ὑποστάσεως

ὑποστάσεω̆ς, ὑπόστασις

standing under: fem gen sg (attic)

ὑποστάσεω̆ς, ὑπόστασις

standing under: fem gen sg (attic)

ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+)

① the commencement of someth. as an action, process, or state of being, beginning, i.e. a point of time at the beginning of a duration.

ⓐ gener. (opp. τέλος; cp. Diod S 16, 1, 1 ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τοῦ τέλους; Ael. Aristid. 30, 24 K.=10 p. 123 D.: ἐξ ἀ. εἰς τέλος; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 9, §36; Wsd 7:18) B 1:6; IEph 14:1; IMg 13:1; IRo 1:2, cp. vs. 1. W. gen. foll. (OGI 458, 10 life) ἡμέρας ὀγδόης B 15:8; ἡμερῶν (2 Km 14:26) Hb 7:3; τῶν σημείων first of the signs J 2:11 (ἀ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου δόγματος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 4, 20; cp. Isocr., Paneg. 10:38 Blass ἀλλʼ ἀρχὴν μὲν ταύτην ἐποιήσατο τ. εὐεργεσιῶν, τροφὴν τοῖς δεομένοις εὑρεῖν=but [Athens] made this the starting point of her benefactions: to provide basic needs for livelihood; Pr 8:22; Jos., Ant. 8, 229 ἀ. κακῶν); ὠδίνων Mt 24:8; Mk 13:8; κακῶν ISm 7:2. As the beginning, i.e. initial account, in a book (Ion of Chios [V B.C.] 392 Fgm. 24 Jac. [=Leurini no. 114] ἀρχὴ τοῦ λόγου; Polystrat. p. 28; Diod S 17, 1, 1 ἡ βύβλος τὴν ἀ. ἔσχε ἀπὸ …; Ael. Aristid. 23, 2 K.=42 p. 768 D.: ἐπʼ ἀρχῇ τοῦ συγγράμματος; Diog. L. 3, 37 ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς Πολιτείας; cp. Sb 7696, 53; 58 [250 A.D.]) ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰ. Χ. Beginning of the gospel of J. C. Mk 1:1 (cp. Hos 1:2 ἀ. λόγου κυρίου πρὸς Ὡσηέ; s. RHarris, Exp. 8th ser., 1919, 113–19; 1920, 142–50; 334–50; FDaubanton, NThSt 2, 1919, 168–70; AvanVeldhuizen, ibid., 171–75; EEidem, Ingressen til Mkevangeliet: FBuhl Festschr. 1925, 35–49; NFreese, StKr 104, ’32, 429–38; AWikgren, JBL 61, ’42, 11–20 [ἀρχή=summary]; LKeck, NTS 12, ’65/66, 352–70). ἀ. τῆς ὑποστάσεως original commitment Hb 3:14. ἀρχὴν ἔχειν w. gen. of the inf. begin to be someth. IEph 3:1. ἀρχὴν λαμβάνειν begin (Polyb.; Aelian, VH 2, 28; 12, 53; Diog. L., Prooem. 3, 4; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 366; Philo, Mos. 1, 81) λαλεῖσθαι to be proclaimed at first Hb 2:3; cp. IEph 19:3.—W. prep. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς from the beginning (Paus. 3, 18, 2; SIG 741, 20; UPZ 160, 15 [119 B.C.]; BGU 1141, 44; JosAs 23:4; Jos., Ant. 8, 350; 9, 30) J 6:64 v.l.; 15:27; 1J 2:7, 24; 3:11; 2J 5f; Ac 26:4; MPol 17:1; Hs 9, 11, 9; Dg 12:3. οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. αὐτόπται those who fr. the beginning were eyewitnesses Lk 1:2. Also ἐξ ἀρχῆς (Diod. Sic. 18, 41, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 45 [189]; SIG 547, 9; 634, 4; UPZ 185 II 5; PGen 7, 8; BGU 1118, 21; Jos., Bell. 7, 358) J 6:64; 16:4; 1 Cl 19:2; Pol 7:2; Dg 2:1. πάλιν ἐξ ἀ. (Ael. Aristid. 21, 10 K.=22 p. 443 D.; SIG 972, 174) again fr. the beginning (=afresh, anew; a common expr., Renehan ’75, 42) B 16:8. ἐν ἀρχῇ (Diod S 19, 110, 5; Palaeph. p. 2, 3; OGI 56, 57; PPetr II, 37, 2b verso, 4; PTebt 762, 9; POxy 1151, 15; BGU 954, 26; ViHab 14 [p. 87, 4 Sch.]) at the beginning, at first Ac 11:15; AcPlCor 2:4. ἐν ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου when the gospel was first preached Phil 4:15; sim., word for word, w. ref. to beg. of 1 Cor: 1 Cl 47:2.—τὴν ἀ. J 8:25, as nearly all the Gk. fathers understood it, is emphatically used adverbially=ὅλως at all (Plut., Mor. 115b; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 12; 14 [31], 5; 133; Lucian, Eunuch. 6 al.; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 3; POxy 472, 17 [c. 130 A.D.]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 121; Jos., Ant. 1, 100; 15, 235 al.; as a rule in neg. clauses, but the negation can inhere in the sense: 48th letter of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 356, 17]; Philo, Abrah. 116, Decal. 89; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 6, 11; without art. ApcSed 10:3; cp. Hs 2:5 cj. by W., endorsed by Joly; s. Field, Notes, 93f) τὴν ἀ. ὅτι καὶ λαλῶ ὑμῖν (how is it) that I even speak to you at all? But s. B-D-F §300, 2. More prob. the mng. is somewhat as follows: What I said to you from the first (so NT in Basic English; sim. REB et al.; cp. τὴν ἀρχήν ‘at the beginning’ Thu 2, 74, 2; s. also RFunk, HTR 51, ’58, 95–100; B-D-F §300, 2, but appeal to P⁶⁶ is specious, s. EMiller, TZ 36, ’80, 261).

