(things)

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

auctōrĭtas (not autōr- nor authōr-), ātis, f. [auctor], acc. to the different signiff. of that word,

In gen., a producing, production, invention, cause (very rare;

syn.: auctoramentum, sententia, judicium, consilium, vis, pondus, favor, gratia): quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas (sc. rumoris),

originator, inventor, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

ejus facti qui sint principes et inventores, qui denique auctoritatis ejus et inventionis comprobatores,

Cic. Inv. 1, 28, 43:

utrum poëtae Stoicos depravārint, an Stoici poëtis dederint auctoritatem, non facile dixerim,

id. N. D. 3, 38, 91.—

Esp.,

A view, opinion, judgment:

errat vehementer, si quis in orationibus nostris auctoritates nostras consignatas se habere arbitratur,

Cic. Clu. 50, 139:

reliquum est, ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sententiā dicendum esse videatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 20; 22:

Mihi quidem ex animo eximi non potest, esse deos, id tamen ipsum, quod mihi persuasum est auctoritate majorum, cur ita sit, nihil tu me doces,

id. N. D. 3, 3, 7:

plus apud me antiquorum auctoritas valet,

id. Lael. 4, 13.—

Counsel, advice, persuasion, encouragement to something (esp. if made with energy and sustained by the authority and influence of the counsellor; cf.

auctor, I. C.): auctoritatem defugere,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 19:

Jubeo, cogo atque impero. Numquam defugiam auctoritatem,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 99 Ruhnk.: attende jam, Torquate, quam ego defugiam auctoritatem consulatūs mei, how little pleased (ironically) I am that the occurrences of my consulship are ascribed to my exertions, my influence, Cic. Sull. 11, 33:

cujus (Reguli) cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt,

id. Off. 3, 27, 100:

jure, legibus, auctoritate omnium, qui consulebantur, testamentum fecerat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 42:

ejus (Sexti) mihi vivit auctoritas,

id. Att. 10, 1, 1:

his rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3: ut per auctoritatem earum civitatium suae preces nuper repudiatae faciliorem aditum ad senatum haberent, i. e. agentibus, intervenientibus, Liv. 38, 3 al.—Also consolatory exhortation, consolation, comfort:

his autem litteris animum tuum...amicissimi hominis auctoritate confirmandum etiam atque etiam puto,

Cic. Fam. 6, 6, 2.—

Will, pleasure, decision, bidding, command, precept, decree:

si ad verba rem deflectere velimus, consilium autem eorum, qui scripserunt, et rationem et auctoritatem relinquamus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 51:

verba servire hominum consiliis et auctoritatibus,

id. ib. 18, 52:

legio auctoritatem Caesaris persecuta est,

id. Phil. 3, 3:

nisi legiones ad Caesaris auctoritatem se contulissent,

under his command, guidance, id. Fam. 10, 28 fin. —Hence,

Esp., in political lang., t. t.

Senatūs auctoritas,

The will of the senate:

agrum Picenum contra senatūs auctoritatem dividere,

Cic. Sen. 4, 11.—More freq.,

A decree of the senate, = Senatūs consultum:

Senatūs vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 37:

sine senatūs auctoritate foedus facere,

id. Off. 3, 30, 109:

Senatūs auctoritas gravissima intercessit,

id. Fam. 1, 2 fin.:

responditque ita ex auctoritate senatūs consul,

Liv. 7, 31:

imperio non populi jussu, non ex auctoritate patrum dato,

id. 26, 2:

Neminem exulum nisi ex Senatūs auctoritate restituit,

Suet. Claud. 12:

citra senatūs populique auctoritatem,

id. Caes. 28 al. —Hence the superscription to the decrees of the Senate:

SENATVS. CONSVLTI. AVCTORITAS., abbrev., S. C. A.,

Cic. Fam. 8, 8.—Sometimes between senatūs auctoritas and senatūs consultum this distinction is to be made, that the former designates a decision of the senate, invalidated by the protestation of the tribune of the people or by the people themselves;

the latter, one that is passed without opposition,

Cic. Fam. 8, 8; Liv. 4, 57.—

Auctoritas populi, the popular will or decision:

isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22; so,

publica,

Vell. 2, 62, 3; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 4.—

Auctoritas collegii (pontificum), Liv. 34, 44; cf. Cic. Leg. 2, 19 and 21.—

Liberty, ability, power, authority to do according to one's pleasure:

qui habet imperium a populo Romano auctoritatem legum dandarum ab senatu,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 49:

Verres tantum sibi auctoritatis in re publicā suscepit, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 5, 58: Invita in hoc loco versatur oratio;

videtur enim auctoritatem adferre peccandi,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

Senatūs faciem secum attulerat auctoritatemque populi Romani,

id. Phil. 8, 8.—

Might, power, authority, reputation, dignity, influence, weight (very freq.):

ut vostra auctoritas Meae auctoritati fautrix adjutrixque sit, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 40: aequitate causae et auctoritate suā aliquem commovere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 48:

id maximā auctoritate philosophi adfirmant,

id. Off. 3, 29, 105:

Digna est memoriā Q. Catuli cum auctoritas tum verecundia,

Vell. 2, 32:

optimatium auctoritatem deminuere,

Suet. Caes. 11; so,

auctoritatem habere,

Cic. Phil. 11, 10 fin.; id. Sen. 17, 60:

adripere,

id. ib. 18, 62; id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

facere,

to procure, obtain, id. Imp. Pomp. 15: Grandis auctoritatis es et bene regis regnum Israël, * Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:

imminuere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37 fin.:

levare,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:

fructus capere auctoritatis,

id. Sen. 18, 62:

Quae sunt voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae?

id. ib. 18, 64 et saep. — Transf. to things, importance, significance, weight, power, worth, value, estimation:

bos in pecuariā maximā debet esse auctoritate,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5:

sunt certa legum verba... quo plus auctoritatis habeant, paulo antiquiora,

more weight, force, Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 18:

totius hujusce rei quae sit vis, quae auctoritas, quod pondus, ignorant,

id. Fl. 4:

utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est,

id. Off. 3, 30, 109: cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, of this honorable place, i. e. the rostra, id. Imp. Pomp 1:

bibliothecas omnium philosophorum mihi videtur XII. tabularum libellus auctoritatis pondere superare,

id. de Or. 1, 44, 195; id. Fam. 1, 7; Dolab. ap. Cic. ib. 9, 9 fin.:

auctoritas praecipua lupo (pisci),

Plin. 9, 17, 28, § 61: Post eum (Maecenatum) interiit auctoritas sapori (pullorum [p. 200] asinorum), id. 8, 43, 68, § 170 Jan:

unguentorum,

id. 13, 1, 2, § 4:

auctoritas dignitasque formae,

Suet. Claud. 30.—Also of feigned, assumed authority:

nec cognovi quemquam, qui majore auctoritate nihil diceret,

that said nothing with a greater air of authority, Cic. Div. 2, 67, 139.—

An example, pattern, model:

omnium superiorum auctoritatem repudiare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:

memoriā digna juventuti rei publicae capessendae auctoritas disciplinaque,

id. Sest. 6, 14:

valuit auctoritas,

id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 3, 93; 2, 5, 32:

tu is es qui in disputando non tuum judicium sequare, sed auctoritati aliorum pareas,

id. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 6, 16 al.—

A warrant, security for establishing a fact, assertion, etc., credibility:

cum ea (justitia) sine prudentiā satis habeat auctoritatis,

Cic. Off. 2, 9, 34:

desinant putare, auctoritatem esse in eo testimonio, cujus auctor inventus est nemo,

id. Fl. 22, 53:

Quid vero habet auctoritatis furor iste, quem divinum vocatis?

id. Div. 2, 54, 110:

tollitur omnis auctoritas somniorum,

id. ib. 2, 59, 123:

cum ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas,

id. Lael. 25, 94.—

Meton., the things which serve for the verification or establishment of a fact.

A record, document:

videt legationes, cum publicis auctoritatibus convenisse,

Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 7:

nihil putas valere in judiciis civitatum auctoritates ac litteras,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, § 146.—

The name of a person who is security for something, authority:

cum auctoritates principum conjurationis colligeret,

Cic. Sull. 13, 37:

sed tu auctoritates contemnis, ratione pugnas,

id. N. D. 3, 4, 9.—Hence for the names of persons present at the drawing up of a decree of the senate:

quod in auctoritatibus praescriptis exstat,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 5: Senatūs consultum, quod tibi misi, factum est auctoritatesque perscriptae, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8.—

Right of possession (cf. auctor, II. F. 1.):

lex usum et auctoritatem fundi jubet esse biennium,

Cic. Caecin. 19, 54:

usūs auctoritas fundi biennium est,

id. Top. 4, 23; so id. Caecin. 26, 74; id. Har. Resp. 7; Lex Atin. ap. Gell. 17, 6; cf. Hugo, Rechtsgesch. p. 217 sq.—So in the laws of the XII. Tables: ADVERSVS. HOSTEM. AETERNA. AVCTORITAS., against a stranger the right of possession is perpetual (i. e. a stranger cannot, by prescription, obtain the right of possession to the property of a Roman), ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 37.—

In jurid. lang., a guaranty, security, Paul. Sent. 2, 17.

auctōrĭtas (not autōr- nor authōr-), ātis, f. [auctor], acc. to the different signiff. of that word,

In gen., a producing, production, invention, cause (very rare;

syn.: auctoramentum, sententia, judicium, consilium, vis, pondus, favor, gratia): quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas (sc. rumoris),

originator, inventor, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

ejus facti qui sint principes et inventores, qui denique auctoritatis ejus et inventionis comprobatores,

