ἡγούμην

ἁγέομαι

custom: imperf ind mp 1st sg (attic epic doric ionic)

ἡγέομαι

go before: imperf ind mid 1st sg (attic epic doric)

ἡ̱γούμην, ἡγέομαι

go before: imperf ind mid 1st sg (attic epic doric ionic)

ἡγέομαι

go before: imperf ind mid 1st sg (attic epic doric)

ἁγέομαι

custom: imperf ind mp 1st sg (attic epic doric ionic)

ἡγέομαι

go before: imperf ind mid 1st sg (attic epic doric)

ἡ̱γούμην, ἡγέομαι

go before: imperf ind mid 1st sg (attic epic doric ionic)

ἡγέομαι

go before: imperf ind mid 1st sg (attic epic doric)

δεῖ: subj. δέη, sts. [var] contr. δῆ (in codd. of Com., as Ar.Ra. 265);

A

ὁπόσου κα δῆ IG4.1484.65

(Epid.), cf. SIG 245G47 (Delph.); opt.

δέοι Th.4.4

; inf.δεῖν; part. δέον (v. infr. IV): [tense] impf. ἔδει, [dialect] Ion. ἔδεε: [tense] fut.

δεήσει E.Hipp. 941

, etc.: [tense] aor. I

ἐδέησε Th.2.77

, etc.—Impers. from δέω (A), there is need (the sense of moral obligation, prop. belonging to χρή, is later, S.Ph. 583, etc.):

I c.acc.pers.et inf., it is needful for one to do, one must, once in Hom., τί δὲ δεῖ πολεμιζέμεναι.. Ἀργείους why need the Argives fight? Il.9.337;

δ. <μ'> ἐλθεῖν Pi.O.6.28

, etc.: with nom. of the Pron.,

ἡγούμην.. δεῖν.. μεγαλοψυχότερος φαίνεσθαι D.19.235

: rarely δεῖ σ' ὅπως δείξεις, = δεῖ σε δεῖξαι, S.Aj. 556, cf.Ph.54;

δεῖ σ' ὅπως μηδὲν διοίσεις Cratin.108

; (the full constr. in S.Ph.77 τοῦτο δεῖ σοφισθῆναι.. ὅπως γενήσῃ): rarely c. dat. pers., there is need of.. for..,

θεοῖσι προσβαλεῖν χθονὶ ἄλλην δεήσει γαῖαν E.Hipp. 941

, cf. X.An.3.4.35, Oec.7.20: the acc. pers. is often omitted, ἐκ τῶν μανθάνειν δεῖ (sc. ἡμᾶς) Hdt.1.8, cf. A.Ag. 567, Eu. 826, etc.

2 c. acc. rei et inf.,

δεῖ τι γενέσθαι Th.5.26

;

παραδείγματα, καθ' ἃ δέοι ἀποκρίνεσθαι Pl.Men. 79a

, etc.; also ἐπεὶ δέ οἱ ἔδεε κακῶς γενέσθαι since it was fated for him.., since he was doomed.., Hdt.2.161, cf. 8.53, 9.109, S.OT 825; for οἴομαι δεῖν, v. οἴομαι.

3 abs. with inf. understood, μὴ πεῖθ' ἃ μὴ δεῖ (sc. πείθειν) S.OC 1442, cf. OT 1273; εἴ τι δέοι, ἤν τι δέῃ (sc. γενέσθαι), X. Mem.1.2.59, Th.1.44; κἂν δέῃ (sc. τροχάζειν)

, τροχάζῶ Philetaer. 3

.

II c. gen. rei, there is need of, freq. with neg.,

οὐδὲν ἂν δέοι πολλοῦ ἀργυρίου Pl.Cri. 45a

, etc.;

τί δεῖ τῆς ἀρετῆς; Arist.Pol. 1309b10

; sts. with inf. added,

μακροῦ λόγου δεῖ ταῦτ' ἐπεξελθεῖν A.Pr. 870

, cf. 875, Supp. 407.

b freq. in phrases, πολλοῦ δεῖ there wants much, far from it, ὀλίγου δεῖ there wants little, all but; in full c. inf.,

πολλοῦ δεῖ οὕτως ἔχειν Pl.Ap. 35d

;

τοὺς Πλαταιέας ἐλαχίστου ἐδέησε διαφθεῖραι [τὸ πῦρ] Th.2.77

;

πολλοῦ γε δεῖ, πολλοῦ γε καὶ δεῖ Ar.Ach. 543

, D.18.300, 21.71; τοῦ πλεῦνος αἰεὶ ἔδεε there was always further to travel, Hdt.4.43;

τοῦ παντὸς δεῖ Luc.Merc.Cond.13

: also ὀλίγου δεῖν abs., in same sense, Pl.Ap. 22a, etc.;

μικροῦ δεῖν D.27.29

.

