Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

with+a+great+deal+of+work

Толкование Перевод

61 jodido

adj.

busted, shagged.

intj.

darn it, doggone.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: joder.

* * *

jodido

► participio pasado

1→ link=joder joder

► adjetivo

1 tabú (enfermo) in a bad way; (cansado) knackered, fucked

2 tabú (maldito, molesto) bloody, fucking, sodding

3 tabú (estropeado, roto) bust, fucked up, buggered

4 tabú (difícil) fucking difficult

* * *

- da adjetivo

1) (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)

a) [ser] ( difícil) < trabajo> tricky, tough (colloq); < persona> difficult, pain in the neck (colloq)

b) (delante del n) ( maldito) damn (colloq), fucking (vulg)

c) [ser] (AmL) ( exigente) demanding, tough (colloq)

2) [estar] (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)

a) ( estropeado) <ascensor/radio> bust (colloq), fucked (vulg)

b) ( enfermo) in a bad way (colloq)

c) ( deprimido) down (colloq)

d) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)

3) [ser] (Col fam) ( astuto) sharp

* * *

= tricky [trickier -comp., trickiest -sup.], skewed-up.

Ex. Bertrand Russell has written a great deal of sense about the tricky problem of individual liberty and achievement and its relationship to government control.

Ex. Thanks to the skewed-up policies of the state government the state's finances are in doldrums.

----

* a veces sales jodido = shit happens.

* * *

- da adjetivo

1) (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)

a) [ser] ( difícil) < trabajo> tricky, tough (colloq); < persona> difficult, pain in the neck (colloq)

b) (delante del n) ( maldito) damn (colloq), fucking (vulg)

c) [ser] (AmL) ( exigente) demanding, tough (colloq)

2) [estar] (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)

a) ( estropeado) <ascensor/radio> bust (colloq), fucked (vulg)

b) ( enfermo) in a bad way (colloq)

c) ( deprimido) down (colloq)

d) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)

3) [ser] (Col fam) ( astuto) sharp

* * *

= tricky [trickier -comp., trickiest -sup.], skewed-up.

Ex: Bertrand Russell has written a great deal of sense about the tricky problem of individual liberty and achievement and its relationship to government control.

Ex: Thanks to the skewed-up policies of the state government the state's finances are in doldrums.

* a veces sales jodido = shit happens.

* * *

jodido -da

adjective

A (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)

1 [ SER] (difícil) ‹trabajo› tricky, tough ( colloq)

es jodido criar los hijos solo bringing kids up on your own is really hard

es un tipo muy jodido de tratar he's a very difficult guy to deal with ( colloq), he's a son-of-a-bitch to deal with ( AmE sl), he's an awkward sod ( BrE sl)

2 ( delante del n) (maldito) fucking ( vulg), damn ( colloq), goddamn ( AmE colloq), bloody ( BrE sl), sodding ( BrE sl)

3 [ SER] ( AmL) (exigente) demanding, tough ( colloq)

B (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)

1 [ ESTAR] (estropeado) ‹ascensor/radio› bust ( colloq), buggered ( BrE sl)

2 [ ESTAR] (enfermo) in a bad way ( colloq)

3 [ ESTAR] (deprimido) down ( colloq)

anda muy jodido he's really down (in the dumps) ( colloq)

C [ SER] ( Col fam) (astuto) sharp

* * *

Del verbo joder: ( conjugate joder)

jodido es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
joder
jodido
joder 1 ( conjugate joder) verbo intransitivo
1 (vulg) ( copular) to screw (vulg), fuck (vulg)
2 (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( molestar) to annoy (sl);
◊ lo hace solo por jodido he only does it to annoy

verbo transitivo
1 (vulg) ( copular con) to screw (vulg), fuck (vulg)
2 (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)
a) ( molestar) to bug (colloq)

b) ( engañar) to rip … off (colloq)

3 (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ‹televisor/reloj› to bust (colloq), to fuck up (vulg);
‹ planes› to mess up (colloq), to screw up (vulg);
◊ jodidola (fam) to screw up (vulg)

joderse verbo pronominal (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)
a) ( jorobarse):

◊ y si no te gusta, te jodes and if you don't like it, that's tough! (colloq)

b) ‹ espalda› to do … in (colloq);

‹hígado/estómago› to mess up (colloq)
c) [ planes] to get screwed up (vulg), fucked up (vulg);

◊ se ha jodido el motor the engine's had it (colloq)

joder 2 interjección (esp Esp fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( expresando — fastidio) for heaven's sake! (colloq), for fuck's sake! (vulg);
(— asombro) good grief!, holy shit! (vulg)
jodido
◊ -da adjetivo

1 (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)
a) [ser] ( difícil) ‹ trabajo› tricky, tough (colloq);

‹ persona› difficult, pain in the neck (colloq)
b) ( delante del n) ( maldito) damn (colloq), fucking (vulg)

c) [ser] (AmL) ( exigente) demanding, tough (colloq)

2 [estar] (fam: en algunas regiones vulg)
a) ( estropeado) ‹ascensor/radio› bust (colloq), fucked (vulg)

b) ( enfermo) in a bad way (colloq)

c) ( deprimido) down (colloq)

3 [ser] (Col fam) ( astuto) sharp
joder
I vtr vulgar
1 (copular) to fuck
2 (fastidiar, incordiar) to annoy, piss off vulgar
3 (estropear) to screw up, botch, mess up
(un aparato) to break, bust familiar
II exclamación shit‚ for heaven's sake ➣ Ver nota en fuck
jodido,-a adj vulgar
1 (estropeado, roto) bust, buggered
2 (deprimido) down
' jodido' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
jodida
- joder

* * *

jodido, -a Vulg This word is generally considered vulgar in Spain. However, some uses would not be shocking even in Spain, and in most of Latin America it is regarded as a relatively mild swearword.

♦ adj

1. [físicamente, anímicamente]
tengo la rodilla jodida I've screwed o Br buggered my knee;

el orfanato lo dejó jodido de por vida the orphanage really fucked him up for life

2. [estropeado]
la radio está jodida the Br bloody o US goddamn radio's bust o Br knackered

3. [difícil]
es muy jodido levantarse a las seis getting up at six is a real bastard;

con ese profesor está muy jodido aprobar it's fucking difficult getting a pass off that teacher

4. [maldito]
el muy jodido me ha quitado la novia the bastard's stolen my girlfriend;

ha ganado la lotería, la muy jodida she's won the lottery, the lucky bitch

5. [persona]
es un tipo muy jodido Br he's a really nasty piece of work, US he's a real piece of work

♦ nm,f

1. [maldito]
el jodido de tu hermano that Br bloody o US goddamn brother of yours

2. RP [perjudicado] screwed;

los jodidos son siempre los mismos it's always the same people who end up getting screwed

* * *

jodido

adj vulg

persona, máquina etc fucked vulg ; situación fucked up vulg

Spanish-English dictionary > jodido
62 frei

I Adj.

1. free; freier Bürger HIST. freeborn citizen, freeman; ein freier Mensch (der tun kann, was er will) a free agent; sie ist frei zu gehen, wenn sie will she is free to go if she wishes; ich bin so frei altm. oder hum. sich bedienend etc.: if I may; ich war so frei, Ihr Auto zu nehmen oder und nahm Ihr Auto I took the liberty of using your car, I helped myself to your car

2. Wahl, Wille etc.: free; Zugang: unrestricted, unlimited; (unbehindert) unrestrained; „frei ab 16“ Film: 16 (= no admission to persons under 16 years), Am. etwa R(-rated); jetzt haben wir freie Fahrt mit Zug: the signal’s green now, the train can go now; mit Auto: the road’s clear now; fig. there’s nothing to stop us now; auf freiem Fuß sein be free; Verbrecher: be at large; jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen set s.o. free, let s.o. go; das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung the right of free speech ( oder of self-expression); aus freien Stücken oder freiem Willen of one’s own free will; die freie Wahl haben zwischen... und... be free to choose between... and...

3. (unabhängig, selbstständig) Stadt etc.: free; Beruf, Tankstelle etc.: independent; (nicht gebunden) unattached; Journalist, Künstler etc.: freelance; die freien Künste the liberal arts; freier Mitarbeiter freelance(r); Freie2

4. im Namen von Organisationen etc.: Freie Demokratische Partei (abgek. FDP) Free Democratic Party; Freie Deutsche Jugend (abgek. FDJ) HIST., ehem. DDR Free German Youth; Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (abgek. FDGB) HIST., ehem. DDR Free German Trade Union Organization; die Freie Hansestadt Bremen the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen; die Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg

5. WIRTS.: im freien Handel available in the shops (Am. in stores); freier Markt open market; Börse: unofficial market; freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy; freier Wechselkurs floating exchange rate; ( die) freie Wirtschaft free enterprise; die Rechte an diesem Buchtitel werden bald frei the rights in this title will soon be free ( oder available)

6. (unbesetzt) Stuhl, Raum etc.: free, available; Leitung: vacant; Stelle: vacant, open; Straße etc.: clear, empty; (unbeschrieben) Seite etc.: blank; frei am WC: vacant; am Taxi: for hire; freie Stelle vacancy; ist hier oder der Platz noch frei? is this seat taken?, is anyone sitting here?; der Stuhl / die Zeile muss frei bleiben the chair must be kept free / the line must be left blank; Platz frei lassen / machen für leave / make space for; jemandem den Weg frei machen clear the way for s.o.; zwei Zeilen frei lassen leave two blank lines; Bahn, Ring, Zimmer

7. (unbedeckt) bare; der Rock lässt die Knie frei the skirt is above the knee; den Oberkörper frei machen strip to the waist

8. Feld, Himmel, Sicht: open; aufs freie Meer hinaus out into the open sea; auf freier Strecke on an open stretch (EISENB. of line, Straße: of road); in freier Wildbahn in the wild; unter freiem Himmel in the open (air), outside

9. Tag, Zeit etc.: free; nachgestellt: off; Person: free, not busy; freie Zeit free ( oder leisure) time; nächsten Dienstag ist frei next Tuesday is a holiday; hast du morgen frei? do you have tomorrow off?; seitdem habe ich keine freie Minute mehr since then I haven’t had a free moment ( oder a moment to myself); sind Sie ( gerade) frei? Taxi: are you taken?; Verkäufer: are you serving someone?

10. (kostenlos) free (of charge); freier Eintritt admission free ( für to); Kinder unter sechs sind frei umg. von Eintritt, Fahrgeld: children under six are free, no charge for children under six; 20 kg Gepäck sind frei there is a baggage (bes. Am. luggage) allowance of 20kg; frei Haus carriage paid; Lieferung frei Haus free delivery, no delivery charge; dazu bekommt sie auch noch einen Job frei Haus fig. what’s more she gets a job handed to her on a plate; du hast noch zwei Versuche frei fig. you have two tries left

11. frei von (ohne) free from ( oder of), without; von Eis, Schneeschicht etc.: clear of; von Steuern etc. befreit: exempt from; frei von Schmerzen free from pain; frei von Schulden free from debt; frei von Zusätzen free of additives; niemand ist frei von Fehlern / Vorurteilen nobody is perfect / free from prejudice

12. sich frei machen von free o.s. of; (herauskommen aus) get out of; (loswerden) get rid of

13. fig. (ungezwungen) free and easy; (offen) open; (moralisch großzügig) liberal; freie Liebe free love; sie ist schon viel freier geworden she has loosened up a great deal

14. fig. Übersetzung: free; freie Hand haben have a free hand ( bei with); jemandem freie Hand lassen give s.o. a free hand ( bei with); aus oder mit der freien Hand zeichnen (ohne Hilfsmittel) draw s.th. freehand

15. Sport (ungedeckt) unmarked; zum nächsten freien Mitspieler passen pass to the nearest unmarked player; der freie Mann ( vor der Abwehr) the sweeper

16. POST. (frankiert) prepaid, post paid

17. PHYS.; Elektron, Fall, Radikal etc.: free; CHEM. uncombined; im freien Fall in free fall; frei werden Energie etc.: be released; freie Valenzen CHEM. free valencies

II Adv.

1. atmen, herumlaufen etc.: freely; frei geboren freeborn; frei laufende Hühner free-range hens; Eier von frei laufenden Hühnern free-range eggs; frei lebende Tiere wildlife Sg., animals living in the wild ( oder out of captivity); frei praktizierender Arzt doctor in private practice

2. herumliegen etc.: openly; frei zugänglich von allen Seiten: freely accessible; für alle: open to all; frei stehen Baum, Haus etc.: stand by itself; SPORT, Spieler: be unmarked; frei stehend Baum: solitary; Haus, nicht angebaut: detached; einzeln: isolated; SPORT, Spieler: unmarked

3. WIRTS.: frei erhältlich freely available; frei finanziert privately financed; frei konvertierbar freely convertible; frei verkäuflich on general sale, freely available (to buy)

4. TECH.: frei beweglich freely moving, mobile; frei hängend oder schwebend unsupported

5. frei ( und offen) openly, frankly, freely; frank, freiheraus

6. frei sprechen Redner: speak without notes; mit Handy im Auto: phone ( oder talk) hands-free, use the speaker phone; ich möchte den Vortrag frei halten I want to give the lecture without notes; einen Kreis frei zeichnen draw a circle freehand; das Kind kann schon frei laufen / stehen the child can walk / stand unaided

7. frei erfunden (entirely) fictitious; das hat er frei erfunden he made that up; frei nach ( einem Stück von) X freely adapted from (a play by) X

8. (liberal) liberally; frei erzogen sein have had a liberal upbringing

* * *

at liberty (Adv.);

(freimütig) frank (Adj.);

(nicht versklavt) unenslaved (Adj.);

(unbefahren) clear (Adj.);

(unbesetzt) vacant (Adj.);

(unentgeltlich) gratis (Adj.); free (Adj.);

(ungebunden) independent (Adj.); free (Adj.); unfettered (Adj.); unattached (Adj.); unengaged (Adj.)

