aliquid+facere+c

sĕcundus, a, um, adj. [sequor], following.

(Acc. to sequor, I. B. 2.)

Prop., the following in time or order, the next to the first, the second (cf.: alter, proximus); absol.: si te secundo lumine hic offendero, the next morning, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1: de tribus unum esset optandum...optimum est facere; secundum, nec facere nec pati;

miserrimum digladiari semper, etc.,

the next best, Cic. Rep. 3, 14, 23; cf.:

id secundum erat de tribus,

id. Or. 15, 50:

aliquem obligare secundo sacramento, priore amisso, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; cf.:

prioribus equitum partibus secundis additis,

id. Rep. 2, 20, 36:

Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae,

id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

Olympias secunda et sexagesima,

id. ib. 2, 15, 28:

oriens incendium belli Punici secundi,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1: aliquem secundum heredem instituere, the second or substituted heir, if the first-named die or refuse the inheritance, id. Fam. 13, 61; so,

heres,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 48; Inscr. Orell. 3416:

mensa,

the second course, dessert, Cic. Att. 14, 6, 2; 14, 21, 4; Cels. 1, 2 fin.; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120; 19, 8, 53, § 167; Verg. G. 2, 101; Hor. S. 2, 2, 121:

Germania,

Lower Germany, Amm. 15, 8, 19.— Subst.: sĕcundae, ārum, f. (sc. membranae), the after-birth, secundines:

partus,

Cels. 7, 29 fin.:

non magis pertinere quam secundas ad editum infantem,

Sen. Ep. 92, 34; Col. 7, 7, 4; Plin. 27, 4, 13, § 30; 30, 14, 43, § 123:

secundae partūs,

id. 9, 13, 15, § 41; 20, 6, 23, § 51; 20, 11, 44, § 115.—

Trop.

Following, next, second in rank, value, etc.; with ad:

quorum ordo proxime accedit, ut secundus sit ad regium principatum,

Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 52.—With ab:

potentiā secundus a rege,

Hirt. B. Alex. 66;

with which cf.: secundus a Romulo conditor urbis Romanae,

Liv. 7, 1 fin.; and:

Ajax, heros ab Achille secundus,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

qui honos secundus a rege erat,

Just. 18, 4, 5.— Absol.: nil majus generatur ipso (Jove), Nec viget quicquam simile aut secundum, Hor. C. 1, 12, 18:

tu (Juppiter) secundo Caesare regnes,

id. ib. 1, 12, 51; corresp. to maxime:

maxime vellem...secundo autem loco, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 8, 10, 31; cf.:

me maxime consolatur spes, etc....facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio, etc.,

id. Fam. 1, 6, 1 sq.:

cotes Creticae diu maximam laudem habuere, secundam Laconicae,

Plin. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—With dat.:

nulli Campanorum secundus vinctus ad mortem rapior,

Liv. 23, 10, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

regio spatio locorum nulli earum gentium secunda,

Curt. 5, 10, 3; Vell. 2, 76, 1:

secundus sibi, non par,

Just. 11, 12, 14:

secunda nobilitas Falerno agro,

id. 14, 6, 8, § 62:

bonitas amomo pallido,

id. 12, 13, 28, § 48.—With abl., Hirt. B. Alex. 66; cf. supra.—

With the prevailing idea of subjection or inferiority, secondary, subordinate, inferior; absol.:

secundae sortis ingenium,

only of the second grade, Sen. Ep. 52, 3:

moneri velle ac posse secunda virtus est,

id. Ben. 5, 25, 4; cf.:

(servi) quasi secundum hominum genus sunt,

Flor. 3, 20, 1:

vivit siliquis et pane secundo (i. e. secundario),

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 123 (cf.:

secundarius panis,

Plin. 18, 10, 20, § 89; Suet. Aug. 76):

tenue argentum venaeque secundae,

Juv. 9, 31:

haec fuit altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita, ut proxima esset Epaminondae,

Nep. Pel. 4, 3. —With abl.:

haud ulli veterum virtute secundus,

inferior, Verg. A. 11, 441.—With inf.:

nec vertere cuiquam Frena secundus Halys,

Stat. Th. 2, 574.—Esp., in phrase partes secundae, second parts, inferior parts:

in actoribus Graecis, ille qui est secundarum aut tertiarum partium,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 48:

ut credas partis mimum tractare secundas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 14.—With ab:

hic erit a mensis fine secunda dies,

the last day but one of the month, Ov. F. 1, 710. —As subst.: sĕcundae, ārum, f. (sc. partes), the second or inferior parts:

Spinther secundarum tertiarum Pamphilus,

Plin. 7, 12, 10, § 54; Inscr. Orell. 2644:

Q. Arrius, qui fuit M. Crassi quasi secundarum,

Cic. Brut. 69, 242; so,

secundas sortiri,

Sen. Ben. 2, 29, 3:

ferre,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 46:

deferre alicui,

Quint. 10, 1, 53:

agere,

Sen. Ira, 3, 8, 6.—

(Acc. to sequor, II.)

Prop., naut. t. t., of currents of water, etc., favorable, fair (as following the course of the vessel):

secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit,

i. e. down the stream, Caes. B. G. 7, 58; so,

Tiberi,

Liv. 5, 46:

amni,

Verg. G. 3, 447:

fluvio,

id. A. 7, 494:

aqua,

Liv. 21, 28; cf.:

totā rate in secundam aquam labente,

with the current, id. 21, 47:

et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23 fin.; so,

aestu,

Liv. 23, 41:

mari,

id. 29, 7; and, poet.:

(Neptunus) curru secundo,

speeding along, Verg. A. 1, 156:

secundo amne,

Curt. 4, 7, 9:

navigatio,

Tac. A. 2, 8.—Esp., of winds:

in portum vento secundo, velo passo pervenit,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 45; cf.:

cum videam navem secundis ventis cursum tenentem suum,

Cic. Planc. 39, 94; so,

ventus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23 fin.; Hor. C. 2, 10, 23; id. Ep. 2, 1, 102; cf.

aquilo,

id. ib. 2, 2, 201.— Sup.:

cum secundissimo vento cursum teneret,

Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83.—Of sails (trop.):

des ingenio vela secunda meo,

Ov. F. 3, 790.—

Transf., with, according to any thing: austri anniversarii secundo sole flant, i. e. according to the course of the sun, Nigid. ap. Gell. 2, 22, 31: squama secunda (opp. adversa), as we say, with the grain, i. e. so as to offer no resistance to the hand when it is passed from the head to the tail, id. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12.—

Trop., favorable, propitious, fortunate (opp. adversus); absol.:

secundo populo aliquid facere,

with the consent of the people, Cic. Tusc. 2, 1, 4; so,

concio,

id. Agr. 2, 37, 101; cf.:

voluntas concionis,

id. Att. 1, 19, 4:

admurmurationes cuncti senatūs,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 3: rumor, Enn. ap. Non. 385, 17 (Ann. v. 260 Vahl.); Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 9:

clamor,

Verg. A. 5, 491:

aures,

Liv. 6, 40; 33, 46; 42, 28:

praesentibus ac secundis diis,

id. 7, 26; so,

dis auspicibus et Junone secundā,

Verg. A. 4, 45; and:

secundo Marte ruat,

id. ib. 10, 21:

adi pede sacra secundo,

id. ib. 8, 302;

10, 255: auspicia,

Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27; cf. avis, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 82 Vahl.); and in poet. hypallage:

haruspex,

Verg. A. 11, 739: scitus, secunda loquens in tempore, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 3 (Ann. v. 251 Vahl.): res (opp. adversae), Cic. Off. 1, 26, 90;

so,

id. Lael. 5, 17; 6, 22; id. Att. 4, 2, 1; Hor. S. 2, 8, 74; cf.

fortunae (opp. adversae),

Cic. Sull. 23, 66;

and tempora (opp. adversi casus),

Auct. Her. 4, 17, 24; so, res, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 257 Müll. (Ann. v. 357 Vahl.); Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 1; Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88 (with prosperitates); Verg. A. 10, 502; Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30: fortunae, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. parsi, p. 242 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 28:

proelia,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1:

motus Galliae,

successful, id. ib. 7, 59; and:

belli exitus,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 38:

consilium,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42:

labores,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 45.— Comp.:

reliqua militia secundiore famā fuit,

Suet. Caes. 2.— Sup.:

secundissima proelia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 62.— With dat.:

secunda (sc. verba) irae,

i. e. increasing, promoting it, Liv. 2, 38.— Comp.:

secundiore equitum proelio nostris,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9.— Sup.:

tres leges secundissimas plebei, adversas nobilitati tulit,

Liv. 8, 12: omnia secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse videntur, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, B.—As subst.: sĕcunda, ōrum, n., favorable circumstances, good fortune:

sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 13:

age, me in tuis secundis respice,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 11:

omnium secundorum adversorumque causes in deos vertere,

Liv. 28, 11, 1:

in secundis sapere et consulere,

id. 30, 42, 16:

nimius homo inter secunda,

Tac. H. 2, 59; 1, 10; Curt. 4, 6, 31:

nemo confidat nimium secundis,

Sen. Thyest. 615:

poscunt fidem secunda,

id. Agam. 934:

secunda non habent unquam modum,

id. Oedip. 694.

