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21 Cugnot, Nicolas Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 26 February 1725 Void, Meuse, Franced. 2 October 1804 Paris, France[br]French military engineer.[br]Cugnot studied military engineering in Germany and returned to Paris by 1769, having left the service of Austria, where he taught military engineering. It was while serving in the army of Les Pays Bas that he invented a "fusil" or carbine, which was adopted by the Archduke Charles and put into service in the Uhlan regiments.In 1769 he invented a fardier à feu, also called a cabriolet, a steam-driven, heavy three-wheeled vehicle. This tractor, designed to pull artillery pieces, was driven through its single front wheel by two single-acting cylinders which rotated the wheel through ratchets. The ratchet pawls were carried on levers pivoted on the wheel axis, coupled to the piston rods by connecting rods. Links from pivots half-way along the levers connected upwards to a rocking cross-beam fixed on the end of the steam cock so as to pass steam alternately from the undersized boiler to the two cylinders. The tractor had to be stopped whenever it needed stoking, and its maximum speed was 4 mph (6.4 km/h). The difficulty of controlling it led to its early demolition of a wall, after which it was locked away and eventually preserved in the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris. This was, in fact, Cugnot's second vehicle: the first model was presented to the due de Choiseul et Guiberuval, who asked for a more robust and powerful machine which was built at the Arsenal at the expense of the state and tested in 1771. Cugnot was granted a pension of 600 livres. After the revolution he tried in vain in 1798 and 1801 to interest Bonaparte in this invention.[br]BibliographyCugnot published a number of military textbooks, including: 1766, Eléments de l'art militaire.1778, Theory of Fortification.Further ReadingD.J.H.Day, 1980, Engines.A.F.Burstall, 1963, A History of Mechanical Engineering. 1933, Dictionnaire de biographie française.IMcN -
22 Davidson, Robert
[br]b. 18 April 1804 Aberdeen, Scotlandd. 16 November 1894 Aberdeen, Scotland[br]Scottish chemist, pioneer of electric power and builder of the first electric railway locomotives.[br]Davidson, son of an Aberdeen merchant, attended Marischal College, Aberdeen, between 1819 and 1822: his studies included mathematics, mechanics and chemistry. He subsequently joined his father's grocery business, which from time to time received enquiries for yeast: to meet these, Davidson began to manufacture yeast for sale and from that start built up a successful chemical manufacturing business with the emphasis on yeast and dyes. About 1837 he started to experiment first with electric batteries and then with motors. He invented a form of electromagnetic engine in which soft iron bars arranged on the periphery of a wooden cylinder, parallel to its axis, around which the cylinder could rotate, were attracted by fixed electromagnets. These were energized in turn by current controlled by a simple commutaring device. Electric current was produced by his batteries. His activities were brought to the attention of Michael Faraday and to the scientific world in general by a letter from Professor Forbes of King's College, Aberdeen. Davidson declined to patent his inventions, believing that all should be able freely to draw advantage from them, and in order to afford an opportunity for all interested parties to inspect them an exhibition was held at 36 Union Street, Aberdeen, in October 1840 to demonstrate his "apparatus actuated by electro-magnetic power". It included: a model locomotive carriage, large enough to carry two people, that ran on a railway; a turning lathe with tools for visitors to use; and a small printing machine. In the spring of 1842 he put on a similar exhibition in Edinburgh, this time including a sawmill. Davidson sought support from railway companies for further experiments and the construction of an electromagnetic locomotive; the Edinburgh exhibition successfully attracted the attention of the proprietors of the Edinburgh 585\& Glasgow Railway (E \& GR), whose line had been opened in February 1842. Davidson built a full-size locomotive incorporating his principle, apparently at the expense of the railway company. The locomotive weighed 7 tons: each of its two axles carried a cylinder upon which were fastened three iron bars, and four electromagnets were arranged in pairs on each side of the cylinders. The motors he used were reluctance motors, the power source being zinc-iron batteries. It was named Galvani and was demonstrated on the E \& GR that autumn, when it achieved a speed of 4 mph (6.4 km/h) while hauling a load of 6 tons over a distance of 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km); it was the first electric locomotive. Nevertheless, further support from the railway company was not forthcoming, although to some railway workers the locomotive seems to have appeared promising enough: they destroyed it in Luddite reaction. Davidson staged a further exhibition in London in 1843 without result and then, the cost of battery chemicals being high, ceased further experiments of this type. He survived long enough to see the electric railway become truly practicable in the 1880s.[br]Bibliography1840, letter, Mechanics Magazine, 33:53–5 (comparing his machine with that of William Hannis Taylor (2 November 1839, British patent no. 8,255)).Further Reading1891, Electrical World, 17:454.J.H.R.Body, 1935, "A note on electro-magnetic engines", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 14:104 (describes Davidson's locomotive).F.J.G.Haut, 1956, "The early history of the electric locomotive", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27 (describes Davidson's locomotive).A.F.Anderson, 1974, "Unusual electric machines", Electronics \& Power 14 (November) (biographical information).—1975, "Robert Davidson. Father of the electric locomotive", Proceedings of the Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8/1–8/17 (the most comprehensive account of Davidson's work).A.C.Davidson, 1976, "Ingenious Aberdonian", Scots Magazine (January) (details of his life).PJGR / GW -
23 Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy
SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport, Mining and extraction technology, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 14 February 1793 Treator, near Padstow, Cornwall, Englandd. 28 February 1875 Reeds, near Bude, Cornwall, England[br]English pioneer of steam road transport.[br]Educated at Truro Grammar School, he then studied under Dr Avery at Wadebridge to become a doctor of medicine. He settled as a surgeon in Wadebridge, spending his leisure time in building an organ and in the study of chemistry and mechanical science. He married Elizabeth Symons in 1814, and in 1820 moved with his wife to London. He delivered a course of lectures at the Surrey Institution on the elements of chemical science, attended by, amongst others, the young Michael Faraday. While there, Gurney made his first invention, the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. For this he received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts. He experimented with lime and magnesia for the production of an illuminant for lighthouses with some success. He invented a musical instrument of glasses played like a piano.In 1823 he started experiments related to steam and locomotion which necessitated taking a partner in to his medical practice, from which he resigned shortly after. His objective was to produce a steam-driven vehicle to run on common roads. His invention of the steam-jet of blast greatly improved the performance of the steam engine. In 1827 he took his steam carriage to Cyfarthfa at the request of Mr Crawshaw, and while there applied his steam-jet to the blast furnaces, greatly improving their performance in the manufacture of iron. Much of the success of George Stephenson's steam engine, the Rocket was due to Gurney's steam blast.In July 1829 Gurney made a historic trip with his road locomotive. This was from London to Bath and back, which was accomplished at a speed of 18 mph (29 km/h) and was made at the instigation of the Quartermaster-General of the Army. So successful was the carriage that Sir Charles Dance started to run a regular service with it between Gloucester and Cheltenham. This ran for three months without accident, until Parliament introduced prohibitive taxation on all self-propelled vehicles. A House of Commons committee proposed that these should be abolished as inhibiting progress, but this was not done. Sir Goldsworthy petitioned Parliament on the harm being done to him, but nothing was done and the coming of the railways put the matter beyond consideration. He devoted his time to finding other uses for the steam-jet: it was used for extinguishing fires in coal-mines, some of which had been burning for many years; he developed a stove for the production of gas from oil and other fatty substances, intended for lighthouses; he was responsible for the heating and the lighting of both the old and the new Houses of Parliament. His evidence after a colliery explosion resulted in an Act of Parliament requiring all mines to have two shafts. He was knighted in 1863, the same year that he suffered a stroke which incapacitated him. He retired to his house at Reeds, near Bude, where he was looked after by his daughter, Anna.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1863. Society of Arts Gold Medal.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy
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24 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
[br]b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USAd. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England[br]American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.[br]Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.Bibliography1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).Further ReadingObituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See also: Pilcher, Percy SinclairCM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
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25 Thompson, Benjamin