2 with dat. pers. added,

δεῖ μοί τινος A.Ag. 848

, E.Med. 565, Th.1.71, etc.

3 with acc. pers. added,

αὐτὸν γάρ σε δεῖ προμηθέως A.Pr. 86

, cf. E.Rh. 837, Hipp.23.

4 rarely with Subj. in nom., δεῖ μοί τι something is needful to me,

ἓν δεῖ μόνον μοι E.Supp. 594

;

εἴ τι δέοι τῷ χορῷ Antipho 6.12

;

πρῶτον μὲν τοῦτο δεῖ, ὑπειληφέναι.. D.10.15

.

III [voice] Med., δεῖται there is need, c. gen.,

δεῖταί σοι τῆς αὐτῆς ἐρωτήσεως Pl.Men. 79c

;

ὅσων δέοιτο Aen.Tact.13.1

;

ἑτέρου δεῖσθαι στρατηγοῦ νομίζων Plu.Pel.26

: c. inf.,

ὥστε βραχἔ ἐμοὶ δεῖσθαι φράσαι S.OC 570

(codd.);

δεήσεται.. ἀναγράφεσθαι Aen.Tact.31.9

;

τήν μευ γλῶσσαν ἐκτεμεῖν δεῖται Herod.6.41

.

IV neut. part. [full] δέον ( [full] δεῖν is dub. in Ar.Fr. 220, Lys.14.7, cf. A.D.Adv.132.30, Hdn.Gr.2.328, al., Hsch.): abs., it being needful or fitting, Pl.Prt. 355d, etc.; οὐκ ἀπήντα, δέον, he did not appear in court, though he ought to have done so, D.21.90: c. inf., Ar.Nu. 988; οὐδὲν δέον there being no need, Hdt.3.65, etc.: [tense] fut.

ὡς αὐτίκα δεῆσον διώκειν X.Cyr.3.2.8

: [tense] aor.

δεῆσαν Plu.Fab.9

, etc.: also δέον ἂν εἴη, = δέοι ἄν, Plb.2.37.5, etc.: less freq. gen. abs. δέοντος, c. acc. inf., Corn.ND17.

2 Subst. [full] δέον, τό (v. sub voc.).

κατάγελως, ωτος, ὁ,

A derision, τί δῆτ' ἐμαυτῆς καταγέλωτ' ἔχω τάδε; these ornaments which bring ridicule upon me? A.Ag. 1264, cf. Ar. Ach.76;

- γέλωτος ἄξιος X.Oec.13.5

; κ. πλατύς sheer mockery, Ar. Ach. 1126;

κατάγελων.. φίλοις παρασχεθεῖν Id.Eq. 319

;

διπλοῦν προσλήψῃ -γέλωτα Epict.Ench.22

; κ. τῆς πράξεως the crowning absurdity of the matter, Pl.Cri. 45e;

κατάγελων ἡγούμην πάντα Philostr.VA 7.23

.

2 of persons, laughing-stock,

οὗτος κ. νομίζεται Men. 160.4

.

ἡγέομαι, [dialect] Dor. [pref] ἁγ- (irreg. [tense] pres. part.

A

ἁγώμενος Hymn.Curet.4

), [tense] impf. ἡγούμην ll.12.28, etc., [dialect] Ion.

- εύμην Hdt.2.115

,

ἡγέοντο Id.9.15

: [tense] fut.

ἡγήσομαι Il.14.374

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1

ἡγησάμην Od.14.48

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἡγήθην in pass. sense, PGiss.48.20 (iii A.D.) (cf. περιηγ-): [tense] pf.