* * *
[frai]
1. ADJEKTIV

1) = unbehindert free

frei von etw — free of sth

sich von etw frei halten — to avoid sth; von Vorurteilen etc to be free of sth; von Verpflichtungen to keep oneself free of sth

sich von etw frei machen — to free oneself from sth

die Straße frei geben/machen — to open/clear the road

jdm den Weg frei geben — to let sb past or by

sie hatte einen freien Blick aufs Meer — she had a clear view of the sea

der Film ist frei ( für Jugendliche) ab 16 (Jahren) — this film is suitable for persons aged 16 years and over

frei sein (Sport) — to be free or not marked

ich bin so frei (form) — may I?diams; frei + SubstantivSiehe auch unter dem Eintrag für das jeweilige Substantiv.

freier Durchgang — thoroughfare

von Kiel nach Hamburg hatten wir freie Fahrt — we had a clear run from Kiel to Hamburg

einem Zug freie Fahrt geben — to give a train the " go" signal

der Polizist gab uns freie Fahrt — the policeman signalled (Brit) or signaled (US) us on

für etw freie Fahrt geben (fig) — to give sth the go-ahead

der freie Fall (Phys) — free fall

auf freiem Fuß sein — to be free

freie Hand haben — to have a free hand

jdm freie Hand lassen — to give sb free rein, to give sb a free hand

das Recht der freien Rede or auf freie Rede — the right of free speech, the right to freedom of speech

freie Rhythmen — free verse

aus freien Stücken — of one's own free will

jdm zur freien Verfügung stehen — to be completely at sb's disposal

aus freiem Willen — of one's own free will

freier Zugang — unlimited or unrestricted access

freier Zutritt — unrestricted access

2) = unabhängig free; Schriftsteller, Journalist etc freelance; (= nicht staatlich) privatediams; frei + SubstantivSiehe auch unter dem Eintrag für das jeweilige Substantiv.

freier Beruf — independent profession

Freie Demokratische Partei — Free Democratic Party

Freie Deutsche Jugend (DDR) — youth wing of the former East German Socialist Unity Party

Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DDR) — Trades Union Congress of the former East Germany

Freie Hansestadt Bremen — Free Hansa Town of Bremen

Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg — Free Hansa Town of Hamburg

freier Markt — free market

freie Marktwirtschaft — free-market economy

freier Mitarbeiter — freelance, freelancer

freier Mitarbeiter sein — to be freelance

als freier Mitarbeiter arbeiten — to work freelance

freie Reichsstadt (Hist) — free city of the Empire

freie Tankstelle — independent petrol (Brit) or gas (US) station

die freie Wirtschaft — private enterprise

in die freie Wirtschaft gehen — to go into the private sector

3) = verfügbar Mittel, Geld available; Zeit free

Herr Mayer ist jetzt frei — Mr Mayer is free now

ich bin jetzt frei für ihn — I can see him now; (am Telefon) I can speak to him now

4)

= arbeitsfrei morgen/Mittwoch ist frei — tomorrow/Wednesday is a holiday

See:

→ auch freibekommen, freigeben, freihaben, freinehmen

5)

= ohne Hilfsmittel etw aus freier Hand zeichnen — to draw sth freehand

ein Vortrag in freier Rede — an extemporary talk

6) = unbesetzt Zimmer, Toilette vacant; Taxi for hire

ist hier noch frei?, ist dieser Platz noch frei? — is anyone sitting here?, is this seat free?

im Kino/Flugzeug waren noch zehn freie Plätze — in the cinema/plane there were still ten seats free

"frei" (an Taxi) — "for hire"; (an Toilettentür) "vacant"

"Zimmer frei" — "vacancies"

haben Sie noch etwas frei? (in Hotel) — do you have any vacancies?

bei HarperCollins sind einige Stellen frei — there are some vacancies at HarperCollins

"Ausfahrt/Einfahrt frei halten" — "keep clear"

einen Platz für jdn frei lassen — to keep a seat for sb

für etw Platz frei lassen/machen — to leave/make room for sth

eine Wohnung frei machen — to vacate a flat

7)

= offen unter freiem Himmel — in the open air

im freien Raum (Astron) — in (outer) space

auf freier Strecke (Rail) — between stations

eine Frage/Aussage im freien Raum stehen lassen — to leave a question/statement hanging in mid-air

See:

→ Freie(s), Feld

8) = kostenlos free

Eintritt frei — admission free

frei Schiff — free on board

9) = unkonventionell Sitten, Erziehung liberal

freie Liebe — free love

10) = unbekleidet bare

mit freiem Oberkörper — stripped to the waist

11) = ungeschützt Autor out of copyright

seit die Rechte an Karl May frei geworden sind — since Karl May's books have been out of copyright

2. ADVERB

1) = ungehindert freely; sprechen openly

frei beweglich —

frei hängend — suspended

frei erfunden — purely fictional

er hat das frei erfunden — he made it up

frei schalten und walten — to do what one wants

das ist frei wählbar — you can choose as you please, it's completely optional

frei definierbare Zeichen (Comput) — user-definable characters

frei laufend (Hunde, Katzen) — feral; Huhn free-range

Eier von frei laufenden Hühnern — free-range eggs

frei herumlaufen (inf) — to be free, to be running around free (inf)

der Verbrecher läuft immer noch frei herum — the criminal is still at largediams; frei lebend Wölfe, Mustangherden etc living in the wild; Katzen, Stadttauben feral; Mikroorganismen free-livingdiams; frei stehen (Haus) to stand by itself; (Sport) to be free or not marked

ein frei stehendes Gebäude — a free-standing building → auch cdiams; frei nach based on

frei nach Goethe (Zitat) — as Goethe didn't say

2)

= ungezwungen sich frei und ungezwungen verhalten, frei und locker auftreten — to have a relaxed manner, to be easy-going

sie benimmt sich etwas zu frei — she's rather free in her behaviour (Brit) or behavior (US)

3) = ohne Hilfsmittel unaided, without help

das Kind kann frei stehen — the child can stand on its own or without any help

frei schwimmen — to swim unaided

frei in der Luft schweben — to hang in mid-air

frei sprechen —

frei finanziert (Wohnungsbau) — privately financed

* * *

1) (free from difficulty or obstacles: a clear road ahead.) clear

2) ((often with of) without (risk of) being touched, caught etc: Is the ship clear of the rocks? clear of danger.) clear

3) ((often with of) free: clear of debt; clear of all infection.) clear

4) (allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc: The prison door opened, and he was a free man.) free

5) (not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way: free speech; You are free to think what you like.) free

6) (frank, open and ready to speak: a free manner.) free

7) (not working or having another appointment; not busy: I shall be free at five o'clock.) free

8) (not occupied, not in use: Is this table free?) free

9) free

10) (not tied; free: The horses are loose in the field.) loose

11) (not at work: He's taking tomorrow off; He's off today.) off

12) (empty or unoccupied: a vacant chair; Are there any rooms vacant in this hotel?) vacant

13) (empty or vacant: The room/seat was unoccupied.) unoccupied

14) (not busy: I paint in my unoccupied hours / when I'm otherwise unoccupied.) unoccupied

* * *

frei

[frai]

I. adj

1. (nicht gefangen, unabhängig) free

\freier Autor/Übersetzer freelance writer/translator

die \freie Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg

\freie Kirche free church

ein \freier Mann/eine \freie Frau a free man/woman

ein \freier Gedanke free thought

[Recht auf] \freie Meinungsäußerung [right to] freedom of speech

ein \freier Mensch a free person

\freier Mitarbeiter/ \freie Mitarbeiterin freelance[r]

eine \freie Übersetzung a free translation

etw zur \freien Verfügung haben to have sth at free disposal

\freie Wahl haben to be free to choose

aus \freiem Willen [o \freien Stücken] of one's own free will

es war sein \freier Wille auszuwandern he emigrated of his own free will

\frei und ungebunden footloose and fancy-free

sich akk von etw dat \frei machen to free oneself from sth

2. (freie Zeit) free

ein \freier Tag a holiday; (von Schule, Job) a day off

drei Tage/eine Woche \frei haben to have three days/a week off

nächsten Donnerstag ist \frei, da ist Feiertag we've got next Thursday off - it's a holiday

[sich dat] drei Tage/eine Woche \frei machen [o nehmen] to take three days/a week off

er hat sich \frei genommen, da seine Tochter krank ist he's taken [some] time off because his daughter is ill

\freie Zeit haben to have spare time

3. (verfügbar) available

es sind noch Mittel für kulturelle Veranstaltungen \frei there are still funds available for cultural events

der Film ist ab 14 Jahren \frei the film is suitable for children from 14 years on

sich akk [für jdn/etw] \frei machen to make oneself available [for sb/sth]

▪ \frei [für jdn] sein to be free [to see/speak to sb]

4. (nicht besetzt/belegt) free; am WC vacant

ist dieser Platz noch \frei? is this seat [already] taken?

haben Sie noch ein Zimmer \frei? do you still have a room available?

den Eingang \frei machen to clear the entrance

einen Platz \frei lassen to keep a seat free

einen Platz \frei machen to vacate a seat form

eine \freie Stelle a vacant position

ein \freies Zimmer a vacant room

„Zimmer frei“ “rooms to rent”

5. (kostenlos) free; Lieferung free [of charge]; Postsendung prepaid

der Eintritt ist \frei entrance is free

Kinder unter 6 Jahren sind \frei children below the age of six are admitted free

20 kg Gepäck sind \frei 20 kg of luggage are allowed

„Eintritt \frei“ “admission free”

„Lieferung \frei Haus“ free home delivery

6. (ohne etw)

▪ \frei von etw dat sein to be free of sth

die Straßen sind \frei von Eis the streets are clear of ice

kein Mensch ist \frei von Fehlern nobody is perfect

\frei von Konservierungsstoffen free from preservatives

\frei von Schmerzen sein not to suffer any pain, to be free of pain

\frei von Schuld blameless

7. (ohne Hilfsmittel) off-the-cuff

etw mit \freier Hand zeichnen to draw sth freehand

\freie Rede/ \freier Vortrag impromptu speech/lecture

eine \freie Rede halten to speak off-the-cut

8. (auslassen)

eine Zeile \frei lassen to leave a line free

9. (offen) open

der Zug hält auf \freier Strecke the train stops in the open country

\freie Aussicht [o \freier Blick] unhampered view

\freies Gelände open country

unter \freiem Himmel open air

das \freie Meer the open sea

10. (ungezwungen) free and easy

ihre Auffassungen sind mir doch etwas zu \frei her views are a little too liberal for me

er ist viel \freier geworden he has loosened up a lot fam

hier herrscht ein \freier Ton the atmosphere is very liberal here

\freie Liebe free love

ich bin so \frei (geh) if I may

ich bin so \frei und nehme mir noch ein Stück I'll have another piece if I may

11. (unbehindert) unhampered, unrestrained

\freie Entwicklung free development

12. (unbekleidet) bare

machen Sie bitte Ihren Arm \frei please roll up your sleeve

machen Sie bitte ihren Bauch \frei please uncover your stomach

sich akk \frei machen to get undressed

13. (unbeschrieben) blank

ein \freies Blatt a blank sheet of paper

Platz \frei lassen to leave a blank

14. (nicht gebunden) free, single

seit er sich von seiner Freundin getrennt hat, ist er wieder frei since he has split up with his girl-friend, he is single again

15. ÖKON free

\freier Kapital-/Warenverkehr free movement of capital/goods

\freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy

\freier Wechselkurs freely floating exchange rate

16. CHEM, PHYS released

Kräfte werden \frei forces are set free [or released]

\freier Kohlenstoff/ \freie Wärme uncombined carbon/heat

\freie Radikale free radicals

17. (ungefähr)

\frei nach... roughly quoting...

II. adv

1. (unbeeinträchtigt) freely

das Haus steht ganz \frei the house stands completely on its own

die Mörderin läuft immer noch \frei herum! the murderess is still on the loose!

\frei atmen to breathe easy

sich akk \frei entscheiden to decide freely

\frei finanziert privately financed

\frei stehen to stand alone [or by itself]

\frei verkäuflich for sale without restrictions

\frei zugänglich accessible from all sides

2. (ungezwungen) freely, openly

\frei erzogen liberally educated

\frei heraus sprechen to speak frankly

\frei improvisieren to improvise freely

3. (uneingeschränkt) casually

sich akk \frei bewegen können to be able to move in an uninhibited manner

4. (nach eigenem Belieben)

\frei erfunden to be completely made up

5. (gratis) free

Kinder unter 6 Jahren fahren \frei children below the age of six travel free

etw \frei bekommen to get sth free

6. (ohne Hilfsmittel)

ein Kabel \frei verlegen to lay a cable uncovered

\frei in der Luft schweben to hover unsupported in the air

\frei sprechen to speak off-the-cuff

7. (nicht gefangen) freely

\frei laufend Tiere free-range

Eier von \frei laufenden Hühnern eggs from free-range chickens

\frei lebend living in the wild

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) free <man, will, life, people, decision, etc.>

2) (nicht angestellt) freelance <writer, worker, etc.>

die freien Berufe — the independent professions

3) (ungezwungen) free and easy; lax (derog.)

4) (nicht eingesperrt, gefangen) free; at liberty pred.