[br]b. 11 April 1779 Eccleshall, Yorkshire, Englandd. 19 April 1867 Gateshead, England[br]English coal owner and railway engineer, inventor of reciprocal cable haulage.[br]After being educated at Sheffield Grammar School, Thompson and his elder brother established Aberdare Iron Works, South Wales, where he gained experience in mine engineering from the coal-and ironstone-mines with which the works were connected. In 1811 he moved to the North of England as Managing Partner in Bewicke's Main Colliery, County Durham, which was replaced in 1814 by a new colliery at nearby Ouston. Coal from this was carried to the Tyne over the Pelew Main Wagonway, which included a 1,992 yd (1,821 m) section where horses had to haul loaded wagons between the top of one cable-worked incline and the foot of the next. Both inclines were worked by stationary steam engines, and by installing a rope with a record length of nearly 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km), in 1821 Thompson arranged for the engine of the upper incline to haul the loaded wagons along the intervening section also. To their rear was attached the rope from the engine of the lower incline, to be used in due course to haul the empties back again.He subsequently installed this system of "reciprocal working" elsewhere, in particular in 1826 over five miles (8 km) of the Brunton \& Shields Railroad, a colliery line north of the Tyne, where trains were hauled at an average speed of 6 mph (10 km/h) including rope changes. This performance was better than that of contemporary locomotives. The directors of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway, which was then being built, considered installing reciprocal cable haulage on their line, and then decided to stage a competition to establish whether an improved steam locomotive could do better still. This competition became the Rainhill Trials of 1829 and was decisively won by Rocket, which had been built for the purpose.Thompson meanwhile had become prominent in the promotion of the Newcastle \& Carlisle Railway, which, when it received its Act in 1829, was the longest railway so far authorized in Britain.[br]Bibliography1821, British patent no. 4602 (reciprocal working).1847, Inventions, Improvements and Practice of Benjamin Thompson, Newcastle upon Tyne: Lambert.Further ReadingW.W.Tomlinson, 1914, The North Eastern Railway, Newcastle upon Tyne: Andrew Reid (includes a description of Thompson and his work).R.Welford, 1895, Men of Mark twixt Tyne and Tweed, Vol. 3, 506–6.C.R.Warn, 1976, Waggonways and Early Railways of Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.——c. 1981, Rails between Wear \& Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.PJGR -
26 Railton, Reid Anthony
[br]b. 24 June 1895 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, Englandd. 1 September 1977 Berkeley, California, USA.[br]English designer of record-breaking automobiles and motor boats.[br]Railton was educated at Rugby School and Manchester University. From 1915 to 1917 he served an apprenticeship with Leyland Motors, after which he served in the Motor Boat Section of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). Having obtained his Royal Aeronautical Club (RAeC) pilot's certificate in 1918, he went to the United States to study factory layout. He was Assistant to the Chief Engineer of Leyland Motors from 1921 to 1923, when he became Managing Director of Arab Motors Limited of Letchworth, Hertfordshire.Railton was engineering consultant to Sir Malcolm Campbell, and was responsible for Campbell's Bluebird II boat which set a water speed record of 228.1 km/h (141.7 mph) in 1939. He was the designer of John R.Cobb's Napier Railton car which broke the speed record for automobiles on 16 September 1947 with an average speed of 634.3 km/h (394.2 mph); this record stood until 1964, when it was broken by Sir Malcolm Campbell's son Donald. Railton was also responsible for Cobb's boat, Crusader, which was the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h).Railton presented many papers to the Institution of Automobile Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers in the United States. In his later years, he lived in Berkeley, California.[br]Further Reading1971–80, Who Was Who, London: A. \& C.Black.IMcN -
27 at
æt( showing)1) (position: They are not at home; She lives at 33 Forest Road) en2) (direction: He looked at her; She shouted at the boys.) a; hacia3) (time: He arrived at ten o'clock; The children came at the sound of the bell.) a4) (state or occupation: The countries are at war; She is at work.) en5) (pace or speed: He drove at 120 kilometres per hour.) a6) (cost: bread at $1.20 a loaf.) a•- at allat prep1. en2. a / enat night por la noche / de nochedon't shout at me! ¡no me grites!look at me! ¡mírame!attr[æt, ʊnstressed ət]1 (position) en, a■ at home/school/work/church en casa/el colegio/el trabajo/la iglesia2 (time) a■ at midnight/noon a medianoche/mediodía■ at the beginning/end al principio/final3 (direction, violence) a, contra4 (with numbers) a■ we buy at £400 a ton and sell at £1000 compramos a cuatrocientas libras la tonelada y vendemos a mil5 (state)■ he's at breakfast/lunch/dinner está desayunando/comiendo/cenando■ they were at war/peace estaban en guerra/paz1 (reaction, result)■ she was horrified/astounded at the sentence quedó horrorizada/pasmada ante la sentencia\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat first al principioat last! ¡por fin!at least por lo menosat most como máximoat the earliest lo más prontoat the latest como tarde, a lo más tardarat the moment ahoraat worst en el peor de los casosat ['æt] prep1) : enat the top: en lo altoat peace: en pazat Ana's house: en casa de Ana2) : aat the rear: al fondoat 10 o'clock: a las diez3) : porat last: por finto be surprised at something: sorprenderse por algo4) : dehe's laughing at you: está riéndose de ti5) : parayou're good at this: eres bueno para eston.• arroba s.f.prep.• a prep.• de prep.• en prep.• en casa de prep.• hacia prep.æt, weak form ət1) ( location) enat Daniel's — en casa de Daniel, donde Daniel, en lo de Daniel (RPl)
who was at the wedding? — ¿quién estuvo en la boda?
where it's at — (colloq)
2) ( direction)to point at something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien
3) ( time)at Christmas — en Navidad, por Navidades (Esp)
at night — por la noche, de noche
4)a) ( indicating state)at war/peace — en guerra/paz
b) ( occupied with)to be at it — (colloq)
she's been hard at it studying all morning — ha estado toda la mañana dale que dale estudiando (fam)
to be at something: she's been at my things ha estado hurgando en mis cosas; Joe's been at the brandy again Joe le ha vuelto a dar al brandy (fam); to be (on) at somebody darle* la lata a alguien (fam); she's been on at him to stop smoking — le ha estado dando la lata para que deje de fumar
5)a) (with measurements, numbers, rates etc)they sell them at around $80 — las venden a alrededor de $80
b) ( with superlative)6) ( because of)7) ( concerning)[æt]When at is an element in a phrasal verb, eg look at, look up the verb. PREP1) (position)there weren't many people at the party/lecture — no había mucha gente en la fiesta/conferencia
at the hairdresser's/supermarket — en la peluquería/el supermercado
at school — en la escuela, en el colegio
where it's at —
Glasgow's where it's at — en Glasgow es donde está la movida *, en Glasgow es donde está el rollo (Sp) *
where we're at —
I'll just run through where we're at — te voy a poner al tanto or al corriente de cuál es la situación
•
my room's at the back of the house — mi dormitorio está en la parte de atrás de la casa•
at the bottom of the stairs — al pie de las escaleras•
my room's at the front of the house — mi dormitorio está en la parte delantera de la casac) (esp Internet) (=name of \@ symbol) arroba f"my email address is jones at collins dot uk" — (jones\@collins.uk) -mi dirección electrónica es jones arroba collins punto uk
2) (direction) (=towards) hacia3) (time, age) aat lunchtime — a la hora de la comida, a la hora de almorzar
•
at an early age — de pequeño/pequeña•
at night — de noche, por la noche•
at a time like this — en un momento como este4) (rate) aat 4% interest — al 4% de interés
5) (activity)•
at it, while you're at it * — (=doing it) de paso; (=by the way) a propósito•
boys at play — muchachos que juegan, los muchachos cuando juegan•
I could tell she'd been at the whisky — se notaba que le había estado dando al whisky *6) (manner)•
at a run — corriendo, a la carrera7) (cause)•
I was shocked/ surprised at the news — me escandalizó/sorprendió la noticia* * *[æt], weak form [ət]1) ( location) enat Daniel's — en casa de Daniel, donde Daniel, en lo de Daniel (RPl)
who was at the wedding? — ¿quién estuvo en la boda?
where it's at — (colloq)
2) ( direction)to point at something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien
3) ( time)at Christmas — en Navidad, por Navidades (Esp)
at night — por la noche, de noche
4)a) ( indicating state)at war/peace — en guerra/paz
b) ( occupied with)to be at it — (colloq)
she's been hard at it studying all morning — ha estado toda la mañana dale que dale estudiando (fam)
to be at something: she's been at my things ha estado hurgando en mis cosas; Joe's been at the brandy again Joe le ha vuelto a dar al brandy (fam); to be (on) at somebody darle* la lata a alguien (fam); she's been on at him to stop smoking — le ha estado dando la lata para que deje de fumar
5)a) (with measurements, numbers, rates etc)they sell them at around $80 — las venden a alrededor de $80
b) ( with superlative)6) ( because of)7) ( concerning) -
28 rate
1. noun1) (proportion) Rate, dieincrease at a rate of 50 a week — [um] 50 pro Woche anwachsen
rate of inflation/absentee rate — Inflations-/Abwesenheitsrate, die
2) (tariff) Satz, derinterest/ taxation rate, rate of interest/taxation — Zins-/Steuersatz, der
3) (amount of money) Gebühr, dierate [of pay] — Lohnsatz, der
letter/parcel rate — Briefporto, das/Paketgebühr, die
at reduced rate — gebührenermäßigt [Drucksache]
at a good/fast/dangerous rate — zügig/mit hoher Geschwindigkeit/gefährlich schnell
5) (Brit.): (local authority levy)[local or council] rates — Gemeindeabgaben
6) (coll.)at any rate — (at least) zumindest; wenigstens; (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall
at this rate we won't get any work done — so kriegen wir gar nichts fertig (ugs.)
2. transitive verbat the rate you're going,... — (fig.) wenn du so weitermachst,...