ἥγημαι Hdt.1.126

, 2.115,

ἅγημαι Pi.P.4.248

:—go before, lead the way,

ὣς εἰπὼν ἡγεῖθ', ἡ δ' ἕσπετο Παλλὰς 'Αθήνη Od.1.125

;

ἂν πάϊς ἡγήσαιτο νήπιος 6.300

, etc.;

πρόσθεν δὲ.. Ἶρις ἡγεῖτ' Il.24.96

;

ἡγοῦ πάροιθε E. Ph. 834

;

ἡ. ἐπὶ νῆα Od.13.65

;

ἐς τεῖχος Il.20.144

;

κλισίηνδε Od.14

. 48, cf. Hdt.2.93, etc.;

ἡγησόμενος οὐδεὶς ἔσται X.An.2.4.5

: Astron., precede in the daily movement, Autol.2.3, al.

b c. dat. pers.,

Τρωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι Il.22.101

;

ἐκ Δουλιχίου.. ἡγεῖτο μνηστῆρσι Od.16.397

;

οἱ γὰρ βλέποντες τοῖς τυφλοῖς ἡγούμεθα Ar.Pl.15

;

ἡ. τοῖς πολίταις πρὸς ἀρετήν X.Ages.10.2

.

c with ὁδόν added, ὁδὸν ἡγήσασθαι to go before on the way, Od.10.263;

ἡ. τινὶ τὴν ὁδόν Hdt.9.15

.

d c. acc. loci, ἥ οἱ.. πόλιν ἡγήσαιτο who might guide him to the city, Od.6.114, cf. 7.22, 15.82;

ἡ. βωμοὺς ἀστικούς A.Supp. 501

.

e ἅρματα ἡ. drive chariots, Philostr.Im.2.23.

f of logical priority, to be antecedent, opp. ἕπεσθαι, Stoic.2.71, 88, S.E. M.8.110, al., Dam.Pr. 241, Phlp. in GC195.13, in Ph.496.14.

g ἡγούμενον, τό, the leading principle, the main thing, Ph.Bel.63.14, cf. Sosip.1.47.

2 c. dat. pers. et gen. rei, to be one's leader in a thing,

θεῖος ἀοιδὸς.. ἡμῖν ἡγείσθω.. ὀρχηθμοῖο Od.23.134

; ἡ. τινὶ σοφίας, ᾠδῆς, Pi.P.l.c., Pl.Alc.1.125d;

ἀλήθεια δὴ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν θεοῖς ἡγεῖται πάντων δὲ ἀνθρώποις Id.Lg. 730c

;

ἡ. τοῦ χοροῦ Πέρσαις X.Cyr.8.7.1

, cf. Call.Del. 313: c. gen. rei, ἁ. νόμων to lead the song, Pi.N.5.25;

φρόνησις ἡ. τοῦ ὀρθῶς πράττειν Pl.Men. 97c

;

ἡ. παντὸς καὶ λόγου καὶ ἔργου X.Mem.2.3.15

: also,

τὸ ὀρθῶς τοῖς τοιούτοις χρῆσθαι ἐπιστήμη ἦν ἡγουμένη Pl.Euthd. 281a

.

3 c. dat. rei, to be leader in.., κερδοσύνῃ, νηπιέῃσι ἡ. τινί, Il.22.247, Od.24.469.

4 c. acc. rei, lead, conduct,

ἡ. τὰς πομπάς D.21.174

; τὴν ἀποδημίαν (v.l. for ᾐτήσατο) Dinon 7;

τὰς τύχας E.Supp. 226

: with adverbial acc.,

ἡ γλῶσσα πάνθ' ἡγουμένη S.Ph.99

.

5 part. ἡγούμενος, η, ον, as Adj., σκέλη ἡγούμενα, opp. ἑπόμενα, the front legs, Arist.IA 713b6; ὁ ἡ. πούς the advanced foot, Id.Fr.74.

II lead, command in war, c. dat.,

νῆες θοαί, ᾗσιν 'Αχιλλεὺς ἐς Τροίην ἡγεῖτο Il.16.169

, cf. Od.14.238; οὐ γὰρ ἔην ὅς τίς σφιν ἐπὶ στίχας ἡγήσαιτο might lead them to their ranks, Il.2.687;

ἡ. Τρώεσσιν ἐς Ἴλιον 5.211

;

ἡ. Μῄοσιν 2.864

;

λόγχαισιν E.Ba. 1360

;

ἑτέροις Lys. 31.17

, cf. X.An.5.2.6;

ἐν ταῖς στρατείαις, αἷς ἡγεῖται βασιλεύς Isoc. 12.180

: also generally,

πόλει E.Fr.282.24

; but usu. c. gen.,

Σαρπηδὼν δ' ἡγήσατ'.. ἐπικούρων Il.12.101

;

ἡγήσατο λαῶν 15.311

, cf. 2.567, al.;

ἡ. τῆς ἐξόδου Th.2.10

;

ἡγούμενος τῶν ἡδονῶν ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀγόμενος ὑπ' αὐτῶν Isoc.9.45

: abs., to be in command, Id.16.21, etc.