Sĕcundus, i, m.; Sĕcunda, ae, f. [1. secundus], a Roman proper name.

C. Plinius Secundus, the writer on natural history. —

C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus, his nephew:

OCTAVIA Q. F. SECVNDA,

Inscr. Grut. 445, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.

sĕcundus, a, um, adj. [sequor], following.

(Acc. to sequor, I. B. 2.)

Prop., the following in time or order, the next to the first, the second (cf.: alter, proximus); absol.: si te secundo lumine hic offendero, the next morning, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1: de tribus unum esset optandum...optimum est facere; secundum, nec facere nec pati;

miserrimum digladiari semper, etc.,

the next best, Cic. Rep. 3, 14, 23; cf.:

id secundum erat de tribus,

id. Or. 15, 50:

aliquem obligare secundo sacramento, priore amisso, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; cf.:

prioribus equitum partibus secundis additis,

id. Rep. 2, 20, 36:

Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae,

id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

Olympias secunda et sexagesima,

id. ib. 2, 15, 28:

oriens incendium belli Punici secundi,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1: aliquem secundum heredem instituere, the second or substituted heir, if the first-named die or refuse the inheritance, id. Fam. 13, 61; so,

heres,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 48; Inscr. Orell. 3416:

mensa,

the second course, dessert, Cic. Att. 14, 6, 2; 14, 21, 4; Cels. 1, 2 fin.; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120; 19, 8, 53, § 167; Verg. G. 2, 101; Hor. S. 2, 2, 121:

Germania,

Lower Germany, Amm. 15, 8, 19.— Subst.: sĕcundae, ārum, f. (sc. membranae), the after-birth, secundines:

partus,

Cels. 7, 29 fin.:

non magis pertinere quam secundas ad editum infantem,

Sen. Ep. 92, 34; Col. 7, 7, 4; Plin. 27, 4, 13, § 30; 30, 14, 43, § 123:

secundae partūs,

id. 9, 13, 15, § 41; 20, 6, 23, § 51; 20, 11, 44, § 115.—

Trop.

Following, next, second in rank, value, etc.; with ad:

quorum ordo proxime accedit, ut secundus sit ad regium principatum,

Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 52.—With ab:

potentiā secundus a rege,

Hirt. B. Alex. 66;

with which cf.: secundus a Romulo conditor urbis Romanae,

Liv. 7, 1 fin.; and:

Ajax, heros ab Achille secundus,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

qui honos secundus a rege erat,

Just. 18, 4, 5.— Absol.: nil majus generatur ipso (Jove), Nec viget quicquam simile aut secundum, Hor. C. 1, 12, 18:

tu (Juppiter) secundo Caesare regnes,

id. ib. 1, 12, 51; corresp. to maxime:

maxime vellem...secundo autem loco, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 8, 10, 31; cf.:

me maxime consolatur spes, etc....facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio, etc.,

id. Fam. 1, 6, 1 sq.:

cotes Creticae diu maximam laudem habuere, secundam Laconicae,

Plin. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—With dat.:

nulli Campanorum secundus vinctus ad mortem rapior,

Liv. 23, 10, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

regio spatio locorum nulli earum gentium secunda,

Curt. 5, 10, 3; Vell. 2, 76, 1:

secundus sibi, non par,

Just. 11, 12, 14:

secunda nobilitas Falerno agro,

id. 14, 6, 8, § 62:

bonitas amomo pallido,

id. 12, 13, 28, § 48.—With abl., Hirt. B. Alex. 66; cf. supra.—

With the prevailing idea of subjection or inferiority, secondary, subordinate, inferior; absol.:

secundae sortis ingenium,

only of the second grade, Sen. Ep. 52, 3:

moneri velle ac posse secunda virtus est,

id. Ben. 5, 25, 4; cf.:

(servi) quasi secundum hominum genus sunt,

Flor. 3, 20, 1:

vivit siliquis et pane secundo (i. e. secundario),

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 123 (cf.:

secundarius panis,

Plin. 18, 10, 20, § 89; Suet. Aug. 76):

tenue argentum venaeque secundae,

Juv. 9, 31:

haec fuit altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita, ut proxima esset Epaminondae,

Nep. Pel. 4, 3. —With abl.:

haud ulli veterum virtute secundus,

inferior, Verg. A. 11, 441.—With inf.:

nec vertere cuiquam Frena secundus Halys,

Stat. Th. 2, 574.—Esp., in phrase partes secundae, second parts, inferior parts:

in actoribus Graecis, ille qui est secundarum aut tertiarum partium,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 48:

ut credas partis mimum tractare secundas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 14.—With ab:

hic erit a mensis fine secunda dies,

the last day but one of the month, Ov. F. 1, 710. —As subst.: sĕcundae, ārum, f. (sc. partes), the second or inferior parts:

Spinther secundarum tertiarum Pamphilus,

Plin. 7, 12, 10, § 54; Inscr. Orell. 2644:

Q. Arrius, qui fuit M. Crassi quasi secundarum,

Cic. Brut. 69, 242; so,

secundas sortiri,

Sen. Ben. 2, 29, 3:

ferre,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 46:

deferre alicui,

Quint. 10, 1, 53:

agere,

Sen. Ira, 3, 8, 6.—

(Acc. to sequor, II.)

Prop., naut. t. t., of currents of water, etc., favorable, fair (as following the course of the vessel):

secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit,

i. e. down the stream, Caes. B. G. 7, 58; so,

Tiberi,

Liv. 5, 46:

amni,

Verg. G. 3, 447:

fluvio,

id. A. 7, 494:

aqua,

Liv. 21, 28; cf.:

totā rate in secundam aquam labente,

with the current, id. 21, 47:

et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23 fin.; so,

aestu,

Liv. 23, 41:

mari,

id. 29, 7; and, poet.:

(Neptunus) curru secundo,

speeding along, Verg. A. 1, 156:

secundo amne,

Curt. 4, 7, 9:

navigatio,

Tac. A. 2, 8.—Esp., of winds:

in portum vento secundo, velo passo pervenit,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 45; cf.:

cum videam navem secundis ventis cursum tenentem suum,

Cic. Planc. 39, 94; so,

ventus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23 fin.; Hor. C. 2, 10, 23; id. Ep. 2, 1, 102; cf.

aquilo,

id. ib. 2, 2, 201.— Sup.:

cum secundissimo vento cursum teneret,

Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83.—Of sails (trop.):

des ingenio vela secunda meo,

Ov. F. 3, 790.—

Transf., with, according to any thing: austri anniversarii secundo sole flant, i. e. according to the course of the sun, Nigid. ap. Gell. 2, 22, 31: squama secunda (opp. adversa), as we say, with the grain, i. e. so as to offer no resistance to the hand when it is passed from the head to the tail, id. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12.—

Trop., favorable, propitious, fortunate (opp. adversus); absol.:

secundo populo aliquid facere,

with the consent of the people, Cic. Tusc. 2, 1, 4; so,

concio,

id. Agr. 2, 37, 101; cf.:

voluntas concionis,

id. Att. 1, 19, 4:

admurmurationes cuncti senatūs,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 3: rumor, Enn. ap. Non. 385, 17 (Ann. v. 260 Vahl.); Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 9:

clamor,

Verg. A. 5, 491:

aures,

Liv. 6, 40; 33, 46; 42, 28:

praesentibus ac secundis diis,

id. 7, 26; so,

dis auspicibus et Junone secundā,

Verg. A. 4, 45; and:

secundo Marte ruat,

id. ib. 10, 21:

adi pede sacra secundo,

id. ib. 8, 302;

10, 255: auspicia,

Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27; cf. avis, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 82 Vahl.); and in poet. hypallage:

haruspex,

Verg. A. 11, 739: scitus, secunda loquens in tempore, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 3 (Ann. v. 251 Vahl.): res (opp. adversae), Cic. Off. 1, 26, 90;

so,

id. Lael. 5, 17; 6, 22; id. Att. 4, 2, 1; Hor. S. 2, 8, 74; cf.

fortunae (opp. adversae),

Cic. Sull. 23, 66;

and tempora (opp. adversi casus),

Auct. Her. 4, 17, 24; so, res, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 257 Müll. (Ann. v. 357 Vahl.); Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 1; Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88 (with prosperitates); Verg. A. 10, 502; Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30: fortunae, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. parsi, p. 242 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 28:

proelia,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1:

motus Galliae,

successful, id. ib. 7, 59; and:

belli exitus,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 38:

consilium,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42:

labores,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 45.— Comp.:

reliqua militia secundiore famā fuit,

Suet. Caes. 2.— Sup.:

secundissima proelia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 62.— With dat.:

secunda (sc. verba) irae,

i. e. increasing, promoting it, Liv. 2, 38.— Comp.:

secundiore equitum proelio nostris,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9.— Sup.:

tres leges secundissimas plebei, adversas nobilitati tulit,

Liv. 8, 12: omnia secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse videntur, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, B.—As subst.: sĕcunda, ōrum, n., favorable circumstances, good fortune:

sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 13:

age, me in tuis secundis respice,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 11:

omnium secundorum adversorumque causes in deos vertere,

Liv. 28, 11, 1:

in secundis sapere et consulere,

id. 30, 42, 16:

nimius homo inter secunda,

Tac. H. 2, 59; 1, 10; Curt. 4, 6, 31:

nemo confidat nimium secundis,

Sen. Thyest. 615:

poscunt fidem secunda,

id. Agam. 934:

secunda non habent unquam modum,

id. Oedip. 694.

