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101 ♦ (to) connect
♦ (to) connect /kəˈnɛkt/A v. t.1 collegare; (elettr., anche) attaccare, inserire; (mecc., anche) accoppiare: to connect two pipes [two wires], collegare due tubi [due fili elettrici]; The battery is connected to a generator, la batteria è collegata a un generatore2 ( a una rete) allacciare: to connect the telephone, allacciare il telefono; to be connected to the mains, essere allacciati alla rete; We haven't been connected yet, non siamo ancora allacciati (al telefono, alla rete elettrica, ecc.)3 collegare ( luoghi): A bus service connects the airport to the centre of town, un servizio di bus collega l'aeroporto con il centro4 connettere; legare: to connect an idea with another, connettere un'idea con un'altra; the problems connected with a growing population, i problemi connessi con l'incremento demografico; We believe he's connected with the robbery, crediamo che abbia a che fare con la rapina5 associare; collegare; mettere in relazione: We connect orange blossoms with weddings, associamo i fiori d'arancio con il matrimonio; I didn't connect the two facts at first, a tutta prima non ho collegato i due fatti6 (telef.) mettere in comunicazione; passare: I was immediately connected to the hospital, sono stato subito messo in comunicazione con l'ospedale: «Trying to connect you…», «resti in linea, prego» (cioè, sto cercando di metterla in comunicazione col numero desiderato)B v. i.1 essere collegato; collegarsi; essere connesso; connettersi: DIALOGO → - Going out and booking online- Is the Internet still connected?, c'è ancora il collegamento a Internet?2 (trasp.) essere in (o fare) coincidenza: This train connects with the Manchester train at London, questo treno è in coincidenza a Londra con quello per Manchester5 (fam.) ( di colpo, pugno, ecc.) andare a segno; ( di persona) mettere a segno un colpo, fare centro -
102 ♦ (to) connect
♦ (to) connect /kəˈnɛkt/A v. t.1 collegare; (elettr., anche) attaccare, inserire; (mecc., anche) accoppiare: to connect two pipes [two wires], collegare due tubi [due fili elettrici]; The battery is connected to a generator, la batteria è collegata a un generatore2 ( a una rete) allacciare: to connect the telephone, allacciare il telefono; to be connected to the mains, essere allacciati alla rete; We haven't been connected yet, non siamo ancora allacciati (al telefono, alla rete elettrica, ecc.)3 collegare ( luoghi): A bus service connects the airport to the centre of town, un servizio di bus collega l'aeroporto con il centro4 connettere; legare: to connect an idea with another, connettere un'idea con un'altra; the problems connected with a growing population, i problemi connessi con l'incremento demografico; We believe he's connected with the robbery, crediamo che abbia a che fare con la rapina5 associare; collegare; mettere in relazione: We connect orange blossoms with weddings, associamo i fiori d'arancio con il matrimonio; I didn't connect the two facts at first, a tutta prima non ho collegato i due fatti6 (telef.) mettere in comunicazione; passare: I was immediately connected to the hospital, sono stato subito messo in comunicazione con l'ospedale: «Trying to connect you…», «resti in linea, prego» (cioè, sto cercando di metterla in comunicazione col numero desiderato)B v. i.1 essere collegato; collegarsi; essere connesso; connettersi: DIALOGO → - Going out and booking online- Is the Internet still connected?, c'è ancora il collegamento a Internet?2 (trasp.) essere in (o fare) coincidenza: This train connects with the Manchester train at London, questo treno è in coincidenza a Londra con quello per Manchester5 (fam.) ( di colpo, pugno, ecc.) andare a segno; ( di persona) mettere a segno un colpo, fare centro -
103 cross
[krɒs, Am krɑ:s] nto mark sth with a \cross etw ankreuzen;to make the sign of the \cross das Kreuzzeichen machento bear a \cross ein Kreuz tragento be \cross about sth über etw akk verärgert sein;she is \cross at being given all the boring jobs sie ist verärgert, weil sie immer die langweiligen Arbeiten bekommt;to be \cross that... verärgert sein, dass...;to get \cross [with sb] [mit jdm] böse werden vtto \cross the border die Grenze passieren;to \cross a road über eine Straße gehen/fahren;to \cross the threshold die Schwelle überschreitento \cross the ball den Ball cross spielen3) ( lie across each other)to \cross one's arms die Arme verschränken;to \cross one's legs die Beine übereinanderschlagen4) ( make sign of cross)to \cross oneself sich akk bekreuz[ig]en5) ( oppose)to \cross sb sich akk jdm widersetzen6) ( crossbreed)to \cross an animal with another animal ein Tier mit einem anderen Tier kreuzenPHRASES:let's \cross that bridge when we come [or get] to it wir werden uns mit diesem Problem beschäftigen, wenn es so weit ist ( fam)to \cross a cheque (Brit, Aus) einen Scheck zur Verrechnung ausstellen;to \cross one's fingers;to \cross the line ( go out of play) ins Aus gehen;( go into goal) ins Tor gehen;( cross the equator) den Äquator passieren;to \cross one's mind jdm einfallen;it never actually \crossed my mind das ist mir gar nie in den Sinn gekommen;to \cross sb's path jdm über den Weg laufen;to \cross paths with sb jdn treffen;when did you last \cross paths with each other? wann seid ihr euch zuletzt über den Weg gelaufen?;to \cross swords with sb mit jdm die Klinge kreuzen ( geh)2) ( go across) überqueren;( by ferry) übersetzen;look both ways before you \cross schau' nach beiden Seiten bevor du rübergehstour letters must have \crossed in the post unsere Briefe müssen sich auf dem Postweg gekreuzt haben telecthe lines are \crossed [or we've got a \crossed line] da ist jemand in unserer Leitung -
104 draad
4 [samenhang, verband] thread5 [met betrekking tot schroeven] thread♦voorbeelden:tot op de draad versleten • worn threadbarede draad weer opnemen • pick up the thread(met iets) voor de draad komen • come out with somethinghup, voor de draad ermee • come on, out with it -
105 cross
cross [krɒs]croix ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) hybride ⇒ 1 (c) biais ⇒ 1 (d) traverser ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) croiser ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (d) faire une croix ⇒ 2 (c) contrarier ⇒ 2 (e) se croiser ⇒ 3 (b) de mauvaise humeur ⇒ 4 (a) diagonal ⇒ 4 (b)1 noun(a) (mark, symbol) croix f;∎ he signed with a cross il a signé d'une croix;∎ the Iron Cross la Croix de fer∎ the Cross la Croix;∎ to make the sign of the cross faire le signe de (la) croix;∎ we each have our cross to bear chacun porte sa croix∎ a cross between a horse and a donkey un croisement ou hybride du cheval et de l'ânesse;∎ figurative the novel is a cross between a thriller and a comedy ce roman est un mélange de policier et de comédie∎ on the cross en biais;∎ to cut sth on the cross couper qch dans le biais;∎ a sleeve cut on the cross une manche coupée en biais(a) (go across → road, room, sea) traverser; (→ bridge, river) traverser, passer; (→ fence, threshold) franchir;∎ the bridge crosses the river at Orléans le pont franchit ou enjambe le fleuve à Orléans;∎ she crossed the Atlantic elle a fait la traversée de l'Atlantique;∎ to cross a picket line franchir un piquet de grève;∎ a look of distaste crossed her face une expression de dégoût passa sur son visage;∎ it crossed my mind that… j'ai pensé ou l'idée m'a effleuré que…;∎ didn't it cross your mind that she might have been lying? est-ce qu'il ne t'est pas venu à l'idée qu'elle ait pu mentir?