ⓑ beginning, origin in the abs. sense (ἀ. τῆς τῶν πάντων ὑποστάσεως Orig. C. Cels. 6, 65, 4) ἀ. πάντων χαλεπῶν Pol 4:1; ἀ. κακῶν ISm 7:2 (cp. 1 Ti 6:10, which has ῥίζα for ἀ., and s. e.g. Ps 110:10; Sir 10:13); ἀ. κόσμου B 15:8; ἀ. πάντων PtK 2, p. 13, 21. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς fr. the very beginning (Is 43:13; Wsd 9:8; 12:11; Sir 24:9 al.; PsSol 8:31; GrBar 17:2) Mt 19:4, 8; J 8:44; 1J 1:1 (of the Hist. beg. of Christianity: HWendt, D. Johannesbriefe u. d. joh. Christent. 1925, 31f; HWindisch, Hdb. ad loc.; difft. HConzelmann, RBultmann Festschr., ’54, 194–201); 3:8; 2 Th 2:13; ὁ ἀπʼ ἀ. 1J 2:13f; Dg 11:4; οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. those at the very beginning, the first people 12:3; τὰ ἀπʼ ἀ. γενόμενα 1 Cl 31:1; ἀπʼ ἀ. κτίσεως Mk 10:6; 13:19; 2 Pt 3:4 (on ἀ. κτίσεως cp. En 15:9); ἀπʼ ἀ. κόσμου Mt 24:21. Also ἐξ ἀ. (X., Mem. 1, 4, 5; Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D. [of the existence of Zeus]; TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 11 [Stone p. 40]; B 4 p. 109, 7 [St. p. 66]; Ath., R. 16, p. 67, 18; Philo, Aet. M. 42, Spec. Leg. 1, 300; Did., Gen. 50, 1) Dg 8:11; ἐν ἀ. in the beginning (Simplicius in Epict. p. 104, 2; Did., Gen. 29, 25 al.) J 1:1f; ἐν ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως B 15:3. κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beg. Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26; cp. Hdt. 3, 153 et al.; Diod S; Plut.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 92, Det. Pot. Insid. 118; Ps 118:152; Just., D. 2, 3).

② one with whom a process begins, beginning fig., of pers. (Gen 49:3 Ῥουβὴν σὺ ἀρχὴ τέκνων μου; Dt 21:17): of Christ Col 1:18. W. τέλος of God or Christ Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6; 22:13 (Hymn to Selene 35 ἀ. καὶ τέλος εἶ: Orphica p. 294, likew. PGM 4, 2836; 13, 362; 687; Philo, Plant. 93; Jos., Ant. 8, 280; others in Rtzst., Poim. 270ff and cp. SIG 1125, 7–11 Αἰών, … ἀρχὴν μεσότητα τέλος οὐκ ἔχων, expressed from the perspective of historical beginning).

③ the first cause, the beginning (philos. t.t. ODittrich, D. Systeme d. Moral I 1923, 360a, 369a;—Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D.: ἀρχὴ ἁπάντων Ζεύς τε καὶ ἐκ Διὸς πάντα; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190 God as ἀρχὴ κ. μέσα κ. τέλος τῶν πάντων [contrast SIG 1125, 10f]) of Christ ἡ ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως Rv 3:14; but the mng. beginning=‘first created’ is linguistically probable (s. above 1b and Job 40:19; also CBurney, Christ as the Ἀρχή of Creation: JTS 27, 1926, 160–77). [ὁ γὰ]ρ π̣̄ρ̣̄ (=πατὴρ) [ἀρ]|χή ἐ[ς]τ̣[ιν τῶν μ]ελλόν|των for the Father is the source of all who are to come into being in contrast to the προπάτωρ, who is without a beginning Ox 1081, 38f (SJCh 91, 1 ἀρχή; on the context, s. WTill, TU 60/5, ’55 p. 57).

④ a point at which two surfaces or lines meet, corner (from the perspective of an observer the object appears to begin at that point), pl. corners of a sheet Ac 10:11; 11:5 (cp. Hdt. 4, 60; Diod S 1, 35, 10).

⑤ a basis for further understanding, beginning τὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς ἀ. elementary principles Hb 5:12 (perh. w. an element of gentle satire: ‘the discrete items or ABC’s that compose the very beginning [of divine instructions]’; cp. MKiley, SBLSP 25, ’86, 236–45, esp. 239f). ὁ τῆς ἀ. τοῦ Χ. λόγος elementary Christian teaching 6:1.

⑥ an authority figure who initiates activity or process, ruler, authority (Aeschyl., Thu. et al.; ins; pap, e.g. PHal 1, 226 μαρτυρείτω ἐπὶ τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ δικαστηρίῳ; Gen 40:13, 21; 41:13; 2 Macc 4:10, 50 al., s. Magie 26; so as a loanw. in rabb. ἀ. = νόμιμος ἐπιστασία Did., Gen. 60, 9) w. ἐξουσία Lk 20:20; pl. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 26 ἀρχαὶ κ. ἐξουσίαι; 4 Macc 8:7; Jos., Ant. 4, 220) Lk 12:11; Tit 3:1; MPol 10:2 (αἱ ἀρχαί can also be the officials as persons, as those who took part in the funeral procession of Sulla: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 106 §497.—The same mng. 2, 106 §442; 2, 118 §498 al. Likewise Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 2, 31).—Also of angelic or transcendent powers, since they were thought of as having a political organization (Damascius, Princ. 96 R.) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:10, 15; AcPl Ha 1, 7. Cp. TestJob 49, 2; Just., D. 120, 6 end.

⑦ the sphere of one’s official activity, rule, office (Diod S 3, 53, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 13 §57; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 177, Ant. 19, 273), or better domain, sphere of influence (Diod S 17, 24, 2; Appian, Syr. 23 §111; Arrian, Anab. 6, 29, 1; Polyaen. 8:55; Procop. Soph., Ep. 139) of angels Jd 6. Papias (4 v.l. for ἄρχω).—S. the lit. on ἄγγελος and HSchlier, Mächte u. Gewalten im NT: ThBl 9, 1930, 289–97.—144–50 (‘Archai’). EDNT. DELG s.v. ἄρχω D. M-M. TW. Sv.