1) (estimate worth of) schätzen [Vermögen]; einschätzen [Intelligenz, Leistung, Fähigkeit]rate somebody/something highly — jemanden/etwas hoch einschätzen
be rated the top tennis player in Europe — als der beste Tennisspieler Europas gelten
3) (Brit.): (value)the house is rated at £100 a year — die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Gemeindeabgaben für das Haus beträgt 100 Pfund pro Jahr
4) (merit) verdienen [Auszeichnung, Erwähnung]3. intransitive verb* * *[reit] 1. noun1) (the number of occasions within a given period of time when something happens or is done: a high (monthly) accident rate in a factory.) die Rate2) (the number or amount of something (in relation to something else); a ratio: There was a failure rate of one pupil in ten in the exam.) die Quote3) (the speed with which something happens or is done: He works at a tremendous rate; the rate of increase/expansion.) die Geschwindigkeit4) (the level (of pay), cost etc (of or for something): What is the rate of pay for this job?) der Satz5) ((usually in plural) a tax, especially, in United Kingdom, paid by house-owners etc to help with the running of their town etc.) die Kommunalsteuer2. verb(to estimate or be estimated, with regard to worth, merit, value etc: I don't rate this book very highly; He doesn't rate very highly as a dramatist in my estimation.) einschätzen, gelten als- academic.ru/60358/rating">rating- at this
- at that rate
- rate of exchange* * *[reɪt]I. nat a fast/slow \rate schnell/langsamat a tremendous \rate rasend schnellat one's own \rate in seinem eigenen Rhythmus [o Tempo]\rate of growth Wachstumsrate fin the winter months there is usually a rise in the \rate of absenteeism in den Wintermonaten kommt es gewöhnlich zu einer Zunahme der Ausfällegrowth/inflation \rate Wachstums-/Inflationsrate fmortality \rate Sterblichkeitsrate f, Sterblichkeitsziffer funemployment \rate Arbeitslosenrate f, Arbeitslosenzahlen plwe agreed a \rate with the painter before he started work wir haben einen Stundensatz mit dem Maler vereinbart, bevor er mit der Arbeit begannthe going \rate die übliche Bezahlungfixed/variable \rate fester/variabler Zinssatzhigh/low \rate of interest/taxation [or interest/taxation \rate] hoher/niedriger Zins-/Steuersatzinterest \rates have risen again die Zinsen sind wieder gestiegenthe country has a high taxation \rate in dem Land sind die Steuern sehr hoch\rate of return Rendite fexchange \rate [or \rate of exchange] Wechselkurs mto calculate costs on a fixed exchange \rate die Kosten berechnen anhand eines festen Wechselkursescross \rate Kreuzkurs mforward \rate Devisenterminkurs mmanaged \rate FIN kontrollierter Kursseller's \rate Verkaufskurs m▪ \rates pl Haus- und Grundsteuern pl9.I don't think they liked my idea — at any \rate, they didn't show much enthusiasm ich glaube nicht, dass sie meine Idee gut fanden — zumindest zeigten sie keine große Begeisterung▶ at this \rate unter diesen UmständenII. vt1. (regard)▪ to \rate sb/sth jdn/etw einschätzenhow do you \rate the new government? was halten Sie von der neuen Regierung?she is \rated very highly by the people she works for die Leute, für die sie arbeitet, halten große Stücke auf sieshe \rates him among her closest friends sie zählt ihn zu ihren engsten Freunden▪ to \rate sb as sth:what do you think of her as a singer? — I don't really \rate her wie findest du sie als Sängerin? — nicht so toll fam2. (be worthy of)to \rate a mention der Rede wert [o erwähnenswert] seinthey \rate the property in this area very heavily Immobilienbesitz in dieser Gegend wird sehr hoch besteuert4. COMPUT▪ to \rate sth etw abschätzenIII. vi▪ to \rate as sth als etw geltenthat \rates as the worst film I've ever seen das war so ziemlich der schlechteste Film, den ich jemals gesehen habe* * *I [reɪt]1. nan hour/14 feet per minute —
rate of flow (of water, electricity) — Fluss m
pulse rate — Puls m
rate, at a rate of knots (inf) — in irrsinnigem Tempo (inf); (move also) mit hundert Sachen
if you continue at this rate (lit, fig) — wenn du so weitermachst, wenn du in diesem Tempo weitermachst
at the rate you're going you'll be dead before long — wenn du so weitermachst, bist du bald unter der Erde
at any rate —
at that rate, I suppose I'll have to agree — wenn das so ist, muss ich wohl zustimmen
rate of pay for overtime — Satz m für Überstunden
postage/advertising/insurance rates — Post-/Werbe-/Versicherungsgebühren pl
to pay sb at the rate of £10 per hour — jdm einen Stundenlohn von £ 10 bezahlen
See:→ water rate2. vt1) (= estimate value or worth of) (ein)schätzento rate sb/sth among... — jdn/etw zu... zählen or rechnen
to rate sb/sth as sth — jdn/etw für etw halten
he is generally rated as a great statesman — er gilt allgemein als großer Staatsmann
to rate sb/sth highly — jdn/etw hoch einschätzen
Shearer was rated at £1,000,000 — Shearers Preis wurde auf £ 1.000.000 geschätzt
2) (Brit LOCAL GOVERNMENT) veranlagen3) (= deserve) verdienendoes this hotel rate 3 stars? — verdient dieses Hotel 3 Sterne?
I think he rates a pass ( mark) — ich finde, seine Leistung kann man mit "ausreichend" oder besser bewerten
4) (inf: think highly of) gut finden (inf)I really/don't really rate him — ich finde ihn wirklich gut/mag ihn nicht besonders
3. vi(= be classed)to rate as... — gelten als...
IIto rate among... — zählen zu...
vt (liter)See:= berate* * *rate1 [reıt]A s1. (Verhältnis)Ziffer f, Quote f, Rate f:rate of growth (inflation) WIRTSCH Wachstums-(Inflations)rate;rate of increase WIRTSCH Zuwachsrate;rate of increase in the cost of living Teuerungsrate;at the rate of im Verhältnis von ( → A 2, A 6)2. (Steuer- etc)Satz m, Kurs m, Tarif m:rate of exchange WIRTSCH Umrechnungs-, Wechselkurs;rate of interest Zinssatz, -fuß m;carry a high rate of interest hoch verzinst werden;rate of issue Ausgabekurs;rate of the day Tageskurs;at the rate of zum Satze von ( → A 1, A 6)at a cheap (high) rate zu einem niedrigen (hohen) Preis;at that rate unter diesen Umständen;a) auf jeden Fall, unter allen Umständen,b) wenigstens, mindestens4. (Post-, Strom- etc)Gebühr f, Porto n, (Gas-, Strom)Preis m, (Wasser)Geld n5. Br Kommunalsteuer f, Gemeindeabgabe f:rates and taxes Kommunal- und Staatssteuernrate of an engine Motorleistung f;at the rate of mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ( → A 1, A 2)7. Grad m, (Aus)Maß n:at a fearful rate in erschreckendem Ausmaß9. SCHIFFa) (Schiffs)Klasse fb) Dienstgrad m (eines Matrosen)10. Gang m oder Abweichung f (einer Uhr)B v/t1. (ab-, ein)schätzen, taxieren (at auf akk), bewerten, einstufen2. jemanden einschätzen, beurteilen:rate sb highly jemanden hoch einschätzen3. betrachten als, halten für:he is rated a rich man er gilt als reicher Mann4. rechnen, zählen ( beide:among zu):6. Bra) (zur Kommunalsteuer) veranlagenb) besteuern7. SCHIFFa) ein Schiff klassenb) einen Seemann einstufen8. eine Uhr regulieren9. etwas wert sein, verdienenC v/i1. angesehen werden, gelten ( beide:as als):2. zählen ( among zu)rate2 [reıt] v/t ausschimpfen* * *1. noun1) (proportion) Rate, dieincrease at a rate of 50 a week — [um] 50 pro Woche anwachsen
rate of inflation/absentee rate — Inflations-/Abwesenheitsrate, die
2) (tariff) Satz, derinterest/ taxation rate, rate of interest/taxation — Zins-/Steuersatz, der
3) (amount of money) Gebühr, dierate [of pay] — Lohnsatz, der
letter/parcel rate — Briefporto, das/Paketgebühr, die
at reduced rate — gebührenermäßigt [Drucksache]
at a or the rate of 50 mph — mit [einer Geschwindigkeit von] 80 km/h
at a good/fast/dangerous rate — zügig/mit hoher Geschwindigkeit/gefährlich schnell
5) (Brit.): (local authority levy)[local or council] rates — Gemeindeabgaben
6) (coll.)at any rate — (at least) zumindest; wenigstens; (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall
2. transitive verbat the rate you're going,... — (fig.) wenn du so weitermachst,...
1) (estimate worth of) schätzen [Vermögen]; einschätzen [Intelligenz, Leistung, Fähigkeit]rate somebody/something highly — jemanden/etwas hoch einschätzen
2) (consider) betrachten; rechnen ( among zu)3) (Brit.): (value)the house is rated at £100 a year — die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Gemeindeabgaben für das Haus beträgt 100 Pfund pro Jahr
4) (merit) verdienen [Auszeichnung, Erwähnung]3. intransitive verb* * *(of exchange) n.Devisenkurs m.Kurs -e m. (stocks) n.Anteil -e m.Frequenz -en f.Kurs -e (Aktien...) m.Quote -n f.Tarif -e m.Verhältnis n. v.bewerten v.einstufen v. -
29 at
[ forma debole ət] [ forma forte æt]1) (place, distance) aat school, the airport — a scuola, all'aeroporto
2) (at the house etc. of) daat David's place, the baker's — da David, dal panettiere
3) (direction) a, verso, controthrow a stone at sth. — tirare una pietra contro qcs
4) (point in time, age) aat (the age of) 14 — a 14 anni; (moment, period of time) a, di
5) (activity) a, in6) (ability) a, into be good at sth., at doing — essere bravo in qcs., a fare
7) (measure, speed etc.) a9) (cause)laugh at sb. — ridere di qcn
10) colloq. (harassing)••I don't know where he's at — colloq. non so che cosa sta combinando
while we're at it — colloq. già che ci siamo
* * *[æt]( showing)1) (position: They are not at home; She lives at 33 Forest Road) a2) (direction: He looked at her; She shouted at the boys.) a; verso di; contro3) (time: He arrived at ten o'clock; The children came at the sound of the bell.) a, al4) (state or occupation: The countries are at war; She is at work.) in, al5) (pace or speed: He drove at 120 kilometres per hour.) a6) (cost: bread at $1.20 a loaf.) a•- at all* * *[ forma debole ət] [ forma forte æt]1) (place, distance) aat school, the airport — a scuola, all'aeroporto
2) (at the house etc. of) daat David's place, the baker's — da David, dal panettiere
3) (direction) a, verso, controthrow a stone at sth. — tirare una pietra contro qcs
4) (point in time, age) aat (the age of) 14 — a 14 anni; (moment, period of time) a, di
5) (activity) a, in6) (ability) a, into be good at sth., at doing — essere bravo in qcs., a fare
7) (measure, speed etc.) a9) (cause)laugh at sb. — ridere di qcn
10) colloq. (harassing)••I don't know where he's at — colloq. non so che cosa sta combinando
while we're at it — colloq. già che ci siamo
-
30 AT
æt( showing)1) (position: They are not at home; She lives at 33 Forest Road) en2) (direction: He looked at her; She shouted at the boys.) a; hacia3) (time: He arrived at ten o'clock; The children came at the sound of the bell.) a4) (state or occupation: The countries are at war; She is at work.) en5) (pace or speed: He drove at 120 kilometres per hour.) a6) (cost: bread at $1.20 a loaf.) a•- at allat prep1. en2. a / enat night por la noche / de nochedon't shout at me! ¡no me grites!look at me! ¡mírame!attr[æt, ʊnstressed ət]1 (position) en, a■ at home/school/work/church en casa/el colegio/el trabajo/la iglesia2 (time) a■ at midnight/noon a medianoche/mediodía■ at the beginning/end al principio/final3 (direction, violence) a, contra4 (with numbers) a■ we buy at £400 a ton and sell at £1000 compramos a cuatrocientas libras la tonelada y vendemos a mil5 (state)■ he's at breakfast/lunch/dinner está desayunando/comiendo/cenando■ they were at war/peace estaban en guerra/paz1 (reaction, result)■ she was horrified/astounded at the sentence quedó horrorizada/pasmada ante la sentencia\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat first al principioat last! ¡por fin!at least por lo menosat most como máximoat the earliest lo más prontoat the latest como tarde, a lo más tardarat the moment ahoraat worst en el peor de los casosat ['æt] prep1) : enat the top: en lo altoat peace: en pazat Ana's house: en casa de Ana2) : aat the rear: al fondoat 10 o'clock: a las diez3) : porat last: por finto be surprised at something: sorprenderse por algo4) : dehe's laughing at you: está riéndose de ti5) : parayou're good at this: eres bueno para eston.• arroba s.f.prep.• a prep.• de prep.• en prep.• en casa de prep.• hacia prep.æt, weak form ət1) ( location) enat Daniel's — en casa de Daniel, donde Daniel, en lo de Daniel (RPl)
who was at the wedding? — ¿quién estuvo en la boda?