∎ he crossed my path again a few years later nos chemins se sont à nouveau croisés quelques années plus tard;∎ figurative I'll cross that bridge when I come to it je m'occuperai de ce problème en temps voulu;∎ Nautical to cross the line passer l'équateur(b) (place one across the other) croiser;∎ to cross one's arms/one's legs croiser les bras/les jambes;∎ cross your fingers or keep your fingers crossed for me pense à moi et croise les doigts;∎ let's keep our fingers crossed croisons les doigts;∎ also figurative to cross swords with sb croiser le fer avec qn;∎ cross my palm (with silver)! donnez-moi une petite pièce!(c) (mark with cross) faire une croix;∎ Religion to cross oneself faire le signe de (la) croix, se signer;∎ cross your "t"s barrez ou mettez des barres à vos "t";∎ American figurative we'll send you the contract as soon as we've crossed the "t"s nous vous enverrons le contrat dès que nous aurons réglé les derniers détails;∎ British to cross a cheque barrer un chèque;∎ familiar cross my heart (and hope to die) croix de bois croix de fer(, si je mens je vais en enfer)∎ to be crossed in love avoir une déception amoureuse∎ we've got a crossed line il y a des interférences sur la ligne(a) (go across) traverser;∎ she crossed (over) to the door elle est allée à la porte;∎ she crossed (over) to the other side of the road elle a traversé la route;∎ we crossed from Belgium into France nous sommes passés de Belgique en France;∎ they crossed from Dover to Boulogne ils ont fait la traversée de Douvres à Boulogne(b) (intersect → lines, paths, roads) se croiser, se rencontrer;∎ our letters crossed in the post nos lettres se sont croisées∎ she's cross with me elle est fâchée contre moi;∎ don't be cross with me il ne faut pas m'en vouloir;∎ he makes me so cross! qu'est-ce qu'il peut m'agacer!;∎ I got cross with them je me suis fâché contre eux;∎ I never heard her utter a cross word elle ne dit jamais un mot plus haut que l'autre;∎ we've never had a cross word nous ne nous sommes jamais disputés;(b) (diagonal) diagonal►► Optics cross hairs = fils croisés d'une lunette qui déterminent la ligne de visée;Building industry cross member traverse f, entremise f;American cross street rue f transversale;cross wires = fils croisés d'une lunette qui déterminent la ligne de visée∎ to cross sb off the list radier qnbarrer, rayer -
106 Eisler, Paul
[br]b. 1907 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.[br]At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.[br]Bibliography1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.KF -
107 قطع
قَطَعَ \ cover: to travel a certain distance: We covered 300 miles in a day. cut: to separate, wound or treat with sth. sharp, esp. with a knife: I cut a branch off the tree. Please cut this apple in half. cut down: to cause to fall: He cut the tree down. cut off: to remove by cutting: He cut off the branch, to stop Our electricity supply was cut off till we paid the bill. cut short: to shorten: He cut short his visit because he felt ill. interrupt: to stop; prevent for a short time: The electricity supply was interrupted by the storm. sever: to cut through (or cut off) violently and completely: He severed the rope with a knife. His left arm was severed in the accident. shut off: to stop a supply: The water was shut off because the pipe burst. strike off: to cut off with a sharp blow: He struck the branch off with an axe. \ See Also اجتاز (اِجْتَازَ)، قصر (قَصَّرَ)، أَعَاقَ، منع (مَنَعَ) \ قَطَعَ (بانصهار الفصَّال) \ fuse: (of electrical things) to stop when the fuse melts; cause (sth. electrical) to stop in this way: The lights have fused. A worn wire in the radio fused the lights. \ See Also اِنْقَطَعَ التَّيار \ قَطَعَ الاتصال \ disconnect: to separate; pull out the wires of (sth. electrical) which join it to the main supply: The doctor disconnected the machine. \ قَطَعَ الأمل \ despair: to cease hoping: We despaired of finding our stolen car. \ See Also يئس (يَئِسَ) \ قَطَعَ بعضُه بعضًا \ cross: (of letters, roads, travellers, etc.) to meet and pass, going in different directions: Our letters crossed in the post. \ See Also تقاطع (تَقاطَع) \ قَطَعَ بفأس \ hew: to cut (with an axe, sword, etc.). \ قَطَعَ بالمِنْشار \ saw: to cut with a saw. \ قَطَعَ الشجرة \ chop down: to cause to fall by chopping: The men chopped down several trees. \ قَطَعَ الطريق على... \ intercept: to stop or catch sb. or sth. on the way: their secret message (or messenger) was intercepted by the police. One of their team intercepted the ball before it reached me. \ قَطَعَ على نَفْسِه عهدًا \ vow: to promise solemnly. -
108 carry
1. [ʹkærı] n1. переноска; перевозка2. дальнобойность ( орудия); дальность полёта (снаряда, мяча в гольфе и т. п.)3. спорт.1) проводка ( при гребле)2) поддержка ( в фигурном катании)4. воен. положение «на плечо»5. шотл. движение облаков6. амер. волок7. мат. перенос ( в следующий разряд при сложении)8. информ. перенос, разряд переноса2. [ʹkærı] vI1. нести, носитьto carry a bag to the house - принести /отнести/ сумку в дом
a lift is licensed to carry a certain number of persons - в лифте разрешается подниматься (одновременно) только определённому числу людей
to carry the war into the enemy's country - а) переносить войну на территорию противника; б) предъявлять встречное обвинение
to carry back - а) относить обратно, возвращать; б) переноситься в прошлое
to carry smth. back to a remote past - относить что-л. к далёкому прошлому
let me carry you back to the day when we first met - разрешите напомнить вам день нашей первой встречи
that carries me back to my youth - это переносит меня в дни моей молодости
to carry off - увести, унести; похитить
to carry off a child [an animal] - похитить и унести ребёнка [животное]
to carry off a sentry - воен. снять /захватить/ часового
2. 1) вести, возить, перевозить (тж. carry over)rail ways and ships carry goods - железные дороги и пароходы перевозят товары /грузы/
this bicycle has carried me 500 miles - на этом велосипеде я проехал 500 миль
2) вести, привестиto carry smb. before justice - привлечь кого-л. к суду, отдать кого-л. в руки правосудия
3) выдерживать транспортировку3. иметь при себе, носить (с собой; тж. carry about)to carry arms - быть вооружённым, носить /иметь при себе/ оружие
I never carry much money about with me - у меня никогда не бывает при себе /я никогда не ношу с собой/ много денег
4. 1) содержать (в себе), заключатьthis article carries no information - в этой статье не содержится /эта статья не несёт/ никакой информации
2) иметьto carry insurance - быть застрахованным; иметь страховой полис
to carry a price /a value/ - стоить, иметь цену; быть в цене
to carry one - мат. (держать) один в уме
the hospital carries a good staff - в госпитале (имеется) хороший персонал
how many subjects did you carry this term? - сколько предметов у тебя было /ты изучал/ в этом семестре?