Sĕcundus, i, m.; Sĕcunda, ae, f. [1. secundus], a Roman proper name.

C. Plinius Secundus, the writer on natural history. —

C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus, his nephew:

OCTAVIA Q. F. SECVNDA,

Inscr. Grut. 445, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.

gĕro, gessi, gestum ( Part. gen. plur. sync. gerentum, Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 13; imper. ger, like dic, duc, fac, fer, Cat. 27, 2), 3, v. a. [root gas-, to come, go; Zend, jah, jahaiti, come; gero (for geso), in caus. sense, to cause to come; cf. Gr. bastazô, from bastos = gestus], to bear about with one, to bear, carry, to wear, have (in the lit. signif. mostly poet., not in Cic., Cæs., Sall., or Quint.; but instead of it ferre, portare, vehere, sustinere, etc.; but in the trop. signif. freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

(vestem ferinam) qui gessit primus,

Lucr. 5, 1420; so,

vestem,

Ov. M. 11, 276 (with induere vestes), Nep. Dat. 3; cf.:

coronam Olympiacam capite,

Suet. Ner. 25:

ornamenta,

id. Caes. 84:

angues immixtos crinibus,

Ov. M. 4, 792:

clipeum (laeva),

id. ib. 4, 782; cf.:

galeam venatoriam in capite, clavam dextra manu, copulam sinistra,

Nep. Dat. 3:

ramum, jaculum,

Ov. M. 12, 442:

spicea serta,

id. ib. 2, 28:

vincla,

id. ib. 4, 681:

venabula corpore fixa,

id. ib. 9, 206; cf.:

tela (in pectore fixus),

id. ib. 6, 228:

Vulcanum (i. e. ignem) in cornu conclusum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 185:

spolia ducis hostium caesi suspensa fabricato ad id apte ferculo gerens,

Liv. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

Horatius trigemina spolia prae se gerens,

id. 1, 26, 2:

onera,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.: uterum or partum gerere, to be pregnant, be with young; so, gerere partum, Plin. 8, 47, 72, § 187:

uterum,

id. 8, 40, 62, § 151:

centum fronte oculos centum cervice gerebat Argus,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 19:

lumen unum media fronte,

id. M. 13, 773:

cornua fronte,

id. ib. 15, 596:

virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma,

Verg. A. 1, 315:

virginis ora,

Ov. M. 5, 553; cf.:

quae modo bracchia gessit, Crura gerit,

id. ib. 5, 455 sq.:

Coae cornua matres Gesserunt tum,

i. e. were turned into cows, id. ib. 7, 364:

principio (morbi) caput incensum fervore gerebant,

Lucr. 6, 1145:

qui umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu,

Verg. A. 6, 772:

tempora tecta pelle lupi,

Ov. M. 12, 380:

(Hector) squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crines Vulneraque illa gerens, quae, etc.,

Verg. A. 2, 278:

capella gerat distentius uber,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 110.—

Of inanimate things:

semina rerum permixta gerit tellus discretaque tradit,

Lucr. 6, 790; cf.:

(terram) multosque lacus multasque lacunas In gremio gerere et rupes deruptaque saxa,

id. ib. 6, 539; Enn. ap. Non. 66, 26 (Sat. 23, p. 157 Vahl.); and:

quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos,

Verg. G. 2, 122:

speciem ac formam similem gerit ejus imago,

Lucr. 4, 52.—

In partic. (very rare).

With respect to the term. ad quem, to bear, carry, bring to a place:

(feminae puerique) saxa in muros munientibus gerunt,

Liv. 28, 19, 13:

neque eam voraginem conjectu terrae, cum pro se quisque gereret, expleri potuisse,

id. 7, 6, 2; cf. id. 37, 5, 1. — Absol.:

si non habebis unde irriges, gerito inditoque leniter,

Cato, R. R. 151, 4; Liv. 7, 6, 2 Drak.—Prov.:

non pluris refert, quam si imbrem in cribrum geras,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100.—

With the accessory idea of production, to bear, bring forth, produce:

quae (terra) quod gerit fruges, Ceres (appellata est),

Varr. L. L. 5, § 64 Müll.; cf. Tib. 2, 4, 56:

violam nullo terra serente gerit,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 6:

arbores (Oete),

id. M. 9, 230:

malos (platani),

Verg. G. 2, 70: frondes (silva), Ov. M. 11, 615:

terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque Fluminaque et Nymphas et cetera numina ruris,

Ov. M. 2, 16.

Trop.

In gen., to bear, have, entertain, cherish: vos etenim juvenes animum geritis muliebrem, illa virago viri, Poët. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf.:

fortem animum gerere,

Sall. J. 107, 1:

parem animum,

id. ib. 54, 1 Kritz.:

animum invictum advorsum divitias,

id. ib. 43, 5:

animum super fortunam,

id. ib. 64, 2:

mixtum gaudio ac metu animum,

Liv. 32, 11, 5; cf. also Verg. A. 9, 311; and v. infra B. 3.: aeque inimicitiam atque amicitiam in frontem promptam gero, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 8, 6 (Trag. v. 8 Vahl.):

personam,

to support a character, play a part, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 115; cf.:

est igitur proprium munus magistratus, intelligere, se gerere personam civitatis debereque ejus dignitatem et decus sustinere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 132; Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 29 init.;

id. Civ. Dei, 1, 21 al.: mores, quos ante gerebant, Nunc quoque habent,

Ov. M. 7, 655:

et nos aliquod nomenque decusque Gessimus,

Verg. A. 2, 89:

seu tu querelas sive geris jocos Seu rixam et insanos amores Seu facilem, pia testa (i. e. amphora), somnum,

Hor. C. 3, 21, 2:

in dextris vestris jam libertatem, opem... geritis,

Curt. 4, 14 fin.:

plumbeas iras,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 18:

iras,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 30: M. Catonem illum Sapientem cum multis graves inimicitias gessisse accepimus propter Hispanorum injurias, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66:

veteres inimicitias cum Caesare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 4:

muliebres inimicitias cum aliqua,

Cic. Cael. 14, 32:

inimicitias hominum more,

id. Deiot. 11, 30: simultatem cum aliquo pro re publica, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 3; cf. Suet. Vesp. 6; and Verg. A. 12, 48:

de amicitia gerenda praeclarissime scripti libri,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5:

amicitiam,

Nep. Dat. 10 fin.:

praecipuum in Romanos gerebant odium,

Liv. 28, 22, 2:

cum fortuna mutabilem gerentes fidem,

id. 8, 24, 6:

utrique imperii cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant,

Just. 17, 1 fin. —Absol.:

ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, placide respondit,

Sall. J. 72, 1.—

In partic.

Gerere se aliquo modo, to bear, deport, behave, or conduct one's self, to act in any manner:

in maximis rebus quonam modo gererem me adversus Caesarem, usus tuo consilio sum,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 5; cf. id. Off. 1, 28, 98:

ut, quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; so,

se liberius (servi),

id. Rep. 1, 43:

se inconsultius,

Liv. 41, 10, 5:

se valde honeste,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 13:

se perdite,

id. ib. 9, 2, A, 2:

se turpissime (illa pars animi),

id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48:

se turpiter in legatione,

Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 4:

sic in provincia nos gerimus, quod ad abstinentiam attinet, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 5, 17, 2:

sic me in hoc magistratu geram, ut, etc.,

id. Agr. 1, 8, 26; cf.:

nunc ita nos gerimus, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 22, 3:

uti sese victus gereret, exploratum misit,

Sall. J. 54, 2:

se medium gerere,

to remain neutral, Liv. 2, 27, 3.—

In a like sense also post-class.: gerere aliquem, to behave or conduct one's self as any one (like agere aliquem):

nec heredem regni sed regem gerebat,

Just. 32, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 44, 2:

tu civem patremque geras,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 293:

aedilem,

App. M. 1, p. 113:

captivum,

Sen. Troad. 714.—

Gerere se et aliquem, to treat one's self and another in any manner:

interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque et exercitum more majorum gereret,