2 rule, have dominion, c. gen., τῆς 'Ασίης, τῆς συμμαχίης, Hdt.1.95, 7.148;

οἱ Θεσσαλίης ἡγεόμενοι Id.9.1

: abs., οἱ ἡγούμενοι the rulers, S. Ph. 386, cf. A.Ag. 1363;

ἡ. ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς

leading men,

Act.Ap. 15.22

; ἡ. σχολῆς to be the head of a philosophical school, Phld.Acad. Ind.p.107 M., al.

3 as official title, ἡγούμενος, ὁ, president,

συνόδου PGrenf.2.67.3

(iii A.D.); γερδίων ib.43.9 (i A.D.);

ἱερέων PLond. 2.281.2

(i A.D.): abs., PFay.110.26 (i A.D.).

b of Roman governors, ἡ. ἔθνους,= Lat. praeses provinciae, POxy.1020.5 (ii/iii A.D.);

ἡ. τῆς Γαλατίας Luc.Alex.44

.

c of subordinate officials,

ἡ. τοῦ στρατηγοῦ POxy.294.19

(i A.D.);

κώμης PRyl.125.3

(i A.D.).

d abbot, Just.Nov.7.1, al.: fem. - μένη abbess, ibid.

4 ἡγούμενος as Adj., principal,

πυλών PFlor.382.15

(iii A.D.), POxy.55.9 (iii A.D.).

III post-Hom., believe, hold, Hdt. (usu. in [tense] pf. ἥγημαι, [ per.] 3pl. ἡγέαται), etc.;

ἡ. τι εἶναι Id.1.126

, al.;

ἡγεῖσθε δὲ [θεοὺς] βλέπειν.. πρὸς τὸν εὐσεβῆ βροτῶν S.OC 278

, cf. Th.2.89, Ar.Nu. 1020 (lyr.), etc.

2 with an attributive word added, ἡ. τινὰ βασιλέα hold or regard as king, Hdt.6.52;

μηδ' αὐθαδίαν εὐβουλίας ἀμείνον' ἡγήσῃ ποτέ A.Pr. 1035

;

ἅπαντας ἐχθροὺς τῶν θεῶν ἡγοῦ πλέον Id.Ch. 902

, cf. 905; ἡ. τἄλλα πάντα δεύτερα to hold everything else secondary, S.Ph. 1442; οὐκ αἰσχρὸν ἡγῇ.. τὰ ψευδῆ λέγειν; ib. 108, cf. Ant. 1167;

τὰς τούτων ἀπορίας ἀντιπάλους ἡ. τῷ ἡμετέρῳ πλήθει Th.4.10

;

περὶ πολλοῦ ἥγημαι μὴ ξεινοκτονέειν Hdt.2.115

;

περὶ πλείονος Isoc.19.10

;

περὶ πλείστου Th.2.89

;

περὶ οὐδενός Lys.7.26

; παρ' οὐδέν Decr. ap. D.18.164: c. part.,

πᾶν κέρδος ἡγοῦ ζημιουμένη φυγῇ E.Med. 454

.

3 esp. of belief in gods,

τὴν μεγίστην δαίμονα ἥγηνται εἶναι Hdt.2.40

, cf. 3.8; ἡ. θεούς to believe in gods, Ar.Eq.32, E.Hec. 800, Ba. 1326;

δαίμονας ἡ. Pl.Ap. 27d

.

4 ἡγοῦμαι δεῖν think fit, deem necessary, c. inf., And.1.23, D.1.20: without δεῖν, παθεῖν μᾶλλον ἡγησάμενοι ἤ .. Th.2.42 (s.v.l.);

ἡγησάμην διατάγματι αὐτοὺς σωφρονίσαι Inscr.Magn.114

(ii A.D.);

ἡγήσατο ἐπαινέσαι Pl.Prt. 346b

.

IV [tense] pf. in pass. sense, τὰ ἁγημένα,= τὰ νομιζόμενα, Orac. ap. D.43.66; ἡγεόμενον being led, Hdt.3.14 ( ἀγόμενον Dind.): hence act. form ἡγέω, Hdn.Gr.2.950. ( sāg-, cf. Lat. praesagio.)