5) (offen) open

unter freiem Himmel — in the open [air]; outdoors

auf freier Strecke — (Straße) on the open road; (Eisenbahn) between stations

ins Freie gehen — walk out into the open

frei lebende Tiere — animals living in the wild

frei herumlaufen — < person> run around scot-free

6) (unbesetzt) vacant; unoccupied; free

ein freier Stuhl/Platz — a vacant or free chair/seat

Entschuldigung, ist hier noch frei? — excuse me, is this anyone's seat etc.?

eine freie Stelle — a vacancy

ein Bett ist [noch] frei — one bed is [still] free or not taken

ist der Tisch frei? — is this table free?

einige Seiten frei lassen — leave some pages blank

7) (kostenlos) free <food, admission>

20 kg Gepäck frei haben — have or be allowed a 20 kilogram baggage allowance

Lieferung frei Haus — carriage free

8) (ungenau)

eine freie Übersetzung — a free or loose translation

9) (ohne Vorlage) improvised

10) (uneingeschränkt) free

der Zug hat freie Fahrt — the train can proceed

der freie Fall — (Physik) free fall

11)

von etwas frei/frei von etwas sein — be free of something

frei von Fehlern — without faults

12) (verfügbar) spare; free

ich habe heute frei/meinen freien Abend — I've got today off/this is my evening off

sich (Dat.) frei nehmen — (ugs.) take some time off

er ist noch/nicht mehr frei — he is still/no longer unattached

13) (ohne Hilfsmittel)

eine freie Rede — an extempore speech

14) (unbekleidet) bare

15) (bes. Fußball) unmarked

frei stehen — be unmarked

16) (Chemie, Physik) free

frei werden — (bei einer Reaktion) be given off

17) (in festen Wendungen)

freie Hand haben/jemandem freie Hand lassen — have/give somebody a free hand

aus freien Stücken — (ugs.) of one's own accord; voluntarily

jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen — set somebody free

auf freiem Fuß — (von Verbrechern etc.) at large
2.
adverbial <act, speak, choose> freely; < translate> freely, loosely

etwas frei heraus sagen — say something freely

eine Rede frei halten — make a speech without notes

* * *

frei

A. adj

1. free;

freier Bürger HIST freeborn citizen, freeman;

ein freier Mensch (der tun kann, was er will) a free agent;

sie ist frei zu gehen, wenn sie will she is free to go if she wishes;

ich bin so frei obs oder hum sich bedienend etc: if I may;

ich war so frei, Ihr Auto zu nehmen oder

und nahm Ihr Auto I took the liberty of using your car, I helped myself to your car

2. Wahl, Wille etc: free; Zugang: unrestricted, unlimited; (unbehindert) unrestrained;

„frei ab 16“ FILM 16 (= no admission to persons under 16 years), US etwa R(-rated);

jetzt haben wir freie Fahrt mit Zug: the signal’s green now, the train can go now; mit Auto: the road’s clear now; fig there’s nothing to stop us now;

auf freiem Fuß sein be free; Verbrecher: be at large;

jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen set sb free, let sb go;

das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung the right of free speech ( oder of self-expression);

aus freien Stücken oder

freiem Willen of one’s own free will;

die freie Wahl haben zwischen … und … be free to choose between … and …

3. (unabhängig, selbstständig) Stadt etc: free; Beruf, Tankstelle etc: independent; (nicht gebunden) unattached; Journalist, Künstler etc: freelance;

die freien Künste the liberal arts;

freier Mitarbeiter freelance(r); → Freie²

4. im Namen von Organisationen etc:

Freie Demokratische Partei (abk FDP) Free Democratic Party;

Freie Deutsche Jugend (abk FDJ) hist DDR Free German Youth;

Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (abk FDGB) hist DDR Free German Trade Union Organization;

die Freie Hansestadt Bremen the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen;

die Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg

5. WIRTSCH:

im freien Handel available in the shops (US in stores);

freier Markt open market; BÖRSE unofficial market;

freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy;

freier Wechselkurs floating exchange rate;

(die) freie Wirtschaft free enterprise;

die Rechte an diesem Buchtitel werden bald frei the rights in this title will soon be free ( oder available)

6. (unbesetzt) Stuhl, Raum etc: free, available; Leitung: vacant; Stelle: vacant, open; Straße etc: clear, empty; (unbeschrieben) Seite etc: blank;

frei am WC: vacant; am Taxi: for hire;

freie Stelle vacancy;

ist hier oder

der Platz noch frei? is this seat taken?, is anyone sitting here?;

der Stuhl/die Zeile muss frei bleiben the chair must be kept free/the line must be left blank;

Platz frei lassen/machen für leave/make space for;

jemandem den Weg frei machen clear the way for sb;

zwei Zeilen frei lassen leave two blank lines; → Bahn, Ring, Zimmer

7. (unbedeckt) bare;

der Rock lässt die Knie frei the skirt is above the knee;

den Oberkörper frei machen strip to the waist; → auch freilassen

8. Feld, Himmel, Sicht: open;

aufs freie Meer hinaus out into the open sea;

auf freier Strecke on an open stretch (BAHN of line, Straße: of road);

in freier Wildbahn in the wild;

unter freiem Himmel in the open (air), outside

9. Tag, Zeit etc: free; nachgestellt: off; Person: free, not busy;

freie Zeit free ( oder leisure) time;

nächsten Dienstag ist frei next Tuesday is a holiday;

hast du morgen frei? do you have tomorrow off?;

seitdem habe ich keine freie Minute mehr since then I haven’t had a free moment ( oder a moment to myself);

sind Sie (gerade) frei? Taxi: are you taken?; Verkäufer: are you serving someone?

10. (kostenlos) free (of charge);

freier Eintritt admission free (

für to);

Kinder unter sechs sind frei umg von Eintritt, Fahrgeld: children under six are free, no charge for children under six;

20 kg Gepäck sind frei there is a baggage (besonders US luggage) allowance of 20kg;

frei Haus carriage paid;

Lieferung frei Haus free delivery, no delivery charge;

dazu bekommt sie auch noch einen Job frei Haus fig what’s more she gets a job handed to her on a plate;

du hast noch zwei Versuche frei fig you have two tries left

11.

frei von (ohne) free from ( oder of), without; von Eis, Schneeschicht etc: clear of; von Steuern etc befreit: exempt from;

frei von Schmerzen free from pain;

frei von Schulden free from debt;

frei von Zusätzen free of additives;

niemand ist frei von Fehlern/Vorurteilen nobody is perfect/free from prejudice

12.

sich frei machen von free o.s. of; (herauskommen aus) get out of; (loswerden) get rid of

13. fig (ungezwungen) free and easy; (offen) open; (moralisch großzügig) liberal;

freie Liebe free love;

sie ist schon viel freier geworden she has loosened up a great deal

14. fig Übersetzung: free;

freie Hand haben have a free hand (

bei with);

jemandem freie Hand lassen give sb a free hand (

bei with);

aus oder

mit der freien Hand zeichnen (ohne Hilfsmittel) draw sth freehand

15. Sport (ungedeckt) unmarked;

zum nächsten freien Mitspieler passen pass to the nearest unmarked player;

der freie Mann (vor der Abwehr) the sweeper

16. Postwesen: (frankiert) prepaid, post paid

17. PHYS; Elektron, Fall, Radikal etc: free; CHEM uncombined;

im freien Fall in free fall;

frei werden Energie etc: be released;

freie Valenzen CHEM free valencies

B. adv

1. atmen, herumlaufen etc: freely;

frei geboren freeborn;

frei laufende Hühner free-range hens;

Eier von frei laufenden Hühnern free-range eggs;

frei lebende Tiere wildlife sg, animals living in the wild ( oder out of captivity);

frei praktizierender Arzt doctor in private practice;

frei halten (einen Platz) keep, save; (Straße, Einfahrt) keep clear; (Angebot, Stelle etc) keep open;

„Eingang frei halten!“ keep clear;

frei halten von keep free of; (Eingang, Straße etc) keep clear of;

jemanden von Erkältungen etc

frei halten keep sb free ( oder protect sb) from colds etc, keep colds etc away from sb;

sich frei halten keep o.s. free (

für for);

sich frei halten von ward off, avoid

2. herumliegen etc: openly;

frei zugänglich von allen Seiten: freely accessible; für alle: open to all;

frei stehen Baum, Haus etc: stand by itself; (leer stehen) be unoccupied, be empty; SPORT, Spieler: be unmarked;

frei stehend Baum: solitary; Haus, nicht angebaut: detached; einzeln: isolated; SPORT, Spieler: unmarked

3. WIRTSCH:

frei erhältlich freely available;

frei finanziert privately financed;

frei konvertierbar freely convertible;

frei verkäuflich on general sale, freely available (to buy)

4. TECH:

frei beweglich freely moving, mobile;

frei hängend oder

schwebend unsupported

5.

frei (und offen) openly, frankly, freely; → frank, freiheraus

6.

frei sprechen Redner: speak without notes; mit Handy im Auto: phone ( oder talk) hands-free, use the speaker phone;

ich möchte den Vortrag frei halten I want to give the lecture without notes;

einen Kreis frei zeichnen draw a circle freehand;

das Kind kann schon frei laufen/stehen the child can walk/stand unaided

7.

frei erfunden (entirely) fictitious;

das hat er frei erfunden he made that up;

frei nach (einem Stück von) X freely adapted from (a play by) X

8. (liberal) liberally;

frei erzogen sein have had a liberal upbringing; → auch freibekommen, freigeben etc

…frei im adj

1. (ohne …) Inhalt: …-free; Krankheit: free from …;

stickstofffrei nitrogen-free, non-nitrogenous;

tuberkulosefrei free from tuberculosis

2. nicht geschehend: non-…;

blendfrei Beleuchtung: non-dazzle;

repressionsfrei Erziehung: non-repressive;

schrumpffrei Wäsche: non-shrink, shrink-free

3. nicht verlangt: exempt from …, …-exempt;

visumfrei not requiring a visa, visa-exempt;

zuschlagfrei on which no supplement is payable, exempt from supplement

4. nicht bedeckt: Person: with bare …; Kleid: leaving … bare;

fesselfrei clear of the ankles;

nabelfrei with a bare midriff;

schulterfrei off-the-shoulder

5. unabhängig: independent of …;

bündnisfrei independent of any alliance, unallied;

reichsfrei HIST under the direct rule of the Emperor;

trustfrei non-trust

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) free <man, will, life, people, decision, etc.>

2) (nicht angestellt) freelance <writer, worker, etc.>

die freien Berufe — the independent professions

3) (ungezwungen) free and easy; lax (derog.)

4) (nicht eingesperrt, gefangen) free; at liberty pred.

5) (offen) open

unter freiem Himmel — in the open [air]; outdoors

auf freier Strecke — (Straße) on the open road; (Eisenbahn) between stations

ins Freie gehen — walk out into the open

frei lebende Tiere — animals living in the wild

frei herumlaufen — < person> run around scot-free

6) (unbesetzt) vacant; unoccupied; free

ein freier Stuhl/Platz — a vacant or free chair/seat

Entschuldigung, ist hier noch frei? — excuse me, is this anyone's seat etc.?

eine freie Stelle — a vacancy

ein Bett ist [noch] frei — one bed is [still] free or not taken

ist der Tisch frei? — is this table free?

einige Seiten frei lassen — leave some pages blank

7) (kostenlos) free <food, admission>

20 kg Gepäck frei haben — have or be allowed a 20 kilogram baggage allowance

Lieferung frei Haus — carriage free

8) (ungenau)

eine freie Übersetzung — a free or loose translation

9) (ohne Vorlage) improvised

10) (uneingeschränkt) free

der Zug hat freie Fahrt — the train can proceed

der freie Fall — (Physik) free fall

11)

von etwas frei/frei von etwas sein — be free of something

frei von Fehlern — without faults

12) (verfügbar) spare; free

ich habe heute frei/meinen freien Abend — I've got today off/this is my evening off

sich (Dat.) frei nehmen — (ugs.) take some time off

er ist noch/nicht mehr frei — he is still/no longer unattached

13) (ohne Hilfsmittel)

eine freie Rede — an extempore speech

14) (unbekleidet) bare

15) (bes. Fußball) unmarked

frei stehen — be unmarked

16) (Chemie, Physik) free

frei werden — (bei einer Reaktion) be given off

17) (in festen Wendungen)

freie Hand haben/jemandem freie Hand lassen — have/give somebody a free hand

aus freien Stücken — (ugs.) of one's own accord; voluntarily

jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen — set somebody free

auf freiem Fuß — (von Verbrechern etc.) at large
2.
adverbial <act, speak, choose> freely; < translate> freely, loosely

etwas frei heraus sagen — say something freely

eine Rede frei halten — make a speech without notes

* * *

adj.

clear adj.

detached adj.

free adj.

spare adj.

uncommitted adj.

unengaged adj.

unenslaved adj.

unfettered adj.

unrestricted adj.

untrapped adj. adv.

freely adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > frei
63 essere

1. v/i be

essere di ( provenire di) be or come from

essere di qualcuno ( appartenere a) belong to someone

lei è di Roma she is or comes from Rome

è di mio padre it is my father's, it belongs to my father

c'è there is

ci sono there are

sono io it's me

cosa c'è? what's the matter?, what's wrong?

non c'è di che! don't mention it!

chi è? who is it?

ci siamo! here we are!

sono le tre it's three o'clock

siamo in quattro there are four of us

se fossi in te if I were you

sarà! if you say so!