Sall. J. 55, 1:

meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram,

id. ib. 85, 47.—

Pro aliquo se gerere, to assume to be:

querentes, quosdam non sui generis pro colonis se gerere,

Liv. 32, 2, 6:

eum, qui sit census, ita se jam tum gessisse pro cive,

Cic. Arch. 5, 11 dub.—

Gerere prae se aliquid (for the usual prae se ferre), to show, exhibit, manifest:

affectionis ratio perspicuam solet prae se gerere conjecturam, ut amor, iracundia, molestia, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 9, 30; cf.:

prae se quandam gerere utilitatem,

id. ib. 2, 52, 157: animum altum et erectum prae se gerebat, Auct. B. Afr. 10 fin.; Aug. de Lib. Arbit. 3, 21, 61 al.;

so gerere alone: ita tum mos erat, in adversis voltum secundae fortunae gerere, moderari animo in secundis,

to assume, Liv. 42, 63, 11.—

With the accessory idea of activity or exertion, to sustain the charge of any undertaking or business, to administer, manage, regulate, rule, govern, conduct, carry on, wage, transact, accomplish, perform (cf.: facio, ago).—In pass. also in gen., to happen, take place, be done (hence, res gesta, a deed, and res gestae, events, occurrences, acts, exploits; v. the foll.): tertium gradum agendi esse dicunt, ubi quid faciant;

in eo propter similitudinem agendi et faciundi et gerundi quidam error his, qui putant esse unum. Potest enim aliquid facere et non agere, ut poëta facit fabulam et non agit: contra actor agit et non facit.... Contra imperator quod dicitur res gerere, in eo neque facit neque agit, sed gerit, id est sustinet, translatum ab his qui onera gerunt, quod hi sustinent,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.:

omnia nostra, quoad eris Romae, ita gerito, regito, gubernato, ut nihil a me exspectes,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 2:

gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf. id. Rep. 2, 1 and 12:

rem publicam,

id. ib. 1, 7; 1, 8; id. Fam. 2, 7, 3 et saep.:

magistratum,

id. Sest. 37, 79; cf.

potestatem,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:

consulatum,

id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; id. Sest. 16, 37:

duumviratum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

tutelam alicujus,

Dig. 23, 2, 68; 27, 1, 22 al.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patria procul, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.); so,

rem, of private affairs,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 34; Cic. de Sen. 7, 22 al.:

aliquid per aes et libram gerere,

to transact by coin and balance, Gai. Inst. 3, 173; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 6, 14.—Of war: etsi res bene gesta est, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168 (Ann. v. 512 Vahl.): vi geritur res, id. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 272 ib.); cf.:

gladiis geri res coepta est,

Liv. 28, 2, 6:

ubi res ferro geratur,

id. 10, 39, 12: qui rem cum Achivis gesserunt statim, Enn. ap. Non. 393, 14 (Trag. v. 39 Vahl.); cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84:

Alexander... passurus gestis aequanda pericula rebus,

exploits, Juv. 14, 314:

miranda quidem, sed nuper gesta referemus,

id. 15, 28.—Of public affairs, affairs of government:

magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris summo imperio praeditis, dictatoribus atque consulibus, belli domique gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32 fin.; 2, 24:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit,

id. de Sen. 6, 15; cf. § 17: quid quod homines infima fortuna, nulla spe rerum gerendarum ( public business), opifices denique, delectantur historia? maximeque eos videre possumus res gestas ( public events or occurrences) audire et legere velle, qui a spe gerendi absunt, confecti senectute, id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:

sin per se populus interfecit aut ejecit tyrannum, est moderatior, quoad sentit et sapit et sua re gesta laetatur,

their deed, id. Rep. 1, 42:

ut pleraque senatus auctoritate gererentur,

id. ib. 2, 32; cf. id. ib. 1, 27:

haec dum Romae geruntur,

id. Quint. 6, 28:

ut iis, qui audiunt, tum geri illa fierique videantur,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 241:

susceptum negotium,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 1; cf.:

si ipse negotium meum gererem, nihil gererem, nisi consilio tuo,

id. Att. 13, 3, 1:

negotium bene, male, etc.,

id. Rosc. Com. 11, 32; id. Cat. 2, 10, 21; Caes. B. G. 3, 18, 5 et saep.; cf.:

quid negotii geritur?

Cic. Quint. 13, 42: annos multos bellum gerentes summum summā industriā, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 Vahl.); cf.:

bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii summa inter se contentione gesserunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16; so,

bella,

id. ib. 5, 2: pacem an bellum gerens, v. Andrews and Stoddard's Gram. § 323, 1 (2); Sall. J. 46 fin.:

bella multa felicissime,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9:

bellum cum aliquo,

id. Sest. 2, 4; id. Div. 1, 46, 103; Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 4 et saep.:

bello gesto,

Liv. 5, 43, 1: mea mater de ea re gessit morem morigerae mihi, performed my will, i. e. complied with my wishes, gratified, humored me, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.:

geram tibi morem et ea quae vis, ut potero, explicabo,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17: morem alicui (in aliqua re), Enn. ap. Non. 342, 24 (Trag. v. 241 Vahl.):

sine me in hac re gerere mihi morem,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 74; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 44; id. Men. 5, 2, 37; id. Mil. 2, 1, 58; Cic. Rep. 3, 5; id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; Ov. Am. 2, 2, 13 et saep.; also without dat., Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 36; Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 77.— Pass.:

ut utrique a me mos gestus esse videatur,

Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3; Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 69; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 108; id. Ad. 2, 2, 6; Nep. Them. 7, 3 al.—With a play upon this meaning and that in II. A.: magna, inquit, [p. 813] bella gessi:

magnis imperiis et provinciis praefui. Gere igitur animum laude dignum,

Cic. Par. 5, 2, 37.— Absol.:

cum superiores alii fuissent in disputationibus perpoliti, quorum res gestae nullae invenirentur, alii in gerendo probabiles, in disserendo rudes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8; cf.

the passage,

id. Fin. 5, 19, 52 supra:

Armeniam deinde ingressus prima parte introitus prospere gessit,

Vell. 2, 102, 2 (where others unnecessarily insert rem), Liv. 25, 22, 1; cf.

also: sive caesi ab Romanis forent Bastarnae... sive prospere gessissent,

id. 40, 58 fin.:

cum Persis et Philippus qui cogitavit, et Alexander, qui gessit, hanc bellandi causam inferebat, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9.—

Of time, to pass, spend (mostly post-Aug.; not in Cic.): ut (Tullia) cum aliquo adolescente primario conjuncta aetatem gereret, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; cf.:

pubertatis ac primae adolescentiae tempus,

Suet. Dom. 1:

vitam,

Petr. 63; Val. Fl. 6, 695:

annum gerens aetatis sexagesimum et nonum,

Suet. Vesp. 24.—Hence, gĕrens, entis, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 3.), managing, conducting, etc.; with gen.:

rei male gerentes,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 43:

sui negotii bene gerens,

Cic. Quint. 19, 62.

gĕro, ōnis, m. [1. gero], a carrier; connected per hyphen with foras:

ite, ite hac, simul eri damnigeruli, foras gerones, Bonorum hamaxagogae,

that carry off, ravishers, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 1.

prae-clārus, a, um, adj., very clear, very bright.

Lit. (only poet. and very rare):

lux,

Lucr. 2, 1032:

sol,

id. 5, 120:

iaspis,

Juv. 5, 42.—

Transf., very beautiful (physically or morally), magnificent, honorable, splendid, noble, remarkable, distinguished, excellent, famous, celebrated (class.):

vultus,

Lucr. 4, 1033: urbs situ praeclaro ad aspectum, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 52, § 117: aries praeclarior, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 44:

homo praeclarā virtute et formā,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 51:

praeclaris operibus laetari,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 7:

praeclara indoles ad dicendum,

id. de Or. 1, 29, 131:

genus dicendi magnificum atque praeclarum,

id. ib. 2, 21, 82:

eximia et praeclara,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

praeclara et magnifica,

id. Or. 4, 15:

multi praeclari in philosophiā et nobiles,

id. de Or. 1, 11, 46:

gens bello praeclara,

Verg. A. 8, 480; 12, 347:

nec quicquam est praeclarius aut praestantius,

Cic. Fam. 10, 5, 2:

praeclarissimum facinus,

Nep. Tim. 1, 5:

praeclarum est popularem me esse in populi salute,

Cic. ad Brut. 1, 3, 2 fin.:

res,

distinguished wealth, opulence, Hor. S. 2, 5, 46.— Of medicines that operate well, excellent, efficacious, etc.:

rubrica in medicinā res praeclara habetur,

Plin. 35, 6, 14, § 33; 20, 7, 26, § 61; 27, 4, 14, § 31; cf.

usus,

id. 23, 3, 36, § 73:

utilitas,

id. 22, 24, 51, § 110.—Ironically:

illa praeclara tua patientia famis,

Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26; cf.:

praeclaram populo Romano refers gratiam,

id. ib. 1, 11, 28.—In a bad sense, noted, notorious:

sceleribus suis ferox atque praeclarus,

Sall. J. 14, 21.—

With gen.:

T. Livius, eloquentiae ac fidei praeclarus in primis,

Tac. A. 4, 34.—Hence, adv., in two forms, praeclare and praeclariter.

Form praeclārē.

