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1 κεκῆνας
Grammatical information: ?Origin: IE [Indo-European] [533, not *ḱas-] *ḱ(e)h₁-(e)s- `grey'Etymology: Uncertain. For the formation cf. λειχήν, κωλήν a. o. (Chantraine Formation 167f., Schwyzer 487). The connection with Skt. śaśá- `hare' (see Mayrhofer Stud. z. idg. Grundspr. 27ff.), with sec. śaśati `jump', supposes a dialectical IE. assimilation ḱ-s \> ḱ-ḱ (Schwyzer 302), as śaśá- cannot be separated from the widespread name of the hare (Germ., e. g. OHG haso, OPr. sasins, Welsh cein-ach \< *ḱasnī). But the assimilation is not found in Newiran. and Pamirforms (e. g. Pashto sōe, Wakhi süi, Morgenstierne Pashto 66). - (Solmsen Wortforsch. 144f. connects κεκήν with a Slavic, Germanic and Celtic verb for `jump etc.', e. g. OCS skočiti `jump', OHG scëhan `hurry, move rapidly', Welsh scochid `recedes, goes on', IE. skek-; κεκήν from a variant * kek-?) - Lubotsky, New Sound of IE, 1989, 56f, reconstructed ḱeh₁-s-, *ḱh₁-s-, with *ḱh₁s-no- \> Lat. cānus `grey'.Page in Frisk: 1,812Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεκῆνας
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2 κτείς
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `comb, comb in the loom', often metaph. e.g. `rake, rib, finger' (IA.).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. κτενο-πώλης `comb-handler' (Poll.), πεντέ-κτενος `with five teeth' (com.).Derivatives: κτένιον `id.' (Epich., pap.), κτενωτός `with teeth' (Att. inscr.), κτενᾶς m. comb-maker, wool-carder (Corykos), κτενωδῶς `comb-like' (Gloss.); κτενίζω `comb, card' (IA.) with - ισμός `combing' (E.), - ιστής `comber, hairdresser' (pap., Gal.), - ιστικός `belonging to combing' (pap.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [797 niet] *peḱt-en- `comb'Etymology: Because of Lat. pecten `comb' since v. Sabler KZ 31, 275 explained from a zero grade *πκτ-εν- with loss of the initial π-. A different simplification of the initial in Iranian, where several Mod.Iran. forms, e.g. Pashto ẓ̌manj, NPers. šāna, point to *pḱ-en- (Morgenstierne Pashto 106; see Charpentier Acta Or. 7, 197 with a remark by Morgenstierne ibd. 199). Further s. πέκω.See also: Weiteres s. πέκω.Page in Frisk: 2,33-34Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κτείς
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3 ἀμάω 1
ἀμάω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `reap corn, cut, (mow down)' (Il.)Other forms: Homer often has long α-, no doubt m.c. (Chantr. Gr. hom. 111)Etymology: The etym. depends on the original meaning, which in this case is not quite clear: `mow', `cut', or even `scrape' ( δι-, s. DELG s.v.) - If connected with OHG māen, OE māwan `mow' we have a root * h₂meh₁-; ἄμητος could then be identical with MHG māt, OE mæd `reaping'. ἀμάω through assimilation of h₂...h₁ or a...e or late rebuilding of *amēie- (Peters 91 n. 41), or from ἀμ- \< * h₂mh₁- before vowel + - αω. Lat. meto could be connected as * h₂m-et-. Much more doubtful is Hitt. ḫamešḫ(a)- `summer, harvest-time'. See Bechtel Lex. - Not here ἄμη `shovel' acc. to Schulze Q. 365 A. 3; Solmsen Wortforschung 195 connects it with OCS jama `pit, quarry'; Morgenstierne Acta orientalia 7, 200 connects Pashto yūm `spade'; cf. Pok. 502 (but it is doubtful whether a PIE root * ieh₂m- is permissible). - The verb δι-αμάω is separated from ἀμάω `mow' by Irigoin, LfgrE. On ἄμαλλα `sheaf' and ἀμάρα `canal' s.v.Page in Frisk: 1,88Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμάω 1
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4 γαυνάκης
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: a thick cloak (Persian, Babylonian?) (pap., Peripl. M. Rubr., Clem. Al.),Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Pers.Etymology: Persian LW [loanword], from * gauna-ka- `hairy' to Av. gaona- `hair'; other Iran. forms Morgenstierne Pashto 25. From Iranian also Assyr. gunakku, an article of dress. From γαυνάκης Lat. gaunaca (sinceVarro). - See Schwyzer ZII 6, 234ff. Fur. 119 rather assumes a `vorderasiatisches Wanderwort'.Page in Frisk: 1,292Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γαυνάκης