2. v/aux: siamo arrivati alle due we arrived at two o'clock

non siamo ancora arrivati we haven't arrived yet

è stato investito he has been run over

3. m being

essere umano human being

* * *

essere v.ausiliare

1 ( con funzione di copula) to be*: sono italiano, I'm Italian; sei molto gentile, you're very kind; è un uomo fortunato, he's a lucky man; la porta è aperta, the door is open; è una vecchia storia, it's an old story; siamo buoni amici, we're good friends; siete francesi?, are you French?; il cielo era sereno, the sky was clear; non essere sgarbato, don't be rude; è interessante quell'articolo?, is that article interesting?; non è giusto, it isn't fair; sarà difficile trovarli, it will be hard to find them; fu un vero successo, it was a great success; questo non è vivere!, this is no life!; è notte, è mattina, it's night, it's morning; era una bellissima giornata, it was a beautiful day; era già tardi, it was already late; era il 1^o di luglio, it was the 1st July; è Pasqua, Natale, it's Easter, Christmas; domani è il compleanno della mamma, it's my mother's birthday tomorrow

2 ( nella coniugazione passiva) to be*: sei desiderato al telefono, you're wanted on the phone; la discoteca è frequentata da giovanissimi, the disco is popular with teenagers; il Presidente della Repubblica è eletto ogni 4 anni, the President of the Republic is elected every 4 years; la riunione si è tenuta nella Sala dei Congressi, the meeting was held in the Congress Hall; lo zar Pietro I fu detto il Grande, Tsar Peter I was called the Great; furono accusati di tentato omicidio, they were charged with attempted murder; la casa sarà completamente ristrutturata, the house is to be completely remodelled; dopo essere stato riconosciuto colpevole, fu condannato all'ergastolo, after being found guilty, he was sentenced to life imprisonment; quando sarà inaugurata la mostra?, when will the exhibition be inaugurated?; non è ancora stato reso noto il numero delle vittime, the number of victims is not yet known

3 (nei tempi composti della coniugazione attiva di verbi intransitivi, riflessivi e impersonali) to have: è appena arrivato, he has just arrived; non sono ancora partiti, they haven't left yet; che cosa è avvenuto?, what has happened?; che n'è stato di lui?, what has become of him?; è molto invecchiato, he has aged a great deal; è piovuto tutto il giorno, it's been raining all day long; è piovuto parecchio in questi giorni, it has rained a great deal in the last few days; se fossi stato avvisato in tempo, sarei venuto alla riunione, if I had been informed in time, I would have come to the meeting; la temperatura si è notevolmente abbassata, the temperature has shot down; si è avuto un forte calo nelle vendite, there has been a sharp drop in sales; mi ero appena svegliato, I had just woken up; ci eravamo già incontrati, we had met before; saranno state le tre di notte, it must have been three o'clock in the morning

4 (con un v. servile) to have: non sarei potuto venire comunque, I wouldn't have been able to come anyway; è dovuto partire improvvisamente, he has had to leave unexpectedly; ci siamo dovuti accontentare di una camera singola, we have had to make do with a single room

◆ v. intr.

1 ( esistere) to be*, to exist: Dio è, God exists; penso, dunque sono, I think, therefore I am; essere o non essere, to be or not to be

2 ( accadere, avvenire) to be*; to become*, to happen: che cosa è stato?, what was it?; quand'è stato?, when was it?; fu nell'estate del '78, it was (o it happened) in the summer of '78 // e fu così che conobbi mio marito, that's how I met my husband // quel ch'è stato è stato, let bygones be bygones // sia quel che sia, sia come sia, be that as it may (be) // sarà quel che sarà, what (ever) will be will be // che ne sarà di noi?, what's to become of us?; che n'è stato di lui?, what has become of him? // com'è come non è, all of a sudden // ebbene, sia!, well, so be it! // come che sia, whatever happens // così sia, let it be // come se niente fosse, as if nothing had happened

3 ( consistere) to consist, to lie*: la felicità non è nella ricchezza, happiness doesn't lie in riches; il problema era che si doveva decidere subito, the trouble lay in having to decide at once // il bello è che..., the interesting thing is that... // il fatto è che..., the fact is that...

4 ( costare, valere, pesare) to be: ''Quant'è?'' ''Sono 15 euro in tutto'', ''How much is it?'' ''It's 15 euros''; ''Quant'era di peso?'', ''How heavy was it?''; quant'è una sterlina in euro?, how much is a pound in euros?; quant'è un panino e una birra?, how much is a sandwich and a glass of beer?; quant'era il conto?, how much was the bill?

5 ( andare) to be*: dove sei stato quest'estate?, where have you been this summer?; ''Sei mai stato a Londra?'' ''Sì, ci sono stato l'anno scorso'', ''Have you ever been to London?'' ''Yes, I was there last year''; non eravamo mai stati a Parigi, we had never been to Paris; sono stati a trovarla all'ospedale, they have been to see her in hospital

6 ( arrivare, venire) to be*: eri già stato da queste parti?, had you ever been here before?; sono subito da lei, I'll be with you at once; tra poco saremo a casa, we'll be home soon

7 ( stare, trovarsi) to be*: ''Dove sono gli altri invitati?'' ''Sono in giardino'', ''Where are the other guests?'' ''They're in the garden''; è a Tokyo per lavoro, he's in Tokyo on business; la casa è in ottimo stato, the house is in excellent shape; il direttore non è in ufficio, the manager isn't in the office; l'ufficiale era in divisa, the officer was in uniform; sono a pranzo da amici domani, I'm having lunch with friends tomorrow; siamo in primavera, it's spring; a che capitolo siamo?, what chapter are we at?; stanotte sono di guardia, I'm on duty tonight; erano tutti dalla mia parte, they were all on my side // essere in dubbio, to be in doubt // essere sull'avviso, to be warned // essere alla fame, to be starving // essere alla disperazione, to be in despair // essere dalla parte della ragione, del torto, to be in the right, in the wrong // essere più di là che di qua, to be more dead than alive // (banca): essere alla pari, to be at par; essere in rosso, scoperto, to be in the red (o overdrawn) // essere in disavanzo, to be in debit

8 ( diventare) to be*, to get*: quando sarai grande, capirai, you'll understand when you're grown up (o when you get older); vorrebbe essere un attore, he would like to be an actor; un giorno sarò ricco, one day I'll be rich; quando fu stanco di studiare, andò a fare due passi, when he got tired of studying, he went for a walk

9 ( in correlazione) sia... sia: sia il padre sia la madre parteciparono alla cerimonia, both his father and mother were present at the ceremony // sia che... sia che..., whether... or...: sia che tu lo voglia, sia che non lo voglia, partiremo domani, we're leaving tomorrow, whether you like it or not; sia che lo mandi per espresso, sia che lo spedisca via aerea, non arriverà in tempo, whether you send it express or (by) airmail, it won't arrive in time

10 essere di, ( materia) to be (made) of; ( appartenenza) to be of, to belong (to); ( origine) to be from: tutte le statue erano di bronzo, all the statues were made of bronze; ''Di chi è quest'ombrello?'' ''é di Marco'', ''Whose umbrella is this?'' ''It's Mark's'' (o ''It belongs to Mark''); sono di Venezia, I'm from Venice; è di buona famiglia, he's from a good family

11 essere da, ( convenire a) to be worthy (of); (seguito da inf. con valore di dovere) to be (to): non è un comportamento da persona civile, his behaviour isn't worthy of a gentleman; è tutto da verificare, it remains to be seen; non sono fatti da sottovalutare, they're not facts to be underestimated; è una cosa da fare subito?, is it something to be done at once? // non sono da meno di lui, I'm worth as much as he is.

◆ esserci, to be*: che c'è?, what's the matter?; che cosa c'è di nuovo?, what's new?; c'è qualcuno in casa?, is there anyone at home?; c'è molto traffico sulle strade, there is a lot of traffic on the roads; non c'era nessuna traccia dei rapitori, there was no sign of the kidnappers; chi c'era al concerto?, who was at the concert?; non c'è stato mezzo di farlo ragionare, there was no way of getting him to see reason; ci dev'essere una soluzione di questo problema, there must be an answer to this problem; ci saranno state una ventina di persone alla cerimonia, there must have been about twenty people at the ceremony // quanto c'è da Roma a Napoli?, ( distanza) how far is it from Rome to Naples?; ( tempo) how long does it take from Rome to Naples? // ci siamo!, ( siamo arrivati) here we are!; ( siamo alle solite) here we go again! // ci sono!, ( ho capito) I've got it! // non c'è che dire, there's nothing to be said // non c'era il minimo dubbio, there wasn't the slightest doubt // non c'è da aver paura, there is nothing to be afraid of // c'era una volta un re, un cavaliere, once upon a time there was a king, a knight.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: ''Chi è?'' ''Sono io'', ''Who is it?'' ''It's me'' (o form. ''It is I''); sei tu?, is that (o is it) you? // che ora è?, what's the time? (o what time is it?) // vent'anni or sono, twenty years ago // nei tempi che furono, in the past (o in times gone by) // è per questo che..., that's why... // se fossi in te..., if I were you; se non fosse stato per il tempo..., if it hadn't been for the weather... (o but for the weather...) // ( come) sarebbe a dire?, what do you mean by that? // sono due ore che ti aspetto, I've been waiting for you for two hours // essere a spasso, ( disoccupato) to be out of work (o to be out of a job) // essere in grado di fare qlco., ( capace) to be able to do sthg.; ( in condizione di) to be in a position to do sthg. // essere sul punto di, in procinto di fare qlco., to be on the point of doing sthg., to be about to do sthg. // essere giù, ( fisicamente) to be run down; ( moralmente) to be down, (fam.) to be down in the dumps // essere di aiuto, to help // essere in sé, to be oneself; essere fuori di sé, ( sragionare) to be out of one's mind; ( non riuscire a dominarsi) to be beside oneself // sarà!..., ( per esprimere dubbio, perplessità) maybe (o that's how it may be); ( per esprimere incredulità) that's a likely story! // non può essere!, that's impossible!

essere s.m.

1 being, individual: esseri umani, human beings // l'Essere Supremo, the Supreme Being

2 ( creatura) creature: un essere spregevole, a despicable creature (o fellow); un povero essere, a poor creature

3 ( esistenza) existence: l'essere dello spirito, the existence of the spirit

4 ( stato) state, condition.

* * *
['ɛssere] (aus essere)
1. vi

1) (copulativo) to be

chi è quel tipo? — è Giovanni — who is that (guy)? — it's Giovanni

è giovane/malato — he is young/ill

siamo in dieci a volerci andare — there are ten of us wanting to go o who want to go

è (un) professore — he is a teacher

non è vero — that's not true

2) (trovarsi) to be, (vivere) to live

essere in piedi — to be standing

sono qui da tre ore — I've been here for three hours

è a Roma dal 1990 — he's been (living) in Rome since 1990

è a tavola — he is eating

3) (diventare) to be

quando sarai calmo — when you calm down

quando sarai grande — when you grow up o are grown up

quando sarai medico — when you are a doctor

4) (esistere) to be

essere o non essere — to be or not to be

sia la luce - e la luce fu — let there be light - and there was light

è il miglior meccanico che ci sia — he is the best mechanic there is

5)

(provenire) è di Genova — he is o comes from Genoa

6)

(appartenenza) di chi è questo libro? — è mio — whose book is this? — it's mine

non potrò essere dei vostri quest'estate — I won't be able to join you this summer

7)

(data) è il 12 giugno — it is June 12th

era il 1962 — it was 1962

erano gli anni Sessanta — it was the Sixties

8)

(ora) che ora è? o che ore sono? — sono le due — what's the time? o what time is it? — it's two o'clock

saranno state le cinque — it must have been five o'clock

9)

(+ da + infinito) è da fare subito — it should be done o needs to be done o is to be done immediately

è da spedire stasera — it has (got) to be sent tonight

2. vb aus

1)

(tempi composti: attivo) è arrivato? — has he arrived?

è arrivato ieri? — did he arrive yesterday?

è andato in Inghilterra — he has gone to England

è stato in Inghilterra — he has been to England

sono cresciuto in Italia — I grew up in Italy

2)

(tempi composti: passivo) è stato fabbricato in India — it was made in India

è stato investito da un'auto — he was run over by a car

3)

(tempi composti: riflessivo) si sono vestiti — they dressed, they got dressed

(reciproco) si sono baciati — they kissed

non si sono visti — they didn't see each other

3. vb impers

1)

è che non mi piace — the fact is I don't like it

che ne sarà della macchina? — what will happen to the car?

sarà come dici tu — you may be right

come sarebbe a dire? — what do you mean?

come se niente fosse — as if nothing had happened

è da tre ore che ti aspetto — I've been waiting for you for three hours

non è da te — it's not like you

sia detto fra noi — between you and me

è Pasqua — it's Easter

è possibile che venga — he may come

può essere — perhaps

sarà quel che sarà — what will be will be

sia quel che sia, io me ne vado — whatever happens I'm off

è tardi — it's late

2)

(costare) sono 200 euro — that's 200 euros, that comes to 200 euros

quant'è? — how much is it?

quant'è in tutto? — how much does that come to?

3)

esserci: c'è — there is

ci sono — there are

non c'è altro da dire — there's nothing else to be said o there's nothing more one can say

che (cosa) c'è? — what's wrong o the matter?

che c'è di nuovo? — what's new?

ci sono 60 chilometri — it's 60 kilometres

cosa c'è — what's wrong o the matter?

c'è da strapparsi i capelli — it's enough to drive you up the wall

ce n'è per tutti — there's enough for everybody

quanti invitati ci saranno? — how many guests will there be?

quanto c'è da qui a Edimburgo? — how far is it from here to Edinburgh?

c'era una volta... — once upon a time there was...