Cic. Inv. 1, 28, 43:

utrum poëtae Stoicos depravārint, an Stoici poëtis dederint auctoritatem, non facile dixerim,

id. N. D. 3, 38, 91.—

Esp.,

A view, opinion, judgment:

errat vehementer, si quis in orationibus nostris auctoritates nostras consignatas se habere arbitratur,

Cic. Clu. 50, 139:

reliquum est, ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sententiā dicendum esse videatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 20; 22:

Mihi quidem ex animo eximi non potest, esse deos, id tamen ipsum, quod mihi persuasum est auctoritate majorum, cur ita sit, nihil tu me doces,

id. N. D. 3, 3, 7:

plus apud me antiquorum auctoritas valet,

id. Lael. 4, 13.—

Counsel, advice, persuasion, encouragement to something (esp. if made with energy and sustained by the authority and influence of the counsellor; cf.

auctor, I. C.): auctoritatem defugere,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 19:

Jubeo, cogo atque impero. Numquam defugiam auctoritatem,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 99 Ruhnk.: attende jam, Torquate, quam ego defugiam auctoritatem consulatūs mei, how little pleased (ironically) I am that the occurrences of my consulship are ascribed to my exertions, my influence, Cic. Sull. 11, 33:

cujus (Reguli) cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt,

id. Off. 3, 27, 100:

jure, legibus, auctoritate omnium, qui consulebantur, testamentum fecerat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 42:

ejus (Sexti) mihi vivit auctoritas,

id. Att. 10, 1, 1:

his rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3: ut per auctoritatem earum civitatium suae preces nuper repudiatae faciliorem aditum ad senatum haberent, i. e. agentibus, intervenientibus, Liv. 38, 3 al.—Also consolatory exhortation, consolation, comfort:

his autem litteris animum tuum...amicissimi hominis auctoritate confirmandum etiam atque etiam puto,

Cic. Fam. 6, 6, 2.—

Will, pleasure, decision, bidding, command, precept, decree:

si ad verba rem deflectere velimus, consilium autem eorum, qui scripserunt, et rationem et auctoritatem relinquamus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 51:

verba servire hominum consiliis et auctoritatibus,

id. ib. 18, 52:

legio auctoritatem Caesaris persecuta est,

id. Phil. 3, 3:

nisi legiones ad Caesaris auctoritatem se contulissent,

under his command, guidance, id. Fam. 10, 28 fin. —Hence,

Esp., in political lang., t. t.

Senatūs auctoritas,

The will of the senate:

agrum Picenum contra senatūs auctoritatem dividere,

Cic. Sen. 4, 11.—More freq.,

A decree of the senate, = Senatūs consultum:

Senatūs vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 37:

sine senatūs auctoritate foedus facere,

id. Off. 3, 30, 109:

Senatūs auctoritas gravissima intercessit,

id. Fam. 1, 2 fin.:

responditque ita ex auctoritate senatūs consul,

Liv. 7, 31:

imperio non populi jussu, non ex auctoritate patrum dato,

id. 26, 2:

Neminem exulum nisi ex Senatūs auctoritate restituit,

Suet. Claud. 12:

citra senatūs populique auctoritatem,

id. Caes. 28 al. —Hence the superscription to the decrees of the Senate:

SENATVS. CONSVLTI. AVCTORITAS., abbrev., S. C. A.,

Cic. Fam. 8, 8.—Sometimes between senatūs auctoritas and senatūs consultum this distinction is to be made, that the former designates a decision of the senate, invalidated by the protestation of the tribune of the people or by the people themselves;

the latter, one that is passed without opposition,

Cic. Fam. 8, 8; Liv. 4, 57.—

Auctoritas populi, the popular will or decision:

isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22; so,

publica,

Vell. 2, 62, 3; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 4.—

Auctoritas collegii (pontificum), Liv. 34, 44; cf. Cic. Leg. 2, 19 and 21.—

Liberty, ability, power, authority to do according to one's pleasure:

qui habet imperium a populo Romano auctoritatem legum dandarum ab senatu,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 49:

Verres tantum sibi auctoritatis in re publicā suscepit, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 5, 58: Invita in hoc loco versatur oratio;

videtur enim auctoritatem adferre peccandi,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

Senatūs faciem secum attulerat auctoritatemque populi Romani,

id. Phil. 8, 8.—

Might, power, authority, reputation, dignity, influence, weight (very freq.):

ut vostra auctoritas Meae auctoritati fautrix adjutrixque sit, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 40: aequitate causae et auctoritate suā aliquem commovere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 48:

id maximā auctoritate philosophi adfirmant,

id. Off. 3, 29, 105:

Digna est memoriā Q. Catuli cum auctoritas tum verecundia,

Vell. 2, 32:

optimatium auctoritatem deminuere,

Suet. Caes. 11; so,

auctoritatem habere,

Cic. Phil. 11, 10 fin.; id. Sen. 17, 60:

adripere,

id. ib. 18, 62; id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

facere,

to procure, obtain, id. Imp. Pomp. 15: Grandis auctoritatis es et bene regis regnum Israël, * Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:

imminuere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37 fin.:

levare,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:

fructus capere auctoritatis,

id. Sen. 18, 62:

Quae sunt voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae?

id. ib. 18, 64 et saep. — Transf. to things, importance, significance, weight, power, worth, value, estimation:

bos in pecuariā maximā debet esse auctoritate,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5:

sunt certa legum verba... quo plus auctoritatis habeant, paulo antiquiora,

more weight, force, Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 18:

totius hujusce rei quae sit vis, quae auctoritas, quod pondus, ignorant,

id. Fl. 4:

utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est,

id. Off. 3, 30, 109: cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, of this honorable place, i. e. the rostra, id. Imp. Pomp 1:

bibliothecas omnium philosophorum mihi videtur XII. tabularum libellus auctoritatis pondere superare,

id. de Or. 1, 44, 195; id. Fam. 1, 7; Dolab. ap. Cic. ib. 9, 9 fin.:

auctoritas praecipua lupo (pisci),

Plin. 9, 17, 28, § 61: Post eum (Maecenatum) interiit auctoritas sapori (pullorum [p. 200] asinorum), id. 8, 43, 68, § 170 Jan:

unguentorum,

id. 13, 1, 2, § 4:

auctoritas dignitasque formae,

Suet. Claud. 30.—Also of feigned, assumed authority:

nec cognovi quemquam, qui majore auctoritate nihil diceret,

that said nothing with a greater air of authority, Cic. Div. 2, 67, 139.—

An example, pattern, model:

omnium superiorum auctoritatem repudiare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:

memoriā digna juventuti rei publicae capessendae auctoritas disciplinaque,

id. Sest. 6, 14:

valuit auctoritas,

id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 3, 93; 2, 5, 32:

tu is es qui in disputando non tuum judicium sequare, sed auctoritati aliorum pareas,

id. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 6, 16 al.—

A warrant, security for establishing a fact, assertion, etc., credibility:

cum ea (justitia) sine prudentiā satis habeat auctoritatis,

Cic. Off. 2, 9, 34:

desinant putare, auctoritatem esse in eo testimonio, cujus auctor inventus est nemo,

id. Fl. 22, 53:

Quid vero habet auctoritatis furor iste, quem divinum vocatis?

id. Div. 2, 54, 110:

tollitur omnis auctoritas somniorum,

id. ib. 2, 59, 123:

cum ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas,

id. Lael. 25, 94.—

Meton., the things which serve for the verification or establishment of a fact.

A record, document:

videt legationes, cum publicis auctoritatibus convenisse,

Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 7:

nihil putas valere in judiciis civitatum auctoritates ac litteras,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, § 146.—

The name of a person who is security for something, authority:

cum auctoritates principum conjurationis colligeret,

Cic. Sull. 13, 37:

sed tu auctoritates contemnis, ratione pugnas,

id. N. D. 3, 4, 9.—Hence for the names of persons present at the drawing up of a decree of the senate:

quod in auctoritatibus praescriptis exstat,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 5: Senatūs consultum, quod tibi misi, factum est auctoritatesque perscriptae, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8.—

Right of possession (cf. auctor, II. F. 1.):

lex usum et auctoritatem fundi jubet esse biennium,

Cic. Caecin. 19, 54:

usūs auctoritas fundi biennium est,

id. Top. 4, 23; so id. Caecin. 26, 74; id. Har. Resp. 7; Lex Atin. ap. Gell. 17, 6; cf. Hugo, Rechtsgesch. p. 217 sq.—So in the laws of the XII. Tables: ADVERSVS. HOSTEM. AETERNA. AVCTORITAS., against a stranger the right of possession is perpetual (i. e. a stranger cannot, by prescription, obtain the right of possession to the property of a Roman), ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 37.—

In jurid. lang., a guaranty, security, Paul. Sent. 2, 17.

auctōrĭtas (not autōr- nor authōr-), ātis, f. [auctor], acc. to the different signiff. of that word,

In gen., a producing, production, invention, cause (very rare;

syn.: auctoramentum, sententia, judicium, consilium, vis, pondus, favor, gratia): quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas (sc. rumoris),

originator, inventor, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

ejus facti qui sint principes et inventores, qui denique auctoritatis ejus et inventionis comprobatores,

Cic. Inv. 1, 28, 43:

utrum poëtae Stoicos depravārint, an Stoici poëtis dederint auctoritatem, non facile dixerim,

id. N. D. 3, 38, 91.—

Esp.,

A view, opinion, judgment:

errat vehementer, si quis in orationibus nostris auctoritates nostras consignatas se habere arbitratur,

Cic. Clu. 50, 139:

reliquum est, ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sententiā dicendum esse videatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 20; 22:

Mihi quidem ex animo eximi non potest, esse deos, id tamen ipsum, quod mihi persuasum est auctoritate majorum, cur ita sit, nihil tu me doces,

id. N. D. 3, 3, 7:

plus apud me antiquorum auctoritas valet,

id. Lael. 4, 13.—

Counsel, advice, persuasion, encouragement to something (esp. if made with energy and sustained by the authority and influence of the counsellor; cf.

auctor, I. C.): auctoritatem defugere,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 19:

Jubeo, cogo atque impero. Numquam defugiam auctoritatem,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 99 Ruhnk.: attende jam, Torquate, quam ego defugiam auctoritatem consulatūs mei, how little pleased (ironically) I am that the occurrences of my consulship are ascribed to my exertions, my influence, Cic. Sull. 11, 33:

cujus (Reguli) cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt,

id. Off. 3, 27, 100:

jure, legibus, auctoritate omnium, qui consulebantur, testamentum fecerat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 42:

ejus (Sexti) mihi vivit auctoritas,

id. Att. 10, 1, 1:

his rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3: ut per auctoritatem earum civitatium suae preces nuper repudiatae faciliorem aditum ad senatum haberent, i. e. agentibus, intervenientibus, Liv. 38, 3 al.—Also consolatory exhortation, consolation, comfort:

his autem litteris animum tuum...amicissimi hominis auctoritate confirmandum etiam atque etiam puto,

Cic. Fam. 6, 6, 2.—

Will, pleasure, decision, bidding, command, precept, decree:

si ad verba rem deflectere velimus, consilium autem eorum, qui scripserunt, et rationem et auctoritatem relinquamus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 51:

verba servire hominum consiliis et auctoritatibus,

id. ib. 18, 52:

legio auctoritatem Caesaris persecuta est,

id. Phil. 3, 3:

nisi legiones ad Caesaris auctoritatem se contulissent,

under his command, guidance, id. Fam. 10, 28 fin. —Hence,

Esp., in political lang., t. t.

Senatūs auctoritas,

The will of the senate:

agrum Picenum contra senatūs auctoritatem dividere,

Cic. Sen. 4, 11.—More freq.,

A decree of the senate, = Senatūs consultum:

Senatūs vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 37:

sine senatūs auctoritate foedus facere,

id. Off. 3, 30, 109:

Senatūs auctoritas gravissima intercessit,

id. Fam. 1, 2 fin.:

responditque ita ex auctoritate senatūs consul,

Liv. 7, 31:

imperio non populi jussu, non ex auctoritate patrum dato,

id. 26, 2:

Neminem exulum nisi ex Senatūs auctoritate restituit,

Suet. Claud. 12:

citra senatūs populique auctoritatem,

id. Caes. 28 al. —Hence the superscription to the decrees of the Senate:

SENATVS. CONSVLTI. AVCTORITAS., abbrev., S. C. A.,

Cic. Fam. 8, 8.—Sometimes between senatūs auctoritas and senatūs consultum this distinction is to be made, that the former designates a decision of the senate, invalidated by the protestation of the tribune of the people or by the people themselves;

the latter, one that is passed without opposition,

Cic. Fam. 8, 8; Liv. 4, 57.—

Auctoritas populi, the popular will or decision:

isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22; so,

publica,

Vell. 2, 62, 3; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 4.—

Auctoritas collegii (pontificum), Liv. 34, 44; cf. Cic. Leg. 2, 19 and 21.—

Liberty, ability, power, authority to do according to one's pleasure:

qui habet imperium a populo Romano auctoritatem legum dandarum ab senatu,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 49:

Verres tantum sibi auctoritatis in re publicā suscepit, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 5, 58: Invita in hoc loco versatur oratio;

videtur enim auctoritatem adferre peccandi,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

Senatūs faciem secum attulerat auctoritatemque populi Romani,

id. Phil. 8, 8.—

Might, power, authority, reputation, dignity, influence, weight (very freq.):

ut vostra auctoritas Meae auctoritati fautrix adjutrixque sit, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 40: aequitate causae et auctoritate suā aliquem commovere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 48:

id maximā auctoritate philosophi adfirmant,

id. Off. 3, 29, 105:

Digna est memoriā Q. Catuli cum auctoritas tum verecundia,

Vell. 2, 32:

optimatium auctoritatem deminuere,

Suet. Caes. 11; so,

auctoritatem habere,

Cic. Phil. 11, 10 fin.; id. Sen. 17, 60:

adripere,

id. ib. 18, 62; id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

facere,

to procure, obtain, id. Imp. Pomp. 15: Grandis auctoritatis es et bene regis regnum Israël, * Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:

imminuere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37 fin.:

levare,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:

fructus capere auctoritatis,

id. Sen. 18, 62:

Quae sunt voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae?