κατάστημα, ατος, τό, later [full] κατάστεμα LXX 3 Ma.5.45:—

A condition, state, not necessarily permanent:

1 bodily or mental condition,

τὸ εὐσταθὲς σαρκὸς κ. Epicur.Fr.68

, Metrod.Fr.5, cf. Diog.Oen.29, Asp. in EN143.22;

τὸ κατὰ φύσιν καὶ οἰκεῖον κ. Dsc.Alex.Praef.

, cf. Sor. 1.36; τῆς ψυχῆς ib.39;

τὸ κατὰ μέθην κ. Ath.2.38e

;

κ. μανιῶδες LXX

l.c.

2 weather, Diocl.Fr.30, Ptol.Alm.3.1; τὸ θερινὸν κ. Ps.-Plu. Fluv.12;

κ. χειμέριον Polyaen.5.12.3

;

αἰθρίου ὄντος τοῦ κ. Dsc.Praef. 6

, cf. Cleom.2.1, Sabin. ap. Orib.9.15.1; direction of wind,

νοτίου τοῦ κ. ὄντος Alex.Aphr.in Mete.47.2

; time, season,

κ. νυκτερινόν A.D.Synt. 198.27

;

τὰ ἐνιαύσια κ. Ptol.Tetr.93

.

3 demeanour, behaviour, Ep. Tit.2.3, Porph.Abst.4.6;

τὸ σύνηθες κ. Plu.Marc.23

;

ἀτρεμαῖον κ. J. AJ15.7.5

; τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας, τῆς ἀρετῆς κ., Aristeas 210, 278;

τὸ μέσον κ. Id.122

.

4 political condition, constitution,

τὸ Λακωνικὸν κ. Plb.6.50.2

, cf. OGI669.3 (Egypt, i A.D.).

5 generally, state of the case, state of affairs, A.D.Pron.25.18.

6 Astrol., position of the heavens, Vett. Val.71.23.

7 physical constitution, τὸ κοσμικὸν κ., i.e. the four elements and four winds, Id.175.10;

ἐν στερεῷ τινι καὶ οὐσιώδει κ. Dam.Pr. 124

; of the Intelligible World, ib. 119;

ὑποστάσεως κατάστημα Simp.in Ph.232.1

.

παραπο-λαύω,

A share the fruits of,

τῆς τιμωρίας Ph.2.15

;

τῆς ἐνίων κακοβουλίας J.BJ2.16.4

;

τῆς τινων μωρίας Luc. Alex.45

;

παραπολαύειν ἐστὶ τῆς τοῦ εἴδους ὑποστάσεως τὴν ἔκπτωσιν Dam.Pr.7

.

προΐστημι, [tense] fut. - στήσω: [tense] aor. 1 προὔστησα, part. προστήσας, inf. προστῆσαι.

A Causal in these tenses, as also in [tense] pres. and [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med., set before, once in Hom.,

προστήσας [σε] πρὸ Ἀχαιῶν Τρωσὶ μάχεσθαι Il.4.156

: c. gen., π. τὸ σῶμα τοῦ σκοποῦ put his body in the way, Antipho 3.2.4 (dub. l.), cf. Plb.1.33.7.

2 set over, ὃν ἡ πόλις ἀξιοῖ αὑτῆς προϊστάναι, v.l. for -εστάναι, Pl.La. 197d.

3 exhibit publicly, prostitute,

π. ἐπ' οἰκημάτων D.Chr.7.133

.

II [voice] Med., mostly [tense] aor. 1, put another before oneself, choose as one's leader, Hdt.1.123, 4.80: c. gen.,

προΐστασθαι τουτονὶ ἑαυτοῦ

take as one's guardian,

Pl.R. 565c

, cf. 442a (cj.), 599a, D.59.37;

σφῶν αὐτῶν προὐστήσαντο τιμωρὸν γενέσθαι Κηφίσιον And.1.139

;

στρατηγόν τινα τοῦ πολέμου π. D.Prooem. 21

.

2 put before one, put in front,

σκίπωνα προστήσασθαι Hdt.4.172

;

τὰ ἅρματα X.HG4.1.18

; τὴν χεῖρα, so as to shade the eyes, Arist.Pr. 960a21.

3 metaph., put forward as an excuse or pretence, use as a screen,

τί τάδε προὐστήσω λόγῳ; E.Cyc. 319

;

τὰ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνωνδόγματα προστήσασθαι D.5.19

, etc.: c. gen., [

τὴν ἀτυχίαν] τῆς κακουργίας προϊστάμενος Antipho 2.3.1

;

τοῦ ἀγῶνος τὴν πρὸς ἔμ' ἔχθραν προΐσταται D.18.15

.

4 προστησώμεθα Τύρταιον put him forward, cite him as an authority, Pl.Lg. 629a.

5 prefer, value above,

ὦτα τοῦ νοῦ προστησάμενοι Id.R. 531b

.

6 establish a thing before another, τοὺς ἀριθμοὺς τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτῶν (sc. τῶν ὄντων) Plot.6.6.15, cf. Procl.Inst. 133.

7 manifest, ib. 195, al.

B [voice] Pass., with [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Act. προὔστην: [tense] pf. προέστηκα, [ per.] 2pl.

προέστατε Hdt.5.49

; inf. προεστάναι, part. προεστώς (v. infr.): [tense] fut. [tense] pf. προεστήξομαι, v. infr. 11.2:—[tense] aor. [voice] Pass. προεστάθην, v. infr.11.3:—come forward, v.l. for προς- in D.60.15.

2 c.acc., approach as a suppliant,

ἥ σε.. λιπαρεῖ προὔστην χερί S.El. 1378

; προστῆναι μέσην τράπεζαν dub. in Id.Fr.660.1 (fort. προσβῆναι):—in Hdt.1.86, προσστῆναι is restored.

3 c. dat., stand so as to face another,

σοὶ γὰρ αἴας πολέμιος προὔστη ποτέ S.Aj. 1133

:—in Hdt.1.129, προσστάς is restored.

4 stand in public, be a prostitute, Aeschin.Ep.7.3, Vett. Val.16.7.