See:

ci

4. sm

being

essere umano — human being

gli esseri viventi — the living pl

* * *
I ['ɛssere]
verbo intransitivo (aus. essere)

essere o non essere — to be or not to be

tre anni or sono — three years ago

sono subito da lei, signora — I'll be with you right away, madam

"sei brutto!" "sarai bello tu!" — "you're ugly!" "you're not so handsome yourself!"

che ne è di...? — what (has become) of...?

che ne sarà di noi? — what will become of us?

non è da te, da lui — it's not like you, him

se non fosse per... — were it not o if it were not for...

se non fosse stato per te, sarei morto — had it not been for you, I would have died

se fossi in te, lui... — if I were you, him...

per essere un capo non è male — as bosses go, she's not bad

per essere bello è bello ma... — I'm not saying he's not handsome, but...

può essere — maybe, perhaps

può essere che non venga — he may o might not come

non può essere (vero)! — it can't be (true)!

quel che è stato, è stato — let bygones be bygones

sarà! — (forse) maybe! (ne dubito) I have my doubts!

sarà anche il capo ma — he may be the boss, but

sarà quel che sarà — what(ever) will be will be

e sia! — so be it!

sia come sia — be that as it may II esserci, esservi

che (cosa) c'è? — (che succede?) what is it? what's up? what's the matter? (che vuoi?) yes? (con tono seccato) what do you want?

c'è nessuno (in casa)? — is anybody there o in?

sono Luca, c'è tuo fratello? — it's Luca, is your brother in o there?

non ci sono per nessuno — I'm not in for anyone

ci siamo — (ci risiamo) there we go again; (ecco che si comincia) here we go
II ['ɛssere]
sostantivo maschile

1) (organismo vivente) being

essere umano — human being

essere vivente — living being

2) (persona) person, creature

un essere spregevole — a despicable person

3) (natura intima) being

con tutto il proprio essere — [detestare, desiderare] with one's whole being

4) (esistenza) being, existence

* * *

essere¹

/'εssere/ [4]

I verbo intransitivo

(aus. essere) essere o non essere to be or not to be; tre anni or sono three years ago; sono subito da lei, signora I'll be with you right away, madam; "sei brutto!" "sarai bello tu!" "you're ugly!" "you're not so handsome yourself!"; che ne è di...? what (has become) of...? che ne sarà di noi? what will become of us? non è da te, da lui it's not like you, him; se non fosse per... were it not o if it were not for...; se non fosse stato per te, sarei morto had it not been for you, I would have died; se fossi in te, lui... if I were you, him...; per essere un capo non è male as bosses go, she's not bad; per essere bello è bello ma... I'm not saying he's not handsome, but...; può essere maybe, perhaps; può essere che non venga he may o might not come; non può essere (vero)! it can't be (true)! quel che è stato, è stato let bygones be bygones; sarà! (forse) maybe! (ne dubito) I have my doubts! sarà anche il capo ma he may be the boss, but; sarà quel che sarà what(ever) will be will be; e sia! so be it! sia come sia be that as it may II esserci, esservi che (cosa) c'è?(che succede?) what is it? what's up? what's the matter? (che vuoi?) yes? (con tono seccato) what do you want? c'è nessuno (in casa)? is anybody there o in? sono Luca, c'è tuo fratello? it's Luca, is your brother in o there? non ci sono per nessuno I'm not in for anyone; ci siamo (ci risiamo) there we go again; (ecco che si comincia) here we go.

————————

essere²

/'εssere/

sostantivo m.

1 (organismo vivente) being; essere umano human being; essere vivente living being

2 (persona) person, creature; un essere spregevole a despicable person

3 (natura intima) being; con tutto il proprio essere [detestare, desiderare] with one's whole being

4 (esistenza) being, existence.

\

See also notes... (essere.pdf)

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > essere
64 Sorgfalt

f; -, kein Pl. care, carefulness; (Gewissenhaftigkeit) auch scrupulousness, conscientiousness; (Gründlichkeit) thoroughness; große Sorgfalt verwenden auf (+ Akk) take great pains over; mit der größten Sorgfalt with painstaking ( oder the utmost) care; mehr Sorgfalt auf etw. verwenden take more care over s.th.; die nötige Sorgfalt walten lassen take the necessary care

* * *

die Sorgfalt

carefulness; accurateness; care

* * *
Sọrg|falt ['zɔrkfalt]
f -, no pl
care
ohne Sorgfalt arbeiten — to work carelessly

verwenden — to take a lot of care over sth

* * *

die

(close attention: Do it with care.) care

* * *

Sorg·falt

<->

[ˈzɔrkfalt]

f kein pl care; JUR a. circumspection

mit mehr/größter/der erforderlichen \Sorgfalt with more/the greatest/due care

mangelnde \Sorgfalt want [or lack] of care

verkehrsübliche \Sorgfalt due care and attention

* * *

die; Sorgfalt: care

große Sorgfalt auf etwas (Akk.) verwenden od. legen — take great or a great deal of care over something

* * *

Sorgfalt f; -, kein pl care, carefulness; (Gewissenhaftigkeit) auch scrupulousness, conscientiousness; (Gründlichkeit) thoroughness;

große Sorgfalt verwenden auf (+akk) take great pains over;

mit der größten Sorgfalt with painstaking ( oder the utmost) care;

mehr Sorgfalt auf etwas verwenden take more care over sth;

die nötige Sorgfalt walten lassen take the necessary care

* * *

die; Sorgfalt: care

große Sorgfalt auf etwas (Akk.) verwenden od. legen — take great or a great deal of care over something

* * *

-en f.

accurateness n.

care n.

carefulness n. m.

particularity n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Sorgfalt
65 afablemente

adv.

affably, good-naturedly.

* * *

afablemente

► adverbio

1 affably, kindly

* * *

ADV affably, genially

* * *

= amiably, good-naturedly, kindly, affably.

Ex. 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.

Ex. Feaver remarked with the easy manner of familiars who are accustomed to sparring good-naturedly with each other that he certainly seemed to have picked up a great deal of miscellaneous information from that particular talk.

Ex. Acknowledgements: the author wishes to acknowledge her debt to the authors of the literature that has gone before, and also to the various persons and organisations that have kindly permitted the reproduction of their work.

Ex. He was looking affably at the two dubious ragamuffins and, moreover, even making inviting gestures to them.

* * *

= amiably, good-naturedly, kindly, affably.

Ex: 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.

Ex: Feaver remarked with the easy manner of familiars who are accustomed to sparring good-naturedly with each other that he certainly seemed to have picked up a great deal of miscellaneous information from that particular talk.

Ex: Acknowledgements: the author wishes to acknowledge her debt to the authors of the literature that has gone before, and also to the various persons and organisations that have kindly permitted the reproduction of their work.

Ex: He was looking affably at the two dubious ragamuffins and, moreover, even making inviting gestures to them.

* * *

afablemente

adverb

affably

* * *

afablemente adv

affably

Spanish-English dictionary > afablemente
66 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
67 πολύς

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, gen. πολλοῦ, ῆς, οῦ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.) ‘much’.—Comparative πλείων, πλεῖον (18 times in the NT, 4 times in the Apost. Fathers [including Hv 3, 6, 4; Hs 8, 1, 16] and Ath. 12, 3) or πλέον (Lk 3:13 and Ac 15:28 μηδὲν πλέον; otherwise, πλέον in the NT only J 21:15; 14 times in the Apost. Fathers [incl. μηδὲν πλέον Hs 1, 1, 6]; Ar. twice; Just. 6 times; Tat. once; Ath. 7 times), ονος; pl. πλείονες, and acc. πλείονας contracted πλείους, neut. πλείονα and πλείω (the latter Mt 26:53 [πλεῖον, πλείου vv.ll.]; B-D-F §30, 2; Mlt-H. 82; Thackeray p. 81f; Mayser p. 68f) ‘more’ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 27=Stone p. 70 [πλείον]; TestJob 35:2; TestGad 7:2 [πλεῖον]; AscIs 3:8; [πλέον]; EpArist; apolog. exc. Mel.).—Superlative πλεῖστος, η, ον ‘most’ (Hom.+).

① pert. to being a large number, many, a great number of

ⓐ positive πολύς, πολλή, πολύ

α. adj., preceding or following a noun (or ptc. or adj. used as a noun) in the pl. many, numerous δυνάμεις πολλαί many mighty deeds Mt 7:22b. δαιμονιζόμενοι πολλοί 8:16. Cp. vs. 30; 9:10; 13:17; 24:11; 27:52, 55; Mk 2:15a; 6:13; 12:41; Lk 4:25, 27; 7:21b; 10:24; J 10:32; 14:2; Ac 1:3; 2:43; 8:7b; 14:22; Ro 4:17f (Gen 17:5); 8:29; 12:4; 1 Cor 8:5ab; 11:30; 12:12a, 20; 1 Ti 6:12; 2 Ti 2:2; Hb 2:10; 1J 4:1; 2J 7; Rv 5:11; 9:9; 10:11; 1 Cl 55:3ab. ἔτη πολλά many years: Lk 12:19b (εἰς ἔτη π.); Ac 24:10 (ἐκ π. ἐτῶν); Ro 15:23 (ἀπὸ π. [v.l. ἱκανῶν] ἐτῶν).—αἱ ἁμαρτίαι αἱ πολλαί Lk 7:47a. αἱ εὐεργεσίαι αἱ π. 1 Cl 21:1.—πολλὰ καὶ βαρέα αἰτιώματα many serious charges Ac 25:7 (cp. Ps.-Pla., Sisyph. 1, 387a πολλά τε καὶ καλὰ πράγματα; B-D-F §442, 11; Rob. 655). πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα σημεῖα J 20:30 (on the form X., Hell. 5, 4, 1 πολλὰ μὲν οὖν … καὶ ἄλλα λέγειν καὶ Ἑλληνικὰ καὶ βαρβαρικά; Dionys. Hal. 2, 67, 5; Ps.-Demetr. 142 πολλὰς κ. ἄλλας χάριτας; Jos., Ant. 3, 318; Tat. 38, 1. On the subject-matter Bultmann 540, 3; also Porphyr., Vi. Pyth. 28 after a miracle-story: μυρία δʼ ἕτερα θαυμαστότερα κ. θειότερα περὶ τἀνδρὸς … εἴρηται κτλ.).—ἄλλοι πολλοί many others IRo 10:1. ἄλλαι πολλαί Mk 15:41. ἄλλα πολλά (Jos., Bell. 6, 169, Ant. 9, 242; Just., D. 8, 1) J 21:25. ἕτεροι πολλοί Ac 15:35. ἕτερα πολλά (Jos., Vi. 39) Lk 22:65.—Predicative: πολλοί εἰσιν οἱ ἐισερχόμενοι Mt 7:13.—Mk 5:9; 6:31; Gal 4:27 (Is 54:1). AcPl Ha 5, 16.—οὐ πολλοί not many=( only) a few οὐ πολλαὶ ἡμέραι (Jos., Ant. 5, 328, Vi. 309) Lk 15:13; J 2:12; Ac 1:5; AcPl Ha 11, 1. οὐ πολλοὶ σοφοί not many wise (people) 1 Cor 1:26a; cp. bc. οὐ πολλοί πατέρες not many fathers 4:15.

β. subst.

א. πολλοί many i.e. persons—without the art. Mt 7:22; 8:11; 12:15; 20:28; 24:5ab; 26:28; Mk 2:2; 3:10 (Mt 12:15 has ascensive πάντας; other passages to be compared in this connection are Mk 10:45=Mt 20:28 πολλῶν and 1 Ti 2:6 πάντων. Cp. the double tradition of the saying of Bias in Clem. of Alex., Strom. 1, 61, 3 πάντες ἄνθρωποι κακοὶ ἢ οἱ πλεῖστοι τ. ἀνθρώπων κακοί.—On Mk 10:45 s. OCullmann, TZ 4, ’48, 471–73); 6:2; 11:8; Lk 1:1 (cp. Herm. Wr. 11, 1, 1b and see JBauer, NovT 4, ’60, 263–66), 14; J 2:23; 8:30; Ac 9:42; Ro 16:2; 2 Cor 11:18; Gal 3:16 (πολλοί= a plurality); Tit 1:10; Hb 12:15; 2 Pt 2:2. AcPl Ha 5, 8; 7, 5; 11, 3. Opp. ὀλίγοι Mt 22:14; 20:16 v.l. (cp. Pla., Phd. 69c ναρθηκοφόροι μὲν πολλοί, βάκχοι δέ τε παῦροι=the thyrsus-bearers [officials] are many, but the truly inspired are few)—W. a partitive gen. πολλοὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων Mt 3:7. π. πῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ Lk 1:16.—J 4:39; 12:11; Ac 4:4; 8:7a; 13:43; 18:8; 19:18; 2 Cor 12:21; Rv 8:11.—W. ἐκ and gen. (AscIs 3:1; Jos., Ant. 11, 151) πολλοὶ ἐκ τῶν μαθητῶν J 6:60, 66.—10:20; 11:19, 45; 12:42; Ac 17:12. ἐκ τοῦ ὄχλου πολλοί J 7:31 (Appian, Iber. 78 §337 πολλοὶ ἐκ τοῦ πλήθους).