5. 1) нести на себе тяжесть, нагрузку; поддерживать (о колоннах и т. п.)2) выдерживать, выносить6. продолжать, удлинять; доводить (до какого-л. места); подводить (к какому-л. месту)7. поддерживать материально, оказывать финансовую помощь8. вестиto carry the melody - амер. вести мелодию ( в хоре)
9. влечь за собойa decision that carries another - решение, влекущее за собой новое решение
10. амер. торговать (чем-л.); иметь в продаже, продавать, держатьII А1. убирать (хлеб, сено); вывозить ( с поля)2. 1) передавать, проводить (звуки и т. п.)he carried the news to everyone in the village - он разнёс эту новость по всей деревне
3) проводить ( электричество)4) прокладывать ( трубы)3. 1) достигать ( определённого места); долетать ( о снаряде)our guns wouldn't carry as far as the enemy ships - наши снаряды не долетали до кораблей противника
2) доноситься ( о звуке)the sound of the firing carried many miles - выстрелы были слышны за много миль
his voice did not carry beyond the first rows - его было слышно только в первых рядах
4. 1) овладеть, захватить, взятьto carry by storm - брать /взять/ штурмом
2) одержать победу, выиграть (приз, соревнование и т. п.)to carry an election - победить /одержать победу/ на выборах
to carry a case - юр. выиграть дело /процесс/
5. добиться (чего-л.); отстоять (свои убеждения и т. п.)6. 1) принимать (решение, документ)the bill [the resolution] was carried - законопроект был принят [резолюция была принята]
to carry a motion by a large majority - принять предложение большинством голосов
2) проводить ( кандидата)7. носить ( ребёнка); быть беременнойcarried to full time - доношенный (о плоде, ребёнке)
8. приносить (доход, процент)9. бухг. переносить (на другую страницу и т. п.)10. амер. помещать ( в газете)to carry a large amount of advertising - помещать (на своих страницах) много объявлений
newspapers carry weather reports - в газетах помещаются сообщения о погоде /сводки погоды/
12. воен. брать на плечо (оружие и т. п.)II Б1. to carry smth. to á certain condition доводить что-л. до какого-л. состоянияto carry the work to completion - завершить работу; довести работу до конца
to carry smth. to excess - заходить в чём-л. слишком далеко, впадать в крайность
2. to carry smth. with oneself1) увлечь (за собой), завоевать, овладеть2) помнить, хранить в памятиI always carry with me the memory of that child's face - у меня всегда перед глазами лицо этого ребёнка
3. to carry oneself in á certain way1) держаться, иметь какую-л. осанкуcarry yourself better, don't slouch! - держись прямо, не горбись!
she carries herself well - у неё хорошая /правильная/ осанка
2) вести себя; держать себя; поступатьto carry oneself well [with dignity] - держаться хорошо [с достоинством]
♢
to carry all /everything/ before one - а) преодолеть все препятствия; сметать всё на своём пути; б) иметь большой успех, преуспевать; завоевать сердца
to carry into effect - осуществлять, приводить в исполнение; проводить в жизнь
to carry it - превозмочь, взять верх
to carry it away - одолеть ( противника), победить
to carry too far - заходить или заводить слишком далеко
to carry too many guns for smb. - оказаться не по силам кому-л.
to carry conviction - убеждать, быть убедительным
to carry weight - а) иметь вес, влияние; б) спорт. нести дополнительный груз ( в гандикапе)
to carry smb. high (and dry) - амер. дразнить /высмеивать/ кого-л.
carry me out! - сил моих нет!, больше не могу!
to carry the can - нести ответственность, часто связанную с риском и опасностью
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109 down
I 1. adverb1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.) ned, nedover, nede2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.) på bakken, ned3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.) (gå) i arv4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.) (gå) ned(over)5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.) ned til, nede2. preposition1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.) nede2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.) ned(over), ned gjennom, ned langs3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.) (ned) langs3. verb(to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.) helle i seg- downward- downwards
- downward
- down-and-out
- down-at-heel
- downcast
- downfall
- downgrade
- downhearted
- downhill
- downhill racing
- downhill skiing
- down-in-the-mouth
- down payment
- downpour
- downright 4. adjectiveHe is a downright nuisance!) komplett, fullkommen- downstream
- down-to-earth
- downtown
- downtown
- down-trodden
- be/go down with
- down on one's luck
- down tools
- down with
- get down to
- suit someone down to the ground
- suit down to the ground II noun(small, soft feathers: a quilt filled with down.) dun- downie®- downydun--------ned--------nedeIsubst. \/daʊn\/( også botanikk) dun, fnokk, fnuggdown quilt dunteppeIIsubst. \/daʊn\/1) høydedrag2) ( gammeldags) sanddyneIIIsubst. \/daʊn\/(amer. fotball) down, forsøkIVsubst. \/daʊn\/nedgang, nedturhave a down on ( hverdagslig) ha et horn i siden tilVverb \/daʊn\/1) slå ned, felle, skyte ned2) beseire3) helle i seg, tømme4) slenge fra seg, legge fra segdown tools legge ned arbeidet, streikeVIadj. \/daʊn\/1) nedover, utfor, synkende2) ( i kryssord) loddrett3) ( i forhold til storby) utgående, bort fra, sør for4) ( i ulike betydninger) nede, nedfor5) ( kortspill) bet, minus, tapt• after an hour of poker I was £50 downvære nedrullet, være rullet nedbrukt opp, utbrent( om vind e.l.) ha lagt seg ( om oversvømmet elv e.l.) ha gått tilbake være slått, være beseiretbe down on one's luck ha motgang, være nedebe down on somebody hakke på noen, være etter noendown in spirits nedstemtdown in\/into the country ute på landetdown in the mouth ( hverdagslig) henge med nebbet, være nedslått, være molefonken, være slukøretVIIadv. \/daʊn\/1) ned2) ovenfra3) kontant• he