σημεῖον, ου, τό (s. prec. entry; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.; loanw. in rabb.; Hippol., Ref. 6, 27, 4; Did., Gen. 115, 9 ‘symbol’; gener. ‘sign’)

① a sign or distinguishing mark whereby someth. is known, sign, token, indication (Diod S 3, 66, 3=evidences τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ θεοῦ; Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9.—Arrian, Anab. 6, 26, 4 of marks in the landscape showing direction; ParJer 5:11 τὰ ς. τῆς πόλεως; Just., A I, 55, 6 al.; Iren. 1, 14, 8 [Harv. I 143, 10]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 43, 36 ς. τῆς μετὰ θάνατον ἐπιφανείας αὐτοῦ [sc. Ἰησοῦ]; 2, 59, 6 of the scars of the resurrected Lord τὰ ς. τῆς κολάσεως). τοῦτο ὑμῖν σημεῖον this (will be) a sign for you Lk 2:12 (cp. Is 37:30). ὅ ἐστιν ς. ἐν πάσῃ ἐπιστολῇ this is the mark of genuineness in every letter 2 Th 3:17 (Ps.-Pla., Ep. 13, 360a has at its beginning the words σύμβολον ὅτι παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν). Of a signal previously agreed upon δοῦναί τινι σημεῖον (PFay 128, 7 ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν σημεῖον ‘he gave us a signal’; Jos., Ant. 12, 404) Mt 26:48; 1 Cl 12:7.— A sign of things to come (PsSol 15:9 τὸ … σημεῖον ἀπωλείας ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου αὐτῶν; Did., Gen. 191, 6; Philo, Op. M. 58 σημεῖα μελλόντων; Jos., Bell. 6, 285; 296; 297) Mk 13:4; Lk 21:7. The event to be expected is added in the gen. τί τὸ ς. τῆς σῆς παρουσίας; Mt 24:3. τὸ ς. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου the sign by which one can mark the coming of the Human One (Son of Man) vs. 30 (TGlasson, JTS 15, ’64, 299f [a military metaphor, ‘standard’; cp. Is 18:3; 1QM 3f]). τὰ σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν the signs of the (end)times (καιρός 3b) Mt 16:3.— A sign of warning (Plut., Caes. 737 [63, 1]; SibOr 3, 457; Mel., P. 14, 90) 1 Cl 11:2. Prob. in like manner αἱ γλῶσσαι εἰς σημεῖόν εἰσιν τοῖς ἀπίστοις the tongues (γλῶσσα 3) serve as a (warning) sign to the unbelievers 1 Cor 14:22. Likew. the sign of Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 1) in Luke: Lk 11:29, 30. Here the Human One is to be a sign to his generation, as Jonah was to the Ninevites; cp. οὗτος κεῖται εἰς σημεῖον ἀντιλεγόμενον (s. ἀντιλέγω 2) 2:34 (cp. Is 11:12).—W-S. §30, 10d.—GRunze, Das Zeichen des Menschensohnes u. der Doppelsinn des Jonazeichens 1897 (against him PSchmiedel, Lit. Centralblatt 48, 1897, 513–15; Runze again, ZWT 41, 1898, 171–85; finally PSchm. ibid. 514–25); PAsmussen, Protestantenblatt 37, 1904, 375–8; STyson, Bibl. World 33,1909, 96–101; CBowen, AJT 20, 1916, 414–21; JMichael, JTS 21, 1920, 146–59; JBonsirven, RSR 24, ’34, 450–55; HGale, JBL 60, ’41, 255–60; PSeidelin, Das Jonaszeichen, StTh 5, ’51, 119–31; AVögtle, Wikenhauser Festschr. ’53, 230–77; OGlombitza, D. Zeichen des Jona, NTS 8, ’62, 359–66.—In the OT circumcision is σημεῖον διαθήκης=a sign or token of belonging to the covenant (Gen 17:11). For Paul this sign becomes a mark, or seal (so σημεῖον: PRev 26, 5 [III B.C.]; PRein 9 introd. [II B.C.]; 35, 3; BGU 1064, 18) σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς σφραγῖδα he got the mark of circumcision as a seal Ro 4:11. In the difficult pass. B 12:5 ἐν σημείῳ is prob. best taken as by a sign; but it is poss. that the text is defective (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.; RKraft, Did. and Barnabas ’65, 119 note: ‘standard, norm’).—τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 2 Cor 12:12a belongs rather to the next category; the signs of the (true) apostle (cp. SIG 831, 14 [117 A.D.] ἡγούμην σημεῖα ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν) are, as is shown by the verb κατειργάσθη and what follows, the wonders or miracles performed by him.