ב. πολλά—many things, much without the art.: γράφειν write at length B 4:9. διδάσκειν Mk 4:2; 6:34b. λαλεῖν Mt 13:3. μηχανᾶσθαι MPol 3. πάσχειν (Pind., O. 13, 63 al.; Jos., Ant. 13, 268; 403) Mt 16:21; Mk 5:26a; 9:12; Lk 9:22; 17:25; B 7:11; AcPl Ha 8, 19. ποιεῖν Mk 6:20 v.l. United w. another neut. by καί (Lucian, Icar. 20 πολλὰ κ. δεινά; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 345 D.: πολλὰ κ. καλά; Ps.-Demetr., El. 70 πολλὰ κ. ἄλλα; likew. Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 13 §53; Arrian, Anab. 6, 11, 2) πολλὰ κ. ἕτερα many other things Lk 3:18. πολλὰ ἂν κ. ἄλλα εἰπεῖν ἔχοιμι Dg 2:10 (Eur., Ep. 3, 2, πολλὰ κ. ἕτερα εἰπεῖν ἔχω; Diod S 17, 38, 3 πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα … διαλεχθείς). ἐν πολλοῖς in many ways (Diod S 26, 1, 2; OGI 737, 7 [II B.C.]; Just., D. 124, 4 [of line of proof]) 2 Cor 8:22a. ἐπὶ πολλῶν (opp. ἐπὶ ὀλίγα) over many things Mt 25:21, 23.—W. art. (Pla., Apol. 1, 17a) τὰ πολλὰ πράσσειν transact a great deal of business Hs 4:5b.

γ. elliptical δαρήσεται πολλά (sc. πληγάς) will receive many (lashes) Lk 12:47 (B-D-F §154; 241, 6).

ⓑ comparative πλείων, πλεῖον

α. adj. w. a plural (Diod S 14, 6, 1 μισθοφόρους πλείους=many mercenaries) πλείονας πόνους (opp. οὐχ ἕνα οὐδὲ δύο) 1 Cl 5:4. ἐπὶ ἡμέρας πλείους for a (large) number of days, for many days (Jos., Ant. 4, 277; cp. Theophr. in Apollon. Paradox. 29 πλείονας ἡμ.) Ac 13:31.—21:10 (Jos., Ant. 16, 15); 24:17; 25:14; 27:20. οἱ μὲν πλείονές εἰσιν γεγονότες ἱερεῖς the priests of former times existed in greater numbers Hb 7:23. ἑτέροις λόγοις πλείοσιν in many more words (than have been reported) Ac 2:40. ταῦτα καὶ ἕτερα πλείονα MPol 12:1.—W. a gen. of comparison (Just., A I 53, 3; Tat. 3, 2) ἄλλους δούλους πλείονας τῶν πρώτων other slaves, more than (he had sent) at first Mt 21:36. πλείονα σημεῖα ὧν more signs than those which J 7:31. Also w. ἤ: πλείονας μαθητὰς ἤ more disciples than 4:1. After πλείονες (-α) before numerals the word for ‘than’ is omitted (B-D-F §185, 4; Kühner-G. II 311; Rob. 666; Jos., Ant. 14, 96) ἐτῶν ἦν πλειόνων τεσσεράκοντα ὁ ἄνθρωπος the man was more than 40 years old Ac 4:22. πλείους τεσσεράκοντα 23:13, 21. Cp. 24:11; 25:6 (Jos., Ant. 6, 306 δέκα οὐ πλείους ἡμέρας).—The ref. is to relative extent (cp. 2bα) in τὰ ἔργα σου τὰ ἕσχατα πλείονα τῶν πρώτων your deeds, the latter of which are greater than the former Rv 2:19.

β. subst.

א. (οἱ) πλείονες, (οἱ) πλείους the majority, most (Diog. L. 1, 20; 22; Jos., Ant. 10, 114) Ac 19:32; 27:12. W. ἐξ: ἐξ ὧν οἱ πλείονες most of whom 1 Cor 15:6. W. gen. and a neg. (litotes) οὐκ ἐν τ. πλείοσιν αὐτῶν ηὐδόκησεν ὁ θεός God was pleased with only a few of them 10:5. This is perh. (s. ג below) the place for 1 Cor 9:19; 2 Cor 2:6; 9:2. Phil 1:14; MPol 5:1.

ב. (οἱ) πλείονες, (οἱ) πλείους (even) more πλείονες in even greater numbers Ac 28:23. πολλῷ πλείους ἐπίστευσαν many more came to believe J 4:41.—διὰ τῶν πλειόνων to more and more people=those who are still to be won for Christ 2 Cor 4:15.

ג. (οἱ) πλείονες, (οἱ) πλείους. In contrast to a minority οἱ πλείονες can gain the sense the others, the rest (so τὰ πλείονα Soph., Oed. Col. 36; τὸ πλέον Thu. 4, 30, 4; Jos., Ant. 12, 240; B-D-F §244, 3). So perh. (s. א above) ἵνα τ. πλείονας κερδήσω (opp. the apostle himself) 1 Cor 9:19; 2 Cor 2:6 (opp. the one who has been punished too severely.—In this case [s. א above] his punishment would have been determined by a unanimous vote of the Christian assembly rather than by a majority). Cp. 9:2; Phil 1:14; MPol 5:1.

ד. πλείονα (for πλεῖον) more Mt 20:10 v.l.; various things Lk 11:53. ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς πλείονα 1 Cl 24:5 (s. as adv. ParJer 7:26).

ⓒ superl. adj. πλείστη w. a plural most of αἱ πλεῖσται δυνάμεις Mt 11:20 (difft. B-D-F §245, 1).

② pert. to being relatively large in quantity or measure, much, extensive

ⓐ positive πολύς, πολλή, πολύ

α. adj. preceding or following a noun (or ptc. or adj. used as a noun)

א. in the sg. much, large, great πολὺς ἀριθμός Ac 11:21. W. words that in themselves denote a plurality (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 80 §338 στρατὸς πολύς) πολὺς ὄχλος (s. ὄχ. 1a) Mt 14:14; 20:29; 26:47; Mk 5:21, 24; 6:34a; 8:1; 9:14; 12:37 (ὁ π. ὄχ.); Lk 5:29; 6:17a; 8:4; J 6:2, 5 (for the expression ὁ ὄχλος πολύς, in which π. follows the noun, J 12:9, 12, cp. Arrian, Anab. 1, 9, 6 ὁ φόνος πολύς); Ac 6:7; Rv 7:9; 19:1, 6. πολὺ πλῆθος (s. pl. 2bα) Mk 3:7f; Lk 5:6; 6:17b; 23:27; Ac 14:1; 17:4; 1 Cl 6:1. λαὸς πολύς many people Ac 18:10. Of money and its value, also used in imagery μισθὸς πολύς Mt 5:12; Lk 6:23, 35 (all three predicative, as Gen 15:1). ἐργασία π. Ac 16:16. π. κεφάλαιον 22:28. χρυσοῦ πολλοῦ … τρυφῆς πολλῆς AcPl Ha 2, 19.—Of things that occur in the mass or in large quantities (Diod S 3, 50, 1 πολλὴ ἄμπελος) γῆ πολλή Mt 13:5; Mk 4:5; θερισμὸς π. Mt 9:37; Lk 10:2 (both pred.). χόρτος π. J 6:10; καρπὸς π. (Cyranides p. 121, 11) 12:24; 15:5, 8.—λόγος π. a long speech (Diod S 13, 1, 2; Just., D. 123, 7) Ac 15:32; 20:2. περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11 (cp. Pla., Phd. 115d).—Of time: πολὺς χρόνος a long time (Hom. et al.; Demetr.(?): 722 Fgm. 7; Jos., Ant. 8, 342; 19, 28; Just., A II, 2, 11) J 5:6 (s. ἔχω 7b); Hs 6, 4, 4 (pred.). μετὰ πολὺν χρόνον (Jos., Ant. 12, 324) Mt 25:19. Differently Mk 6:35ab (s. 3aα).

ב. adj. w. a noun in the pl. many, large, great, extensive, plentiful ὄχλοι πολλοί great crowds or probably better many people (as Diod S 20, 59, 2; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 3. For the corresponding mng. of ὄχλοι s. ὄχλος 1a) Mt 4:25; 8:1; 13:2; 15:30a; 19:2; Lk 5:15; 14:25. κτήματα πολλά a great deal of property Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22 (cp. Da 11:28 χρήματα π.). ὕδατα πολλά much water, many waters (Maximus Tyr. 21, 3g of the Nile ὁ πολὺς ποταμός, likew. Procop. Soph., Ep. 111) J 3:23; Rv 1:15; 14:2; 17:1; 19:6b. θυμιάματα πολλά a great deal of incense 8:3. τὰ πολλὰ γράμματα Ac 26:24. πολλοὶ χρόνοι long periods of time (Plut., Thes. 6, 9). πολλοῖς χρόνοις for long periods of time (SIG 836, 6; pap) Lk 8:29; 1 Cl 44:3. χρόνοις πολλοῖς AcPlCor 2:10. ἐκ πολλῶν χρόνων (Diod S 3, 47, 8; Jos., Ant. 14, 110; 17, 204) 1 Cl 42:5.

β. subst.

א. πολλοί many i.e. pers.—w. the art. οἱ πολλοί the many, of whatever appears in the context Mk 6:2 v.l. (the many people who were present in the synagogue); 9:26b (the whole crowd). Opp. ὁ εἷς Ro 5:15ac, 19ab; the many who form the ἓν σῶμα the one body 12:5; 1 Cor 10:17. Paul pays attention to the interests of the many rather than to his own vs. 33 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 212).—The majority, most (X., An. 5, 6, 19; Appian, Maced. 7, Bell. Civ. 4, 73 §309; 2 Macc 1:36; En 104:10; AscIs 3:26; Jos., Ant. 17, 72; Just., D. 4, 3) Mt 24:12; Hb 12:15 v.l. W. a connotation of disapproval most people, the crowd (Socrat., Ep. 6, 2; Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 8; Epict. 1, 3, 4; 2, 1, 22 al.; Plut., Mor. 33a; 470b; Plotinus, Enn. 2, 9, 9; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 42) 2 Cor 2:17; Pol 2:1; 7:2.—Jeremias, The Eucharistic Words of Jesus³, tr. NPerrin, ’66, 179–82; 226–31, and TW VI 536–45: πολλοί.

ב. πολύ much ᾧ ἐδόθη πολύ, πολὺ ζητηθήσεται παρʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ᾧ παρέθεντο πολὺ κτλ. Lk 12:48 (Just., A I, 17, 4 twice πλέον). Cp. 16:10ab; 2 Cl 8:5; καρποφορεῖν π. bear much fruit Hs 2:3. πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον much in every way Ro 3:2 (Ael. Aristid. 34, 43 K.=50 p. 562 D. gives answer to a sim. quest. asked by himself: πολλὰ καὶ παντοῖα).—Js 5:16.—As gen. of price πολλοῦ for a large sum of money (Menand., Fgm. 197 Kö.; PRyl 244, 10. S. στρουθίον.) Mt 26:9.—Of time: ἐπὶ πολύ ( for) a long time (JosAs 19:3; Ar. 65, 3; s. also ἐπί 18cβ) Ac 28:6; AcPl Ha 10, 21. μετʼ οὐ πολύ soon afterward Ac 27:14 (μετά B 2c).—ἐπὶ πολύ more than once, often (Is 55:7) Hm 4, 1, 8.—Before a comp. (as Hom. et al.; B-D-F §246; Rob. 664) in the acc. πολὺ βέλτιον much better Hs 1:9. π. ἐλάττων v 3, 7, 6 (Ar. 6, 2). π. μᾶλλον much more, to a much greater degree (Dio Chrys. 2, 10; 17; 64 al.; Ael. Aristid. 34, 9 K.=50 p. 549 D.; Just., A II, 8, 3; D. 95, 1 al.) Hb 12:9, 25 (by means of a negative it acquires the mng. much less; cp. Diod S 7, 14, 6 πολὺ μᾶλλον μὴ … =even much less); Dg 2:7b. π. πλέον 2:7a (Ar. 11, 7). π. σπουδαιότερος 2 Cor 8:22b. Cp. π. τιμώτερον 1 Pt 1:7 v.l.; in the dat. of degree of difference πολλῷ μᾶλλον (Thu. 2, 51, 4; UPZ 42, 48 [162 B.C.]; EpArist 7; 24 al.; Sir prol. ln. 14; Jos., Ant. 18, 184; Just., A I, 68, 9; Tat. 17, 4) Mt 6:30; Mk 10:48b; Lk 18:39; Ro 5:9f, 15b, 17; 1 Cor 12:22; 2 Cor 3:9, 11; Phil 2:12. πολλῷ μᾶλλον κρείσσον 1:23 (v.l. without μᾶλλον). πολλῷ πλείους J 4:41. πολλῷ στρουθίων as v.l. Mt 20:31 and Lk 12:7 (both N.²⁵ app.; on the strong ms. support for this rdg. s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 21–24).—W. the art. τὸ πολύ (opp. τὸ ὀλίγον as X., An. 7, 7, 36) 2 Cor 8:15 (cp. Ex 16:18).

ג. πολύς (Diod S 14, 107, 4 πολὺς ἦν ἐπὶ τῇ τιμωρίᾳ=he was strongly inclined toward punishing) μὴ πολὺς ἐν ῥήμασιν γίνου do not be profuse in speech, do not gossip 1 Cl 30:5 (Job 11:3).—Παπίας ὁ πολύς Papias (7), prob. to be understood as ὁ πάνυ; s. πάνυ d.

ⓑ comp. πλείων, πλεῖον; adv. πλειόνως

α. adj., w. a singular (TestJob 35:2 διὰ πλείονος εὐωδίας) καρπὸν πλείονα more fruit J 15:2, 8 P⁶⁶; Hs 5, 2, 4. τὸ πλεῖον μέρος τοῦ ὄχλου the greater part of the throng 8, 1, 16. ἐπὶ πλείονα χρόνον for a longer time (PTebt 6:31 [II B.C.]) Ac 18:20. Foll. by gen. of comparison: πλείονα τιμήν more honor Hb 3:3b.—IPol 1:3a. Foll. by παρά τινα for comparison Hb 3:3a; 11:4; Hs 9, 18, 2. ὅσῳ πλείονος κατηξιώθημεν γνώσεως, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον 1 Cl 41:4.—τὸ πλεῖον μέρος as adv. acc. for the greater part Hv 3, 6, 4a.