where it's at — (colloq)
2) ( direction)to point at something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien
3) ( time)at Christmas — en Navidad, por Navidades (Esp)
at night — por la noche, de noche
4)a) ( indicating state)at war/peace — en guerra/paz
b) ( occupied with)to be at it — (colloq)
she's been hard at it studying all morning — ha estado toda la mañana dale que dale estudiando (fam)
to be at something: she's been at my things ha estado hurgando en mis cosas; Joe's been at the brandy again Joe le ha vuelto a dar al brandy (fam); to be (on) at somebody darle* la lata a alguien (fam); she's been on at him to stop smoking — le ha estado dando la lata para que deje de fumar
5)a) (with measurements, numbers, rates etc)they sell them at around $80 — las venden a alrededor de $80
b) ( with superlative)6) ( because of)7) ( concerning)N ABBR= automatic translation TA f* * *[æt], weak form [ət]1) ( location) enat Daniel's — en casa de Daniel, donde Daniel, en lo de Daniel (RPl)
who was at the wedding? — ¿quién estuvo en la boda?
where it's at — (colloq)
2) ( direction)to point at something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien
3) ( time)at Christmas — en Navidad, por Navidades (Esp)
at night — por la noche, de noche
4)a) ( indicating state)at war/peace — en guerra/paz
b) ( occupied with)to be at it — (colloq)
she's been hard at it studying all morning — ha estado toda la mañana dale que dale estudiando (fam)
to be at something: she's been at my things ha estado hurgando en mis cosas; Joe's been at the brandy again Joe le ha vuelto a dar al brandy (fam); to be (on) at somebody darle* la lata a alguien (fam); she's been on at him to stop smoking — le ha estado dando la lata para que deje de fumar
5)a) (with measurements, numbers, rates etc)they sell them at around $80 — las venden a alrededor de $80
b) ( with superlative)6) ( because of)7) ( concerning) -
31 do
du:
1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?) 02) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; ðo sit down) 03) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.) 04) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.) 05) (to carry out or perform: What shall I do?; That was a terrible thing to do.) hacer6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) hacer7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) hacer8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) servir, ir bien, ser suficiente9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) hacer, dedicarse, estudiar10) (to manage or prosper: How's your wife doing?; My son is doing well at school.) ir11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) arreglar12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?) hacer, comportarse, actuar13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) hacer14) (to cause: What damage did the storm do?; It won't do him any harm.) causar, hacer15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) visitar
2. noun(an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) fiesta, evento- doer- doings
- done
- do-it-yourself
- to-do
- I
- he could be doing with / could do with
- do away with
- do for
- done for
- done in
- do out
- do out of
- do's and don'ts
- do without
- to do with
- what are you doing with
do vb hacerwhat are you doing? ¿qué haces?do as you are told! ¡haz lo que se te dice!how do you do? ¿cómo está usted?Con este saludo, la respuesta típica es también how do you do?to do you good sentarte bien / irte biento do well ir bien / tener éxitowhat do you do? ¿a qué te dedicas? / ¿cuál es tu trabajo?do también se emplea para formular las preguntas en presentedo you like dancing? ¿te gusta bailar?do elephants live in Asia? ¿viven los elefantes en Asia?
Multiple Entries: D.O. do do.
do sustantivo masculino ( nota) C; ( en solfeo) do, doh (BrE);
do sustantivo masculino Mús (de solfeo) doh, do (de escala diatónica) C
do bemol, C-flat
do de pecho, high C
do sostenido, C-sharp Locuciones: dar el do de pecho, to do one's very best 'do' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrochar - acomodada - acomodado - acompañar - anda - animarse - apetecer - apostarse - aprender - arte - así - atañer - atonía - atreverse - bajeza - bastar - bastante - bastarse - bien - bola - bordar - brazo - bricolaje - broma - caballo - cacharro - cada - calaña - campar - capaz - cara - cargar - cascabel - casual - cepillarse - cerrar - colada - coletilla - comer - comandita - comecome - como - componer - componenda - compromiso - común - con - contentarse - contrapelo - corpachón English: about-face - about-turn - actually - advance - again - agree - aim to - all - all-out - allow - any - approachable - approve of - as - ask - aspect - associate - attempt - attribute - authorize - bankrupt - begin - best - born - bunk - burden - business - busywork - by - C - call - can - carry-on - cast - cease - cheap - chief - choose - cleaning - clear - come through - command - commit - compel - compelling - complaint - compute - conception - condescend - conditiondotr[dʊː]■ do you smoke? ¿fumas?■ do you know Susan? ¿conoces a Susan?■ what do they want? ¿qué quieren?■ where does Neil live? ¿dónde vive Neil?■ what film did you see? ¿qué película viste?■ when did they leave? ¿cuándo se fueron?■ do come with us! ¡ánimo, vente con nosotros!■ I did post it, I swear! ¡sí que lo mandé, te lo juro!■ do you like basketball? - yes, I do ¿te gusta el baloncesto? - sí, me gusta■ did you see the film? - no, I didn't ¿viste la película? - no, no la vi■ who wears glasses? - Brian does ¿quién lleva gafas? - Brian■ who broke the vase? - I did ¿quién rompió el florero? - yo■ you don't smoke, do you? no fumas, ¿verdad?■ you like fish, don't you? a ti te gusta el pescado, ¿verdad?■ she lives in Madrid, doesn't she? vive en Madrid, ¿verdad?■ you went to their wedding, didn't you? tú fuiste a su boda, ¿verdad?■ they didn't believe you, did they? no te creyeron, ¿verdad?1 (gen) hacer■ what are you doing here? ¿qué haces aquí?■ what are you doing this weekend? ¿qué vas a hacer este fin de semana?■ whatever you do, don't drink alcohol hagas lo que hagas, no bebas alcohol■ what can I do about it? ¿qué quieres que haga yo?2 (as job) hacer, dedicarse■ what do you do (for a living)? ¿a qué te dedicas?■ what does he want to do when he leaves university? ¿a qué quiere dedicarse cuando deje la universidad?3 (carry out - job, task) hacer, realizar, llevar a cabo; (- duty) cumplir con■ I've got to do the cooking/cleaning tengo que cocinar/limpiar■ have you done your homework? ¿has hecho los deberes?4 (study) estudiar■ do you do biology at school? ¿estudias biología en el instituto?5 (solve - puzzle) solucionar; (- crossword, sum) hacer6 (produce, make - meal) preparar, hacer; (drawing, painting, translation, etc) hacer; (offer - service) servir, tener, hacer; (- discount) hacer■ does this pub do food? ¿sirven comidas en este pub?7 (attend to) atender, servir■ what can I do for you? ¿en qué le puedo servir?8 (put on, produce - play, opera, etc) presentar, dar, poner en escena; (play the part of) hacer el papel de9 (finish, complete) terminar■ have you done moaning? ¿has terminado de protestar?10 (achieve) lograr, conseguir■ he's done it! ¡lo ha conseguido!11 (travel over - distance) recorrer, hacer; (complete - journey) hacer, ir; (travel at - speed) ir a■ we did London to Nottingham in two and a half hours fuimos de Londres a Nottingham en dos horas y media12 (be sufficient for) ser suficiente; (be satisfactory for, acceptable to) ir bien a■ will 6 glasses do you? ¿será suficiente con seis vasos?■ yes, that will do me nicely sí, eso me irá perfectamente13 familiar (cheat, swindle) estafar, timar; (rob) robar; (arrest, convict) coger; (fine) encajar una multa; (serve time in prison) cumplir■ you've been done! ¡te han timado!1 (act, behave) hacer2 (progress) ir■ how are you doing? ¿qué tal vas?, ¿cómo te van las cosas?■ how are we doing for time? ¿cómo andamos de tiempo?3 (complete, finish) terminar■ have you done with the hairdryer? ¿has terminado con el secador?4 (be sufficient) bastar, ser suficiente, alcanzar■ will one slice do for you? ¿tendrás suficiente con una rebanada?■ that'll do! ¡basta!5 (be satisfactory, suitable) servir, estar bien■ well, I suppose it'll have to do bueno, supongo que tendrá que servir■ it (just/simply) won't do no puede ser■ this cushion will do as/for a pillow este cojín servirá de almohada\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthat does it! ¡esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!, ¡ya está bien!to be/have to do with somebody/something tener que ver con alguien/algoto do business with somebody negociar con alguiento do drugs drogarse, consumir drogasto do one's best hacer lo mejor posibleto do one's hair peinarseto do one's military service hacer el servicio militarto do one's nails arreglarse las uñasto do something again volver a hacer algoto do something for somebody (help) hacer algo por alguien 2 (flatter, suit) favorecer a alguien, quedarle bien a alguien 3 (please) atraer a alguien, decirle algo a alguienwhat's done is done a lo hecho, pechoyou've done it now ahora sí que la has hecho buena1) carry out, perform: hacer, realizar, llevar a caboshe did her best: hizo todo lo posible2) prepare: preparar, hacerdo your homework: haz tu tarea3) arrange: arreglar, peinar (el pelo)4)to do in ruin: estropear, arruinar5)to do in kill: matar, liquidar famdo vi1) : haceryou did well: hiciste bien2) fare: estar, ir, andarhow are you doing?: ¿cómo estás?, ¿cómo te va?3) finish: terminarnow I'm done: ya terminé4) serve: servir, ser suficiente, alcanzarthis will do for now: esto servirá por el momento5)to do away with abolish: abolir, suprimir6)to do away with kill: eliminar, matar7)to do by treat: tratarhe does well by her: él la trata biendo v auxdo you know her?: ¿la conoces?I don't like that: a mí no me gusta esoI do hope you'll come: espero que vengasdo you speak English? yes, I do: ¿habla inglés? síexpr.• cargarse v.• eliminar v.• liquidar v.expr.• buscarle tres pies al gato expr.• encontrarle defectos a todo expr.v.(§ p.,p.p.: did, done) = arreglar v.• desempeñar v.• ejecutar v.• hacer v.(§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-pp: hechofut/c: har-•)• obrar v.• resolver v.