paid £50 down4) nedskrevet, notert5) oppført på foredragslisten• is he (put) down on the list?6) bort, ned, i fra seg7) ned, over ende, til bakken8) igjen, til, fast9) av, overbe down for være beregnet for, ha i ventedet er meningen at han skal gjøre\/få jobben, han er satt på jobbencalm down roe seg, bli rolig, legge seg, stilnedown from helt siden, helt fradown to helt frem tildown to the last detail ned til (den) minste detaljdown under forklaring: til eller i Australia eller New Zealanddown with ned med• down with the tyrant!down you go! ned med deg!get something down være skikkelig god på noe, være skikkelig flink til noe, svelge noehave something down ha\/få noe nedskrevet, ha\/få noe oppført, ha\/få noe notertnote down eller write down skrive opp, notere, føre oppsend down ( universitet) relegere, utvisewear down slite ut, slite nedVIIIprep. \/daʊn\/1) ned, nedover2) utfor3) ned i4) ( om beliggenhet nærmere havet) nedover5) ned gjennom6) (der) borte i7) (lenger) nede i, langs med, langs etterhun gikk nedover\/bortover gatendown (the) wind med vinden -
110 pull
/pul/ * danh từ - sự lôi, sự kéo, sự giật; cái kéo, cái giật =to give a pull at the belt+ giật chuông một cái - sự kéo, sức đẩy, sự hút =pull of a magnet+ sức hút của nam châm - nút kéo, nút giật (ngăn kéo, chuông...) =drawer pull+ nút kéo của một ngăn bàn - sự chèo thuyền, sự gắng chèo (thuyền); cú bơi chèo =to go for a pull on the river+ đi chơi chèo thuyền trên sông - hớp, hơi (uống rượu, hút thuốc...) =to have a pull at a cigarette+ hút một hơi thuốc lá - sự gắng sức, sự cố gắng liên tục =a pull to the top of the mountain+ sự cố gắng trèo lên đỉnh núi - sự ghìm (ngựa không cho thắng, trong cuộc đua ngựa) - (thể dục,thể thao) cú tay bóng sang trái (đánh crickê, gôn...) - (từ lóng) thế hơn, thế lợi =to have the pull of somebody+ được thế lợi hơn ai - (nghĩa bóng) thân thế, thế lực - (ngành in) bản in thử đầu tiên * ngoại động từ - lôi, kéo, giật =to pull the cart+ kéo xe bò =to pull the bell+ giật chuông =to pull someone by the sleeve+ kéo tay áo ai =to pull someone's ear; to pull someone by the ear+ bẹo tai ai =to pull on one's stocking+ kéo bít tất lên =to pull one's cap over one's ears+ kéo mũ chụp xuống tai - ((thường) + up) nhổ (răng...) - ngắt, hái (hoa...) - xé toạc ra, căng đến rách ra =to pull the seam of a dress+ xé toạc đường khâu của chiếc áo =to pull one's muscle+ duỗi căng bắp thịt đến sái ra - lôi kéo, tranh thủ, thu hút (khách hàng, sự ủng hộ...) - chèo (thuyền), được chèo bằng =this boat pulls four oars+ thuyền này được chèo bằng bốn mái chèo - cố gắng làm, gắng sức làm =to pull up hill+ gắng sức trèo lên đồi - (thông tục) ghìm (ngựa không cho thắng, trong cuộc đua); cố ý kìm sức lại =to pull one's punches+ kìm lại không đấm hết sức (đấu quyền anh); không đấm được hết sức ((nghĩa bóng)) chỉ trích dè dặt - (thể dục,thể thao) tạt (quả bóng) sang trái (chơi crickê, gôn...) - (từ hiếm,nghĩa hiếm) moi ruột (chim, gà...) - (thông tục) làm, thi hành =to pull a raid+ làm một cuộc bố ráp - (từ lóng) bắt (ai); mở một cuộc bố ráp ở (nơi nào) - (ngành in) in (một bản in thử) (ở máy in tay) * nội động từ - ((thường) + at) lôi, kéo, giật, cố kéo =to pull at something+ kéo cái gì =the horse pulls well+ con ngựa kéo tốt - uống một hơi, hút một hơi (rượu, thuốc lá...) - (thể dục,thể thao) tạt bóng sang trái (crickê, gôn) - có ảnh hưởng đối với, có tác dụng đối với =opinions that pull with the public+ những ý kiến có ảnh hưởng đối với quần chúng !to pull about - lôi đi kéo lại, giằng co - ngược đãi !to pull apart - xé toạc ra - chê bai, chỉ trích, đả kích tơi bời !to pull down - kéo xuống, lật đổ, phá đổ (một ngôi nhà...) - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ) hạ bệ; làm nhục - làm giảm (sức khoẻ...); giảm (giá...), làm chán nản !to pull for - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) tích cực, ủng hộ, cổ vũ, động viên - hy vọng ở sự thành công của !to pull in - kéo về, lôi vào, kéo vào - vào ga (xe lửa) - (từ lóng) bắt !to pull off - kéo bật ra, nhổ bật ra - thắng (cuộc đấu), đoạt giải - đi xa khỏi =the boat pulled off from the shore+ con thuyền ra xa bờ - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) thực hiện, làm xong, làm trọn !to pull out - kéo ra, lôi ra =the drawer won't pull out+ ngăn kéo không kéo ra được - nhổ ra (răng) - bơi chèo ra, chèo ra - ra khỏi ga (xe lửa) - rút ra (quân đội); rút khỏi (một hiệp ước...) - (hàng không) lấy lại thăng bằng sau khi bổ nhào (máy bay) !to pull over - kéo sụp xuống; kéo (áo nịt...) qua đầu - lôi kéo về phía mình - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) lái về phía bờ đường !to pull round - bình phục, phục hồi sức khoẻ (sau khi ốm) - chữa khỏi =the doctors tried in vain to pull him round+ các bác sĩ đã cố gắng hết sức mà không chữa khỏi được cho anh ta !to pull through - qua khỏi được (cơn ốm); thoát khỏi được; xoay sở được thoát (cảnh khó khăn); làm cho qua khỏi được (cơn ốm, cảnh khó khăn...) !to pull together - hoà hợp với nhau, ăn ý với nhau =to pull oneself together+ lấy lại can đảm; bình tĩnh lại, tỉnh trí lại !to pull up - nhổ lên, lôi lên, kéo lên - dừng lại; làm dừng lại - la mắng, quở trách - ghìm mình lại, nén mình lại - vượt lên trước (trong cuộc đua...) - (từ lóng) bắt !to be pulled - suy nhược - chán nản !to pull caps (wigs) - câi nhau, đánh nhau !pull devil!, pull baker! - (xem) baker !to pull a face !to pull faces - nhăn mặt !to pull a long face - (xem) face !to pull someone's leg - (xem) leg !to pull someone's nose !to pull someone by the nose - chửi xỏ ai; làm mất thể siện của ai !to pull a good oar - là tay chèo giỏi, là tay bơi thuyền giỏi !to pull out of the fire - cứu vân được tình thế vào lúc nguy ngập !to pull the strings (ropes, wires) - giật dây (bóng) !to pull one's weight - (xem) weight -
111 clip
