.— Comp.:

ad aliquem severius scribere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

adhibere aliquem,

Cic. Att. 10, 12, 3:

coërcere matrimonia,

Just. 3, 3, 8. — Sup.:

sunt qui voluptatem severissime contemnant,

Cic. Off. 1, 21, 71; so,

exacta aetas,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:

dicere jus,

Suet. Caes. 43.—

sĕvērĭter, gravely, seriously, severely: sermonem cum aliquo conferre, Titin. ap. Non. 509, 33; and in Prisc. p. 1010 P.; Plaut., acc. to Prisc. 1. 1.; App. M. 2, p. 126, 33.—

sĕvērum, harshly, austerely:

nunc severum vivitur,

Prud. Cath. 2, 33.

Sĕvērus, i, m. [1. severus], a proper name.

Of several men.

Cornelius Severus, a poet in the Augustan age, Quint. 10, 1, 89; Ov. P. 4, 2, 2 sqq.; 4, 16, 9.—

Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor, A.D. 193-211.—

Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, A. D. 222-235, Eutr. 8, 10; Spart. Sev. 1 sqq.—

T. Cassius Severus, a Roman orator, in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, Quint. 10, 1, 116; Tac. Or. 19.—

Sulpicius Severus, a bishop in Gaul, author of a Historia Sacra, and of the Vita S. Martini, and several smaller works. —

Mons Severus, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, Verg. A. 7, 713.

sĕvērus, a, um, adj. [perh. kindr. with serius], serious, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe in aspect, demeanor, conduct, etc. (of persons and things; serius regularly only of things; v. serius; class. and freq.).

Of persons:

nam te omnes saevom severumque commemorant,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

quam severus!

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 21; id. Eun. 2, 1, 21:

civis severus et gravis,

Cic. Lael. 25, 95; cf.:

omnium gravissimus et severissimus, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 56, 228:

Tubero (Stoicus) vitā severus,

id. Brut. 31, 117; cf.:

Stoicorum secta severissima,

Quint. 1, 10, 15:

agricolae,

hardended by toil, rugged, Lucr. 5, 1357:

Cures,

Verg. A. 8, 638:

Zethus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 42; cf. in comp.:

rumores senum severiorum,

Cat. 5, 2.—Of those who live a sober and temperate life:

at vos hinc abite, lymphae, Vini pernicies et ad severos Migrate,

Cat. 27, 6:

adimam cantare severis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 10; 1, 5, 13:

legis custodes,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: neque severus esse (potest) in judicando, qui [p. 1687] alios in se severos esse judices non vult, id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38; so,

judices severi in eos solos,

id. Clu. 20, 56; cf.:

severissimos atque integerrimos judices,

id. Verr. 1, 10, 30:

ex familiā ad judicandum severissimā,

id. ib.:

ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram,

Hor. Epod. 11, 19:

auctor e severissimis,

Plin. 11, 52, 114, § 274:

Aristolaus e severissimis pictoribus fuit,

id. 35, 11, 40, § 137 (for which, just before: austerior colore).—

In a bad sense, harsh, rough, crabbed, rigid, severe (rare):

Neptunus saevus severusque,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112 dub. (a passage bracketed by B. and K.):

in me severior quam in vos,

Liv. 7, 40, 7; Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21:

Eumenidum turba,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 22; cf. II. B.—

Of things, grave, serious, severe, austere, etc.:

severā fronte curas cogitans,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46:

vultus severior et tristior,

Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 289; cf. Hor. A. P 107:

frons,

Ov. Tr. 2, 241: Falernum, rough, sharp, tart (syn. austerum), Hor. C. 1, 27, 9:

divaeque (Palladis) severas Fronde ligare comas,

Stat. Achill. 1, 288:

animus (opp. mitis),

Quint. 3, 9, 7:

disciplina maxime severa,

id. 1, 2, 5:

imperia severiora,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43:

judicia severa,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 133:

lex,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 57:

severiora judicia,

Quint. 4, 2, 122:

severiores leges,

id. 12, 1, 40; cf.:

Lycurgus severissimarum justissimarumque legum auctor,

Vell. 1, 6, 3:

imperii severissimi vir,

Liv. 4, 26:

quod ego dixi per jocum, Id eventurum esse et severum et serium,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 51:

linque severa,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 28:

paulo severior poena,

Sall. C. 51, 15.—Of style:

sententiae graves et severae,

Cic. Brut. 95, 325:

triste et severum genus dicendi,

id. ib. 30, 113; so Quint. 2, 4, 6; 6, 3, 102; 9, 4, 63 sq.; 10, 1, 131 al.; cf.:

severae Musa tragoediae,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 9:

fidibus voces crevere severis,

id. A. P. 216.—

Severe, dreadful, gloomy:

severus Uncus abest,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

silentia noctis,

Lucr. 4, 460:

heims,

Quint. Decl. 4, 14:

amnem Cocyti metuet,

Verg. G. 3, 37; cf. absol.: Si. Accurrite, Ne se interimat... Me. Hau! voluisti istuc severum facere? this horrible deed, Plaut. Cist. 3, 15 (but in Lucr. 5, 35 the correct read. is pelage sonora; v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—Hence, adv., in three forms, severe (class.), severiter (anteand post-class.), and severum (post-class.).