I
1. duː, weak form dʊ, də1) hacer*are you doing anything this evening? — ¿vas a hacer algo esta noche?
to have something/nothing to do — tener* algo/no tener* nada que hacer
can I do anything to help? — ¿puedo ayudar en algo?
what have you done to your hair? — ¿qué te has hecho en el pelo?
I don't know what I'm going to do with you! — no sé qué voy a hacer contigo!; see also do with
2) ( carry out) \<\<job/task\>\> hacer*to do one's homework — hacer* los deberes
3) ( as job)what do you do? — ¿usted qué hace or a qué se dedica?
what does he do for a living? — ¿en qué trabaja?
4) (achieve, bring about)she's done it: it's a new world record — lo ha logrado: es una nueva marca mundial
he's late again: that does it! — vuelve a llegar tarde esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!
to do something for somebody/something: that mustache really does something for him la verdad es que le queda muy bien el bigote; what has EC membership done for Greece? — ¿en qué ha beneficiado a Grecia ser miembro de la CE?
5)a) (fix, arrange, repair)b) ( clean) \<\<dishes\>\> lavar; \<\<brass/windows\>\> limpiar6) (make, produce)a) \<\<meal\>\> preparar, hacer*would you do the carrots? — ¿me preparas (or pelas etc) las zanahorias?
b) \<\<drawinganslation\>\> hacer*7) (BrE) ( offer)they do a set meal for £12 — tienen un menú de 12 libras
8) (suffice for, suit)two shirts will do me — con dos camisas me alcanza or tengo suficiente
9) ( travel)the car has only done 4,000 miles — el coche sólo tiene 4.000 millas
10)a) ( study) estudiarb) ( visit) (colloq) \<\<sights/museum\>\> visitar11) ( Theat)a) ( play role of) hacer* el papel deb) ( take part in) \<\<play\>\> actuar* enc) ( impersonate) imitar12) (colloq) ( serve in prison) cumplir13) (BrE colloq)a) (catch, prosecute) agarrarb) ( cheat) estafar, timarI've been done! — me han estafado or timado!
14) ( use) (sl)to do drugs — drogarse*, consumir drogas
15) (colloq) ( finish) terminarare o (esp BrE) have you done complaining? — ¿has terminado de quejarte?
2.
vi1) (act, behave) hacer*2) (get along, manage)how are you doing? — ¿qué tal estás or andas or te va?
how do you do? — ( as greeting) mucho gusto, encantado
how do? — (colloq & dial) ¿qué tal?
how are we doing for time/cash? — ¿cómo or qué tal vamos or andamos de tiempo/dinero?
she did well/badly in her exams — le fue bien/mal en los exámenes
to do well/badly out of something — salir* bien/mal parado de algo
3) (go on, happen) (colloq) (in -ing form)nothing doing! — ni hablar!, ni lo sueñes!
4)a) (be suitable, acceptable)look, this won't do! — mira, esto no puede ser!
it's not ideal, but it'll do — no es lo ideal, pero sirve
I'm not going to cook, bread and cheese will do for them! — no pienso cocinar, se tendrán que conformar con pan y queso
b)to do for o as something: this box will do for o as a table — esta caja nos servirá de mesa
5) ( be enough) ser* suficiente, alcanzar*, bastarone bottle will do — con una botella basta or es suficiente
6) ( finish) (in past p) terminarI'm not o (BrE) I haven't done yet! — no he terminado todavía
7)
3.
1) Sense Iv aux [El verbo auxiliar do se usa para formar el negativo (I 1) y el interrogativo (I 2), para agregar énfasis (I 3) o para sustituir a un verbo usado anteriormente (II)]2)a) (used to form negative)I do not o don't know — no sé
I did not o didn't see her — no la vi
b) (with inversion after negative adv)3)a)Ex:does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?did I frighten you? — ¿te asusté?/Ex:b)Ex:boy, do you need a bath! — Dios mío! qué falta te hace un baño!/Ex:4)a)( emphasizing)Ex:you must admit, she did look ill — tienes que reconocer que tenía mala carado be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?/Ex:b)Ex:I haven't decided, but if I do accept... — todavía no lo he decidido, pero si aceptara.../Ex:not only does it cost more, it also... — no sólo cuesta más, sino que también...
c) ( in legal formulae)5)Ex:do you live here? - yes, I do/no, I don't — ¿vives aquí? - sí/noshe wanted to come, but he didn't — ella quería venir, pero él noshe found it in your drawer - oh, did she? — lo encontró en tu cajón - ¿ah, sí?I don't need a haircut - yes, you do! — no necesito cortarme el pelo - cómo que no!she says she understands, but she doesn't — dice que comprende, pero no es así/Ex:6)Ex:you know Bob, don't you? — conoces a Bob, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?I told you, didn't I? — te lo dije ¿no? or ¿no es cierto?/Ex:I, Charles Brown, do solemnly swear that... — yo, Charles Brown, juro solemnemente que...
•Phrasal Verbs:- do down- do for- do in- do out- do over- do up- do with
II duː1) c (party, gathering) (colloq) fiesta f, reunión f2) ( state of affairs) (colloq) (no pl)fair dos — (BrE colloq)
fair dos all round — a partes iguales para todos; (as interj) seamos justos!
3)do's and don'ts — ( rules) normas fpl
III dəʊ
I [duː] ( 3rd pers sing present does) (pt did) (pp done)1. TRANSITIVE VERB1) hacerwhat are you doing tonight? — ¿qué haces esta noche?
what's this doing on my chair? — ¿qué hace esto en mi silla?
what's to be done? — ¿qué se puede hacer?
what's the weather doing? — ¿qué tal tiempo hace?
•
to do sth again — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo de nuevoit will have to be done again — habrá que volver a hacerlo, habrá que hacerlo de nuevo
•
what's he ever done for me? — ¿qué ha hecho él por mí?what can I do for you? — ¿en qué puedo servirle?, ¿qué se le ofrece? (LAm)
could you do something for me? — ¿me podrías hacer un favor?
what are we going to do for money? — ¿de dónde vamos a sacar dinero?
the new measures will do a lot for small businesses — las nuevas medidas serán de gran ayuda para las pequeñas empresas
after the accident she couldn't do much for herself — después del accidente casi no podía valerse por sí misma
•
if you do anything to him I'll kill you — si le haces algo te matowhat's he done to his hair? — ¿qué se ha hecho en el pelo?
•
what have you done with my slippers? — ¿dónde has puesto mis zapatillas?what am I going to do with you? — ¿qué voy a hacer contigo?
what are you doing with yourself these days? — ¿qué haces ahora?
what am I going to do with myself for the rest of the day? — ¿qué puedo hacer el resto del día?
living 2., 1)she didn't know what to do with herself once the children had left home — se encontró un poco perdida cuando sus hijos se fueron de casa
2) (=carry out) [+ work, essay] hacerSome [do] + noun combinations require a more specific Spanish verb:•
he did a drawing/ portrait of her — la dibujó/retrató, hizo un dibujo/retrato de ella•
to do one's duty (by sb) — cumplir con su deber (con algn)3) (=clean)4) (=arrange, prepare) [+ vegetables] preparar; [+ room] hacer, arreglarhair 1., 1)this room needs doing — hay que hacer or arreglar esta habitación
5) (=spend) pasar6) (=finish)now you've (gone and) done it! * — ¡ahora sí que la has hecho buena! *
that's done it! * we're stuck now — ¡la hemos fastidiado! * ahora no podemos salir de aquí
that does it! * that's the last time I lend him my car — ¡es el colmo! or ¡hasta aquí hemos llegado!, es la última vez que le dejo el coche
good 2., 2)have you done moaning? * — ¿has acabado de quejarte?