II c. gen., to be set over, be at the head of,

τῆς Ἑλλάδος Hdt.1.69

, 5.49;

τῶν Ἀρκάδων τοὺς προεστεῶτας Id.6.74

; esp. to be chief or leader of a party, τῶν παράλων, τῶν ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου, Id.1.59;

τοῦ δήμου Id.3.82

, Th.3.70, Lys. 13.7;

ἡμῶν Ar.V. 419

;

τῆς πόλεως Th.2.65

; π. αὐτῶν to be their ringleader, X.An.6.2.9; π. χοροῦ, στρατεύματος, Id.Mem.3.4.3; π. τῶν πολιτειῶν head the respective parties in the state, Lys.25.9, etc.: abs., οἱ προεστῶτες, [dialect] Ion. -εῶτες, the leading men,

τῶν σκυθέων Hdt.4.79

, cf. Th.3.11, etc.;

οἱ προεστηκότες ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι X.HG 3.5.1

; οἱ ἐν ταῖς

πόλεσι προστάντες Th.3.82

;

τῷ προεστῶτι καὶ ἄρχοντι Pl.R. 428e

.

2 in various relations, govern, direct, οὐκ ὀρθῶς σεωυτοῦ προέστηκας you do not manage yourself well, Hdt.2.173;

π. τῆς μεταβολῆς Th.8.75

;

τοῦ ἱεροῦ X.HG3.2.31

;

τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ βίου Id.Mem.3.2.2

;

τοῦ πράγματος D.30.18

;

προεστήξομαι τῆς χωνεύσεως PCair.Zen.481.9

(iii B. C.); ἐργασίας, τέχνης, Plu.Per.24, Ath.13.612a;

π. ἐνδόξου καὶ καλῆς αἱρέσεως OGI219.3

(Ilium, iii B. C.).

3 stand before so as to guard,

οἱ δορυφόροι Μασίστεω προέστησαν Hdt.9.107

, cf. E. Heracl. 306, etc.: hence, support, succour,

πρόστητ' ἀναγκαίας τύχης S.Aj. 803

; ὁ προστὰς τῆς εἰρήνης the champion of peace, Aeschin.2.161; πάντων προστᾶσα [ δύναμις] Pl.Ti. 25b; π. τινός to be his protector, GDI1726.6 (Delph., ii B. C.), PFay.13.5 (ii B. C.);

τῆς ἐναντίας π. γνώμης Plb.5.5.8

;

τοῖσιν ἐχθροῖς προὐστήτην φόνου

were the authors of..,

S.El. 980

; π. [ νόσου] E.Andr. 221: abs.,

βέλεα.. ἀρωγὰ προσταθέντα S.OT 206

(lyr.).

τῑμ-ημα, ατος, τό,

A honouring, tending,

τύμβου A.Ch. 511

.

2 estimate, valuation,

τ. τῆς ἀξίας E.Hipp. 622

;

τὸ τ. ἐστι τῆς χώρας ἑξακις χιλίων ταλάντων D.14.19

, cf. Docum.ib.18.55, POxy. 1274.14 (iii A.D.), etc.

3 payment, τίμαμα hοίσοντι will make payment, Tab.Heracl.1.150, cf. PGrenf.2.67.12 (iii A.D.); τὸ τ. ἔχων having received the price, Alciphr.3.47; pretium = τ. ἐπὶ τοῖς ὠνίοις καταβαλλόμενον, Gloss.

4 in legal sense, estimate of damages done: hence, penalty, punishment, fine,

τ. κλῳὸς σύκινος Ar.V. 897

; τί τίμημ' ἐπιγράψω τῇ δίκῃ; Id.Pl. 480, cf. Lys.27.16, etc.;

καὶ ἐγώ τε τῷ τ. ἐμμένω, καὶ οὗτοι Pl.Ap. 39b

;

τ. δὲ [ἔστω], ὅ τι χρὴ πάσχειν ἢ ἀποτίνειν Id.Lg. 941a

; τιμάτω τὸ δικαστήριον τὸ τ. ib. 907e, etc.; εἰς τὸ τ. ἀναβάς rising to speak on the matter of the penalty, D.19.290; πρᾶξαι Πειθίαν τὸ τ. τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ ἀποδοῦναί μοι the damages for the assault, PEnteux.74.17 (iii B.C.).

5 cost, expense, τῷ ἑαυτῆς τ. at her own expense, POxy.1208.4 (iii A.D.);

κινδύνῳ καὶ πόρῳ καὶ τ. τῆς παντοίας μου ὑποστάσεως PStrassb.40.20

(vi A.D.), cf. PFlor.297.27 (vi A.D.).

6 in political sense, the value at which a citizen's property was rated for taxation, his rateable property, IG12.98.11, 22.2498.8, Lys.17.7, 19.48, Pl.Lg. 945a, etc.; ἡ ἀπὸ τιμημάτων πολιτεία a government where the magistrates were chosen according to property, a timocracy, Id.R. 550c;

ἐκ τιμημάτων αἱ ἀρχαὶ καθίστανται X.Mem. 4.6.12

, cf. Pl.Lg. 698b;

ἀπὸ τ. μακρῶν αἱ μεθέξεις τῶν ἀρχῶν Arist.Pol. 1278a23

; ἐκκλησιάζειν οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τιμήματος οὐθενὸς οἱ δ' ἀπὸ μακροῦ τ. ib. 1294b3; δημοκρατικὸν τὸ μὴ ἀπὸ τιμήματος ὀλιγαρχικὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τ. ib. line 9, cf. 1306b13: the τ. was calculated at so many years' purchase of the

οὐσία, πεντεκαίδεκα ταλάντων τρία τάλαντα τίμημα D. 27.9

.

χᾰρακτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, ([etym.] χαράσσω)

A engraver, Euryph. ap. Stob.4.39.27; one who mints coins, IPE 1216A14 (Olbia, iii B. C.).

2 graving tool, Daimachus 4J. (pl.) ap.St.Byz. s.v. Λακεδαίμων.