Very clearly, very plainly:

praeclare aliquid explicare,

Cic. Ac. 1, 9, 33:

praeclare intellego,

id. Fam. 13, 7, 1:

praeclare memini,

id. ib. 4, 7, 2:

invenire,

Plin. Ep. 3, 13, 3:

praeclare et apposite et facete scribere,

Gell. 2, 23, 11.—

Excellently, admirably, very well:

praeclare nobiscum actum iri, si, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9; cf.:

omnino praeclare te habes, cum, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 61, §

149: simulacrum praeclare factum e marmore,

id. ib. 2, 4, 44, §

96: praeclare facitis, qui, etc.,

id. Phil. 3, 10, 25:

praeclare dicere aliquid,

id. Rosc. Am. 13, 37:

gerere negotium,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 34:

praeclarissime aliquid facere,

id. Mil. 35, 96.—Of medicines that operate well, excellently, efficaciously, etc.:

radix caeliacis praeclare facit,

Plin. 22, 19, 22, § 48; 26, 15, 90, § 161; 29, 4, 25, § 78;

32, 4, 14, § 35.—As an expression of assent: pacem vult M. Lepidus: praeclare, si, etc.,

very good, very well, Cic. Phil. 13, 4, 8 sq. —

Form prae-clārĭter, excellently: rebus praeclariter gestis, Quadrig. ap. Non. 516, 12; Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P. (Enn. p. 180 Vahl.).

cōnor, ātus, 1, v. dep., to undertake, endeavor, attempt, try, venture, presume, etc. (freq. and class.;

syn. molior,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 11;

opp. facere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54;

opp. perficere,

id. Or. 30, 105); constr. with acc., inf., rarely with abl. of the gerund., or absol.

With acc. (mostly of indef. objects):

quicquam fallaciae,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 26:

istuc,

id. ib. 1, 5, 35:

idem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

opus magnum et arduum,

Cic. Or. 10, 33:

id quod conantur,

id. Cat. 2, 9, 19:

multa,

id. Or. 30, 105; id. Fin. 1, 16, 82: tantum scelus, id. Fragm. ap. Quint. 5, 13, 30; cf.:

tantam rem,

Liv. 42, 59, 8:

muita stulte,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3; Quint. 2, 4, 10:

plurima frustra,

Verg. A. 9, 398.—

With inf. (freq.):

hoc dicere,

Cic. Quint. 20, 62:

aliquid facere,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

me labefactare,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44:

poëtas attingere,

id. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

versus pangere,

Lucr. 1, 26:

pueris absinthia dare,

id. 1, 936; 4, 12 al.:

facere id quod constituerant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 5:

invito transire,

id. ib. 1, 8:

tela mittere,

Cat. 116, 3; Hor. C. 1, 6, 9; id. Ep. 1, 1, 19.—

With abl. gerundii:

ne frustra dehortando impedire conemini,

that you attempt not vainly to dissuade, Nep. Att. 21, 6.—

With si:

saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8, 4. —

Absol.:

dum moliuntur (mulieres), dum conantur, annus est,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 11:

conari manibus pedibus noctisque et dies,

id. And. 4, 1, 52:

conantibus, priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 4:

qui prius cogitare quam conari consuesset,

before he proceeded to the undertaking, Nep. Dat. 7, 1:

ego obviam conabar tibi,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 2:

audax ad conandum,

Liv. 45, 23, 15.—

Hence, subst.: cōnāta, ōrum, n., in pass. signif., an undertaking, attempt, venture, hazard (class.), Att. ap. Non. p. 202, 14; Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 39; Lucr. 5, 386; Caes. B. G. 1, 3; Nep. Dion, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 50, 9; 42, 11, 3; Quint. 8, 3, 69; Suet. Galb. 17; Ov. M. 10, 420; 14, 755 sq.; Juv. 13, 210; Vell. 2, 35, 5 et saep.

impŏtens ( inp-), entis, adj. [2. in-potens], powerless, impotent, weak, feeble (class.).

In gen.

Absol.:

neque homini infanti aut impotenti injuste facta conducunt,

Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 52:

ad opem impotentium,

id. Mur. 28, 59; cf.

Sall. Or. Licin.: (Juno) inulta cesserat impotens Tellure,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 26.—

With gen., having no power over, not master of, unable to control:

gens impotens rerum suarum,

Liv. 9, 14, 5; cf.:

equi impotentes regendi,

id. 35, 11, 10:

ob sitim impotentes sui,

Curt. 4, 7:

impotens irae,

Liv. 29, 9, 9:

laetitiae,

id. 30, 42, 17:

amoris,

Tac. H. 4, 44:

doloris,

Val. Max. 4, 6, 2:

animi,

Curt. 8, 1 fin. al. —

In partic., that is not master of himself, unbridled, headstrong, violent, insolent, immoderate, excessive, furious (syn.: effrenatus, infrenus).

Of animated beings:

mea (amica) est impotens, procax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 15:

victoria eos ipsos ferociores impotentioresque reddit,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3:

impotens, iracundus, etc.,

id. Phil. 5, 9, 24:

homo impotentissim us, ardens odio,

id. ib. 5, 16, 42:

confidens, impotens, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 7, 16:

Marius immodicus gloriae, insatiabilis, impotens,

Vell. 2, 11, 1:

si contra impotentem suscepta est causa,

Quint. 6, 1, 12:

ferox atque impotens mulier,

Suet. Ner. 28:

inimici,

id. Claud. 15:

militibus impotens,

violent, despotic towards the soldiers, Just. 26, 3.—

Poet. with inf.:

(regina) quidlibet impotens Sperare,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 10.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

quae effrenatio impotentis animi!

Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22; cf.:

aut nullos animi motus aut non tam impotentes fuisse,

id. Part. Or. 35, 119:

laetitia,

id. Tusc. 5, 7, 17:

impotentissimus dominatus,

id. Fam. 10, 27, 1:

in multo impotentiorem subito rabiem accensi,

Liv. 29, 9, 6:

impotentissimae cogitationes (invidiae, avaritiae, etc.),

Quint. 12, 1, 6:

actiones,

id. 5, 13, 21:

superstitio (with saeva),

Curt. 4, 10:

postulatum,

Liv. 7, 41, 8:

jussa mulierum (with pervicacia),

Tac. A. 3, 33:

injuria,

Liv. 38, 56, 11:

amor,

Cat. 35, 12:

Aquilo,

Hor. C. 3, 30, 3; cf.

freta,

Cat. 4, 18.— Hence, adv.: impŏtenter.

(Acc. to I.) Powerlessly, weakly (very rare):

elephantos impotentius regi,

Liv. 27, 48, 11.— More freq., but perh. not anteAug.,

(Acc. to II.) Passionately, violently, intemperately:

aliquid facere,

Quint. 1, 3, 13:

dicere aliquid,

id. 6, 3, 83:

uti magna potentia,

Sen. Ep. 42:

flagitare divisionem agrorum divitum,

Just. 16, 4: regnare, Auct. B. Alex. 33. — Sup.:

quae impotentissime fecit,

Sen. Ben. 4, 17.

injūrĭōsus, a, um, adj. [injuria], acting unjustly, injurious, wrongful, criminal.

Lit.:

injuriosi in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44:

injuriosa et facinorosa vita,

id. Leg. 1, 14, 40:

appetitio alienorum (avaritia),

Auct. Her. 4, 25, 35:

adversus patrem injuriosior,

Sen. Contr. 2, 12 med.: genus hominum injuriosissimum, Hadrian. Imp. Ep. [p. 957] ap. Vopisc. Saturn. 8.—

Transf., hurtful, noxious:

injurioso ictu vitem verberare,

Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 227:

ventus,

Hor. Epod. 17, 34:

pes,

id. C. 1, 35, 13.— Adv.: injūrĭōsē, unjustly, unlawfully:

qui in magistratibus injuriose decreverant,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7, § 21:

sacra conjugalia tractare,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 2:

magistratum tractare,

Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 24:

aliquid facere,

ib. 47, 10, 32.— Comp.:

mercatoribus injuriosius tractatis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 11.— Sup.:

aliquid in aliquem injuriosissime cogitare,

Aug. de Quaest. 83, n. 82.

impŏtens ( inp-), entis, adj. [2. in-potens], powerless, impotent, weak, feeble (class.).

In gen.

Absol.:

neque homini infanti aut impotenti injuste facta conducunt,

Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 52:

ad opem impotentium,

id. Mur. 28, 59; cf.

Sall. Or. Licin.: (Juno) inulta cesserat impotens Tellure,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 26.—

With gen., having no power over, not master of, unable to control:

gens impotens rerum suarum,

Liv. 9, 14, 5; cf.:

equi impotentes regendi,

id. 35, 11, 10:

ob sitim impotentes sui,

Curt. 4, 7:

impotens irae,

Liv. 29, 9, 9:

laetitiae,

id. 30, 42, 17:

amoris,

Tac. H. 4, 44:

doloris,

Val. Max. 4, 6, 2:

animi,

Curt. 8, 1 fin. al. —

In partic., that is not master of himself, unbridled, headstrong, violent, insolent, immoderate, excessive, furious (syn.: effrenatus, infrenus).

Of animated beings:

mea (amica) est impotens, procax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 15:

victoria eos ipsos ferociores impotentioresque reddit,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3:

impotens, iracundus, etc.,

id. Phil. 5, 9, 24:

homo impotentissim us, ardens odio,

id. ib. 5, 16, 42:

confidens, impotens, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 7, 16:

Marius immodicus gloriae, insatiabilis, impotens,

Vell. 2, 11, 1:

si contra impotentem suscepta est causa,

Quint. 6, 1, 12:

ferox atque impotens mulier,

Suet. Ner. 28:

inimici,

id. Claud. 15:

militibus impotens,

violent, despotic towards the soldiers, Just. 26, 3.—

Poet. with inf.:

(regina) quidlibet impotens Sperare,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 10.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

quae effrenatio impotentis animi!

Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22; cf.:

aut nullos animi motus aut non tam impotentes fuisse,

id. Part. Or. 35, 119:

laetitia,

id. Tusc. 5, 7, 17:

impotentissimus dominatus,

id. Fam. 10, 27, 1:

in multo impotentiorem subito rabiem accensi,

Liv. 29, 9, 6:

impotentissimae cogitationes (invidiae, avaritiae, etc.),

Quint. 12, 1, 6:

actiones,

id. 5, 13, 21:

superstitio (with saeva),

Curt. 4, 10:

postulatum,

Liv. 7, 41, 8:

jussa mulierum (with pervicacia),

Tac. A. 3, 33:

injuria,

Liv. 38, 56, 11:

amor,

Cat. 35, 12:

Aquilo,

Hor. C. 3, 30, 3; cf.

freta,

Cat. 4, 18.— Hence, adv.: impŏtenter.

(Acc. to I.) Powerlessly, weakly (very rare):

elephantos impotentius regi,

Liv. 27, 48, 11.— More freq., but perh. not anteAug.,

(Acc. to II.) Passionately, violently, intemperately:

aliquid facere,

Quint. 1, 3, 13:

dicere aliquid,

id. 6, 3, 83:

uti magna potentia,

Sen. Ep. 42:

flagitare divisionem agrorum divitum,

Just. 16, 4: regnare, Auct. B. Alex. 33. — Sup.:

quae impotentissime fecit,

Sen. Ben. 4, 17.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

* * *

consŭētūdo, ĭnis, f. [consuesco].

A being accustomed, custom, habit, use, usage.

In gen. (very freq. in all periods, esp. in prose):

exercitatio ex quā consuetudo gignitur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 358:

dicunt... consuetudine quasi alteram naturam effici,

id. Fin. 5, 25, 74:

ad parentium consuetudinem moremque deducimur,

id. Off. 1, 32, 118; id. Mil. 1, 1; id. Clu. 38, 96:

majorum,

id. Div. in Caecil. 21, 67; cf. id. ib. 2, 5:

Siculorum ceterorumque Graecorum,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129; id. de Or. 2, 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 1, 45; cf. id. ib. 1, 43:

eorum dierum,

id. ib. 2, 17:

non est meae consuetudinis rationem reddere, etc.,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 1, 1: con [p. 441] suetudo mea fert, id. Caecin. 29, 85:

consuetudinem tenere, etc.,

id. Phil. 1, 11, 27:

haec ad nostram consuetudinem sunt levia,

Nep. Epam. 2, 3:

contra morem consuetudinemque civilem aliquid facere,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:

quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50; cf. with ut, id. ib. 4, 5:

cottidianae vitae,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 42:

virtutem ex consuetudine vitae sermonisque nostri interpretemur,

Cic. Lael. 6, 21; cf.:

vitae meae,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 2;

and sermonis,

id. Fat. 11, 24; Quint. 1, 6, 45:

communis sensūs,

Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 12:

jam in proverbii consuetudinem venit,

id. Off. 2, 15, 55:

victūs,

id. Att. 12, 26, 2; Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

otii,

Quint. 1, 3, 11 al.:

peccandi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 176; Quint. 7, 2, 44:

splendidior loquendi,

Cic. Brut. 20, 78:

loquendi,

Quint. 1, 6, 43; 11, 1, 12:

dicendi,

Cic. Mur. 13, 29; Quint. 2, 4, 16:

docendi,

id. 2, 5, 2:

vivendi,

id. 1, 6, 45:

immanis ac barbara hominum immolandorum,

Cic. Font. 10, 21; cf.:

classium certis diebus audiendarum,

Quint. 10, 5, 21 al.:

indocta,

Cic. Or. 48, 161: mala, * Hor. S. 1, 3, 36:

assidua,

Quint. 1, 1, 13:

longa,

id. 2, 5, 2:

vetus,

id. 1, 6, 43:

communis,

id. 11, 1, 12; 12, 2, 19:

vulgaris,

id. 2, 13, 11; Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 248:

bene facere jam ex consuetudine in naturam vortit,

Sall. J. 85, 9:

omnia quae in consuetudine probantur,

generally, Cic. Ac. 2, 24, 75:

negant umquam solam hanc alitem (aquilam) fulmine exanimatam. Ideo armigeram Jovis consuetudo judicavit,

the general opinion, Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 15.—

With prepp., ex consuetudine, pro consuetudine, and absol. consuetudine, according to or from custom, by or from habit, in a usual or customary manner, etc.:

Germani celeriter ex consuetudine suā phalange factā impetus gladiorum exceperunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52; so with ex, Sall. J. 71, 4; 85, 9; Quint. 2, 5, 1; Suet. Ner. 42 al.:

pro meā consuetudine,

according to my custom, Cic. Arch. 12, 32:

consuetudine suā Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat,

Caes. B. G. 2, 19; 2, 32:

consuetudine animus rursus te huc inducet,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 41:

huc cum se consuetudine reclinaverunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 24, 2; Sall. J. 31, 25 al.—Less freq.: praeter consuetudinem, contrary to experience, unexpectedly (opp. praeter naturam), Cic. Div. 2, 28, 60:

plures praeter consuetudinem armatos apparere,

contrary to custom, Nep. Hann. 12, 4; cf.:

contra consuetudinem,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:

supra consuetudinem,

Cels. 2, 2.—

Esp.

Customary right, usage as a common law:

(jus) constat ex his partibus: naturā, lege, consuetudine, judicato... consuetudine jus est id, quod sine lege aeque ac si legitimum sit, usitatum est,

Auct. Her. 2, 13, 19; Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 162:

consuetudine jus esse putatur id, quod voluntate omnium sine lege vetustas comprobavit,

id. ib. 2, 22, 67; Varr. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 601; Cic. Caecin. 8, 23; id. Div. in Caecil. 2, 5; Dig. 1, 3, 32.—

In gram. (instead of consuetudo loquendi; cf. supra), a usage or idiom of language, Varr. L. L. in 8th and 9th books on almost every page; Cic. Or. 47, 157; Quint. 1, 6, 3; 1, 6, 16; 2, 5, 2.—Hence,

In Col. for language in gen.:

consuetudini Latinae oeconomicum Xenophontis tradere,

Col. 12, praef. §

7: nostra (opp. Graeca),

id. 6, 17, 7.—

Social intercourse, companionship, familiarity, conversation (freq. and class; in an honorable sense most freq. in Cic.).

In gen.:

(Deiotarus) cum hominibus nostris consuetudines, amicitias, res rationesque jungebat,

Cic. Deiot. 9, 27; so in plur.:

victūs cum multis,

id. Mil. 8, 21; and in sing.:

victūs,

id. Or. 10, 33:

domesticus usus et consuetudo est alicui cum aliquo,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15; cf. id. Fam. 13, 23, 1:

consuetudine conjuncti inter nos sumus,

id. Att. 1, 16, 11:

consuetudine ac familiaritate,

id. Quint. 3, 12;

so with familiaritas,

id. Fam. 10, 3, 1:

dare se in consuetudinem,

id. Pis. 28, 68:

insinuare in alicujus consuetudinem,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 6; cf.:

immergere se in consuetudinem alicujus,

id. Clu. 13, 36:

epistularum,

epistolary correspondence, id. Fam. 4, 13, 1:

nutrimentorum,

community, Suet. Calig. 9.—

In partic., intercourse in love, in an honorable, and more freq. in a dishonorable sense, a love affair, an amour, love intrique, illicit intercourse, Ter. And. 3, 3, 28; id. Hec. 3, 3, 44; Suet. Tib. 7; id. Ner. 35; Ter. And. 1, 1, 83; 1, 5, 44; 2, 6, 8; Liv. 39, 9, 6 and 7; Quint. 5, 11, 34; Suet. Tit. 10 al.—

So also freq.: consuetudo stupri,

Sall. C. 23, 3; Suet. Calig. 24; id. Oth. 2; Curt. 4, 10, 31.

jussum, i, n. [jubeo], an order, command; a law (class.; mostly in plur.; the abl. sing. is supplied by jussu;

v. 2. jussus): deorum immortalium jussis aliquid facere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

interpres Divūm fert horrida jussa per auras,

Verg. A. 4, 378:

tua haud mollia jussa,

id. G. 3, 41:

jussis carmina coepta tuis,

id. E. 8, 11:

efficere,

to execute, Sall. J. 25:

capessere,

to accept, assume to execute, Verg. A. 1, 77:

facere,

id. ib. 1, 302:

facessere,

id. ib. 4, 295:

flectere,

to divert, annul, id. ib. 10, 35:

festinare,

id. ib. 1, 177:

alicujus detrectare,

to reject, disobey, Tac. A. 3, 17:

exuere,

id. ib. 11, 19:

spernere,

id. ib. 11, 14:

abnuere,

id. ib. 11, 37:

exsequi,

Verg. A. 4, 396; Tac. H. 4, 81:

patrare,

id. ib. 4, 83:

peragere,

Ov. M. 2, 119:

explere,

Vulg. Gen. 50, 3:

complere,

id. Jos. 3, 6:

perficere,

id. Judic. 9, 54:

injusta jussa populis describere,

Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11:

jussa ac scita,

id. Balb. 18, 42. —In sing.:

putasne, si populus jusserit, id jussum ratum atque firmum futurum?