β. as subst. πλεῖον, πλέον more τὸ πλεῖον the greater sum (cp. Diod S 1, 82, 2=the greater part; Ps 89:10) Lk 7:43. πλεῖον λαμβάνειν receive a larger sum Mt 20:10. W. partitive gen. ἐπὶ πλεῖον προκόψουσιν ἀσεβείας they will arrive at an ever greater measure of impiety=become more and more deeply involved in impiety 2 Ti 2:16. W. a gen. of comparison πλεῖον τῆς τροφῆς someth. greater (more important) than food Mt 6:25; Lk 12:23. πλεῖον Ἰωνᾶ Mt 12:41; cp. vs. 42; Lk 11:31, 32. ἡ χήρα πλεῖον πάντων ἔβαλεν the widow put in more than all the rest Mk 12:43; Lk 21:3. μηδὲν πλέον nothing more (Jos., Bell. 1, 43; cp. Just., D. 2, 3 οὐδὲν πλέον); the words than, except following are expressed by παρά and the acc. Lk 3:13 or by πλήν w. gen. Ac 15:28, w. εἰ μή Hs 1:6.—The acc. is used as an adv. more, in greater measure, to a greater degree (Herm. Wr. 13, 21 Nock after the mss.) Lk 7:42; IRo 1:1; IEph 6:2; w. a gen. of comparison Mt 5:20 (περισσεύω 1aβ); J 21:15; IPol 5:2 (s. Ad’Alès, RSR 25, ’35, 489–92). τριετίαν ἢ καὶ πλεῖον for three years or even more Ac 20:18 D (cp. TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 27 [Stone p. 70, 27]).—ἐπὶ πλεῖον any farther (of place) Ac 4:17 (TestGad 7:2; Ath. 12 [ἐπί 4bβ]); (of time) at length Ac 20:9 (ἐπί 18cβ) or any longer, too long 24:4; 1 Cl 55:1 (ἐπί 18cβ); any more, even more (ἐπί 13) 2 Ti 3:9; 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4). Strengthened πολὺ πλέον much more, much rather (4 Macc 1:8; cp. X., An. 7, 5, 15; BGU 180, 12f [172 A.D.] πολλῷ πλεῖον; Ar. 11, 7 πολλῷ πλεῖον) Dg 2:7; 4:5.—Also w. indications of number (s. 1bα) πλεῖον ἢ ἄρτοι πέντε Lk 9:13 (the words πλ. ἤ outside the constr. as X., An. 1, 2, 11). In πλείω δώδεκα λεγιῶνας ἀγγέλων more than twelve legions of angels Mt 26:53 the text is uncertain (B-D-F §185, 4; s. Rob. 666).—The adv. can also be expressed by πλειόνως (Aeneas Tact. 237; Jos., Ant. 17, 2; Leontios 24, p. 52, 10) more ὅσον … πλειόνως the more … the more IEph 6:1.

ⓒ superl. πλεῖστος, ον

α. adj.

א. superlative proper τὸ πλεῖστον μέρος the greatest part w. partitive gen. Hs 8, 2, 9; 9, 7, 4. As adv. acc. for the greatest part 8, 5, 6; 8, 10, 1 (s. μέρος 1d).

ב. elative (s. Mayser II/1, 1926, 53) very great, very large (ὁ) πλεῖστος ὄχλος Mt 21:8 (ὁ πλεῖστος ὄχλος could also be the greatest part of the crowd, as Thu. 7, 78, 2; Pla., Rep. 3, 397d); Mk 4:1.

β. subst. οἱ πλεῖστοι the majority, most Ac 19:32 D (Just., D. 1, 4; cp. D. 48, 4 πλεῖστοι).

③ pert. to being high on a scale of extent

ⓐ positive πολύς, πολλή, πολύ

α. as simple adj., to denote degree much, great, strong, severe, hard, deep, profound (Diod S 13, 7, 4 πολὺς φόβος; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 57; 58 p. 265, 3 πολλὴ δικαιοσύνη; Eccl 5:16 θυμὸς π.; Sir 15:18 σοφία; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 4 [Stone p. 54] ἀθυμία; Just., D. 3, 1 ἠρεμία) ἀγάπη Eph 2:4. ἀγών 1 Th 2:2. ἄθλησις Hb 10:32. ἁπλότης Hv 3, 9, 1. ἀσιτία Ac 27:21. βία 24:6 [7] v.l. γογγυσμός J 7:12. διακονία Lk 10:40. δοκιμή 2 Cor 8:2. δόξα Mt 24:30; Hv 1, 3, 4; 2, 2, 6. δύναμις Mk 13:26. ἐγκράτεια strict self-control Hv 2, 3, 2. εἰρήνη complete or undisturbed peace (Diod S 3, 64, 7; 11, 38, 1) Ac 24:2. ἔλεος 1 Pt 1:3. ἐπιθυμία 1 Th 2:17. ζημία Ac 27:10. ζήτησις 15:7. θλῖψις 2 Cor 2:4a; 1 Th 1:6. καύχησις 2 Cor 7:4b (pred.). μακροθυμία Ro 9:22. ὀδυρμός Mt 2:18. παράκλησις 2 Cor 8:4. παρρησία (Wsd 5:1) 3:12; 7:4a (pred.); 1 Ti 3:13; Phlm 8. πεποίθησις 2 Cor 8:22c. πλάνη 2 Cl 1:7. πληροφορία 1 Th 1:5. πόνος Col 4:13. σιγή a great or general hush (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 25; Arrian, Anab. 5, 28, 4) Ac 21:40. στάσις 23:10. τρόμος 1 Cor 2:3. φαντασία Ac 25:23. χαρά 8:8; Phlm 7. ὥρα πολλή late hour (Polyb. 5, 8, 3; Dionys. Hal. 2, 54; Jos., Ant. 8, 118) Mk 6:35ab.

β. subst. πολλά in the acc. used as adv. greatly, earnestly, strictly, loudly, often etc. (X., Cyr. 1, 5, 14; Diod S 13, 41, 5; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 19, 2; Aelian, VH 1, 23; 4 Km 10:18; Is 23:16; TestSol 1:1; GrBar; ApcMos; Jos., Ant. 14, 348) ἀλαλάζειν πολλά Mk 5:38 (s. ἀλαλάζω). πολλὰ ἁμαρτάνειν Hs 4:5c (ApcMos 32). π. ἀνακρίνειν Ac 28:18 v.l. π. ἀπορεῖν Mk 6:20 (Field, Notes 29). π. ἀσπάζεσθαι 1 Cor 16:19 (s. ἀσπάζομαι 1a). δεηθῆναι π. (GrBar 4:14; Jos., Vi. 173; 343) Hs 5, 4, 1. διαστέλλεσθαι Mk 5:43 (s. διαστέλλω). π. ἐπιτιμᾶν 3:12. π. ἐρωτᾶν earnestly pray Hv 2, 2, 1. κατηγορεῖν π. Mk 15:3 (s. κατηγορέω 1a). κηρύσσειν π. talk freely 1:45. κλαίειν bitterly Ac 8:24 D (ApcMos 39). κοπιᾶν (ApcMos 24; CIG IV 9552, 5 … μοι πολλὰ ἐκοπίασεν, cp. Dssm., LO 266, 5 [LAE 317]) work hard Ro 16:6, 12; 2 Cl 7:1b. νηστεύειν π. fast often Mt 9:14a. ὀμνύναι π. Mk 6:23. παρακαλεῖν Mk 5:10, 23; Ac 20:1 D; 1 Cor 16:12. π. πταίειν make many mistakes Js 3:2. π. σπαράσσειν convulse violently Mk 9:26a.—W. the art. ἐνεκοπτόμην τὰ πολλά I have been hindered these many times (cp. Ro 1:13 πολλάκις) Ro 15:22 (v.l. πολλάκις here too).

γ. subst. πολύ in the acc. used as adv. greatly, very much, strongly (Da 6:15, 24 Theod.) ἀγαπᾶν πολύ show much affection, love greatly Lk 7:47b. κλαίειν π. weep loudly Rv 5:4.—Mk 12:27; Ac 18:27.

ⓑ superlative, the neut. acc. πλεῖστον, α as adv. (sing. Hom. et al.; pl. Pind. et al.)

α. pl. πλεῖστα in the formula of greeting at the beginning of a letter πλεῖστα χαίρειν (POxy 742; 744; 1061 [all three I B.C.]; PTebt 314, 2 [II A.D.] and very oft. in pap.—Griech. pap ed. Ltzm.: Kl. Texte 14², 1910, p. 4, 5, 6, 7 al.; Preis. II s.v. πλεῖστος) heartiest greeting(s) IEph ins; IMg ins; ITr ins; IRo ins; ISm ins; IPol ins.

β. sing. τὸ πλεῖστον at the most (Aristoph., Vesp. 260; Diod S 14, 71, 3 πεμπταῖοι ἢ τὸ πλ. ἑκταῖοι; POxy 58, 17; PGiss 65:9) κατὰ δύο ἢ τὸ πλ. τρεῖς (word for word like Περὶ ὕψους 32, 1) 1 Cor 14:27.—B. 922f. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πολύς
68 elogiar

v.

to praise.

Ella halaga a Ricardo She cajoles Richard.

* * *

elogiar

Conjugation model [ CAMBIAR], like cambiar

► verbo transitivo

1 to praise, eulogize

* * *

verb

to praise

* * *

VT to praise, eulogize ( liter)

* * *

verbo transitivo to praise

* * *

= applaud, praise, vaunt, eulogise [eulogize, -USA], compliment, acclaim, hail, commend, hold out as, laud, rave about, hold + Nombre + up for praise, rant and rave.

Ex. I'd like to applaud a great deal of the work that she and SRRT, and also Mr Berman, have done in their criticism of LC subject headings.

Ex. In spite of their protestations to the contrary, most bosses prefer subordinates whom they get along with, who cause them no anxiety, who quietly accept their decisions, who praise them.

Ex. In a promotional brochure Junctionville is vaunted as 'an attractive city to live in and a nice place to raise children'.

Ex. The business history or biography should not be seen as simply to entertain or eulogise, but as a tool which can be used discriminatingly for its more factual content.

Ex. Most library users have not noticed AACR2's effects or do not care enough about them to compliment or complain.

Ex. However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.

Ex. Originally the advent of on-line interactive searches was hailed by some as a boon to users who could henceforward conduct their own searches.

Ex. As drill exercises in writing, the writing of book reviews has little to commend it.

Ex. Community information services seem light years away from the kind of electronic wizardry that is held out as the brave new information world of tomorrow.

Ex. Libraries are also lauded for providing other public services with economic benefits.

Ex. Past delegates rave about how much they learn from colleagues in other fields.

Ex. Politicians give us many reasons to worry, and I don't usually hold them up for public praise.

Ex. I ordered a cake for my 1st grandson's baby shower and people just ranted and raved about how delicious the lemon and raspberry filling was.

* * *

verbo transitivo to praise

* * *

= applaud, praise, vaunt, eulogise [eulogize, -USA], compliment, acclaim, hail, commend, hold out as, laud, rave about, hold + Nombre + up for praise, rant and rave.

Ex: I'd like to applaud a great deal of the work that she and SRRT, and also Mr Berman, have done in their criticism of LC subject headings.

Ex: In spite of their protestations to the contrary, most bosses prefer subordinates whom they get along with, who cause them no anxiety, who quietly accept their decisions, who praise them.

Ex: In a promotional brochure Junctionville is vaunted as 'an attractive city to live in and a nice place to raise children'.

Ex: The business history or biography should not be seen as simply to entertain or eulogise, but as a tool which can be used discriminatingly for its more factual content.

Ex: Most library users have not noticed AACR2's effects or do not care enough about them to compliment or complain.

Ex: However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.

Ex: Originally the advent of on-line interactive searches was hailed by some as a boon to users who could henceforward conduct their own searches.

Ex: As drill exercises in writing, the writing of book reviews has little to commend it.

Ex: Community information services seem light years away from the kind of electronic wizardry that is held out as the brave new information world of tomorrow.

Ex: Libraries are also lauded for providing other public services with economic benefits.

Ex: Past delegates rave about how much they learn from colleagues in other fields.

Ex: Politicians give us many reasons to worry, and I don't usually hold them up for public praise.

Ex: I ordered a cake for my 1st grandson's baby shower and people just ranted and raved about how delicious the lemon and raspberry filling was.

* * *

elogiar [A1 ]

vt

to praise

muy elogiada por la crítica highly praised by the critics

siempre está elogiando sus virtudes he's always singing her praises

* * *

elogiar ( conjugate elogiar) verbo transitivo
to praise
elogiar verbo transitivo to praise
' elogiar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ensalzar
English:
commend
- eulogize
- praise

* * *

elogiar vt

to praise;

elogiar a alguien por algo to praise sb for sth

* * *

elogiar

v/t praise

* * *

elogiar vt

encomiar: to praise

* * *

elogiar vb to praise

Spanish-English dictionary > elogiar
69 mozo

adj.

young, unmarried.

m.

1 servant, manservant, house-servant, server.

2 young man, young gentleman, lad, youth.

3 waiter.

4 farm laborer, lad.

5 railway porter.

6 supporting leg.