3 die, stamp, IG22.1013.64, 1408.11, 1424a120, 280, 1469.107; in a simile, Arist.GA 781a28.

4 branding-iron, Clara Rhodos 2.171 (ii B. C.).

II mark engraved, impress, stamp on coins and seals,

ἀργύρου λαμπρὸς χ. E.El. 559

, cf. Pl.Plt. 289b, Arist. Pol. 1257a40; coin type, standard,

ἦν δ' ὁ ἀρχαῖος χ. δίδραχμον Id.Ath.10.2

, cf. OGI339.45 (Sestos, ii B. C.), D.S.17.66; Κότυος χ. Head Hist.Num.2285 (Thrace, i B. C.): hence, in pl., = χάραγμα 1.2, PFlor.61.21 (i A. D.): metaph., οἷς ἡ ἀρετὴ εὐδοξίας χαρακτῆρα τοῖς ἔργοις ἐπέβαλεν set a stamp upon them, Isoc.1.8; Κύπριος (s. v. l.)

χαρακτὴρ.. ἐν γυναικείοις τύποις εἰκὼς πέπληκται A.Supp. 282

.

2 esp. of figures or letters,

οἱ τῶν γραμμάτων χ. Plu.2.214f

; ὁ τύπος τῶν χ. ib.577f, cf. 1120f, D.S.3.67; of the letters used by Hp. in Epid.3.1, Zeno and Apollonius ap.Gal.17(1).618, cf. 524sq.; of a single letter of the alphabet, Jul.Or.2.72a;

ξυλήφια βραχέα ἔχοντα χαρακτῆρα Plb.6.35.7

; brand on a camel, PGen.29.8 (ii A. D.); of symbols in a prescription, Gal.13.995; of magical symbols (such as the seven vowels),

τῶν χ. ἡ ἀπόρρητος φύσις Jul.Or.7.216c

, cf. Iamb.Myst.3.13, Sallust.15; of hieroglyphs, opp. γράμματα, Luc. Herm.44.

3 metaph., distinctive mark or token impressed (as it were) on a person or thing, by which it is known from others, characteristic, character, χ. γλώσσης, of a particular dialect, Hdt.1.57, 142;

χ. αὑτὸς ἐν γλώσσῃ S.Fr. 176

;

χ. ἡμεδαπὸς τῶν ῥημάτων Ar. Pax 220

; ὁ Ἑλληνικὸς χ. Greek idiom, D.H.Pomp.3: freq. of persons, feature,

ὁ χ. τοῦ προσώπου Hdt.1.116

;

εἰληφέναι χαρακτῆρα ἑκατέρου τοῦ εἴδους Pl.Phdr. 263b

;

οἱ τῆς ὄψεως χ. D.S.1.91

;

ἀνδρῶν οὐδεὶς χ. ἐμπέφυκε σώματι E.Med. 519

;

δεινὸς χ. κἀπίσημος.. ἐσθλῶν γενέσθαι Id.Hec. 379

;

φανερὸς χ. ἀρετᾶς Id.HF 659

(lyr.); ἠθικοὶ χ., title of work by Thphr.: pl., οἱ χ. the features of the face, J.AJ13.12.1, cf. OGI508.13 (Ephesus, ii A. D.); χ. μορφῆς ἐμῆς ib.383.60 (Nemrud Dagh, i B. C., sg.); [ τοῦ ἐμβρύου] Sor.1.33 (pl.): hence,

4 type or character (regarded as shared with others) of a thing or person, rarely of an individual nature,

ἀνδρὸς χ. ἐκ λόγου γνωρίζεται Men.72

;

χ. μοχθηρότατον παραπλάττεσθαι Phld.Rh.1.6

S.;

τὸν χ. τὸν Διογένους Arr.Epict.3.22.80

; τίνα ἔχει χ. τὰ δόγματα; ib.4.5.17; of nations, Plb.18.34.7.

5 style, freq. in Rhet.,

ὁ Δημοσθένους χ. D.H.Dem.9

, cf. Pomp.1, Cic.QF2.15(16).5;

χ. δικανικός Phld.Rh.2.137S.

; χ. optimi the ideal type, Cic.Orat. 11.36, cf.39.134;

χ. ἰσχνός, μεγαλοπρεπής, γλαφυρός, δεινός Demetr. Eloc.36

, cf. D.H.Dem.33;

χ. λέξεως Id.Lys.11

;

χ. Ἀσιανός Str.13.1.66

.

6 impress, image, τῆς ὑποστάσεως [τοῦ θεοῦ] Ep.Heb.1.3; πάθους, ἀρετῆς, Longin.22.1, Eun.Hist.p.243 D.: abs., οἱ Σεβάστειοι χ. the imperial seal, i.e. the emperor himself, IG5(2).268.24 (Mantinea, i B. C.).

7 Gramm., typical form, A.D.Synt.20.10, 103.23.

ὑπόστᾰσις, εως, ἡ, ([etym.] ὑφίστημι, ὑφίσταμαι):

A as an act, standing under, supporting,

ἡ κεφαλὴ τοῦ μηροῦ καὶ ὁ αὐχὴν τοῦ ἄρθρου.. ὑπὸ συχνῷ μέρει τοῦ ἰσχίου τὴν ὑ. πεποίηται Hp.Art.55

; [

τοὺς προσθίους πόδας] ἔχουσιν.. οὐ μόνον ἕνεχ' ὑποστάσεως τοῦ βάρους Arist.PA 659a24

;

ἐνεπάγην εἰς ἰλὺν βυθοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὑ. LXX Ps.68(69).3

.

2 resistance,

τοῦ κύματος Arist.Mete. 368b12

(unless = settling down); so perh. in Hp.Off.3, Ael.Fr.59.

3 lying in ambush, S.Fr. 719.