I 1. noun 2. transitive verb,- pp-clip something [on] to something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) klammern
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/97336/clip_on">clip onII 1. transitive verb,- pp-1) (cut) schneiden [Fingernägel, Haar, Hecke]; scheren [Wolle]; stutzen [Flügel]2) scheren [Schaf]; trimmen [Hund]3) lochen, entwerten [Fahrkarte]2. noungive the hedge a clip — die Hecke schneiden
2) (extract from film) [Film]ausschnitt, der3) (blow with hand) Schlag, derclip round or on or over the ear — Ohrfeige, die
* * *I 1. [klip] past tense, past participle - clipped; verb1) (to cut (foliage, an animal's hair etc) with scissors or shears: The shepherd clipped the sheep; The hedge was clipped.) scheren, stutzen2) (to strike sharply: She clipped him over the ear.) schlagen2. noun1) (an act of clipping.) die Schur2) (a sharp blow: a clip on the ear.) der Klaps3) (a short piece of film: a video clip.)•- clipper- clipping II 1. [klip] past tense, past participle - clipped; verb(to fasten with a clip: Clip these papers together.) klammern2. noun(something for holding things together or in position: a paper-clip; a hair-clip; bicycle-clips (= round pieces of metal etc for holding the bottom of trouser legs close to the leg).) die Klammer* * *clip1[klɪp]I. nbicycle \clip [Fahrrad]klammer fhair \clip [Haar]spange fpaper \clip Büroklammer fII. vt<- pp->clip2[klɪp]I. nto give a hedge a \clip eine Hecke schneidento get a \clip round the ear eins hinter die Ohren bekommen famat a fast \clip mit einem Affenzahn famII. vt<- pp->1. (trim)to \clip a dog einen Hund trimmento \clip a hedge eine Hecke stutzento \clip one's nails sich dat die Nägel schneidento \clip sheep Schafe scherento \clip a ticket ein Ticket entwerten4. (omit syllables)to \clip one's words abgehackt sprechen, Silben verschlucken5. (attach)6. (touch)▪ to \clip sth etw streifento \clip sb's ear jdm eins hinter die Ohren gebento \clip the edge of the kerb die Bordsteinkante streifen7.* * *I [klɪp]1. n1) (for holding things) Klammer f2) (= jewel) Klips m2. vtto clip on — anklemmen; papers also anheften
to clip sth onto sth — etw an etw (acc) anklemmen/-heften
to clip two things together — zwei Dinge zusammenklemmen/-heften
3. viIIto clip on (to sth) ( — an etw acc ) angeklemmt werden
1. vtthey'll find that a young baby will clip their wings a bit — sie werden merken, dass das Kleinkind sie recht unbeweglich macht
he clipped a few seconds off the lap record — er hat den Rundenrekord um ein paar Sekunden unterboten
4)he clipped him round the ear — er gab ihm eine Ohrfeige
2. n1)(= trim)
to give the sheep a clip — die Schafe scherento give the hedge a clip — die Hecke scheren or (be)schneiden
to give one's fingernails a clip — sich (dat) die Fingernägel schneiden
2) (= sound) Klappern nt3) (= hit) Schlag m4) (inf= high speed)
at a fair clip — mit einem Mordszahn* * *clip1 [klıp]A v/tclip sb’s wings fig jemandem die Flügel stutzen2. fig jemandes Lohn etc kürzen, jemandes Macht etc beschneidenhe clipped three seconds off the record SPORT er verbesserte den Rekord um 3 Sekunden5. jemandem die Haare schneiden:clip sb’s hair6. ein Schaf etc scheren8. eine Münze beschneidenclipped speech knappe oder schneidige Sprechweise10. umg jemandem einen Schlag verpassen:clip sb round the ear jemandem eine runterhauen oder schmieren11. umgb) jemanden neppen12. Br eine Fahrkarte etc lochenB v/i1. schneiden2. umg sausen, (dahin)jagenC s1. (Be)Schneiden n, Stutzen n2. Haarschnitt m3. Schur f4. Wollertrag m (einer Schur)5. Ausschnitt m7. umg Schlag m:give sb a clip on the ear jemandem eine runterhauen oder schmieren8. umg (hohes) Tempo:go at a good clip einen ziemlichen Zahn draufhabenclip2 [klıp]A v/t1. festhalten, mit festem Griff packen3. obs oder dial umfassen, umarmenB s1. (Heft-, Büro- etc) Klammer f, Clip m, Klipp m2. TECHa) Klammer f, Lasche fb) Kluppe fc) Schelle f, Bügel m3. ELEK Halterung f, Clip m4. Clip m, Klipp m, Klips m (Schmuckstück zum Festklammern)5. MILa) Patronenrahmen mb) Ladestreifen m* * *I 1. noun1) Klammer, die; (for paper) Büroklammer, die; (of pen) Klipp, der2. transitive verb,- pp-clip something [on] to something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) klammern
Phrasal Verbs:- clip onII 1. transitive verb,- pp-1) (cut) schneiden [Fingernägel, Haar, Hecke]; scheren [Wolle]; stutzen [Flügel]2) scheren [Schaf]; trimmen [Hund]3) lochen, entwerten [Fahrkarte]2. noun2) (extract from film) [Film]ausschnitt, der3) (blow with hand) Schlag, derclip round or on or over the ear — Ohrfeige, die
* * *n.Ausschnitt m.Haarschnitt m.Hieb -e m.Klemme -n f.Schelle -n f.Schur -en f. (for) v.jemanden erleichtern (um) ausdr.neppen v. (on) v.anklammern v. v.beschneiden v.jemanden einen Schlag verpassen ausdr.kappen v.kürzen v.lochen (Fahrschein) v.scheren v.schneiden v.(§ p.,pp.: schnitt, geschnitten)stutzen v.umklammern v.verschlucken (Silben) v. -
112 criba
f.1 sieve (tamiz).2 screening.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: cribar.imperat.2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: cribar.* * *1 (tamiz) sieve2 figurado (selección) screening\estar como una criba familiar to be riddled with holeshacer una criba to screen 2 (en examen) to fail lots of studentspasar por la criba figurado to screen* * *SF1) (=instrumento) sieve2) (=acto) sifting, selection* * *a) ( instrumento) sieveb) ( proceso de selección)* * *a) ( instrumento) sieveb) ( proceso de selección)* * *criba11 = sieve.Ex: As the water was draining away between the wires of the sieve, he gave the mould a sideways shake locking the fibres together and 'shutting' the sheet.
criba22 = winnowing, vetting, screening.Ex: The chairwoman of the board had decided that as part of the screening process those who had successfully survived the initial winnowing should furnish the board with tangible evidence of how they might perform on a specific assignment.