id. ib. 18, 64 et saep. — Transf. to things, importance, significance, weight, power, worth, value, estimation:

bos in pecuariā maximā debet esse auctoritate,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5:

sunt certa legum verba... quo plus auctoritatis habeant, paulo antiquiora,

more weight, force, Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 18:

totius hujusce rei quae sit vis, quae auctoritas, quod pondus, ignorant,

id. Fl. 4:

utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est,

id. Off. 3, 30, 109: cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, of this honorable place, i. e. the rostra, id. Imp. Pomp 1:

bibliothecas omnium philosophorum mihi videtur XII. tabularum libellus auctoritatis pondere superare,

id. de Or. 1, 44, 195; id. Fam. 1, 7; Dolab. ap. Cic. ib. 9, 9 fin.:

auctoritas praecipua lupo (pisci),

Plin. 9, 17, 28, § 61: Post eum (Maecenatum) interiit auctoritas sapori (pullorum [p. 200] asinorum), id. 8, 43, 68, § 170 Jan:

unguentorum,

id. 13, 1, 2, § 4:

auctoritas dignitasque formae,

Suet. Claud. 30.—Also of feigned, assumed authority:

nec cognovi quemquam, qui majore auctoritate nihil diceret,

that said nothing with a greater air of authority, Cic. Div. 2, 67, 139.—

An example, pattern, model:

omnium superiorum auctoritatem repudiare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:

memoriā digna juventuti rei publicae capessendae auctoritas disciplinaque,

id. Sest. 6, 14:

valuit auctoritas,

id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 3, 93; 2, 5, 32:

tu is es qui in disputando non tuum judicium sequare, sed auctoritati aliorum pareas,

id. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 6, 16 al.—

A warrant, security for establishing a fact, assertion, etc., credibility:

cum ea (justitia) sine prudentiā satis habeat auctoritatis,

Cic. Off. 2, 9, 34:

desinant putare, auctoritatem esse in eo testimonio, cujus auctor inventus est nemo,

id. Fl. 22, 53:

Quid vero habet auctoritatis furor iste, quem divinum vocatis?

id. Div. 2, 54, 110:

tollitur omnis auctoritas somniorum,

id. ib. 2, 59, 123:

cum ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas,

id. Lael. 25, 94.—

Meton., the things which serve for the verification or establishment of a fact.

A record, document:

videt legationes, cum publicis auctoritatibus convenisse,

Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 7:

nihil putas valere in judiciis civitatum auctoritates ac litteras,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, § 146.—

The name of a person who is security for something, authority:

cum auctoritates principum conjurationis colligeret,

Cic. Sull. 13, 37:

sed tu auctoritates contemnis, ratione pugnas,

id. N. D. 3, 4, 9.—Hence for the names of persons present at the drawing up of a decree of the senate:

quod in auctoritatibus praescriptis exstat,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 5: Senatūs consultum, quod tibi misi, factum est auctoritatesque perscriptae, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8.—

Right of possession (cf. auctor, II. F. 1.):

lex usum et auctoritatem fundi jubet esse biennium,

Cic. Caecin. 19, 54:

usūs auctoritas fundi biennium est,

id. Top. 4, 23; so id. Caecin. 26, 74; id. Har. Resp. 7; Lex Atin. ap. Gell. 17, 6; cf. Hugo, Rechtsgesch. p. 217 sq.—So in the laws of the XII. Tables: ADVERSVS. HOSTEM. AETERNA. AVCTORITAS., against a stranger the right of possession is perpetual (i. e. a stranger cannot, by prescription, obtain the right of possession to the property of a Roman), ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 37.—

In jurid. lang., a guaranty, security, Paul. Sent. 2, 17.

bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

bellum

(ante-class. and poet.

duel-lum

), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

bellus, a, um, adj. [as if for benulus, from benus = bonus, Prisc. p. 556 P.].

In gen.

Of persons, pretty, handsome, charming, fine, lovely, neat, pleasant, agreeable, etc. (of persons, things, actions, etc.; most freq. in the ante-class. per. and in the poets; in Cic. mostly in his epistt.): uxor, Varr. ap. Non. p. 248, 17: nimis bella es atque amabilis, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 84; id. Rud. 2, 5, 6; Cat. 8, 16; 43, 6:

puella,

id. 69, 8; 78, 4; Ov. Am. 1, 9, 6; Mart. 1, 65; 2, 87:

Piliae et puellae Caeciliae bellissimae salutem dices,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 3: fui ego bellus ( civil, courtly, polite), lepidus, bonus vir numquam, Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 3:

hospes,

id. Bacch. 2, 3, 111; Cat. 24, 7; 78, 3; 81, 2:

durius accipere hoc mihi visus est quam homines belli solent,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 4:

homo et bellus et humanus,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 102:

Cicero bellissimus tibi salutem plurimam dicit,

id. Fam. 14, 7, 3.—Also active, brisk, lively, as the effect of health, etc., Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 20:

fac bellus revertare,

Cic. Fam. 16, 18, 1.—

Of things, places, etc.: socius es hostibus, socius bellum ita geris, ut bella omnia ( every thing beautiful, costly) domum auferas, Varr. ap. Non. p. 248, 19: unum quicquid, quod quidem erit bellissimum, Carpam, * Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 51:

vinum bellissimum,

Col. 12, 19, 2:

nimis hic bellus atque ut esse maxume optabam locu'st,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 74:

illum pueris locum esse bellissimum duximus,

Cic. Att. 5, 17, 3:

bella copia,

id. Rep. 2, 40, 67:

recordor, quam bella paulisper nobis gubernantibus civitas fuerit,

in what a pleasant condition the State was, id. Att. 4, 16, 10:

malae tenebrae Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis,

Cat. 3, 14:

subsidium bellissimum existimo esse senectuti otium,

Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 255:

(epistula) valde bella,

id. Att. 4, 6, 4:

occasio bellissima,

Petr. 25: fama, * Hor. S. 1, 4, 114:

quam sit bellum cavere malum,

how delightful, pleasant it is, Cic. de Or 1, 58, 247: bellissimum putaverunt dicere amissas (esse litteras), thought it best, i. e. safest, most plausible, id. Fl. 17, 39; cf.:

bella haec pietatis et quaestuosa simulatio,

fine, plausible, id. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 145:

mihi jampridem venit in mentem, bellum esse, aliquo exire,

id. Fam. 9, 2, 3; id. Att. 13, 49, 2; Cod. 6, 35, 11.—

Esp.

Gallant, etc.:

illam esse amicam tui viri bellissimi,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 1, 27; cf.:

Gallus homo'st bellus: nam dulces jungit amores,

Cat. 78, 3.—

For bonus, good: venio nunc ad alterum genus testamenti, quod dicitur physicon, in quo Graeci belliores quam Romani nostri, Varr. ap. Non. p. 77, 30 (Sat. Menipp. 87, 3).—Hence, bellē, adv., prettily, neatly, becomingly, finely, excellently, well, delightfully, etc.: quare bene et praeclare, quamvis nobis saepe dicatur;

belle et festive, nimium saepe nolo,

Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 101; cf. id. Quint. 30, 93; so Plaut. Truc. 2, 2, 35; * Lucr. 1, 644; Cic. Att. 1, 1, 5; 16, 3, 4; Quint. 6, 3, 48 al.:

quod honeste aut sine detrimento nostro promittere non possumus... belle negandum est,

in a courtly, polite manner, Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 11, 45; so Publ. Syr. ap. Gell. 17, 14, 10:

belle se habere,

Cic. Att. 12, 37: belle habere (cf.: eu, kalôs echein), to be in good health, be well, id. Fam. 9, 9, 1; so,

bellissime esse,

id. Att. 14, 14, 1:

facere, in medical lang.,

to operate well, to have a good effect, Cato, R. R. 157; Scrib. Comp. 136; 150 (cf. the uses of bene). —With bellus:

i sane, bella belle,

Plaut. As. 3, 8, 86; id. Curc. 4, 2, 35 (cf.: kalê kalôs, Av. Ach. 253).—Ellipt., belle, for belle habere: sed ut ad epistolas tuas redeam, cetera belle, illud miror, the others are well or right, Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 2.— Sup.:

haec ipsa fero equidem fronte, ut puto, et voltu bellissime, sed angor intimis sensibus,

Cic. Att. 5, 10, 3; id. Fam. 14, 14, 1:

navigare,

id. ib. 16, 9, 1 al. ( comp. perh. not in use).

bĕnignus, a, um, adj. [as if benigenus, from bonus genus, anal. with malignus and privignus], of a good kind or nature, beneficent, kind.

Of feeling or deportment towards others, kind, good, friendly, pleasing, favorable, benignant:

nam generi lenonio, Numquam ullus deus tam benignus fuit qui fuerit propitius,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 34:

benignus et lepidus et comis,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 39:

boni et benigni,

id. Phorm. 5, 2, 2:

comes, benigni, faciles, suaves homines esse dicuntur,

Cic. Balb. 16, 36:

Apelles in aemulis benignus,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 88;

id. praef. § 21: divi,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 52:

numen,

id. ib. 4, 4, 74; cf. Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 34 al.—

Of things, friendly, favorable, pleasant, mild:

animus,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 22:

oratio,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 48:

sociorum comitas vultusque benigni,

Liv. 9, 6, 8; 30, 14, 3; Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 20:

verba,

Prop. 1, 10, 24:

benigniora verba,

Liv. 21, 19, 11.—In the jurists, interpretatio, a mild, favorable interpretation (opp. dura, which follows the strictness of the letter; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31 sq.), Dig. 39, 5, 16:

semper in dubiis benigniora praeferenda sunt,

ib. 50, 17, 56:

benignior sententia,

ib. 37, 6, 8.—

Poet., = faustus, lucky, propitious, favorable:

dies,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 108:

nox,

id. Th. 10, 216.—

More freq. of action, beneficent, obliging, that gives or imparts freely, liberal, bounteous, etc.:

erga te benignus fui, atque opera mea Haec tibi sunt servata,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 33; id. Trin. 3, 3, 12; 2, 4, 58:

fortuna... Nunc mihi, nunc alii benigna,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 52:

qui benigniores volunt esse, quam res patitur, peccant,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44:

qui liberalis benignusque dicitur,

id. Leg. 1, 18, 48:

facilius in timore benigni quam in victoriā grati reperiuntur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 15, 8.— Poet., with gen.:

vini somnique benignus,

a hard drinker and a lover of sleep, Hor. S. 2, 3, 3.—Opp. to bonae frugi = prodigus, prodigal, lavish:

est benignus potius quam bonae frugi,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 20.—