sĕvērē, gravely, seriously, austerely, rigidly, severely, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19:

graviter et severe voluptatem secernit a bono,

id. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

vetuit (with graviter),

Quint. 11, 3, 148:

uti judicio,

id. 1, 3, 4:

aestimatae lites,

Cic. Mur. 20, 42; 25, 51:

vindicare Hiempsalis mortem,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

dicere,

Cic. Off. 1, 37, 134; Quint. 6, 3, 101; 8, 3, 40:

domesticam disciplinam regere,

Suet. Caes. 48.— Comp.:

ad aliquem severius scribere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

adhibere aliquem,

Cic. Att. 10, 12, 3:

coërcere matrimonia,

Just. 3, 3, 8. — Sup.:

sunt qui voluptatem severissime contemnant,

Cic. Off. 1, 21, 71; so,

exacta aetas,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:

dicere jus,

Suet. Caes. 43.—

sĕvērĭter, gravely, seriously, severely: sermonem cum aliquo conferre, Titin. ap. Non. 509, 33; and in Prisc. p. 1010 P.; Plaut., acc. to Prisc. 1. 1.; App. M. 2, p. 126, 33.—

sĕvērum, harshly, austerely:

nunc severum vivitur,

Prud. Cath. 2, 33.

Sĕvērus, i, m. [1. severus], a proper name.

Of several men.

Cornelius Severus, a poet in the Augustan age, Quint. 10, 1, 89; Ov. P. 4, 2, 2 sqq.; 4, 16, 9.—

Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor, A.D. 193-211.—

Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, A. D. 222-235, Eutr. 8, 10; Spart. Sev. 1 sqq.—

T. Cassius Severus, a Roman orator, in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, Quint. 10, 1, 116; Tac. Or. 19.—

Sulpicius Severus, a bishop in Gaul, author of a Historia Sacra, and of the Vita S. Martini, and several smaller works. —

Mons Severus, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, Verg. A. 7, 713.

* * *

* * *

* * *

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

aspĕrĭtas, ātis, f. [asper], the quality of asper, unevenness, roughness (opp. 2. levitas).

Lit.:

saxorum asperitates,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

asperitas viarum,

id. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

locorum,

Sall. J. 75, 2:

angustiae locorumque asperitas,

Liv. 32, 12 fin.; 43, 21; 44, 5 al.:

linguae,

Plin. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

ventris,

id. 11, 37, 79, § 201:

squamarum,

Gell. 2, 6:

faucium,

Plin. 30, 4, 11, § 32:

animi asperitas seu potius animae,

hoarseness, id. 22, 24, 51, § 111:

ob asperitatem hiemis,

roughness, severity, Tac. A. 4, 56:

asperitas frigorum abest,

id. Agr. 12:

densaque cedit Frigoris asperitas,

Ov. F. 4, 88 al.:

asperitas luti,

dryness, barrenness of the clay, Vitr. 2, 3.—Of raised work (cf. 1. asper, I., and exaspero):

vasa anaglypta in asperitatemque excisa,

with figures in basrelief, Plin. 33, 11, 49, § 139.—

Transf.

Of taste, harshness, sharpness, acidity, tartness:

vini,

Plin. 14, 19, 24, § 120:

pomi,

id. 12, 10, 21, § 38:

aceti,

id. 9, 35, 58, § 120:

aquarum,

the brackish taste of water, id. 12, 9, 20, § 37 al. —

Of hearing, roughness, harshness of tone:

vocis,

Lucr. 4, 542:

soni,

Tac. G. 3.—

Of sight, inequality, contrast:

cum aspectus ejus scaenae propter asperitatem eblandiretur omnium visus,

on account of the contrast of light and shade, Vitr. 7, 5:

intercolumniorum,

id. 3, 3.—

Trop.

Of moral qualities, roughness, harshness, severity, fierceness, asperity:

si quis eā asperitate est et immanitate naturae, congressus ut hominum fugiat atque oderit, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 23, 87:

avunculi,

Nep. Att. 5, 1:

patris,

Ov. M. 9, 752:

artibus ingenuis Pectora mollescunt, asperitasque fugit,

id. P. 1, 6, 8:

asperitatis et invidiae corrector,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 129.—Of a rigid, austere manner of life: quam illorum (Stoicorum) tristitiam atque asperitatem fugiens Panaetius nec acerbitatem sententiarum nec disserendi spinas probavit, Cic. Fin. 4, 28, 79; cf. 1. asper, II. A.—And of rudeness in external appearance, opp. to a polished, cultivated bearing:

asperitas agrestis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 6.—

Of things, adversity, reverse of fortune, trouble, severity, difficulty (cf. 1. asper, II. B., and acerbitas):

in his vel asperitatibus rerum vel angustiis temporis obsequar studiis nostris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 3:

asperitas belli,

Sall. J. 29, 1:

remedii,

Tac. A. 1, 44.—Of style, roughness, harshness, trachutês (cf. 1. asper, II. B.):

oratio in quā asperitas contentionis oratoris ipsius humanitate conditur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 53, 212. judicialis asperitas, id. ib. 2, 15, 64; so Quint. 1, 8, 11; 10, 5, 14 (cf. id. 11, 3, 23):

verborum,

Ov. M. 14, 526.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

Căto, ōnis, m. [1. catus], a cognomen of several celebrated Romans in the gens Porcia, Valeria, Vettia al.