B as a thing,

I in liquids, that which settles at the bottom, sediment, Hp.Steril.242, Arist.HA 551b29, Mete. 382b14, Thphr.HP 9.8.3; esp. of sediment in the urine, Hp.Coac. 146, 389, Aph.4.69, al., Gal.6.252, al.; but the urine itself is called ἡ ὑ. ἡ εἰς τὴν κύστιν, Arist. Mete. 358a8;

ἡ τῆς ὑγρᾶς τροφῆς ὑ. Id.PA 647b28

; ἐκ τῶν νεφρῶν ἡ γιγνομένη ὑ. ib. 671b20; also of the dry excrement, ἡ τῆς ξηρᾶς τροφῆς ὑ. ib. 647b28, cf. 677a15, Mete. 358b9.

b an accumulation of pus, abscess, Hp.Art.40.

2 νέφους ὑποστάσεις cloud-cumuli, D.S.1.38.

3 a kind of jelly or thick soup, in pl., Men.462.10 (cf. Poll.6.60), Orib.4.8.1.

4 metaph. of time, duration,

ἡ στιγμιαία τῶν καιρῶν ὑ. Gal.19.187

; μνήσθητι τίς μου ἡ ὑ. remember how short my time is, LXX Ps.88(89).48; ἡ ὑ. μου ὡσεὶ οὐθὲν ἐνώπιόν σου mine age is as nothing before thee, ib.38(39).6; ἐφ' ὅσον αὐτοῦ (sc. Ἕκτορος) ἡ ὑ. τῶν χρόνων ὑπῆρχεν as long as his store of years lasted, Vett.Val.347.14.

5 coming into existence, origin,

ἡ ὑ. μου ἐν τοῖς κατωτάτω τῆς γῆς LXX Ps.138(139).15

;

περὶ τοῦ γένους.. τῶν Ἰουδαίων.. ὅτι.. τὴν πρώτην ὑ. ἔσχεν ἰδίαν J.Ap.1.1

; ἀκμὴ οὐδὲ ἔχει γενέσεως ὑ. καθ' ἑαυτήν has no power of originating by itself, Hermog. Id.1.10.

II foundation or substructure of a temple, etc., LXX Na.2.7, D.S.1.66, 13.82; ὑποστάσεις ἐπάλξεων lower part of a crenellated wall, Ph.Bel.84.9; ὑ. ξύλου is f.l. for ὑπότασις ξ. in Hp. Mochl.25.

2 metaph. of a narrative, speech, or poem, ground-work, subject-matter, argument, Plb.4.2.1, D.S.1.3, etc.

3 plan, purpose, Id.16.32;

κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ὑ. Id.1.28

, 15.70;

πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν ὑ. Id.1.3

; οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι.. ἰδίᾳ τινὶ ὑ. κεχρημένοι εἰσί (sc. in their calendar) Gem.8.16, cf. 25;

κατὰ τὴν Καίσαρος ὑ. BMus.Inscr.892.21

(Halic., i B. C./i A. D.).

4 confidence, courage, resolution, steadiness, of soldiers, Plb.4.50.10,6.55.2; hope,

ἔστι μοι ὑ. τοῦ γενηθῆναί με ἀνδρί LXX Ru.1.12

; ἀπώλετο ἡ ὑ. αὐτῆς ib.Ez.19.5, cf. Ep.Hebr.3.14;

ἡ ὑ. τῆς καυχήσεως 2 Ep.Cor.11.17

, cf. 9.4; ἔστιν δὲ πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπόστασις confidence in things hoped for, Ep.Hebr.11.1 (unless substance be the right sense here).

5 undertaking, promise,

οἱ ὑπογεγραμμένοι γεωργοὶ ἐπέδωκαν ἡμῖν ὑπόστασιν PEleph.15.3

(iii B. C.), cf. PTheb.Bank1.8 (ii B. C.), PTeb.61 (b). 194 (ii B. C.).

6 Astrol., τὰ τούτου (sc. κλήρου τύχης) τετράγωνα ὑπόστασις (fort. - στάσεις) [λέγεται] Serapio in Cat.Cod.Astr.8(4).227.

III substantial nature, substance, δύσσχιστα, τῷ κολλώδη τὴν ὑ. ἔχειν woods hard to cleave, because of their resinous substance, Thphr.CP5.16.4; ἡ τοῦ γεώδους ὑ. ib.6.7.4.

2 substance, actual existence, reality (

οἱ νεώτεροι τῶν φιλοσόφων ἀντὶ τῆς οὐσίας τῇ λέξει τῆς ὑ. ἐχρήσαντο Socr. HE3.7

), opp. semblance,

φαντασίαν μὲν ἔχειν πλούτου, ὑ. δὲ μή Artem.3.14

; τῶν ἐν ἀέρι φαντασμάτων τὰ μέν ἐστι κατ' ἔμφασιν, τὰ δὲ καθ' ὑπόστασιν (substantial, actual), Arist.Mu. 395a30, cf. Placit.3.6, D.L.7.135, 9.91; so ὑποστάσεις are the substances of which the reflections ([etym.] αἱ κατοπτρικαὶ ἐμφάσεις) appear in the mirror, Placit.4.14.2; ὑ. ἔχειν have substantial existence, Demetr.Lac.Herc.1055.14, S.E. P.2.94, 176, M.Ant.9.42; ἰδίᾳ χρησάμενον ὑποστάσει ( ὑποτάσει cod.), πρὸς ἰδίαν ὑ. φυτευθέντα, a separate existence, Sor.1.96, cf. 33;

ὑπόστασιν μὴ ἔχειν Id.2.57

;

ὑποστάσεις τε καὶ μεταβολαί M.Ant.9.1

, cf. 10.5; [ἡ παρασιτικὴ] διαφέρει καὶ τῆς ῥητορικῆς καὶ τῆς φιλοσοφίας.. κατὰ τὴν ὑ. (in respect of reality)

· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ὑφέστηκεν, αἱ δὲ οὔ Luc. Par.27

;

κατ' ἰδίαν ὑ. καὶ οὐσίαν S.E.M.9.338

.

3 real nature, essence,

χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑ. Ep.Hebr.1.3

.

IV as a Rhet. figure, the full expression or expansion of an idea, Hermog.Id.1.11, Aristid. Rh.1p.479S., Syrian. in Hermog.1.60 R.

V = ὑπόστημα 111, camp, LXX 1 Ki.13.23, 14.4.