7) (=offer, make available)8) (=study) [+ university course, option] hacer, estudiarI want to do Physics at university — quiero hacer or estudiar física en la universidad
to do Italian — hacer or estudiar italiano
9) (Theat) [+ play] representar, poner; [+ part] hacer10) (=mimic) [+ person] imitar11) (Aut, Rail etc) (=travel at) [+ speed] ir a; (=cover) [+ distance] cubrir12) (=attend to)proud13) * (=visit) [+ city, museum] visitar, recorrer; [+ country] visitar, viajar por14) * (=be suitable, sufficient for)will a kilo do you? — ¿le va bien un kilo?
that'll do me nicely — (=be suitable) eso me vendrá muy bien; (=suffice) con eso me basta
15) * (=cheat) estafar, timar; (=rob) robarI've been done! — ¡me han estafado or timado!
16) * (=prosecute) procesar; (=fine) multar17) * (=beat up) dar una paliza aI'll do you if I get hold of you! — ¡te voy a dar una paliza como te pille!
2. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (=act) hacer•
you would do better to accept — sería aconsejable que aceptaras•
do as you think best — haga lo que mejor le parezca•
do as you are told! — ¡haz lo que te digo!•
she was up and doing at 6 o'clock — a las 6 de la mañana ya estaba levantada y trajinando•
you would do well to take his advice — harías bien en seguir su consejowell I, 1., 1)•
you could do a lot worse than marry her — casarte con ella no es lo peor que podrías hacer2) (=get on)•
he did badly in the exam — le fue mal en el examen•
you can do better than that — (essay, drawing) puedes hacerlo mejor; iro (=find better excuse) ¡y qué más!•
how is your father doing? — ¿cómo está tu padre?, ¿cómo le va a tu padre?how are you doing? * — ¿qué tal?, ¿cómo te va?
how did you do in the audition? — ¿qué tal or cómo te fue en la audición?
how do you do? (greeting) ¿cómo está usted?, gusto en conocerlo (LAm); (as answer) ¡mucho gusto!, ¡encantado!•
he's doing well at school — le va bien en el colegio3) (=be suitable)•
it doesn't do to upset her — cuidado con ofenderla•
will this one do? — ¿te parece bien este?will it do if I come back at eight? — ¿va bien si vuelvo a las ocho?
will tomorrow do? — ¿iría bien mañana?
it's not exactly what I wanted, but it will or it'll do — no es exactamente lo que quería pero servirá
•
that won't do, you'll have to do it again — así no está bien, tendrás que volver a hacerlomake 1., 4)•
you can't go on your own, that would never do! — no podemos consentir que vayas sola, ¡eso no puede ser!4) (=be sufficient) bastar•
three bottles of wine should do — bastará con tres botellas de vino•
will £20 do? — ¿bastarán 20 libras?, ¿tendrás bastante con 20 libras?that will do! — ¡basta ya!
5) (=happen)"could you lend me £50?" - "nothing doing!" — -¿me podrías prestar 50 libras? -¡de ninguna manera! or -¡ni hablar!
have you done? — ¿ya has terminado or acabado?
don't take it away, I've not done yet — no te lo lleves, ¡aún no he terminado or acabado!
I haven't done telling you — ¡no he terminado de contarte!
•
I've done with travelling — ya no voy a viajar más, he renunciado a los viajesI've done with all that nonsense — ya no tengo nada que ver or ya he terminado con todas esas tonterías
have you done with that book? — ¿has terminado con este libro?
7) * (=clean) hacer la limpieza (en casa)3. AUXILIARY VERBThere is no equivalent in Spanish to the use of in questions, negative statements and negative commands.do you understand? — ¿comprendes?, ¿entiendes?
where does he live? — ¿dónde vive?
didn't you like it? — ¿no te gustó?
why didn't you come? — ¿por qué no viniste?
2) (negation)I don't understand — no entiendo or comprendo
don't worry! — ¡no te preocupes!
don't you tell me what to do! — ¡no me digas lo que tengo que hacer!
do tell me! — ¡dímelo, por favor!
do sit down — siéntese, por favor, tome asiento, por favor frm
I do wish I could come with you — ¡ojalá pudiera ir contigo!
but I do like it! — ¡sí que me gusta!, ¡por supuesto que me gusta!
so you do know him! — ¡así que sí lo conoces!
rarely does it happen that... — rara vez ocurre que...
a)"did you fix the car?" - "I did" — -¿arreglaste el coche? -sí
"I love it" - "so do I" — -me encanta -a mí también
"he borrowed the car" - "oh he did, did he?" — -pidió el coche prestado -¿ah sí? ¡no me digas!
I like this colour, don't you? — me gusta este color, ¿a ti no?
"do you speak English?" - "yes, I do/no I don't" — -¿habla usted inglés? -sí, hablo inglés/no, no hablo inglés
"may I come in?" - "(please) do!" — -¿se puede pasar? -¡pasa (por favor)!
"who made this mess?" - "I did" — -¿quién lo ha desordenado todo? -fui yo
"shall I ring her again?" - "no, don't!" — -¿la llamo otra vez? -¡no, no la llames!
he lives here, doesn't he? — vive aquí, ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto? or ¿no?
I don't know him, do I? — no lo conozco, ¿verdad?
it doesn't matter, does it? — no importa, ¿no?
she said that, did she? — ¿eso es lo que dijo?
4. NOUN1) (Brit) * (=party) fiesta f ; (=formal gathering) reunión fthey had a big do for their twenty-fifth anniversary — dieron una gran fiesta por su vigésimo quinto aniversario
2) (in phrases)•
the do's and don'ts of buying a house — lo que debe y lo que no debe hacerse al comprar una casa•
it's a poor do when... — es una vergüenza cuando...- do by- do down- do for- do in- do out- do over- do up- do with
II
[dǝʊ]N (Mus) do m* * *
I
1. [duː], weak form [dʊ, də]1) hacer*are you doing anything this evening? — ¿vas a hacer algo esta noche?
to have something/nothing to do — tener* algo/no tener* nada que hacer
can I do anything to help? — ¿puedo ayudar en algo?
what have you done to your hair? — ¿qué te has hecho en el pelo?
I don't know what I'm going to do with you! — no sé qué voy a hacer contigo!; see also do with
2) ( carry out) \<\<job/task\>\> hacer*to do one's homework — hacer* los deberes
3) ( as job)what do you do? — ¿usted qué hace or a qué se dedica?
what does he do for a living? — ¿en qué trabaja?
4) (achieve, bring about)she's done it: it's a new world record — lo ha logrado: es una nueva marca mundial
he's late again: that does it! — vuelve a llegar tarde esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!
to do something for somebody/something: that mustache really does something for him la verdad es que le queda muy bien el bigote; what has EC membership done for Greece? — ¿en qué ha beneficiado a Grecia ser miembro de la CE?
5)a) (fix, arrange, repair)b) ( clean) \<\<dishes\>\> lavar; \<\<brass/windows\>\> limpiar6) (make, produce)a) \<\<meal\>\> preparar, hacer*would you do the carrots? — ¿me preparas (or pelas etc) las zanahorias?
b) \<\<drawing/translation\>\> hacer*7) (BrE) ( offer)they do a set meal for £12 — tienen un menú de 12 libras
8) (suffice for, suit)two shirts will do me — con dos camisas me alcanza or tengo suficiente
9) ( travel)the car has only done 4,000 miles — el coche sólo tiene 4.000 millas
10)a) ( study) estudiarb) ( visit) (colloq) \<\<sights/museum\>\> visitar11) ( Theat)a) ( play role of) hacer* el papel deb) ( take part in) \<\<play\>\> actuar* enc) ( impersonate) imitar12) (colloq) ( serve in prison) cumplir13) (BrE colloq)a) (catch, prosecute) agarrarb) ( cheat) estafar, timarI've been done! — me han estafado or timado!
14) ( use) (sl)to do drugs — drogarse*, consumir drogas
15) (colloq) ( finish) terminarare o (esp BrE) have you done complaining? — ¿has terminado de quejarte?
2.
vi1) (act, behave) hacer*2) (get along, manage)how are you doing? — ¿qué tal estás or andas or te va?
how do you do? — ( as greeting) mucho gusto, encantado
how do? — (colloq & dial) ¿qué tal?
how are we doing for time/cash? — ¿cómo or qué tal vamos or andamos de tiempo/dinero?
she did well/badly in her exams — le fue bien/mal en los exámenes
to do well/badly out of something — salir* bien/mal parado de algo
3) (go on, happen) (colloq) (in -ing form)nothing doing! — ni hablar!, ni lo sueñes!
4)a) (be suitable, acceptable)look, this won't do! — mira, esto no puede ser!
it's not ideal, but it'll do — no es lo ideal, pero sirve
I'm not going to cook, bread and cheese will do for them! — no pienso cocinar, se tendrán que conformar con pan y queso
b)to do for o as something: this box will do for o as a table — esta caja nos servirá de mesa
5) ( be enough) ser* suficiente, alcanzar*, bastarone bottle will do — con una botella basta or es suficiente
6) ( finish) (in past p) terminarI'm not o (BrE) I haven't done yet! — no he terminado todavía
7)
3.
