afflicting

* * *

* * *

* * *

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

mĭser, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. [prob. Sanscr. root mi-; cf. minuo; akin to Gr. misos; Lat. maestus, maereo], wretched, unfortunate, miserable, pitiable, lamentable, etc. (cf.: infelix, calamitosus).

Of persons:

nihil est tam miserabile, quam ex beato miser,

Cic. Part. Or. 17, 57:

homo miser, et infortunatus,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 20:

miser atque infelix,

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

urgeris multis miser undique curis,

Lucr. 3, 1051:

o multo miserior Dolabella, quam ille, quem tu miserrimum esse voluisti,

Cic. Phil. 11, 4, 8:

miser, infelix, aerumnosus,

id. Par. 2, 1, 16:

miserrimum habere aliquem,

to torment, id. Fam. 14, 7, 1:

miserrimus Fui fugitando,

have exhausted myself with running, am completely tired out, Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 7.—With gen.:

miseros ambitionis,

Plin. Pan. 58, 5.—

Of things, afflicting, sad, wretched, melancholy:

miserā ambitione laborare,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 26:

misera orbitas,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84:

misera et calamitosa res,

id. Rosc. Am. 28, 77.—

Sick, ill, indisposed, etc.:

quo morbo misera sum,

suffer, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 39:

homini misero non invideo medicinam,

Petr. 129; cf.:

quid illam miseram animi excrucias?

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 76:

homo animo suo miser,

id. Truc. 2, 7, 36:

miserum esse ex animo,

to be wretched in mind, sick at heart, id. Ep. 4, 1, 1.—

Violent, excessive, extravagant:

amor,

Verg. A. 5, 655:

cultus miser,

with regard to dress, Hor. S. 2, 2, 66.—

Bad, vile, poor, worthless:

carmen,

Verg. E. 3, 27:

remedium,

Cels. 5, 26, 34.—With gen.: morum, Stat. Th. 4, 403:

hominem perditum miserumque,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 28.—

As an exclamation, inserted in the midst of a sentence:

ossa atque pellis sum, misera, macritudine,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 32: miserum! (parenthetically) i. e. what a misfortune! how sad! tum pendere poenas Cecropidae jussi (miserum!) septena quotannis Corpora, Verg. A. 6, 21.—As subst.: mĭsĕ-rum, i, n., a wretched thing, wretchedness:

bonum valetudo, miserum morbus,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84 MSS. dub. (Madv. and B. and K. miser).—Hence, adv., in two forms.

mĭsĕrē, wretchedly, miserably; desperately, vehemently, excessively, urgently (class.): est misere scriptum, Pseudole! Ps. O miserrime, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 72:

vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 15, 501:

misere amare,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 32:

deperire,

id. Cist. 1, 2, 12:

invidere,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 22:

orare aliquid,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 124:

discedere quaerens,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 8; cf.:

misere cupis abire,

id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

ut miserius a vobis recipiatur quam ab illo capta est,

Liv. 34, 24, 2:

misere miser,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 21:

misere male,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 10.—

mĭsĕrĭter, wretchedly, lamentably, sadly (ante-class.; poet.): corrumpi, Laber. ap. Non. 517, 2:

alloqui,

Cat. 63, 49; Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P. (Vahl. Enn. p. 180, n. 40).

mĭser, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. [prob. Sanscr. root mi-; cf. minuo; akin to Gr. misos; Lat. maestus, maereo], wretched, unfortunate, miserable, pitiable, lamentable, etc. (cf.: infelix, calamitosus).

Of persons:

nihil est tam miserabile, quam ex beato miser,

Cic. Part. Or. 17, 57:

homo miser, et infortunatus,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 20:

miser atque infelix,

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

urgeris multis miser undique curis,

Lucr. 3, 1051:

o multo miserior Dolabella, quam ille, quem tu miserrimum esse voluisti,

Cic. Phil. 11, 4, 8:

miser, infelix, aerumnosus,

id. Par. 2, 1, 16:

miserrimum habere aliquem,

to torment, id. Fam. 14, 7, 1:

miserrimus Fui fugitando,

have exhausted myself with running, am completely tired out, Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 7.—With gen.:

miseros ambitionis,

Plin. Pan. 58, 5.—

Of things, afflicting, sad, wretched, melancholy:

miserā ambitione laborare,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 26:

misera orbitas,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84:

misera et calamitosa res,

id. Rosc. Am. 28, 77.—

Sick, ill, indisposed, etc.:

quo morbo misera sum,

suffer, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 39:

homini misero non invideo medicinam,

Petr. 129; cf.:

quid illam miseram animi excrucias?

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 76:

homo animo suo miser,

id. Truc. 2, 7, 36:

miserum esse ex animo,

to be wretched in mind, sick at heart, id. Ep. 4, 1, 1.—

Violent, excessive, extravagant:

amor,

Verg. A. 5, 655:

cultus miser,

with regard to dress, Hor. S. 2, 2, 66.—

Bad, vile, poor, worthless:

carmen,

Verg. E. 3, 27:

remedium,

Cels. 5, 26, 34.—With gen.: morum, Stat. Th. 4, 403:

hominem perditum miserumque,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 28.—

As an exclamation, inserted in the midst of a sentence:

ossa atque pellis sum, misera, macritudine,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 32: miserum! (parenthetically) i. e. what a misfortune! how sad! tum pendere poenas Cecropidae jussi (miserum!) septena quotannis Corpora, Verg. A. 6, 21.—As subst.: mĭsĕ-rum, i, n., a wretched thing, wretchedness:

bonum valetudo, miserum morbus,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84 MSS. dub. (Madv. and B. and K. miser).—Hence, adv., in two forms.

mĭsĕrē, wretchedly, miserably; desperately, vehemently, excessively, urgently (class.): est misere scriptum, Pseudole! Ps. O miserrime, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 72:

vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 15, 501:

misere amare,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 32:

deperire,

id. Cist. 1, 2, 12:

invidere,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 22:

orare aliquid,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 124:

discedere quaerens,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 8; cf.:

misere cupis abire,

id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

ut miserius a vobis recipiatur quam ab illo capta est,

Liv. 34, 24, 2:

misere miser,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 21:

misere male,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 10.—

mĭsĕrĭter, wretchedly, lamentably, sadly (ante-class.; poet.): corrumpi, Laber. ap. Non. 517, 2:

alloqui,

Cat. 63, 49; Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P. (Vahl. Enn. p. 180, n. 40).