Ex: Criminal record checks have been an accepted form of pre-employment vetting for those with access to children for some years.Ex: Proper screening of job applicants can add to the security of the library without adding significantly to the budget.* sistema de criba = vetting system.* * *1 (instrumento) sieveeste paraguas está hecho una criba this umbrella is full of holes o riddled with holes2(proceso de selección): la prueba escrita constituye la primera criba the written test is the first stage of the selection processhicimos una criba de las solicitudes we went through the applications* * *
Del verbo cribar: ( conjugate cribar)
criba es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
criba
cribar
criba sustantivo femenino
b) ( proceso de selección):
hicimos una criba de las solicitudes we went through the applications
cribar ( conjugate cribar) verbo transitivo
to sieve, sift
criba sustantivo femenino
1 Agr sieve
2 figurado filter
♦ Locuciones: hacer una criba, to make a selection
cribar sustantivo femenino
1 Agr to sift
2 figurado to filter, narrow down: vamos a cribar todas las propuestas, let's narrow down the proposals
' criba' also found in these entries:
English:
sieve
- sift
* * *criba nf1. [tamiz] sieve;Famestar hecho una criba to be full of holes2. [selección]en la primera criba eliminaron a diez candidatos they weeded out ten candidates in the first round of the selection process;hicieron una criba de los proyectos y eligieron el suyo they sifted through the projects and chose his* * *f sieve* * *criba nf: sieve, screen -
113 down
Ⅰ.down1 [daʊn]en bas de ⇒ 1 (b) le long de ⇒ 1 (c) à travers ⇒ 1 (d) en bas ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) vers le bas ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) en panne ⇒ 2 (h) déprimé ⇒ 3 (a) mettre à terre ⇒ 4 (a) descendre ⇒ 4 (b)∎ a line down the middle of the page une ligne verticale au milieu de la page;∎ to go down the steps/the escalator/the mountain descendre l'escalier/l'escalier mécanique/la montagne;∎ she fell down the stairs elle est tombée dans l'escalier;∎ tears ran down her face des larmes coulaient le long de son visage;∎ her hair hung down her back les cheveux lui tombaient dans le dos;∎ to go down the plughole passer par le trou (de l'évier/de la baignoire/ etc);∎ the rabbit disappeared back down its hole le lapin a redisparu dans son trou(b) (at lower level of) en bas de;∎ it's down the stairs c'est en bas de l'escalier;∎ to work down a mine travailler au fond d'une mine;∎ they live down the street ils habitent plus loin ou plus bas dans la rue∎ he walked down the street il a descendu la rue;∎ look down the corridor regardez le long du couloir;∎ down the side of his trousers/the box le long de son pantalon/de la boîte∎ down (through) the ages à travers les âges∎ they went down the shops ils sont partis faire des courses2 adverb(a) (downwards) vers le bas, en bas;∎ down! (to dog) couché!, bas les pattes!;∎ down and down de plus en plus bas;∎ to come or go down descendre;∎ my trousers keep slipping down mon pantalon n'arrête pas de descendre ou tomber(b) (on lower level) en bas;∎ down at the bottom of the hill/page en bas de la colline/de la page;∎ down there là-bas;∎ I'm down here je suis ici en bas;∎ she lives three floors down elle habite trois étages plus bas;∎ his office is three doors down on the left (along passage) son bureau est trois portes plus loin sur la gauche;∎ the blinds are down les stores sont baissés;∎ the river is down la rivière est basse;∎ I'll be down in a minute (downstairs) je descends dans un instant;∎ they aren't down yet ils ne sont pas encore descendus; (on the ground or floor) à terre;∎ he was down for a count of eight il est resté à terre le temps de compter jusqu'à huit(c) (facing downwards) vers le bas, dessous;∎ he was lying face down il était couché sur le ventre;∎ smooth side down le côté lisse dessous(d) (reduced, lower)∎ prices are down les prix ont baissé;∎ Finance the pound is down two cents against the dollar la livre a baissé de deux cents par rapport au dollar(e) (below expected, desired level)∎ the cashier is £10 down il manque 10 livres au caissier;∎ bookings are down on last week's les réservations sont en baisse par rapport à la semaine dernière;∎ Football we were two goals down at half-time on avait deux buts de retard à la mi-temps∎ get it down in writing or on paper mettez-le par écrit;∎ it's down in my diary/on the calendar c'est dans mon agenda/sur le calendrier;∎ he's down to speak at the conference il est inscrit en tant qu'intervenant à la conférence(g) (from city, the north)∎ she came down from Berlin elle est arrivée de Berlin;∎ we're going down south nous descendons vers le sud;∎ they're going down to the coast ils descendent sur la côte;∎ American to go down East aller au nord-est de la Nouvelle-Angleterre;∎ British University she came down from Oxford (on vacation) elle est descendue d'Oxford; (graduated) elle est sortie d'Oxford;∎ familiar to go/to live down under (gen) aller/vivre aux antipodes□ ; (to Australia) aller/vivre en Australie□ ; (to New Zealand) aller/vivre en Nouvelle-Zélande□(h) (out of action → machine, computer) en panne;∎ the wires are down les lignes sont coupées;∎ the computer has gone down l'ordinateur est tombé en panne∎ he paid or put £5 down (whole amount) il a payé 5 livres comptant; (as deposit) il a versé (un acompte de) 5 livres;∎ 5 down and 3 to go ça fait 5, il en reste 3∎ he's (gone) down with flu il est au lit avec la grippe∎ to be down on sb être monté contre qn□ ;∎ down with…! à bas…!;∎ down with the system! à bas le système!;∎ down with it! (of medicine etc) avalez!(a) (depressed) déprimé, malheureux;∎ to feel down avoir le cafard(c) (elevator) qui descend∎ to be down on sb être dur ou sévère avec qn∎ the pilot downed two enemy aircraft le pilote a descendu deux avions ennemis∎ he downed three beers il a descendu trois bières5 noun(b) (in American football) = chacune des quatre tentatives pour avancer d'au moins 10 yards, au football américain;∎ first down premier "down"∎ to have a down on sb avoir une dent contre qn∎ she's down for physics elle est inscrite au cours de physique;∎ they've got me down for the 200m hurdles ils m'ont inscrit au 200m haies;∎ the meeting is down for today la réunion est prévue pour aujourd'hui(a) (through to and including) jusqu'à;∎ down to the smallest details jusqu'aux moindres détails;∎ she sold everything right down to the house elle a tout vendu, y compris la maison;∎ from the richest down to the poorest du plus riche (jusqu') au plus pauvre;∎ from the boss down to the office boy depuis le patron jusqu'au garçon de bureau;∎ from the Middle Ages down to the present du ou depuis le Moyen Âge jusqu'à nos jours∎ I'm down to my last pound il ne me reste qu'une livre;∎ the team was down to 10 men l'équipe était réduite à 10 hommes∎ it's down to you now c'est à toi de jouer maintenant;∎ any breakages will be down to you si vous cassez quelque chose, c'est vous qui paierez les dégâts►► Computing down arrow flèche f vers le bas;Computing down arrow key touche f de déplacement vers le bas;Finance down payment acompte m;∎ to make a down payment on sth verser un acompte pour qch;∎ he made a down payment of £500 il a versé un acompte de 500 livresⅡ.down2(a) (on bird, person, plant, fruit) duvet m -
114 место
space
(в документе, таблице для внесения записей) — the various forms have standardized spaces where the symbols for each day's entry must be placed.
- (расположения, установки агрегата) — location each group of landing lights is installed at a common location.
- агрегата, посадочное (поверхность для установки агрегата) — accessory mounting face fuel pump mounting face is on the wheelcase.
- агрегата, посадочное (специальный прилив с приводом для установки агрегата на двигателе) — accessory (mounting) pad after removing the pump from the engine, blank off the pump pad with a cover plate.