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5 ἦπαρ
ἦπαρ, - ατοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `liver' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἡπατοσκοπέω `inspect the liver (to predict the future)' (LXX).Derivatives: ἡπάτιον name of a dish (Ar.); ἡπατῖτις f. `belonging to the liver' (Hp.), also name of a stone and a plant (Plin., Ps.-Dsc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της [s. index], Strömberg Pflanzennamen 41); ἡπατ-ικός, - ιαῖος, - ίας, - ηρός `referring to the liver' (Hp.); ἥπατος m. name of a fish (com., Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 45f.; after Thompson Fishes s. v. Egyptian [?]).Etymology: The IE word for `liver', *i̯ekʷr̥(-t), gen. *i̯ekʷn-és (-ós) is also retained in Skt. yákr̥t, yakn-ás and indirectly in Lat. iecur, iecin-or-is. In other languages the r\/n-stem was given up: OAv. yākarǝ, MPers. ǰakar, NPers. ǰigar (but Pashto yī̆na; note OIran. huyāɣna-, acc. to Krause KZ 56, 304ff. for * ha-yākana- prop. "of common liver"), OLith. (j)ẽknos f. pl. Often new names were created, e. g. NGr. συκώτι (: σῦκον), Lat. fīcātum (\> French foie), Russ. péčenь (from pekú `bake'; thus Lith. kẽpenos from kepù `id.'). Other new words: Germ., e. g. OHG lebara (cf. on λίπος), Arm. leard (with the ending of *i̯ekʷr̥t), Hitt. li-e-ši; further s. Buck Synonyms 251f. -Attempts to connect the l-forms with *i̯ekʷr̥t assuming an anlaut li̯- have failed (J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 198f.; Benveniste Origines 132). See W.-Hofmann s. iecur, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. (j)ẽknos; cf. Winter Lang. 31, 4ff. - Szemerényi, KZ 73 (1956) 191 suggested that the Greek vowellength must be explained from Greek, and suggested ἦτορ; thus Kortlandt.Page in Frisk: 1,639Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἦπαρ
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6 μηχανή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `means, tool, contrivance, apparatus, machine, device' (IA, Dor.).Other forms: Dor. μαχανά.Compounds: Compp., e.g. μηχανο-ποιός `machine-builder, engineer, machinist' (Att.), ἀ-μήχανος (Dor. - ά-) `without means etc., helpless; who cannot be helped with means, irresistible, impossible' (Il.; partly associated with μηχανάομαι) with ἀμηχαν-ία, - ίη (ι 295), - έω (Ion.).Derivatives: 1. Uncertain Μαχα-νεύς surn. of Zeus (Argos, Tanagra, Cos, since Va; s.v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 172), also name of a month (Corcyra), Μαχανεῖος name of a month (Chalcedon); Μαχαν-ίς surn. of Athena (Cos), - ῖτις surn. of Aphrodite and Athena (Megalopolis). -- 2. μηχανιώτης `contriver', of Hermes (h. Merc. 436; after ἀγγελι-ώτης a.o., Zumbach Neuerungen 7). -- 3. μηχανάριος `machinist' (pap.). -- 4. μηχαν-όεις `full of means, inventive' (S.), - ικός `id., belonging to machines, mechanical', subst. `machinebuilder' (X., Arist.; Chantraine Études 101 a. 141). -- 5. μηχάνωμα (Dor. μα-) n. `apparatus, crane' (Thphr., Delphi; enlarged from μηχανη, Chantraine Form. 187). -- 6. Denomin. μηχανάομαι (- άω), aor. μηχανήσασθαι etc., also with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀντι-, προσ-, `realize, construct, manufacture artificially, devise (with ruse)' (Il.); from this μηχάν-ημα `invention, apparatus, mechanical device' (Hp., D., trag.), - ησις `id.' (Hp., Plb.), - ητής m. `inventor of warmaschines' (Sch.), - ητικός `inventive' (X.). -- Besides μῆχαρ n. indecl. `means, tool' (A., Lyc.), μῆχος (Dor. μᾶ-) n. `id.' (Il., also Hdt.), both as opposed to μηχανή dying words without compp. a. abl.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Not with Frisk from a heteroclitic *μᾶχαρ, *μάχαν-ος, from which with added -ā (cf. Schwyzer 459) the almost absolute reigning μαχαν-ά, μηχαν-ή arose; accent after the verbal nouna ( φυλακ-ή, κομιδ-ή etc.). Beside the r-n-stem as so often an s -stem, μῆχος. -- As cognate are usually with Osthoff PBBeitr. 