② an event that is an indication or confirmation of intervention by transcendent powers, miracle, portent

ⓐ miracle

α. a miracle of divine origin, performed by God himself, by Christ, or by men of God (cp. Diod S 5, 70, 4 πολλὰ ς. of the young Zeus; 16, 27, 2 ἐγένετο αὐτῷ σημεῖον ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος; Strabo 16, 2, 35 παρὰ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Appian, Ital. 8 §1 σημείων γενομένων ἐκ Διός, Hann. 56 §233; SIG 709, 25 [c. 107 B.C.] διὰ τῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ γενομένων σαμείων; PGM 1, 65; 74; Jos., Ant. 2, 274; 280; Mel., P. 78, 568): Mt 12:38f; 16:1 (ς. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ), 4; Mk 8:11 (ς. ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, as Synes., Prov. 1, 7; s. OLinton, The Demand for a Sign from Heaven, StTh 19, ’65, 112–29; JGibson, JSNT 38, ’90, 37–66, a phenomenon suggesting divine deliverance), 12; 16:17, 20; Lk 11:16 (ς. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ), 29 (s. 1 above); 23:8; J 2:11, 18, 23; 3:2; 4:54; 6:2, 14, 26, 30; 7:31; 9:16; 10:41; 11:47; 12:18, 37; 20:30 (on σημ. as a designation of Jesus’ miracles in J s. Hdb. on J 2:11 and 6:26; JBernard, ICC John 1929, I introd. 176–86; CBarrett, The Gosp. acc. to St. John, ’55, 62–65); Ac 4:16, 22 (τὸ ς. τῆς ἰάσεως the miracle of healing); 8:6; 1 Cor 1:22; Agr 9. τί εἴδετε σημεῖον ἐπὶ τὸν γεννηθέντα βασιλέα; what kind of sign did you see over the newborn king? GJs 21:2 (codd.). τὸ σημεῖον τὸ ἐνάρετον the marvelous sign AcPl Ha 3,16.—σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (Polyb. 3, 112, 8 σημείων δὲ καὶ τεράτων πᾶν μὲν ἱερόν, πᾶσα δʼ ἦν οἰκία πλήρης; Plut., Alex. 706 [75, 1 sing.]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 36 §144 τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα οὐράνια; 4, 4 §14; Aelian, VH 12, 57; Philo, Mos. 1, 95, Aet. M. 2; Jos., Bell. 1, 28, Ant. 20, 168. Oft. in LXX: Ex 7:3; Dt 4:34; 6:22; 7:19 al.; Is 8:18; 20:3; Jer 39:21; Wsd 8:8; 10:16) J 4:48; Ac 2:43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 14:3; 15:12; Ro 15:19; Hb 2:4; 1 Cl 51:5; B 4:14; 5:8. δυνάμεις καὶ τέρατα κ. σημεῖα Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12b (SSchreiber, Paulus als Wundertäter: BZNW 79, ’96) σημεῖα καὶ δυνάμεις Ac 8:13.—1 Cl 25:1; 2 Cl 15:4. SMc-Casland, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; MWhittaker, Studia Evangelica 5, ’68, 155–58.

β. worked by Satan or his agents to mislead God’s people (s. Iren. 5, 28, 2 [Harv. V 401, 32]) Rv 13:13f; 16:14; 19:20. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22 (GBeasley-Murray, A Commentary on Mk 13, ’57; EGrässer, D. Problem der Parusie-verzögerung, ’57, 152–70); 2 Th 2:9; D 16:4.