Cic. Caecin. 33, 96:

fac jussum regis,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 2, 18 al.—

Esp., a physician's prescription:

jussa medicorum ministrare,

Ov. H. 20, 133.—

A father's consent to the marriage of his son:

jussum parentis praecedere debet,

Just. Inst. 1, 10 pr.

nĕcessĭtas, ātis ( gen. plur. -ātium, Caes. B. G. 7, 89, 1), f. [necesse], unavoidableness, inevitableness, necessity, compulsion, force, exigency.

Lit.: hinc exsistit illa fatalis necessitas, quam heimarmenên dicitis, ut, quidquid accidat, id ex aeternā veritate, causarumque continuatione fluxisse dicatis, Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 55:

ut, etiam si naturā tales (i. e. feroces) non sint, necessitate esse coguntur,

by the compulsion of circumstances, id. Fam. 4, 9, 3:

tempori cedere, id est necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habitum,

id. ib. 4, 9, 2:

veniam necessitati dare,

id. Off. 2, 16, 56:

necessitatem alicui afferre,

id. Phil. 10, 1, 2. necessitas mihi obvenit alicujus rei, id. Off. 2, 21, 74:

ex necessitate aliquid facere,

Tac. H. 3, 62:

ac nescio an majores necessitates vobis, quam captivis vestris, fortuna circumdederit,

Liv. 21, 43:

extrema necessitas,

i. e. death, Sall. H. 1, 41, 15 Dietsch; Tac. A. 15, 61; id. H. 1, 72:

necessitate me, mala ut fiam, facis,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 54.—Prov.:

facere de necessitate virtutem,

to make a virtue of necessity, Hier. in Ruf. 3, n. 2; id. Ep. 54, n. 6:

quam cum pecuniam profudisset, et sibi nihil non modo ad cupiditates suas, sed ne ad necessitatem quidem reliquisset,

Cic. Clu. 25, 68.—

Transf.

Fate, destiny, a law of nature:

signorum ortus et obitus... quadam ex necessitate semper eodem modo fiunt,

Cic. Inv. 1, 34, 59:

humana consilia divina necessitate esse superata,

id. Lig. 6, 17:

ut vita, quae necessitati deberetur,

id. Sest. 21, 47:

ut id fatum vim necessitatis adferret,

id. Fat. 17, 39:

et vis omnium rerum,

id. ib. 20, 48:

fati,

Liv. 1, 42.—

In plur. concr., necessaries, necessary things, necessary expenses:

reliquis autem tribus virtutibus necessitates propositae sunt ad eas res parandas, quibus actio vitae continetur,

Cic. Off. 1, 5, 17:

vitae necessitatibus servire,

id. Div. 1, 49, 110:

suarum necessitatum causa,

wants, interests, Caes. B. G. 7, 89:

publicae necessitates,

Liv. 23, 48, 10:

necessitates ac largitiones,

Tac. A. 1, 11.—

Necessity, need, want (mostly post-Aug.):

famem et ceteras necessitates tantopere tolerabant, ut, etc.,

Suet. Caes. 68; id. Tib. 47:

quod pro honore acceptum etiam necessitatibus subvenit,

Tac. G. 15:

neque enim necessitatibus tantummodo nostris provisum est, usque in delicias amamur,

Sen. Ben. 4, 5, 1; cf.:

sustinere necessitates aliorum,

Liv. 6, 15, 9.—

For necessitudo, connection, relationship, friendship:

si nostram necessitatem familiaritatemque violāsset,

Cic. Sull. 1, 2:

magnam necessitatem possidet paternus maternusque sanguis,

bond of affection, intimacy, id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66: equidem mihi videor pro nostrā necessitate non labore defuisse, Caes. ap. Gell. 13, 3, 5 (cited ap. Non. 354, 11).—

Personified: Necessitas, the goddess of necessity, the Gr. Anankê:

te semper anteit saeva Necessitas,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 17; cf. Macr. S. 1, 19; and v. clavus.

nĭmĭus, a, um, adj. [nimis], beyond measure, excessive, too great, too much.

Lit.:

quod autem satis est, eo quidquid accesserit nimium est,

Cic. Fin. 5, 27, 81:

vitem coërcet, ne in omnes partes nimia fundatur,

id. Sen. 15, 52:

nimiae celeritates,

id. Off. 1, 36, 131:

nimiā pertinaciā atque arrogantiā,

Caes. B. C. 1, 85:

Prometheus Assiduam nimio pectore pavit avem,

that grew again too fast, Mart. Spect. 7, 2.—

With abl. of thing, excessive, immoderate, intemperate in any thing:

fiduciā nimius, Sall. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess.: rebus secundis nimii,

too much elated, Tac. H. 4, 23:

nimius mero,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 5.—

With gen.:

impotens et nimius animi est,

Liv. 6, 11, 3:

imperii,

id. 3, 26:

sermonis,

Tac. H. 3, 75:

pugnae,

Sil. 5, 232.—

Subst.: nĭmĭum, ii, n., too much, superabundance, excess:

mediocritatem illam tenebit, quae est inter nimium et parum,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 89:

juris,

Sil. 14, 670:

auri argentique nimium fuit,

Plin. 33 prooem. § 5.—

In partic., too mighty, too powerful (post-Aug.):

Cn. Pompeium esse nimium jam liberae reipublicae,

Vell. 2, 32, 1:

legio legatis nimia ac formidolosa erat,

Tac. Agr. 7; Flor. 3, 15, 3.—

Transf., great beyond measure, i. e. very great, very much:

homo nimiā pulchritudine,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 8:

nimia memoras mira,

id. Am. 2, 1, 69; 5, 1, 52; Mart. 5, 64, 3.—

Subst.: nĭmĭum, ii, n.: nimium boni est, cui nil est [in diem] mali, it is great good fortune (a transl. of Eurip. Hec. 2: keinos olbiôtatos), Enn. ap. Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 41 (Trag. v. 237 Vahl.).—Hence,

In the abl., nĭmĭo, adverb., exceedingly, by far, much, very, Plaut. Truc. 4, 1, 6:

nimio mavolo,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 90.—Esp., with comparatives, = multo:

scito, nimio celerius venire quod molestum'st,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 69 Lorenz ad loc.:

nimio nequior,

id. ib. 1, 2, 65: quia te nimio plus diligo, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A, 1:

ne doleas plus nimio,

Hor. C. 1, 33, 1:

nimio minus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 21:

nimio melius,

id. Pers. 1, 3, 31:

nimio plus quam satis tutum esset, etc.,

Liv. 1, 2, 3:

nimio plus quam velim,

id. 2, 37, 4; 29, 33, 4:

nimio amplior,

Gell. 1, 3, 25.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

nĭmĭum, too much, too ( = nimis, in all uses, v. infra):

nimium parce facere sumptum,

Ter. And. 2, 6, 19:

nimium dicere, opp. parum,

Cic. Clu. 58, 160:

nimium ne crede colori,

Verg. E. 2, 17:

diu,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 10:

longum tempus,

id. Att. 12, 18, 1:

nimium multi,

id. Clu. 46, 126:

nimium gratum... gratum praeter modum,

id. Planc. 33, 82:

amantes mei,

Quint. 1 prooem. 7 et saep.—

Non nimium, not very much, not particularly:

illud non nimium probo,

Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 7.—

Transf., very much, greatly, exceedingly:

homo nimium lepidus,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 8:

nimium lepida nimisque nitida femina,

id. ib. 4, 2, 12; id. Ps. 1, 2, 71:

loci nimium mirabiles,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 86:

nimium vellem,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 49:

o fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, Agricolas!

Verg. G. 2, 458:

felix, heu nimium felix!

id. A. 4, 657; Stat. S. 3, 3, 25.—In class. prose esp.—

Nimium quantum, as much as can be, very much indeed, exceedingly, very:

differt inter honestum et turpe nimium quantum,

Cic. Fin. 4, 25, 70:

sales in dicendo nimium quantum valent,

id. Or. 26, 87:

ille nimium quantum audacter, Oves, inquit, etc.,

Gell. 16, 6, 9 (nimium quam, false reading for quae nimium, Quint. 4, 2, 70. In Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 13, the better reading is hem quam, v. Ritschl ad h. l.).—

nĭmĭē (post-class.).

Too much, excessively:

nimie aliquid facere,

Capitol. Gord. 6:

arat (frontem rugis) non nimie sed pulchre dictum,

Macr. S. 6, 6.—

Transf., very much, very:

in locis nimie frigidis,

Pall. 4, 10.

sententĭa, ae, f. [for sentientia, from sentio], a way of thinking, opinion, judgment, sentiment; a purpose, determination, decision, will, etc.

Lit. (cf.: opinio, voluntas, studium).