VI wealth, substance, property, ib.De.11.6, Je.10.17, POxy.1274.15 (iii A. D.), BGU1020.16 (vi A. D.), etc.

2 pl., title deeds, documents recording ownership of property, POxy.237 viii 26 (ii A. D.).

βέβαιος, α, ον (s. the next βεβαι-entries; Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, rare in LXX, freq. in Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 187; 14, 398; Just.) gener. relating to stability: ‘firm, permanent’.

① of something that can be relied on not to cause disappointment, reliable, in metaph. of an anchor (w. ἀσφαλής) unshifting Hb 6:19 of hope (cp. Dionys. Hal. 6, 51; Plut., Ant. 917 [3, 7]; 4 Macc 17:4) whose realization can be counted on because it does not move, being set down in the ‘holy of holies’. Sim. ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν our hope for you is firm 2 Cor 1:7 (=our expectation [of things to be fulfilled] for you is not misplaced). ἔχομεν βεβαιότερον (for superl.; cp. Stob., Flor. IV 625, 2 βεβαιοτέραν ἔχε τ. φιλίαν πρὸς τ. γονεῖς) τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον we possess the prophetic word as something that is (now) all the more reliable 2 Pt 1:19 (on β. ἔχειν cp. Thu. 1, 32; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 19 §78 ἔχειν τι βέβαιον=have a firm hold on something; UPZ 162 II, 10 [117 B.C.]; s. also Diod S in 2); for other interpretations see comm. Of things revealed reliable (w. ἰσχυρός, τεθεμελιωμένος) Hv 3, 4, 3.

② pert. to having continuity or being unwavering and persistent, abiding (ψυχή Did., Gen. 197, 4; of a just pers. TKellis 22, 103 [w. ἁγνός]): of boldness and hope that remain constant, steadfast Hb 3:6 v.l.; of πίστις unwavering (Appian, Liby. 64 §284 πίστις ἐστὶ βέβαιος; Diod S 2, 29, 4 πιστεύοντες βεβαιότερον=accept all the more confidently; Simplicius in Epict. p. 110, 37 πίστις βεβαία=firm faith in the immortality of the soul on the basis of a declaration by a μάντις; Esth 3:13c; 3 Macc 5:31) 1 Cl 1:2. Of love steadfast MPol 1:2. ἀρχὴν τῆς ὑποστάσεως βεβαίαν κατέχειν hold firm the original commitment Hb 3:14. (W. ἀσφαλής) ISm 8:2. ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς πίστεως βέβαιον δρόμον καταντῆσαι steadfastly finish the course of faith 1 Cl 6:2. Of the Corinthian congregation well-established, dependable (Appian, Iber. 37 §150 ἀνὴρ β., Bell. Civ. 2, 13 §47 a servant) 47:6.—ἡ βεβαία τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν ῥίζα dependable root of your faith Pol 1:2 in ref. to constancy in a productive Christian life.

③ pert. to having validity over a period of time, in force, valid of a promise that applies to all pers. Ro 4:16; of the eucharist ISm 8:1. ὁ λόγος ἐγένετο βέβαιος (on λόγος β. cp. Pla., Phd. 90c λόγος β. καὶ ἀληθής) the word was in force Hb 2:2 (β. of the Mosaic law as Philo, Mos. 2, 14); a last will and testament valid (opp. οὐκ ἰσχύει ‘lack force’; legal t.t., s. JBehm, Διαθήκη 1912, 87, 4) Hb 9:17. βεβαίαν τὴν κλῆσιν ποιεῖσθαι keep the call in force i.e. confirm it so that it does not lapse (cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 250 D.: βεβ. ἐλευθερία) 2 Pt 1:10; β. εἶναι be in force IRo 3:1 (Ignatius fears that the instructions given by the Romans to others about dying for the faith will not apply to him; he wants them to be consistent).—B. 1237. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.

χαρακτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ (fr. χαράσσω ‘engrave’ via χάραγμα; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 11:6; TestSim 5:4 [‘copy’, of the Book of Enoch]; ApcSed 7:4; EpArist; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 322; Just.; Tat. 17, 2 [in the two last, of letters of the alphabet]; loanw. in rabb.).

① a mark or impression placed on an object

ⓐ of coinage impress, reproduction, representation (Eur., El. 559; Aristot., Pol. 1, 6, Oec. 2; Diod S 17, 66, 2; OGI 339, 45; in imagery Polyb. 18, 34, 7; Philo, Plant. 18) in imagery IMg 5:2ab.

ⓑ of a distinguishing mark trademark τὸ κεφαλοδέσμιον … χαρακτῆρα ἔχει βασιλικόν the headpiece bears a royal trademark (i.e. the logo of a manufacturer for the imperial establishment; s. deStrycker ad loc. and AJohnson, Roman Egypt to the Reign of Diocletian ’36, 332–33; 626–27) GJs 2:2. S. 3 below.

② someth. produced as a representation, reproduction, representation, fig., of God ἄνθρωπον ἔπλασεν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ εἰκόνος χαρακτῆρα (God) formed a human being as reproduction of his own identity/reality (s. εἰκών 2) 1 Cl 33:4 (cp. OGI 383, 60 of a picture χ. μορφῆς ἐμῆς; 404, 25; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 83 calls the soul τύπον τινὰ καὶ χαρακτῆρα θείας δυνάμεως). Christ is χαρ. τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ an exact representation of (God’s) real being Hb 1:3 (ὑπόστασις 1a).

③ characteristic trait or manner, distinctive mark (Hdt. et al.; Diod S 1, 91, 7; Dionys. Hal., Ad Pomp. 3, 16; 2 Macc 4:10) ἐν ἀποστολικῷ χαρακτῆρι in apostolic fashion of an epistolary greeting ITr ins; cp. 1b above.