ⓑ portent terrifying appearances in the heavens, never before seen, as portents of the last days Lk 21:11, 25 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 4 §14 σημεῖα πολλά around the sun; AscIs 3, 20); Ac 2:19 (cp. Jo 3:3); s. D 16:6. Of that which the seer of the Apocalypse sees ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ Rv 12:1, 3; 15:1. Of the portentous signs in heaven and earth at the death of Jesus GPt 8:28 (cp. Da 6:28 Theod. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα ἐν οὐρανῷ κ. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς; Diod S 38 + 39 Fgm. 5: at the end of each one of the eight ages ordained by God there is a σημεῖον ἐκ γῆς ἢ οὐρανοῦ θαυμάσιον).—On miracles s. SIG 1168–73; RLembert, Das Wunder bei Römern u. Griechen I 1905; RReitzenstein, Hellenist. Wundererzählungen 1906, OWeinreich, Antike Heilungswunder 1909, Gebet u. Wunder: WSchmid Festschr. 1929, 169ff; PWendland, De Fabellis Antiquis earumque ad Christianos Propagatione 1911; FKutsch, Attische Heilgötter u. Heilheroen 1913; WJayne, The Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations 1925; RHerzog, D. Wunderheilungen v. Epidaurus ’31; PFiebig, Jüdische Wundergeschichten des ntl. Zeitalters 1911; ASchlatter, Das Wunder in d. Synagoge 1912.—RLehmann, Naturwissenschaft u. bibl. Wunderfrage 1930; GNaumann, Die Wertschätzung des Wunders im NT 1903; GTraub, Das Wunder im NT² 1907; KBeth, Die Wunder Jesu 1908; JThompson, Miracles in the NT 1911; LFonck, Die Wunder des Herrn im Ev.² 1907; LFillion, Les miracles de Jésus-Christ 1909/1910; PDausch, Die Wunder Jesu 1912; SEitrem, Nordisk Tidskrift for Filologie 5, 1919, 30–36; RBultmann, Die Gesch. der synopt. Tradition² ’31, 223–60; RJelke, Die Wunder Jesu 1922; GShafto, The Wonders of the Kingdom 1924; JBest, The Miracles of Christ in the Light of our Present Day Knowledge ’37; TTorrance, Expository Studies in St. John’s Miracles ’38; ARichardson, The Miracle Stories of the Gospels ’41; AFridrichsen, Le Problème du Miracle dans le Christianisme primitif: Études d’ Hist. et de Phil. rel. XII 1925; HSchlingensiepen, Die Wunder des NT ’33; OPerels, D. Wunderüberlieferung der Synoptiker ’34; PSaintyves, Essais de folklore biblique 1923; GMarquardt, D. Wunderproblem in d. deutschen prot. Theologie der Gegenwart ’33; GDelling, D. Verständnis des Wunders im NT, ZST 24, ’55, 265–80, Zur Beurteilung des Wunders durch d. Antike: Studien zum NT ’70, 53–71; SMcCasland, Signs and Wonders, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; CBarrett, The Gosp. Acc. to John ’55, 62–65; JCharlier, La notion de signe (sêmeion) dans J: RSPT 43, ’59, 434–48; PRiga, Signs of Glory (J): Int 17, ’63, 402–24; HvanderLoos, The Miracles of Jesus ’65; WNicol, The Semeia in the Fourth Gosp. ’72; for Acts s. FNeirynck, the Miracle Stories in the Acts of the Apostles, An Introduction, in Les Actes des Apôtres, ed. JKremer ’79, 169–213.—Esp. on the healing of demoniacs JWeiss, RE IV 408ff; JJaeger, Ist Jesus Christus ein Suggestionstherapeut gewesen? 1918; KKnur, M.D., Christus medicus? 1905; KDusberger, Bibel u. Kirche ’51, 114–17 (foretoken).—RGrant, Miracle and Natural Law in Graeco-Roman and Early Christian Thought ’52. S. also the lit. s.v. δαιμόνιον 2.—See further MWestermann, ed. ΠΑΡΑΔΟΞΑΓΡΑΦΟΙ, Scriptores Rerum Mirabilium Graeci, 1839.—B. 914. DELG s.v. σῆμα. M-M. DBS XII 1281–1330. EDNT. ABD IV 869 (lit.). TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἡγέομαι fut. ἡγήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἡγησάμην; pf. ἥγημαι (s. prec. four entries; Hom.+).