- бедствия (аварии, катастрофы) — area of incident
- бортинженера, рабочее — flight engineer /engineer's/ station
- бортпроводника (кресло в пассажирской кабине, резервируемое для бортпроводника) — cabin attendant /attendant's/ seat
- бортпроводника (специально оборудованное место) — cabin attendant /attendant's/ station
- ввода противопожарных средств (лючок дпя сопла огнетушителя) — fire extinguisher insert point
- ввода противопожарных средств (надпись у лючка для ввода сопла огнетушителя) — fire access
- вертолета (мв) — aircraft position (pos)
- вырубания обшивки — break-in point
место вырубания обшивки фюзеляжа обозначено желтыми углами (рис. 104). — the break-in point on the fuselage is indicated with yellow corner markings.
- вырубания обшивки (надпись) — break in here
- выставки (инерциальной системы) — site of alignment
- выставки (инерциальной системы) в инерциальном пространстве — site of alignment in inertial space
- выставки (инерциальной системы) на земле — site of alignment on earth
- генератора, посадочное — generator mounting pad
- замера (графа таблицы рр) — measurement area
-, исходное (в плане полета по ппм) — origin wpt о may be selected as an origin.
- крепления — attachment point
- командира корабля, рабочее — captain's station
-, критическое (в планере, системе, двигателе) — problem area (in airframe, systern engine)
- ла (самолета, вертолета) — aircraft position (pos)
- ла, определенное методом счисления пути — dead-reckoning position the dead-reckoning position is a combination ofair position and preset wind data.
- ла, штилевое — air position
-, легкодоступное (при техобслуживании) — easily /free/ accessible point /area/
- летного происшествия (аварии, катастрофы) — area of incident
- (нахождения) неисправности (графа таблицы с указанием участка эл. цепи) — possible trouble area
- летчика, рабочее — pilot /pilot's/ station
-, общее (установки) — common location
-, оперативно-доступное (при техобслуживании) — easily /free/ accessible point /area/
- пайки — soldered point
- повышенного внимания (при осмотре и контроле) — thorough-inspection point /area, zone/, point subject to thorough inspection
- под домкрат (рис. 145) — jacking point
- под домкрат (надпись) — jack here
- под козелок (надпись) — trestle here
-, посадочное (на валу) — mounting seat
-, посадочное (поверхность для монтажа агрегата) — mounting face
-, посадочное (специальный прилив для установки агрегата — mounting pad
-, рабочее (в цехе) — workplace (in shop)
-, рабочее (верстак) — workbench
observe absolute cleanliness of workbench, tools and parts.
-, рабочее (члена экипажа) — crew member's station /position/
место члена экипажа на борту ла, специально оборудованное органами управления, приборами, средствами связи и сигнализации, сиденьем или креслом (рис. 88). — the flight crewmembers' stations must be located and arranged so that the flight crewmembers can perform their functions efficiently and without interfering with each other.
- самолета (mс) — aircraft position (pos), fix
точка земной поверхности, над которой в данный момент находится самолет (рис. 122). (cm. местоположение) — in navigation, a relatively accurate ground position of an aircraft determined without reference to any former position.
- самолета, текущее (mс) — present position (pos)
- самолета, текущее, в полете — in-flight present position
-, свободное (в упаковочном ящике) — hollow place /space/ stuff a box with pads to fill out hollow places.
- соединения — connection point
-, спальное — berth
- стоянки — parking area
- стоянки ла (местоположение) — ramp position
- стыка — joint
-, такелажное — lifting point
-, такелажное (надпись) — hoist here
-, труднодоступное — hardly accessible place
- хранения (ч-л. на борту) — stowage
-, центральное — center location
- штурмана, рабочее на м(есте) (в отношении осмотра, изготовления, ремонта) — navigator's station in situ
отсутствие свободного места (в документе дпя внесения записи) — space is crowded if the space is crowded, the entry can be made immediately above the mechanic's signature.
по m(ecту) (об установке) — in place
no месту (напр., сверлить отверстия) — (drill holes) to suit job (requirements)
после занятия рабочих мест в кабине — on entering flight compartment
у рабочего м. (летчика) — at pilot's station
экономия м. (за счет установки малогабаритных агрегатов. блоков) — space saving (by installing small-size units)
занимать м. (в пассажирской кабине) — occupy the seat
занимать центральное м. (о приборах на приб. доске) — be grouped and centered (on panel)
менять места (присоединения) двух проводов — rovers connection of two wires
обнаруживать м. дефекта — locate defect
обнаруживать на шине м. прокола — locate the tire leak point
определять дефект на м. — determine defect in situ
определять критическое м. — detect problem area
перепутать местами (детали при сборке, установке) — misplace
трогаться с м. (о самолете на земле) — move off from rest
устанавливать на м. — install in place
устанавливать на м. (после снятия) — reinstall. steps required to remove and reinstall a component.Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > место
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115 Froude, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1810 Dartington, Devon, Englandd. 4 May 1879 Simonstown, South Africa[br]English naval architect; pioneer of experimental ship-model research.[br]Froude was educated at a preparatory school at Buckfastleigh, and then at Westminster School, London, before entering Oriel College, Oxford, to read mathematics and classics. Between 1836 and 1838 he served as a pupil civil engineer, and then he joined the staff of Isambard Kingdom Brunel on various railway engineering projects in southern England, including the South Devon Atmospheric Railway. He retired from professional work in 1846 and lived with his invalid father at Dartington Parsonage. The next twenty years, while apparently unproductive, were important to Froude as he concentrated his mind on difficult mathematical and scientific problems. Froude married in 1839 and had five children, one of whom, Robert Edmund Froude (1846–1924), was to succeed him in later years in his research work for the Admiralty. Following the death of his father, Froude moved to Paignton, and there commenced his studies on the resistance of solid bodies moving through fluids. Initially these were with hulls towed through a house roof storage tank by wires taken over a pulley and attached to falling weights, but the work became more sophisticated and was conducted on ponds and the open water of a creek near Dartmouth. Froude published work on the rolling of ships in the second volume of the Transactions of the then new Institution of Naval Architects and through this became acquainted with Sir Edward Reed. This led in 1870 to the Admiralty's offer of £2,000 towards the cost of an experimental tank for ship models at Torquay. The tank was completed in 1872 and tests were carried out on the model of HMS Greyhound following full-scale towing trials which had commenced on the actual ship the previous year. From this Froude enunciated his Law of Comparisons, which defines the rules concerning the relationship of the power required to move geometrically similar floating bodies across fluids. It enabled naval architects to predict, from a study of a much less expensive and smaller model, the resistance to motion and the power required to move a full-size ship. The work in the tank led Froude to design a model-cutting machine, dynamometers and machinery for the accurate ruling of graph paper. Froude's work, and later that of his son, was prodigious and covered many fields of ship design, including powering, propulsion, rolling, steering and stability. In only six years he had stamped his academic authority on the new science of hydrodynamics, served on many national committees and corresponded with fellow researchers throughout the world. His health suffered and he sailed for South Africa to recuperate, but he contracted dysentery and died at Simonstown. He will be remembered for all time as one of the greatest "fathers" of naval architecture.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. Honorary LLD Glasgow University.Bibliography1955, The Papers of William Froude, London: Institution of Naval Architects (the Institution also published a memoir by Sir Westcott Abell and an evaluation of his work by Dr R.W.L. Gawn of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors; this volume reprints all Froude's papers from the Institution of Naval Architects and other sources as diverse as the British Association, the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Institution of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingA.T.Crichton, 1990, "William and Robert Edmund Froude and the evolution of the ship model experimental tank", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 61:33–49.FMW -
116 параллельно
••The target consisted of a grid work of wires mounted parallel on a block of wood.