15, 211 ff. (after Bopp, Pott a.o.) considered some short-vowel verbal forms with accompanying nouns in Germanic and Slavic: Germ., e.g. Goth. mag `can, is able, mag', Slav., e.g. OCS mogǫ, mošti, Russ. mogú, močь `can, be able' with Goth. mahts `power, Macht' etc. = OCS moštь, Russ. močь `id.'. Beside this ti-derivation stands in Germ. a n-formation in OHG magan, megin, OWNo. magn, megin `power, might', which may belong directly to μηχανή. Here also (with v. Windekens Lex. etym.) Toch. A mokats `mighty' (like tsop-ats `great' etc.). -- Diff. Prellwitz (as alternative), Fraenkel Lexis 2, 170 a. Wb. s.v.: to Lith. móku, mokė́ti `can, understand, pay' assuming a IE tenuis asp. kʰ; mag, mogǫ etc. are then classified diff. (to Lith. magù, -ė́ti `please, be pleasant', mė́gstu, mė́gti `love, like' etc.). To connect the last mentioned Lith. words also with μηχανή (W.-Hofmann s. mactus, Vasmer s. mogú) is, apart from the meaning, doubtful already because of the ablaut ē: ā one would have to assume. In 1998, 10f [MKNAW Afd. Lett. 61, 9] I pointed out that in Slavic a laryngeal cannot have been vocalized; so the Germ. and Slavic forms cannot go back to * mh₂gh-. The Greek word then remains isolated. The suffix - αν- is typical for Pre-Greek words; note still that Greek has no forms with *μαχ-. -- From Dor. μαχανά Lat. māchina, from μηχανή Pashto mēčan `handmill' (Morgenstierne Acta Or. 7, 200; 18, 143); on the meaning cf. VLat. māchina also `millstone, handmill', Alb. (through Illyrian) mókërë `millstone'. -- WP. 2, 227, Pok. 695; further W.-Hofmann, Vasmer and Fraenkel (s. above).Page in Frisk: 2,234-235Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μηχανή
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7 ὄρυζα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `rice' (Aristobul. Hist., Megasth., Str.).Other forms: ὄρυζον n. (Thphr.).Compounds: ὀρυζο-τροφέω `to grow rice' (Str.).Derivatives: Dimin. ὀρύζ-ιον n. (sch.), - ίτης πλακοῦς 'ricecake' (Chrysipp. Tyan.; Redard 90).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] EastIran.Etymology: Eaststiran. LW [loanword], cf. Afghan. vrižē f. pl. `rice' (Morgenstierne Pashto 91 w. more forms), also Skt. vrīhí- m. `id.'; earlier history unknown. Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 230; further lit. s. ὀρίνδης.Page in Frisk: 2,429Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄρυζα
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8 πάρδαλις
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `pardel, panther, leopard' (Il.); also as name of a fish of prey (Ael., Opp.; after the colour, Strömberg Fischn. 107), of a bird, perh. `red-backed shrike, Lanius' (Thompson Birds s.v.; Arist. [- λος], H.).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. παρδαλή-φορος `borne by a p.' (S. Fr.11), καμηλο-πάρδαλις f. `giraffe' (Agatharch., LXX).Derivatives: παρδαλ-έη, - έα, -ῆ f. `pelt of a panther' (Il.), - ια n. pl. `panthers' (Arist.), - ιδεύς m. `young p.' (Eust.; Bosshardt 79), - ε(ι)ος `belonging to the p., p.-like' (Arist.), - ώδης `p.-like' (Ath.), - ωτός `spotted like a p.' (Luc.). -- πάρδος m. `id.' (Ael. NA 1,31 [v.l. πάρδαλος]); as 2. member in λεόπαρδος, s.v. Formation like δάμαλις; further remote κνώδαλον, ἔταλον, ἴξαλος a.o.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Iran.XEtymology: LW [loanword] from unknown oriental source. Here belong a.o. several Iranian words for `panther, leopard', e.g. Sogd. pwrđnk, Pashto pṛāng, NP. palang; from Iran. prob. Skt. (lex.) pr̥dāku- m. `id.'. With late and rare πάρδος agrees Lat. pardus (Lucan.), which can be a Lat. backformation from πάρδαλις (so πάρδος from Lat.?). From Lat. pardus, πάρδος Russ. pardus `panther'; besides also Russ. bars `id.' (from Turcotatar.). Details w. lit. in W.-Hofmann, Mayrhofer, Vasmer s. vv. and in Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 147. -- Cf. πάνθηρ. H's statement that πόρδαλις is the male, πάρδαλις the female, will be a sec. distinction.Page in Frisk: 2,473Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πάρδαλις