In gen.:

quoniam sententiae atque opinionis meae voluistis esse participes, nihil occultabo et quoad potero, vobis exponam, quid de quāque re sentiam,

Cic. de Or. 1, 37, 172:

sententia et opinio mea,

id. ib. 2, 34, 146:

senis sententia de nuptiis,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 2:

de aliquā re,

id. Ad. 3, 5, 5; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 4; cf.:

de diis immortalibus habere non errantem et vagam, sed stabilem certamque sententiam,

Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

de hac sententiā Non demovebor,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 45; cf. Cic. Verr. 1, 17, 52:

de sententiā deducere, deicere, depellere, deterrere, decedere, desistere, etc., v. h. vv.: nisi quid tua secus sententia est,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 95; cf.:

mihi sententia eadem est,

id. Trin. 2, 4, 44:

adhuc in hac sum sententiā, nihil ut faciamus nisi, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 5:

eā omnes stant sententiā,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 35; cf.:

perstat in sententiā Saturius,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 18, 56; so,

in sententiā manere, permanere, etc., v. h. vv.: non prima sed melior vicit sententia,

Plin. Pan. 76, 2.— Plur.:

variis dictis sententiis, quarum pars censebant, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 77:

erant sententiae, quae censerent,

id. B. C. 2, 30:

sententiae numerantur, non ponderantur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 5:

nos quibus Cotta tantum modo locos ac sententias hujus disputationis tradidisset,

the leading thoughts, Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 16.—Prov.:

quot homines, tot sententiae,

many men, many minds, Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 14; Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 15. —

In the phrases,

Sententia est, with subj.-clause, it is my purpose, will, opinion, etc., Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40:

si honestatem tueri ac retinere sententia est,

if one's purpose be, if one be determined, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 116; and: stat sententia, with obj.clause, Ov. M. 8, 67; cf.

, parenthetically: sic stat sententia,

id. ib. 1, 243.—

De sententiā alicujus aliquid facere, Cic. Cael. 29, 68:

neque ego haud committam, ut si quid peccatum siet, Fecisse dicas de meā sententiā,

according to my wish, to suit me, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 115:

gerere,

Cic. Sull. 19 fin.; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 53; id. Att. 16, 16, C, § 11; 7, 5 fin.; Liv. 38, 45, 5 et saep.—

Meā quidem sententiā, in my opinion or judgment, as I think:

nimis stulte faciunt, meā quidem sententiā,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 5:

meā quidem sententiā,

id. Cas. 3, 3, 1; id. Poen. 5, 6, 1; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 40; 5, 9, 2; id. Phorm. 2, 2, 21;

and simply meā sententiā,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 11; id. Merc. 2, 3, 58; Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 42; 1, 45, 69; id. de Or. 2, 23, 95 al.—

Ex meā (tuā, etc.) sententiā, according to my ( thy, etc.) wish:

quoniam haec evenerunt nostrā ex sententiā,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 89; id. Cist. 1, 2, 7; id. Men. 2, 2, 1; 5, 7, 30; id. Truc. 5, 72; id. Capt. 2, 3, 87; Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 5; Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 3; 2, 15, 1; and more freq., simply ex sententiā, to one's mind or liking, Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 18; id. Capt. 2, 2, 97; id. Mil. 4, 1, 1; id. Aul. 4, 1, 3; id. Truc. 5, 69; Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 17; id. Hec. 5, 4, 32; id. Phorm. 2, 1, 26; Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 123; id. Att. 5, 21; id. Fam. 1, 7, 5; 12, 10, 2; Sall. J. 43, 5 et saep. (v. also infra, B. 2.).—

Praeter animi sententiam, against one's inclination:

quam (crapulam) potavi praeter animi mei sententiam,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 29.—

In partic., publicists' and jurid. t.t., an official determination, a decision, sentence, judgment, vote (cf. suffragium):

SENATVOS SENTENTIAM VTEI SCIENTES ESETIS, EORVM SENTENTIA ITA FVIT, S. C. de Bacch.: (L. Tarquinius) antiquos patres majorum gentium appellavit, quos priores sententiam rogabat,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20, 35:

non viribus... res magnae geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sententiā,

id. Sen. 6, 17:

(Marcellinus) sententiam dixit, ut, etc.... postea Racilius de privatis me primum sententiam rogavit, etc.,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2:

accurate sententiam dixi... factum est senatusconsultum in meam sententiam,

id. Att. 4, 1, 6:

DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD... DE PR. VRBANI SENATVOSQVE SENTENTIAD, S. C. de Bacch.: ex senatus sententiā,

Cic. Fam. 12, 4, 1:

victos paucis sententiis,

Liv. 22, 61, 8.—Hence, sententiam dare, to vote:

meae partes exquirendae magis sententiae quam dandae sunt,

Liv. 8, 20, 12:

omnes in eam sententiam ierunt,

id. 23, 10, 4:

cum in hanc sententiam pedibus omnes issent,

id. 22, 56, 1:

aliquem sequor, aliquem jubebo sententiam dividere,

to divide the question, Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2; cf.:

quod fieri in senatu solet... cum censuit aliquis quod ex parte mihi placeat, jubeo illum dividere sententiam et sequor,

id. Ep. 21, 9.—Hence, de eventu fortuna judicat, cui de me sententiam non do, I give no vote, Sen. Ep. 14, 16.—Of the people in the comitia:

de singulis magistratibus sententiam ferre,

Cic. Agr. 2, 11, 26:

de quo foedere populus Romanus sententiam non tulit,

id. Balb. 15, 34.—Of the votes of judges:

itur in consilium: servus ille innocens omnibus sententiis absolvitur, quo facilius vos hunc omnibus sententiis condemnare possitis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 100; id. Clu. 26, 72:

condemnatur enim perpaucis sententiis,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 75: M. Cato (judex) sententiam dixit, pronounced the decision or sentence, id. Off. 3, 16, 66:

sententiis paribus reus absolvitur,

Sen. Ep. 81, 26.—

Ex animi mei (tui) sententiā, in the formula of an oath, to the best of my ( your) knowledge and belief, on my ( your) conscience:

(majores) jurare ex sui animi sententiā quemque voluerunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 146:

quod ex animi tui sententiā juraris, id non facere perjurium est,

id. Off. 3, 29, 108; Liv. 22, 53, 10; 43, 15 fin. —In a play on this signif. and that of ex sententiā, supra:

ridicule illud L. Nasica censori Catoni, cum ille: Ex tui animi sententiā tu uxorem habes? Non hercule, inquit, ex animi mei sententiā,

Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 260; cf. Quint. 8, 5 init.; Gell. 4, 20, 2 sqq.— Transf., as a formula of assurance:

me quidem, ex animi mei sententiā, nulla oratio laedere potest,

by my faith, Sall. J. 85, 27.—

Transf., of words, discourse, etc., sense, meaning, signification, idea, notion, etc.:

sonitum ut possis sentire, neque illam Internoscere, verborum sententiam quae sit,

Lucr. 4, 561:

cum verbum potest in duas plurisve sententias accipi,

Auct. Her. 4, 53, 67:

cum continenter verbum non in eādem sententiā ponitur,

Cic. Or. 39, 136:

formantur et verba et sententiae paene innumerabiliter,

id. de Or. 3, 52, 201:

cognitā sententiā verba subtiliter exquiri noluerunt,

id. Caecin. 20, 57:

quod summum bonum a Stoicis dicitur convenienter naturae vivere, id habet hanc, ut opinor, sententiam: cum virtute congruere semper,

id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

haec (philosophia) nos docuit, ut nosmet ipsos nosceremus: cujus praecepti tanta vis, tanta sententia est, ut ea non homini cuipiam, sed Delphico deo tribueretur,

such depth of meaning, id. Leg. 1, 22, 58:

legis (with vis),

id. ib. 2, 5, 11:

de Domitio dixit versum Graecum eādem sententiā, quā etiam nos habemus Latinum: Pereant amici, etc.,

id. Deiot. 9, 25:

est vitium in sententiā, si quid absurdum, aut alienum est,

id. Opt. Gen. 3, 7; cf. id. de Or. 3, 52, 200.—

Concr.

In gen., a thought expressed in words; a sentence, period: dum de singulis sententiis breviter [p. 1672] disputo, Cic. Phil. 13, 10, 22:

est brevitate opus, ut currat sententia, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 9:

initia et clausulae sententiarum,

Quint. 9, 3, 45; cf. id. 9, 3, 36; 11, 3, 135; 8, 4, 26; 9, 4, 18; 9, 4, 29; 10, 1, 130 al.—

In partic., a philosophical proposition, an aphorism, apophthegm, maxim, axiom (cf. praeceptum): selectae (Epicuri) brevesque sententiae, quas appellatis kurias doxas, Cic. N. D. 1, 30, 85:

quid est tam jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibusque verbis ornata oratio et perpolita,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 31:

acutae,

id. ib. 2, 8, 34:

concinnae acutaeque,

id. Brut. 78, 272; Quint. 8, 5, 2 sq.; 9, 3, 76; 10, 1, 60;

11, 3, 120 al.: (Sophocles) sententiis densus,

id. 10, 1, 68; cf. id. 10, 1, 90; 10, 1, 102:

subiti ictūs sententiarum,

Sen. Ep. 100, 8.

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