•This line is drawn parallel to the -axis.
•The third element is aligned parallel to the magnetic field.
•When a point moves parallel to the axis,...
•The force acts parallel with the line joining...
•Surface diffusion occurs in parallel with diffusion in the gas.
IIРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > параллельно
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117 Belling, Charles Reginald
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 11 May 1884 Bodmin, Cornwall, Englandd. 8 February 1965 while on a cruise[br]English electrical engineer best known as the pioneer of the wire-wound clay-former heating element which made possible the efficient domestic electric fire.[br]Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.[br]Further Reading1985, Dictionary of Business Biography, Butterworth.G.Jukes, 1963, The Story of Belling, Belling and Co. Ltd (produced by the company in its Golden Jubilee year).DYBiographical history of technology > Belling, Charles Reginald
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118 Crossley, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. Halifax (?), Englandd. September 1868 Halifax (?), England[br]English patentee of successful power-driven carpet looms.[br]Joseph Crossley was the second son of John, the founder of a carpet-weaving firm in Halifax. He did not figure much in public life for he was essentially a business man. It was under his direct superintendence that most of the extensions at Dean Clough Mill, Halifax, were built, and to a very great degree the successful working of the vast establishment that these mills became, covering fifteen acres, was due to him. In 1864 the firm became a limited-liability company, worth over a million pounds c.1880.The company's vital patents for the power-driven carpet looms were taken out in his name. The first, in 1850 in the names of Joseph Crossley, George Collier and James Hudson, was for weaving carpets in a manner similar to the way velvet was woven, with the pile warp threads passing over wires. After a couple of picks of weft, a wire was inserted from the side over the main warp threads but under the pile warp threads. These were lowered and another couple of weft shoots bound in the pile warp. The pile was cut with a knife running along a slot in the top of the wire, and then the wire was removed. There was a further patent in 1851, in the name of Joseph Crossley alone, for improvements in the manufacture of Brussels and cut-pile carpets. An interesting part of this patent was the use of a partly coloured warp to make patterns in the carpets. These vital patents gave the Crossley brothers their dominance in carpet weaving; production on their power looms was six times quicker than by hand. Like his brothers, one of whom was Francis Crossley, he was a great benefactor to charities. The brothers built the Crossley Orphan Home at a cost of £50,000 and endowed it with about £3,000 a year.[br]Bibliography1850, British patent no. 13,267 (power-driven carpet loom).1851, British patent no. 13,474 (improvements in manufacture of Brussels and cut-pile carpets).Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), Fortunes Made in Business, London (contains an account of the firm of John Crossley \& Sons).RLH -
119 Forrester, Jay Wright
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 14 July 1918 Anselmo, Nebraska, USA[br]American electrical engineer and management expert who invented the magnetic-core random access memory used in most early digital computers.[br]Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Academy of Engineering 1967. George Washington University Inventor of the Year 1968. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal 1969. Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Award for Outstanding Accomplishments 1972. Computer Society Pioneer Award 1972. Institution of Electrical Engineers Medal of Honour 1972. National Inventors Hall of Fame 1979. Magnetics Society Information Storage Award 1988. Honorary DEng Nebraska 1954, Newark College of Engineering 1971, Notre Dame University 1974. Honorary DSc Boston 1969, Union College 1973. Honorary DPolSci Mannheim University, Germany. Honorary DHumLett, State University of New York 1988.Bibliography1951, "Data storage in three dimensions using magnetic cores", Journal of Applied Physics 20: 44 (his first description of the core store).Publications on management include: 1961, Industrial Dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; 1968, Principles of Systems, 1971, Urban Dynamics, 1980, with A.A.Legasto \& J.M.Lyneis, System Dynamics, North Holland. 1975, Collected Papers, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.Further ReadingK.C.Redmond \& T.M.Smith, Project Whirlwind, the History of a Pioneer Computer (provides details of the Whirlwind computer).H.H.Goldstine, 1993, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (for more general background to the development of computers).Serrell et al., 1962, "Evolution of computing machines", Proceedings of the Institute ofRadio Engineers 1,047.M.R.Williams, 1975, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.See also: Burks, Arthur Walter; Goldstine, Herman H.; Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Williams, Sir Frederic CallandKF -
120 Junkers, Hugo
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 February 1859 Rheydt, Germanyd. 3 February 1935 Munich, Germany[br]German aircraft designer, pioneer of all-metal aircraft, including the world's first real airliner.[br]Hugo Junkers trained as an engineer and in 1895 founded the Junkers Company, which manufactured metal products including gas-powered hot-water heaters. He was also Professor of Thermodynamics at the high school in Aachen. The visits to Europe by the Wright brothers in 1908 and 1909 aroused his interest in flight, and in 1910 he was granted a patent for a flying wing, i.e. no fuselage and a thick wing which did not require external bracing wires. Using his sheet-metal experience he built the more conventional Junkers J 1 entirely of iron and steel. It made its first flight in December 1915 but was rather heavy and slow, so Junkers turned to the newly available aluminium alloys and built the J 4 bi-plane, which entered service in 1917. To stiffen the thin aluminium-alloy skins, Junkers used corrugations running fore and aft, a feature of his aircraft for the next twenty years. Incidentally, in 1917 the German authorities persuaded Junkers and Fokker to merge, but the Junkers-Fokker Company was short-lived.After the First World War Junkers very rapidly converted to commercial aviation, and in 1919 he produced a single-engined low-wing monoplane capable of carrying four passengers in an enclosed cabin. The robust all-metal F 13 is generally accepted as being the world's first airliner and over three hundred were built and used worldwide: some were still in service eighteen years later. A series of low-wing transport aircraft followed, of which the best known is the Ju 52. The original version had a single engine and first flew in 1930; a three-engined version flew in 1932 and was known as the Ju 52/3m. This was used by many airlines and served with the Luftwaffe throughout the Second World War, with almost five thousand being built.Junkers was always ready to try new ideas, such as a flap set aft of the trailing edge of the wing that became known as the "Junkers flap". In 1923 he founded a company to design and manufacture stationary diesel engines and aircraft petrol engines. Work commenced on a diesel aero-engine: this flew in 1929 and a successful range of engines followed later. Probably the most spectacular of Junkers's designs was his G 38 airliner of 1929. This was the world's largest land-plane at the time, with a wing span of 44 m (144 ft). The wing was so thick that some of the thirty-four passengers could sit in the wing and look out through windows in the leading edge. Two were built and were frequently seen on European routes.[br]Bibliography1923, "Metal aircraft construction", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London.Further ReadingG.Schmitt, 1988, Hugh Junkers and His Aircraft, Berlin.1990, Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, London: Jane's (provides details of Junkers's aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Transport Aircraft since 1910, London.P. St J.Turner and H.J.Nowarra, 1971, Junkers: An Aircraft Album, London.JDS
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