① to be in a supervisory capacity, lead, guide; in our lit. only pres. ptc. (ὁ) ἡγούμενος of men in any leading position (Soph., Phil. 386; freq. Polyb.; Diod S 1, 4, 7; 1, 72, 1; Lucian, Alex. 44; 57; ins, pap, LXX, EpArist; TestZeb 10:2; ViEzk 2 [p. 74, 7 Sch.]; Just., A II, 1, 1; Tat.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 10; Ath. 1, 2) ruler, leader (opp. ὁ διακονῶν the servant) Lk 22:26. Of princely authority (Ezk 43:7; Sir 17:17; 41:17) Mt 2:6; 1 Cl 32:2; 60:4.—Of high officials Ac 7:10; MPol 9:3 (read by Eus. for ἀνθυπάτου); 1 Cl 5:7; 51:5; 55:1. Of military commanders (Appian, Iber. 78 §333, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §97; 1 Macc 9:30; 2 Macc 14:16) 37:2f. Also of leaders of religious bodies (PTebt 525 Παεῦς ἡγούμενος ἱερέων; PLond II, 281, 2 p. 66 [66 A.D.]; PVindBosw 1, 31 [87 A.D.] τῶν τ. ἱεροῦ ἡγουμένων κ. πρεσβυτέρων. Cp. also Sir 33:19 οἱ ἡγούμενοι ἐκκλησίας; Sb 7835 [I B.C.], 10; 14 the [monarchic] ἡγούμενος of the cultic brotherhood of Zeus Hypsistos) of heads of a Christian congregation Hb 13:7, 17, 24; 1 Cl 1:3. ἄνδρας ἡγουμένους ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς leading men among the brothers/members Ac 15:22. FBüchsel, TW II 909f.—Of Paul taken to be Hermes ὁ ἡγούμενος τοῦ λόγου the chief speaker 14:12 (Cyranides p. 15, 30 Hermes as λόγων ἡγούμενος; Iambl., Myst. [Herm. Wr. IV p. 28, 4 Sc.] Hermes ὁ τῶν λόγων ἡγεμών; s. also Ἑρμῆς 1).

② to engage in an intellectual process, think, consider, regard (Trag., Hdt.+) ἀναγκαῖον w. inf. foll. (s. ἀναγκαῖος 1 and cp. BGU 824, 4; PRyl 235, 4) 2 Cor 9:5; Phil 2:25. δίκαιον w. inf. foll. I consider it my duty to 2 Pt 1:13 (Just., A I, 4, 2 and D. 125, 1). περισσὸν ἡγεῖσθαι w. articular inf. foll. consider superfluous (POxy 1070, 17 τὸ μὲν οὖν γράφειν … περιττὸν νῦν ἡγησάμην) Dg 2:10. Foll. by acc. w. inf. (Hdt. 3, 8, 3; SIG 831, 13; Philo, Agr. 67; Jos., Ant. 19, 107; Just., A I, 9, 1 al.) Phil 3:8a (s. also ζημία); ἀποστόλους πιστοὺς ἡγησάμενος εἶναι PtK 3 p. 15, 18.—W. double acc. look upon, consider someone or someth. (as) someone or someth. (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; Wsd 1:16; 7:8; Philo, Cher. 70; Jos., Ant. 7, 51; Just., A I, 9, 3 and D. 12, 1 al.) Ac 26:2 (the perf. ἥγημαι w. pres. mng., as Hdt. 1, 126; Pla., Tim. 19e; POslo 49, 3 [c. 100 A.D.]; Job 42:6); Phil 2:3, 6; 3:7, 8b (=AcPl Ha 2, 23); 1 Ti 1:12; 6:1 (Job 30:1; JosAs 3:4 cod. A [p. 42, 20 Bat.]); Hb 10:29; 11:11, 26; 2 Pt 2:13; 3:15; in vs. 9 one acc. is supplied by the context; Hv 2, 1, 2; Dg 2:6; 9:6. Also τινὰ ὥς τινα 2 Th 3:15; cp. 2 Cl 5:6; Hv 1, 1, 7 (ὡς as Philo, Agr. 62; cp. Job 19:11; 33:10; Tat. 34, 1) πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε, ὅταν … deem it pure joy, when … Js 1:2 (cp. POxy 528, 8 πένθος ἡγούμην; Just., D. 14, 2 ἡγεῖσθε εὐσέβειαν, ἐάν …). μωρίαν μᾶλλον εἰκὸς ἡγοῖντʼ ἄν, οὐ θεοσέβειαν ought consider it folly rather than reverence for God Dg 3:3; cp. 4:5. Also pass. ἐκείνη βεβαία εὐχαριστία ἡγείσθω let (only) that observance of the Eucharist be considered valid ISm 8:1. In 1 Th 5:13 there emerges for ἡ. the sense esteem, respect (s. Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 116, 4f [II/III A.D.] ἡγοῦ μάλιστα τοὺς πατρῴους καὶ σέβου ῏Ισιν).—B. 711; 1204. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.