1) Sense Iv aux [El verbo auxiliar do se usa para formar el negativo (I 1) y el interrogativo (I 2), para agregar énfasis (I 3) o para sustituir a un verbo usado anteriormente (II)]2)a) (used to form negative)I do not o don't know — no sé
I did not o didn't see her — no la vi
b) (with inversion after negative adv)3)a)Ex:does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?did I frighten you? — ¿te asusté?/Ex:b)Ex:boy, do you need a bath! — Dios mío! qué falta te hace un baño!/Ex:4)a)( emphasizing)Ex:you must admit, she did look ill — tienes que reconocer que tenía mala carado be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?/Ex:b)Ex:I haven't decided, but if I do accept... — todavía no lo he decidido, pero si aceptara.../Ex:not only does it cost more, it also... — no sólo cuesta más, sino que también...
c) ( in legal formulae)5)Ex:do you live here? - yes, I do/no, I don't — ¿vives aquí? - sí/noshe wanted to come, but he didn't — ella quería venir, pero él noshe found it in your drawer - oh, did she? — lo encontró en tu cajón - ¿ah, sí?I don't need a haircut - yes, you do! — no necesito cortarme el pelo - cómo que no!she says she understands, but she doesn't — dice que comprende, pero no es así/Ex:6)Ex:you know Bob, don't you? — conoces a Bob, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?I told you, didn't I? — te lo dije ¿no? or ¿no es cierto?/Ex:I, Charles Brown, do solemnly swear that... — yo, Charles Brown, juro solemnemente que...
•Phrasal Verbs:- do down- do for- do in- do out- do over- do up- do with
II [duː]1) c (party, gathering) (colloq) fiesta f, reunión f2) ( state of affairs) (colloq) (no pl)fair dos — (BrE colloq)
fair dos all round — a partes iguales para todos; (as interj) seamos justos!
3)do's and don'ts — ( rules) normas fpl
III [dəʊ] -
32 log
log, US lO ;gA n2 ( written record) registre m ; to keep a log of people's comings and goings noter les allées et venues des gens ;4 Comput carnet m d'exploitation ;5 Math logarithme m.1 ( record) noter [reading, fact] ;3 ( achieve) [car, train] rouler à [speed, 80 mph] ; [plane] voler à [speed, 500 mph] ; [ship] filer [knots].to sleep like a log dormir comme une souche. -
33 Giffard, Baptiste Henry Jacques (Henri)
[br]b. 8 February 1825 Paris, Franced. 14 April 1882 Paris, France[br]French pioneer of airships and balloons, inventor of an injector for steam-boiler feedwater.[br]Giffard entered the works of the Western Railway of France at the age of 16 but became absorbed by the problem of steam-powered aerial navigation. He proposed a steam-powered helicopter in 1847, but he then turned his attention to an airship. He designed a lightweight coke-burning, single-cylinder steam engine and boiler which produced just over 3 hp (2.2 kW) and mounted it below a cigar-shaped gas bag 44 m (144 ft) in length. A triangular rudder was fitted at the rear to control the direction of flight. On 24 September 1852 Giffard took off from Paris and, at a steady 8 km/h (5 mph), he travelled 28 km (17 miles) to Trappes. This can be claimed to be the first steerable lighter-than-air craft, but with a top speed of only 8 km/h (5 mph) even a modest headwind would have reduced the forward speed to nil (or even negative). Giffard built a second airship, which crashed in 1855, slightly injuring Giffard and his companion; a third airship was planned with a very large gas bag in order to lift the inherently heavy steam engine and boiler, but this was never built. His airships were inflated by coal gas and refusal by the gas company to provide further supplies brought these promising experiments to a premature end.As a draughtsman Giffard had the opportunity to travel on locomotives and he observed the inadequacies of the feed pumps then used to supply boiler feedwater. To overcome these problems he invented the injector with its series of three cones: in the first cone (convergent), steam at or below boiler pressure becomes a high-velocity jet; in the second (also convergent), it combines with feedwater to condense and impart high velocity to it; and in the third (divergent), that velocity is converted into pressure sufficient to overcome the pressure of steam in the boiler. The injector, patented by Giffard, was quickly adopted by railways everywhere, and the royalties provided him with funds to finance further experiments in aviation. These took the form of tethered hydrogen-inflated balloons of successively larger size. At the Paris Exposition of 1878 one of these balloons carried fifty-two passengers on each tethered "flight". The height of the balloon was controlled by a cable attached to a huge steam-powered winch, and by the end of the fair 1,033 ascents had been made and 35,000 passengers had seen Paris from the air. This, and similar balloons, greatly widened the public's interest in aeronautics. Sadly, after becoming blind, Giffard committed suicide; however, he died a rich man and bequeathed large sums of money to the State for humanitarian an scientific purposes.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCroix de la Légion d'honneur 1863.Bibliography1860, Notice théorique et pratique sur l'injecteur automoteur.1870, Description du premier aérostat à vapeur.Further ReadingDictionnaire de biographie française.Gaston Tissandier, 1872, Les Ballons dirigeables, Paris.—1878, Le Grand ballon captif à vapeur de M. Henri Giffard, Paris.W.de Fonvielle, 1882, Les Ballons dirigeables à vapeur de H.Giffard, Paris. Giffard is covered in most books on balloons or airships, e.g.: Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London. L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London.Ian McNeill (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 575 and 614.J.T.Hodgson and C.S.Lake, 1954, Locomotive Management, Tothill Press, p. 100.PJGR / JDSBiographical history of technology > Giffard, Baptiste Henry Jacques (Henri)
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34 Messerschmitt, Willi E.
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 26 June 1898 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germanyd. 17 September 1978 Munich, Germany[br]German aircraft designer noted for successful fighters such as the Bf 109, one of the world's most widely produced aircraft.[br]Messerschmitt studied engineering at the Munich Institute of Tchnology and obtained his degree in 1923. By 1926 he was Chief Designer at the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke in Augsburg. Due to the ban on military aircraft in Germany following the First World War, his early designs included gliders, light aircraft, and a series of high-wing airliners. He began to make a major impact on German aircraft design once Hitler came to power and threw off the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles, which so restricted Germany's armed forces. In 1932 he bought out the now-bankrupt Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, but initially, because of enmity between himself and the German aviation minister, was not invited to compete for an air force contract for a single-engined fighter. However, in 1934 Messerschmitt designed the Bf 108 Taifun, a small civil aircraft with a fighter-like appearance. This displayed the quality of his design and the German air ministry was forced to recognize him. As a result, he unveiled the famous Bf 109 fighter which first flew in August 1935; it was used during the Spanish Civil War in 1936–9, and was to become one of the foremost combat aircraft of the Second World War. In 1938, after several name changes, the company became Messerschmitt Aktien-Gesellschaft (and hence a change of prefix from Bf to Me). During April 1939 a Messerschmitt aircraft broke the world air-speed record at 755.14 km/h (469.32 mph): it was entered in the FAI records as a Bf 109R, but was more accurately a new design designated Me 209V-1.During the Second World War, the 5/70P was progressively improved, and eventually almost 35,000 were built. Other successful fighters followed, such as the twin-engined Me 110 which also served as a bomber and night fighter. The Messerschmitt Me 262 twin-engined jet fighter, the first jet aircraft in the world to enter service, flew during the early years of the war, but it was never given a high priority by the High Command and only a small number were in service when the war ended. Another revolutionary Messerschmitt AG design was the Me 163 Komet, the concept of Professor Alexander Lippisch who had joined Messerschmitt's company in 1939; this was the first rocket-propelled fighter to enter service. It was a small tailless design capable of 880 km/hr (550 mph), but its duration under power was only about 10 minutes and it was very dangerous to fly. From late 1944 onwards it was used to intercept the United States Air Force bombers during their daylight raids. At the other end of the scale, Messerschmitt produced the Me 321 Gigant, a huge transport glider which was towed behind a flight of three Me 110s. Later it was equipped with six engines, but it was an easy target for allied fighters. This was a costly white elephant, as was his high-speed twin-engined Me 210 fighter-bomber project which nearly made his company bankrupt. Nevertheless, he was certainly an innovator and was much admired by Hitler, who declared that he had "the skull of a genius", because of the Me 163 Komet rocket-powered fighter and the Me 262.At the end of the war Messerschmitt was detained by the Americans for two years. In 1952 Messerschmitt became an aviation adviser to the Spanish government, and his Bf109 was produced in Spain as the Hispano Buchon for a number of years and was powered by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. A factory was also constructed in Egypt to produce aircraft to Messerschmitt's designs. His German company, banned from building aircraft, produced prefabricated houses, sewing machines and, from 1953 to 1962, a series of bubble-cars: the KR 175 (1953–55) and the KR 200 (1955–62) were single-cylinder three-wheeled bubble-cars, and the Tiger (1958–62) was a twin-cylinder, 500cc four-wheeler. In 1958 Messerschmitt resumed aircraft construction in Germany and later became the Honorary Chairman of the merged Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm company (now part of the Franco-German Eurocopter company).[br]Further Readingvan Ishoven, 1975, Messerschmitt. Aircraft Designer, London. J.Richard Smith, 1971, Messerschmitt. An Air-craft Album, London.Anthony Pritchard, 1975, Messerschmitt, London (describes Messerschmitt aircraft).JDS / CMBiographical history of technology > Messerschmitt, Willi E.