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9 πικρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `sharp, peaky, piercing, bitter, painful' (Il.; on the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 78 a. 273).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πικρό-χολος `full of bitter gall' (Hp.), γλυκύ-πικρος `sweet-bitter' (Sapph.; Risch IF 59, 32).Derivatives: 1. Abstract: πικρ-ότης f. `sharpness, bitterness etc.' (IA.), - ία f. `id.' (D., Arist., hell.). 2. plantname: πικρ-άς, - ίς, - ίδιον (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.); Strömberg Pfl.namen 63; - άς f. also `sour bottom' (pap. IIIa); - ίδιος as adj. `somewhat bitter' (Ath.). 3. verbs: a. πικρ-αίνομαι, - αίνω, also w. ἐκ-, ἐν-, παρα- a.o., `to become bitter, to embitter; to make bitter' (IA.) with - ασμός ( παρα-πικρός) m. `embitterment' (LXX, Ep. Hebr.), - αντικῶς adv. `in an embittering way' (S.E.); b. πικρ-όομαι, almost only with ἐκ-, `id.' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.) with - ωσις f. (Gal.); back formation ἔκπικρος `very bitter' (Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 73); c. πικρ-άζομαι, - άζω, also w. ἐκ-, `id.' (S. E.). 4. substantivising πίκρα f. name of an antidote (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN Πρίκων m. (Eretria, Tanagra) with metathesis as in NGr. πρικός (Kretschmer Glotta 6, 304; diff. Bechtel KZ 45, 155).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [794] *piḱ-ro- `motley, painted'Etymology: With a Slav. word for `motley', e.g. ORuss. CSlav. pьstrъ formally identical: IE *piḱros, from a verb `sting, cut, embroider, paint' in Sk. piṃśáti (nasalpres.) `carve, cut to measure, ornament', Slav., e.g. OCS pьsati `write'; further cognates s. ποικίλος. -- With πικρός also some Indo-Iran. words have been identified: Pashto p(u)šǝī f. `kind of rhubarb, Rheum emodi' (Morgenstierne Sarūpa-Bhāratī [Hoshiarpur 1954] 1;), Skt. śilpá- `motley' (inverted from *piślá-; Tedesco Lang. 23, 383ff [?]). After Machek Zeitschr. f. Slawistik 1, 36 here also Slav. prikrь `disgusting, sour, sharp'; against this Vasmer Wb. s. príkryj.Page in Frisk: 2,535-536Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πικρός
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10 ῥοφέω
Grammatical information: v.Other forms: Fut. ῥοφήσομαι, -ω, aor. ῥοφῆσαι (Ar., X., Arist.; also Hp.), Ion. (Hippon., Hp.) ῥυφέω, - ῆσαι, also ῥυμφάνω (Jouanna, RPh 55 (1981)205-13). Rarely - άω (late).Derivatives: ῥόφ-ημα ( ῥύφ-) n. "dish, which is slurped", `thick broth, soup' (Hp., Arist.) with - ημάτιον (A. D.), - ηματώδης `soup-like' (medic.); - ησις ( ἀνα-, κατα-) f. `slurping' (Arist., medic.), - ητός `apt for slurping' (Str., medic.), - ητικός `slurping' (Str.); also ῥόμμα = ῥόφημα, ῥοπτός = ῥοφητός (Hp. ap. Gal.), as if from ῥόφω (EM); ῥόφισμα n. (Cyran.: *ῥοφίζω).Etymology: Iterative-intensive formation with many near cognates, which mostly represent a zero grade, IE *sr̥bh-; Arm. arbi `I drank' (pres. ǝmpem prob. to πίνω), Lith. surbiù, sur̃bti `suck', OCS srъbati, Russ. serbátь `slurp', Lat. sorbeō `id.'. Given these forms one is tempted to consider also ῥυφέω as zero grade (Schwyzer 351 f.). A primary full grade present is retained in Lith. srebiù, srė̃bti `eat (liquid food) wit a spoon', IE * srebh-; beside it IE * serbh- in Alb. gjerp `slurp' (the form seems to go back on *sorbʰ-eyō, Huld Alb. Etymologies 143). To a primary verb with remarkable o-vocalism (prob. after ῥοφέω) seem to go back also ῥόμμα, ῥοπτός. The widespread family is also found in German. (e.g. MHG sürpfeln, Swed. sörpla `slurp' with secondary pf resp. p) and in Iran. (Psht. rawdǝl `suck' a.o.; Morgenstierne Pashto s.v., Sarūpa- Bhāratī [1954] 1). -- WP. 2, 704, Pok. 1001, W.-Hofmann s. sorbeō, Fraenkel s. sur̃bti, Vasmer s. serbátь w. further forms a. lit. -- Cf. ῥυβδέω. -- The form ῥυφ- will rather be an (omomatop.?) byform.Page in Frisk: 2,663Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥοφέω
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