Of things (mostly poet. or in post-Aug. prose; cf. malignus), yielding liberally, abundant, fruitful, fertile, copious, rich: et magnas messes terra benigna daret, Tib [p. 233] 3, 3, 6:

ager,

Ov. Am. 1, 10, 56:

tellus,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 1:

vepres,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 8:

cornu,

id. C. 1, 17, 15:

egens benignae Tantalus semper dapis,

id. Epod. 17, 66:

ingenī Benigna vena est,

id. C. 2, 18, 10:

praeda,

Ov. F. 5, 174:

benigna materia gratias agendi Romanis,

Liv. 42, 38, 6: quem (ordinem) persequi longa est magis quam benigna materia, fruitful, or suitable for exhibition, Mel. prooem. § 1;

so Seneca: primus liber.. benigniorem habuit materiem,

Sen. Ira, 2, 1, 1:

ipse materiā risūs benignissima,

id. Const. 18, 1 (cf. also in Gr. aphthonos):

aestivam sermone benigno tendere noctem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 11 (sermone multo et liberali et largo, Lamb.):

benignissimum inventum, i. e. beneficentissimum,

Plin. 35, 2, 2, § 11. —Hence, adv.: bĕnignē (ante-class. collat. form bĕnignĭter).

In a friendly manner, kindly, benevolently, courteously, benignly:

benigne et amice facere,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 109:

me benignius Omnes salutant quam salutabant prius,

id. Aul. 1, 2, 36:

ecquid ego possiem Blande dicere aut benigne facere,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 24:

viam monstrare,

courteously, politely, Cic. Balb. 16, 36:

salutare,

id. Phil. 13, 2, 4:

audire,

id. Clu. 3, 8:

polliceri,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 3:

servire alicui,

Cat. 76, 3:

respondere,

Sall. J. 11, 1; Liv. 27, 4, 7:

milites adpellare,

Sall. J. 96, 2:

habere,

id. ib. 113, 2:

alloqui,

Liv. 1, 28, 1:

audire aliquem,

id. 1, 9, 4:

excipere aliquem,

id. 2, 35, 6; 21, 19, 7; Tac. A. 1, 57:

arma capere,

readily, willingly, Liv. 3, 26, 1:

audire,

Suet. Aug. 89.—In the ante-class. form benigniter, Titin. ap. Non. p. 510, 13, and Prisc. p 1010 P.—

Mildly, indulgently (in jurid. Lat.):

in poenalibus causis benignius interpretandum est,

Dig. 50, 17, 155; ib. 44, 7, 1, § 13:

benignissime rescripserunt,

ib. 37, 14, 4.—

Benigne dicis, or absol. benigne, used in colloquial lang. in thanking one for something, both when it is taken and when it is refused (the latter a courtly formula like the Gr. ainô se, zêlô se, kalôs, kallista; cf. recte), you are very kind, I thank you very much, am under great obligation; no, I thank you.

In receiving: As. Peregre cum advenis, cena detur. Di. Benigne dicis, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 27; Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 62.—

In declining:

frumentum, inquit, me abs te emere oportet. Optime. Modium denario. Benigne ac liberaliter: nam ego ternis HS non possum vendere, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:

dic Ad cenam veniat.. Benigne Respondet. Neget ille mihi? etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 62; id. ib. 1, 7, 16 Schmid.—

Abundantly, liberally, freely, generously:

pecuniam praebere,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 37; id. Aul. 4, 4, 20; Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 1; Cic. Off. 2, 15, 52 and 53; Sall. J. 68, 3; Liv. 9, 31, 5; 9, 32. 2:

benignius Deprome quadrimum,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 6:

paulo benignius ipsum Te tractare voles,

id. Ep. 1, 17, 11. —

Benigne facere alicui = bene facere, to do a favor, to show favor, Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 24 Ruhnk.; Cat. 73, 3:

qui plurimis in istā provinciā benigne fecisti,

Cic. Fam. 13, 67, 1; id. Off. 1, 14, 42; id. Inv. 1, 55, 109; Liv. 4, 14, 5; 28, 39, 18; Gell. 17, 5, 10 al.; cf. Rutil. Lup. p. 127 Ruhnk. (175 Frotscher).