M. Porcius Cato the elder, distinguished as a rigid judge of morals; hence with the appel. Censorius;

whose most celebrated works were the Origines and De Re Rustica,

Cic. de Or. 3, 33, 135; Liv. 31, 1 sqq.; Plin. 7, 27, 28, § 100; 7, 30, 31, § 112; cf., concerning him, Bernhardy, Röm. Litt. p. 521 sq.; 650; Bähr, Lit. Gesch. p. 515; 258; 354 al.;

Ellendt, Cic. Brut. p. xix.-xxv.—As appel. of a severe judge,

Mart. 1, prooem. fin.; Phaedr. 4, 7, 21.—Hence,

Cătōnĭānus, a, um, adj., of Cato:

familia,

Cic. Q. Fr. 4, 6, 5:

aetas,

Sen. Tranq. 7, 5:

illa (i. e. praecepta),

id. Ep. 94, 27:

lingua,

i. e. of high morality, Mart. 9, 27, 14.—

His descendant, M. Porcius Cato the younger, the enemy of Cœsar, who committed suicide after the battle of Pharsalia, at Utica; hence with the appel. Uticensis.—

Cătōnīni, ōrum, m., the adherents or friends of Cato, Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 1; cf. catonium.—Concerning both, and the Porcian family in gen., v. Gell. 13, 20 Hertz, p. 19 Bip.—On account of their serious and austere character, serious, or gloomy, morose men are called Catones, Sen. Ep. 120, 19; cf. Juv. 2, 40; Phaedr. 4, 7, 21; Petr. 132.—

Valerius Cato, a celebrated grammarian of Gaul, and poet of the time of Sulla, Cat. 56; Ov. Tr. 2, 436; Suet. Gram. 2; 4; 11.—

Dionysius Cato, author of the Disticha de moribus, prob. about the time of Constantine; v. the Disticha, with the Sententiae of Syrus, at the end of the Fabulae of Phaedrus, Bip.

per-tristis, e, adj., very sad or mournful.

Lit.: carmen, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 8, 14.—

Transf., very austere or morose:

patruus,

Cic. Cael. 11, 25.

Stōĭcus, a, um, adj., = Stôïkos, of or belonging to the Stoic philosophy or to the Stoics, Stoic:

schola,

Cic. Fam. 9, 22 fin.:

secta,

Sen. Ep. 123, 14:

sententia,

id. ib. 22, 7:

libelli,

Hor. Epod. 8, 15:

turba,

Mart. 7, 69, 4:

dogmata,

Juv. 13, 121:

disciplina,

Gell. 19, 1, 1:

Stoicum est,

it is a saying of the Stoics, Cic. Ac. 2, 26, 85:

non loquor tecum Stoicā linguā, sed hac submissiore,

Sen. Ep. 13, 4:

est aliquid in illo Stoici dei: nec cor nec caput habet,

Sen. Apoc. 8.— Subst.: Stōĭcus, i, m., a Stoic philosopher, a Stoic, Cic. Par. praef. § 2; Hor. S. 2, 3, 160; 2, 3, 300; plur., Cic. Mur. 29, 61; and in philosophical writings saepissime.—

Stōĭca, ōrum, n. plur., the Stoic philosophy, Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15.— Adv.: Stōĭcē, like a Stoic, Stoically:

agere austere et Stoice,

Cic. Mur. 35, 74: dicere, id. Par. praef. § 3.

Stōĭcus, a, um, adj., = Stôïkos, of or belonging to the Stoic philosophy or to the Stoics, Stoic:

schola,

Cic. Fam. 9, 22 fin.:

secta,

Sen. Ep. 123, 14:

sententia,

id. ib. 22, 7:

libelli,

Hor. Epod. 8, 15:

turba,

Mart. 7, 69, 4:

dogmata,

Juv. 13, 121:

disciplina,

Gell. 19, 1, 1:

Stoicum est,

it is a saying of the Stoics, Cic. Ac. 2, 26, 85:

non loquor tecum Stoicā linguā, sed hac submissiore,

Sen. Ep. 13, 4:

est aliquid in illo Stoici dei: nec cor nec caput habet,

Sen. Apoc. 8.— Subst.: Stōĭcus, i, m., a Stoic philosopher, a Stoic, Cic. Par. praef. § 2; Hor. S. 2, 3, 160; 2, 3, 300; plur., Cic. Mur. 29, 61; and in philosophical writings saepissime.—

Stōĭca, ōrum, n. plur., the Stoic philosophy, Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15.— Adv.: Stōĭcē, like a Stoic, Stoically:

agere austere et Stoice,

Cic. Mur. 35, 74: dicere, id. Par. praef. § 3.