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35 log
I [lɒg] [AE lɔːg]1) (of wood) tronco m., ceppo m.; (for burning) ciocco m.2) (written record) registro m.3) (of plane, ship) giornale m., diario m. di bordo4) inform. giornale m., registrazione f.••II 1. [lɒg] [AE lɔːg]to sleep like a log — dormire come un sasso o ghiro
2) (clock up) (anche log up) totalizzare, percorrere in totale [ miles]3) (achieve) [car, train] viaggiare, andare a [ speed]; [ plane] volare a [ speed]; [ ship] filare a [ knots]2.- log in- log off* * *[loɡ] 1. noun1) (a thick piece of unshaped wood: The trees were sawn into logs and taken to the sawmill.) ceppo, ciocco2) (a logbook: The captain of the ship entered the details in the log.) (giornale di bordo)2. verb(to write down or record in a logbook (especially the distance covered during a journey).) (registrare nel giornale di bordo)- logbook* * *[lɒɡ]1. n1) (for fire) ceppo, (tree trunk) tronco2)See:2. n abbr(= logarithm) log3. vt1) Naut, Aer annotare or registrare sul giornale di bordoto log 50 mph — fare 80 km/h
•- log in- log off* * *I [lɒg] [AE lɔːg]1) (of wood) tronco m., ceppo m.; (for burning) ciocco m.2) (written record) registro m.3) (of plane, ship) giornale m., diario m. di bordo4) inform. giornale m., registrazione f.••II 1. [lɒg] [AE lɔːg]to sleep like a log — dormire come un sasso o ghiro
2) (clock up) (anche log up) totalizzare, percorrere in totale [ miles]3) (achieve) [car, train] viaggiare, andare a [ speed]; [ plane] volare a [ speed]; [ ship] filare a [ knots]2.- log in- log off -
36 clock
1. noun1) Uhr, diebeat the clock [by ten minutes] — [10 Minuten] früher fertig werden
put or turn the clock back — (fig.) die Zeit zurückdrehen
round the clock — rund um die Uhr
watch the clock — (fig.) [dauernd] auf die Uhr sehen (weil man ungeduldig auf den Arbeitsschluß wartet)
2) (coll.) (speedometer) Tacho, der (ugs.); (milometer) ≈ Kilometerzähler, der; (taximeter) Taxameter, das2. transitive verbclock [up] — zu verzeichnen haben [Sieg, Zeit, Erfolg]; erreichen [Geschwindigkeit]; zurücklegen [Entfernung]
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/85420/clock_in">clock in- clock off* * *[klok] 1. noun1) (an instrument for measuring time, but not worn on the wrist like a watch: We have five clocks in our house; an alarm clock (= a clock with a ringing device for waking one up in the morning).) die Uhr2) (an instrument for measuring speed of a vehicle or distance travelled by a vehicle: My car has 120,000 miles on the clock.) die Kontrolluhr2. verb- clockwise- clockwork
- clock in
- out/on
- off
- clock up
- like clockwork
- round the clock* * *[klɒk, AM klɑ:k]I. nalarm \clock Wecker mthe \clock chimes [or strikes] ... die Uhr schlägt...the \clock says... die Uhr zeigt... [an]the court's decision will put the \clocks back fifty years dieses Gerichtsurteil wirft die Rechtsprechung um fünfzig Jahre zurückto run against the \clock auf Zeit laufento set a \clock eine Uhr stellento watch the \clock ständig auf die Uhr guckento work against the \clock gegen die Zeit arbeitento work according to [or by] the \clock die Arbeitszeit genau einhaltenII. vt1. (measure speed)▪ to \clock sb at sth:he was \clocked at 10 seconds for the 100 metres er lief die 100 Meter in 10 Sekunden▪ to \clock sb doing sth:the police \clocked him doing 80 mph die Polizei blitzte ihn mit 128 km/h2. (run or travel at speed of)▪ to \clock sth:this car can \clock 240 kmh dieses Auto hat bis zu 240 Sachen drauf famhe \clocked 10 seconds in the 100 metres er lief die 100 Meter in 10 Sekunden* * *[klɒk]1. n1) Uhr fagainst the clock (Sport) — nach or auf Zeit
to beat the clock — schneller als vorgesehen fertig sein
to put the clock back/forward or on (lit) — die Uhr zurückstellen/vorstellen
it's got 100,000 miles on the clock — es hat einen Tachostand von 100.000 Meilen
2. vt1) (SPORT)he's clocked the fastest time this year — er ist die schnellste Zeit dieses Jahres gelaufen/gefahren
2) (inf= hit)
he clocked him one — er hat ihm eine runtergehauen (inf)3) (Brit inf = see) sehen4) (Brit inf)* * *clock1 [klɒk; US klɑk]A s1. (Wand-, Turm-, Stand) Uhr f:(a)round the clock rund um die Uhr, vierundzwanzig Stunden (lang);five o’clock fünf Uhr;know what o’clock it isa) wissen, wie viel Uhr es ist,b) fig wissen, wie viel es geschlagen hat;2. umga) Kontroll-, Stoppuhr fb) Fahrpreisanzeiger m (im Taxi)c) AUTO Meilenzähler m5. Br umg Visage f pejB v/tboth were clocked at the same time für beide wurde die gleiche Zeit gestopptfor über eine Distanz)2. a) seine Arbeitszeit an der Stechuhr, eine Geschwindigkeit, Zahlen etc registrierenb) clock back den Meilenzähler eines Wagens (in betrügerischer Absicht) zurückdrehen (from … to von … auf akk):he clocked the car back from 200,000 to 90,000 miles3. IT die Eingabe etc taktena) einen Erfolg verbuchen,b) Schulden machenclk abk1. clerk2. clock* * *1. noun1) Uhr, die[work] against the clock — gegen die Zeit [arbeiten]
beat the clock [by ten minutes] — [10 Minuten] früher fertig werden
put or turn the clock back — (fig.) die Zeit zurückdrehen
watch the clock — (fig.) [dauernd] auf die Uhr sehen (weil man ungeduldig auf den Arbeitsschluß wartet)
2) (coll.) (speedometer) Tacho, der (ugs.); (milometer) ≈ Kilometerzähler, der; (taximeter) Taxameter, das2. transitive verbclock [up] — zu verzeichnen haben [Sieg, Zeit, Erfolg]; erreichen [Geschwindigkeit]; zurücklegen [Entfernung]
Phrasal Verbs:- clock in* * *n.Uhr -en f. -
37 clock
clock [klɒk]1 noun∎ the church clock chimed four l'horloge de l'église sonna quatre heures;∎ it took us fifteen minutes by the clock il nous a fallu quinze minutes montre en main;∎ figurative the clock is ticking le temps passe;∎ to put a clock back/forward retarder/avancer une horloge;∎ to put or turn the clocks back/forward retarder/avancer les pendules;∎ figurative you can't turn the clock back ce qui est fait est fait;∎ this law will put the clock back a hundred years cette loi va nous ramener cent ans en arrière;∎ a race against the clock une course contre la montre;∎ they worked against or to beat the clock ils ont travaillé dur pour finir à temps;∎ Horseriding the jump-off was against the clock il y a eu un barrage contre la montre;∎ to work round the clock travailler vingt-quatre heures sur vingt-quatre;∎ to sleep round the clock faire le tour du cadran;∎ figurative to watch the clock (employee) avoir les yeux rivés sur l'horloge, ne penser qu'à l'heure de la sortie;∎ I don't pay you to come in here and watch the clock je ne vous paie pas pour que vous passiez votre temps à ne rien faire;(b) (taximeter) compteur m, taximètre m∎ a car with 30,000 miles on the clock une voiture qui a 30 000 miles au compteur∎ winds clocked at 50 miles per hour des vents qui ont atteint 50 miles à l'heure;∎ he was clocked at 185 mph ≃ il a atteint les 300 km/h chrono;∎ she's clocked five minutes for the mile elle court le mile en cinq minutes;∎ the fastest time he's clocked this year son meilleur temps cette année∎ she clocked him as soon as he walked in elle l'a repéré dès qu'il est entré►► clock golf jeu m de l'horloge;clock radio radio-réveil m;Computing clock speed fréquence f d'horloge;Computing clock speed doubler doubleur m de fréquence (d'horloge);clock tower tour f (de l'horloge)∎ I clocked in at seven o'clock j'ai pointé à sept heures∎ for the 100 metres she clocked in at nine seconds elle a fait neuf secondes aux 100 mètres;∎ the last of the marathon runners clocked in at six hours le dernier marathonien a effectué le parcours en six heuresIndustry pointer (à la sortie), dépointerIndustry (employee) pointer (à l'arrivée)Industry pointer (à la sortie), dépointer∎ Cars she clocked up 300 miles elle a fait 300 miles au compteur -
38 Butler, Edward
[br]b. 1863d. 1940[br]English motoring pioneer, designer of a motor tricycle.[br]In 1884 Butler patented a design for a motor tricycle that was shown that year at the Stanley Cycle Show and in the following year at the Inventions Exhibition. In 1887 he patented his "Petrol-tricycle", which was built the following year. The cycle was steered through its two front wheels, while it was driven through its single rear wheel. The motor, which was directly connected to the rear wheel hub by means of overhung cranks, consisted of a pair of water-cooled 2 1/4 in. (57 mm) bore cylinders with an 8 in. (203 mm) stroke working on the Clerk two-stroke cycle. Ignition was by electric spark produced by a wiper breaking contact with the piston, adopted from Butler's own design of electrostatic ignition machine; this was later replaced by a Ruhmkorff coil and a battery. There was insufficient power with direct drive and the low engine speed of c.100 rpm, producing a road speed of approximately 12 mph (19 km/h), so Butler redesigned the engine with a 6 3/4 in. (171 mm) stroke and a four-stroke cycle with an epicyclic reduction gear drive of 4:1 and later 6:1 ratio which could run at 600 rpm. The combination of restrictive speed-limit laws and shortsightedness of his backers prevented development, despite successful road demonstrations. Interest was non-existent by 1895, and the following year this first English internal combustion engined motorcycle was broken up for the scrap value of some 163 lb (74 kg) of copper and brass contained in its structure.[br]Further ReadingC.F.Caunter, 1982, Motor Cycles, 3rd edn, London: HMSO/Science Museum.IMcN -
39 Lanchester, Frederick William
[br]b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, Englandd. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England[br]English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.[br]The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliographybht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.Further ReadingP.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William
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40 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew
[br]b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russiad. 24 October 1980[br]Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).[br]Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.[br]Further ReadingA.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).KF / GB-NBiographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew
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