④ an impression that is made, outward aspect, outward appearance, form (ApcSed 7:4 ὁ δὲ ἥλιος καὶ Ἀδάμ, μίαν χαρακτῆρα ἦσαν perh. read without the comma: ‘Now, the sun and Adam were alike in appearance’, in contrast to Eve who was more brightly beautiful than the moon) εὐειδέσταται τῷ χαρακτῆρι exceptionally beautiful in appearance Hs 9, 9, 5.—JGeffcken, Character: ET 21, 1910, 426f; AKörte, Her 64, 1929, 69–86 (semantic history).—DELG s.v. χαράσσω II 4. M-M. TW. Sv.

ὑπόστασις, εως, ἡ (ὑφίστημι; Hippocr.+; Polyb. 4, 50, 10; 6, 55, 2; Diod S 16, 32, 3; 16, 33, 1; M. Ant. 10, 5; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 15:5; 17:24; TestReub 2:7; TestZeb 2:4; Tat.; Ath. 21, 3; Iren. 5, 36, 1 [Harv. II 426, 1]; Hippol., Ref. 10, 17, 2; Did., Gen. 128, 11 in widely different meanings. See Dörrie 4 below.)

① the essential or basic structure/nature of an entity, substantial nature, essence, actual being, reality (underlying structure, oft. in contrast to what merely seems to be: Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 395a, 29f; Plut., Mor. 894b; Diog. L., Pyrrh. 9, 91; Artem. 3, 14; Ps 38:6; Wsd 16:21; TestReub 2:7; SJCh 78, 30; Philo, Aet. M. 88; 92; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1; Tat. 6, 2; Ath. 21, 3; cp. the answer of a certain Secundus, who, when asked ‘Quid fides?’, answered: ‘ignotae rei mira certitudo’=a marvelous certainty about someth. otherwise unknown [FPhGr I 516]; s. also Lexicon Sabbaiticum: Lexica Graeca Minora ’65, 53)

ⓐ of the Son of God as χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ a(n) exact representation of (God’s) real being (i.e. as one who is in charge of the universe) Hb 1:3. Sim. of polytheists’ deities, whose basic reality is someth. material like stone, metal etc. Dg 2:1.

ⓑ of things: among the meanings that can be authenticated for Hb 11:1 a strong claim can be made for realization (Diod S 1, 3, 2 of the realization of a plan; Cornutus 9 p. 9, 3 of the realization of humanity; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1 that of the Jewish people, both by a divine act; Tat. 5, 1 of God τοῦ παντὸς ἡ ὑπόστασις): ἔστιν πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπ.=in faith things hoped for become realized, or things hoped for take on (but s. 3 and 4 below) reality. Conversely, ‘without faith things hoped for would have no reality’. HKöster (s. bibliog. 4 below) argues for this sense also in 3:14, but s. 2. Cp. the rendering ‘substance’ (e.g. KJV, REB).

② a plan that one devises for action, plan, project, undertaking, endeavor (Diod. Sic 15, 70, 2; 16, 32, 3; 16, 82, 6; 17, 69, 7; Ezk 19:5) ἐν τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ in connection with this undertaking i.e. the collection for Jerusalem 2 Cor 9:4. The fact that meeting a financial obligation is the main theme (vss. 1–2) might well suggest association of ὑπ. with its use e.g. as a t.t. of expectation of rent due PTebt 61b, 194. To emphasize the importance of steadfast commitment to professed obligation (opp. καρδία πονηρὰ ἀπιστίας ἐν τῷ ἀποστῆναι), the author of Hb 3:14 uses ὑπ. in a way that invites an addressee to draw on the semantic component of obligation familiar in commercial usage of the term (s. PTebt above), an association that is invited by use of μέτοχος, a standard term for a business partner (PHib 109, 3; PCairZen 176, 102 [both III B.C.]), μέχρι τέλους (s.v. τέλος 2bβ), and βέβαιος (s. M-M s.v.). S. Köster 1b above for focus of ὑπ. on ‘reality’.—Satirically, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει τῆς καυχήσεως in this boasting project of mine 2 Cor 11:17.

③ The interp. situation, condition (Cicero, Ad Attic. 2, 3, 3 ὑπόστασιν nostram=our situation), also specif. frame of mind (Dio Cass. 49, 9; Themist., Or. 13 p. 178b; Jos., Ant. 18, 24 of determination in desperate circumstances; sim. Polyb. 6, 55, 2) has been suggested for some of the passages cited in 1 and 2 above: 2 Cor 9:4 (explained in a v.l. via the epexegetical gen. καυχήσεως); 11:17; Hb 3:14 (s. Dörrie [bibliog. 4 below], p. 39: the frame of mind described in Hb 3:6). The sense ‘confidence’, ‘assurance’ (based on LXX [Ruth 1:12; Ps 38:8; Ezk 19:5], where it renders תִּקְוָה etc.) favored by Melanchthon and Luther (also Tyndale, NRSV, but not KJV) for Hb 11:1 has enjoyed much favor but must be eliminated, since examples of it cannot be found (s. Dörrie and Köster [4 below]). More prob. for Hb 4:11 is

④ guarantee of ownership/entitlement, title deed (Sb 9086 III, 1–11 [104 A.D.]; Spicq III 423 n. 14; cp. M-M s.v.) Hb 11:1 (cp. 2 above for commercial use of ὕπ.).—ASchlatter, Der Glaube im NT⁴ 1927, 614ff; MMathis, The Pauline πίστισ-ὑπόστασις acc. to Hb 11:1, diss. Cath. Univ. of Amer., Washington, D.C. 1920, also Biblica 3, 1922, 79–87; RWitt, Hypostasis: ‘Amicitiae Corolla’ (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 319–43; MSchumpp, D. Glaubensbegriff des Hb: Divus Thomas 11, ’34, 397–410; FErdin, D. Wort Hypostasis, diss. Freiburg ’39; CArpe, Philologus 94, ’41, 65–78; HDörrie, Ὑπόστασις, Wort-u. Bedeutungsgeschichte: NAWG 1955, no. 3, ZNW 46, ’55, 196–202; HKöster, TW VIII 571–88 (Köster prefers plan, project [Vorhaben] for the passages in 2 Cor, and reality [Wirklichkeit] for all 3 occurrences in Hb, contrasting the reality of God with the transitory character of the visible world). S. also the lit. s.v. πίστις 2a.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.