* * *

mozo

► adjetivo

1 young

2 (soltero) unmarried, single

► nombre masculino mozo

1 (joven) young man, lad

2 (camarero) waiter

3 (de hotel) bellboy

4 (de estación) porter

5 MILITAR conscript

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ser un buen mozo to be a fine young man

años mozos youth

■ en mis años mozos when I was young, in my young day

————————

mozo

► nombre masculino

1 (joven) young man, lad

2 (camarero) waiter

3 (de hotel) bellboy

4 (de estación) porter

5 MILITAR conscript

* * *

(f. - moza)

adj.

young

* * *
mozo, -a
1. ADJ

1) (=joven) young

en sus años mozos — in his youth, in his young days

2) (=soltero) single, unmarried

2. SM / F

1) (=joven) lad/girl

buena moza — good-looking girl

2) (=criado) servant

moza de taberna — Esp † barmaid

3.

SM (=camarero) waiter; (Ferro etc) porter

mozo de almacén — warehouse assistant

mozo de caballos — groom

mozo de café — waiter

mozo de cámara — cabin boy

mozo de cuadra — stable boy

mozo de cuerda, mozo de equipajes, mozo de estación — porter

mozo de hotel — bellboy, bellhop (EEUU)

mozo de laboratorio — laboratory assistant

mozo de panadería — baker's boy

* * *
I
- za adjetivo

en mis años mozos — in my youth

sus hijos ya son mozos — her children are quite grown-up now
II
- za masculino, femenino

a) (ant) ( joven) (m) young boy; (f) young girl

los mozos del pueblo — the young people in the village

b) (AmS) ( camarero) (m) waiter; (f) waitress

c) (Col fam) ( amante) (m) fancy man (colloq); (f) fancy woman (colloq)

d) (Ferr) tb

mozo de equipajes or de estación — porter

- mozo -za de cuadra

- mozo de estoques

* * *

= porter, swain.

Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex. In all three novels, a lovestricken swain believes that he is disporting himself with the handsome object of his affections, when actually he lies abed with the grotesquely ugly maidservant of his mistress.

----

* mozo de hotel = bellhop.

* Posesivo + años mozos = Posesivo + salad days.

* * *
I
- za adjetivo

en mis años mozos — in my youth

sus hijos ya son mozos — her children are quite grown-up now
II
- za masculino, femenino

a) (ant) ( joven) (m) young boy; (f) young girl

los mozos del pueblo — the young people in the village

b) (AmS) ( camarero) (m) waiter; (f) waitress

c) (Col fam) ( amante) (m) fancy man (colloq); (f) fancy woman (colloq)

d) (Ferr) tb

mozo de equipajes or de estación — porter

- mozo -za de cuadra

- mozo de estoques

* * *

= porter, swain.

Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex: In all three novels, a lovestricken swain believes that he is disporting himself with the handsome object of his affections, when actually he lies abed with the grotesquely ugly maidservant of his mistress.

* mozo de hotel = bellhop.

* Posesivo + años mozos = Posesivo + salad days.

* * *

mozo¹ -za

adjective

en mis años mozos in my youth, in my younger days

sus hijos ya son mozos her children are quite grown-up now

mozo² -za

masculine, feminine

1 ( ant) (joven) ( masculine) young boy; ( feminine) young girl

los mozos del pueblo the young people in the village

buen mozo

2 (Col, CS) (camarero) ( masculine) waiter; ( feminine) waitress

3 ( Col fam) (amante) ( masculine) fancy man ( colloq); ( feminine) fancy woman ( colloq)

4 ( Ferr) tb

mozo de equipajes or de estación porter

5

mozo masculine ( Esp) ( Mil) conscript

Compuestos:

● mozo de cordel

porter

● mozo de cuadra, moza de cuadra

masculine, feminine

( masculine) stable boy, stable lad ( BrE); ( feminine) stable girl

● mozo de estoques

bullfighter's assistant

* * *

mozo
◊ -za adjetivo: en mis años mozos in my youth;

sus hijos ya son mozos her children are quite grown-up now
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
a) (ant) ( joven) (m) young boy;

(f) young girl;
◊ los mozos del pueblo the young people in the village

b) (AmS) ( camarero) (m) waiter;

(f) waitress
c) (Ferr) tb mozo de equipajes or de estación porter

mozo sustantivo masculino
1 young boy, lad
2 (de estación) porter
(de hotel) bellboy, US bellhop
' mozo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
buen mozo
- maletero
English:
groom
- porter
- stableboy
- farm
- good
- handsome
- look
- valet
- waiter

* * *

mozo, -a

♦ adj

1. [joven] young;

en mis años mozos… when I was young…

2. [soltero] single, unmarried

♦ nm,f

1. [niño] young boy, young lad;
[niña] young girl
2. Andes, RP [camarero] waiter, f waitress;
Esp, Andes, RP
¡mozo, la cuenta! the Br bill o US check please, waiter!

3. [trabajador] mozo de almacén warehouse assistant;

mozo de caballos groom;

mozo de cordel porter;

mozo de cuadra stable lad;

mozo de cuerda porter;

mozo de equipajes porter;

mozo de estación (station) porter;
Taurom mozo de estoques = bullfighter's assistant who looks after his equipment
4. Col [novio] boyfriend;
[novia] girlfriend
5. Comp

ser buen mozo to be good-looking

♦ nm
Esp [recluta] conscript, esp US draftee
* * *

mozo

I adj

:

en mis años mozos in my youth

II m

1 boy;

buen mozo good-looking boy

2 ( camarero) waiter

* * *

mozo, -za adj

: young, youthful

mozo, -za n

1) joven: young man m, young woman f, youth

2) : helper, servant

* * *

mozo n

1. (chico) lad

2. (de equipajes) porter

Spanish-English dictionary > mozo
70 a lot of, lots of

كَثِير مِن \ a lot of, lots of: a great deal of (but much or many is more common in questions or negative sentences): He has a lot of money but he hasn’t much sense. a good deal, a great deal: a lot: he suffers a good deal of pain. He has a great deal of money. dozen: a lot: I have dozens of relations. masses: a lot: I’ve got masses of work to finish. much: (it should be used: (a) only with nu nouns; use many for nc. nouns; (b) in negative sentences or questions; (c) in statements only when it describes the subject or when it follows how, too, so or as; in other statements use a lot, plenty of, a good deal of) a large amount of: We haven’t much food. Much money was spent on repairs. You eat too much sugar.

Arabic-English glossary > a lot of, lots of
71 dozen

كَثِير مِن \ a lot of, lots of: a great deal of (but much or many is more common in questions or negative sentences): He has a lot of money but he hasn’t much sense. a good deal, a great deal: a lot: he suffers a good deal of pain. He has a great deal of money. dozen: a lot: I have dozens of relations. masses: a lot: I’ve got masses of work to finish. much: (it should be used: (a) only with nu nouns; use many for nc. nouns; (b) in negative sentences or questions; (c) in statements only when it describes the subject or when it follows how, too, so or as; in other statements use a lot, plenty of, a good deal of) a large amount of: We haven’t much food. Much money was spent on repairs. You eat too much sugar.

Arabic-English glossary > dozen
72 masses

كَثِير مِن \ a lot of, lots of: a great deal of (but much or many is more common in questions or negative sentences): He has a lot of money but he hasn’t much sense. a good deal, a great deal: a lot: he suffers a good deal of pain. He has a great deal of money. dozen: a lot: I have dozens of relations. masses: a lot: I’ve got masses of work to finish. much: (it should be used: (a) only with nu nouns; use many for nc. nouns; (b) in negative sentences or questions; (c) in statements only when it describes the subject or when it follows how, too, so or as; in other statements use a lot, plenty of, a good deal of) a large amount of: We haven’t much food. Much money was spent on repairs. You eat too much sugar.

Arabic-English glossary > masses
73 much

كَثِير مِن \ a lot of, lots of: a great deal of (but much or many is more common in questions or negative sentences): He has a lot of money but he hasn’t much sense. a good deal, a great deal: a lot: he suffers a good deal of pain. He has a great deal of money. dozen: a lot: I have dozens of relations. masses: a lot: I’ve got masses of work to finish. much: (it should be used: (a) only with nu nouns; use many for nc. nouns; (b) in negative sentences or questions; (c) in statements only when it describes the subject or when it follows how, too, so or as; in other statements use a lot, plenty of, a good deal of) a large amount of: We haven’t much food. Much money was spent on repairs. You eat too much sugar.

Arabic-English glossary > much
74 كمية

كَمِّيَّة \ amount: sum; quantity: It cost $25, and I paid the full amount. I bought a large amount of food. batch: a set of people or things dealt with or taken as a group: The first batch of loaves baked too hard. I’ve just corrected several batches of exam papers. quantity: a number or amount: a small quantity of pins; a large quantity of food; bought in small quantities. \ بِكَمِّيّات كَبِيرَة \ in bulk: in large amounts; not in separate containers: Ships carry oil in bulk. \ كَمِّيَّة أقلّ \ less: a smaller amount: It lasted for less than five minutes. He wants $5 and he won’t accept less, a smaller amount of; not so much; not so many (but fewer is better than less in regard to plural nouns) You should eat less sugar and fewer sweets. \ كَمِّيَّة قَليلة من \ little: small but reasonable amount: Every little helps. I gave her a little of my own share. He paid his debts, little by little. \ كَمِّيَّة كَبيرة \ quantity: (often pl.) a large number or amount: Quantities of food were wasted. \ كَمِّيَّة كَبيرة مِن \ a good deal, a great deal: a lot: He has a great deal of money. masses: a lot: I’ve got masses of work to finish. much: (it should be used: (a) only with nu. nouns; use many for nc. nouns; (b) in negative sentences or questions; (c) in statements only when it describes the subject or when it follows how, too, so or as; in other statements use a lot, plenty of, a good deal of) a large amount of: We haven’t much food. Much money was spent on repairs. You eat too much sugar. \ كَمِّيّة المطر السنويّة \ rainfall: a fall of rain; a measured amount of rain: The place with the highest rainfall (figures).

Arabic-English dictionary > كمية
75 jalar

v.

1 to pull, to haul, to tug, to drag.

Ella jala el vagón She pulls the wagon.

2 to be going steady.

Ellos jalan desde ayer They are going steady since yesterday.

3 to leave, to go away.

El chico jaló al verme The boy left when he saw me.

4 to rob, to steal, to swipe.

* * *

jalar

► verbo transitivo

1 (tirar de) to pull, heave

2 familiar (comer) to wolf down

* * *

1. VT

1) LAm (=tirar de) to pull; (=arrastrar) (tb Náut) to haul

no le jales el pelo — don't pull his hair

2) Méx * (=llevar) to pick up, give a lift to

3) LAm (Pol) to draw, attract, win

4) LAm (=trabajar) to work hard at

5) And, Caribe * (=hacer) to make, do, perform

6) Esp * (=comer) to eat

2. VI

1) LAm (=tirar) to pull

jalar de — to pull at, tug at

2) Méx
*
eso le jala — she's big on that *, she's a fan of that

3) LAm (=irse) to go off

jalar para su casa — to go off home

4) CAm, Méx [novios] to be courting

5) LAm (=trabajar) to work hard

6) And ** [estudiante] to flunk *, fail

7) Méx (=exagerar) to exaggerate

8) ** (=correr) to run

9) Méx (=tener influencia) to have pull *

10) And ** (=fumar) to smoke dope *

3.

See:

jalarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (AmL exc CS) ( tirar de) to pull

jalar la cadena — to pull the chain

me jaló la manga — he pulled o tugged at my sleeve

jale — pull

b) (Méx) ( agarrar y acercar) <periódico/libro> to pick up, take; < silla> to draw up

c) (Méx) ( atraer)

lo jalan sus amigos — he's more interested in seeing his friends

lo jalan mucho hacia sus gustos — he's drawn to their tastes

2) (Per arg) < alumno> to fail, flunk (esp AmE colloq)

3) (Per fam) (en automóvil, moto) to give... a lift o ride
2.
jalar vi

1) (AmL exc CS) ( tirar) to pull

jalar de algo — to pull something

jaló de la cuerda para cerrarlo — he pulled (on) the cord to close it

jalarle a algo — (Col fam) to be into something (colloq)

jalar con alguien — (Méx fam) ( llevarse bien) to get on o along well with somebody; ( unirse a)

siempre jala con nosotros los domingos — he always hangs out with us on Sundays (colloq)

2)

a) (Méx fam) ( apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on (colloq)

jálale! — hurry up!

b) (Col, Méx fam) ( irse) to go

jálale por el pan — go and get the bread

jala por la izquierda — keep to the left

3) (Per fam)

a) ( beber) to booze (colloq)

b) ( inhalar cocaína) to have a snort (colloq)

4) (Méx fam) motor/aparato to work

mi coche no jalaba en la mañana — my car wouldn't start this morning

¿cómo van los negocios? - jalando, jalando — how's business? - oh, not so bad (colloq)

5) (AmC fam) pareja to date, go out; persona

jalar CON alguien — to date somebody, go out with somebody
3.
jalarse v pron

1) (Méx) (enf) jalar 1) b)

2) (Méx) (enf)

a) ( irse) to go

b) ( venir) to come

jálate a mi casa — come round o over to my house

3) (Col, Méx fam) ( emborracharse) to get tight (colloq)

4) (Col fam) ( realizar) < discurso> to give, make

se jaló un partido excelente — he played an excellent game

* * *

----

* jalarse = scoff.

* jalárselo todo = scoff + the lot, eat + Posesivo + way through.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (AmL exc CS) ( tirar de) to pull

jalar la cadena — to pull the chain

me jaló la manga — he pulled o tugged at my sleeve

jale — pull

b) (Méx) ( agarrar y acercar) <periódico/libro> to pick up, take; < silla> to draw up

c) (Méx) ( atraer)

lo jalan sus amigos — he's more interested in seeing his friends

lo jalan mucho hacia sus gustos — he's drawn to their tastes

2) (Per arg) < alumno> to fail, flunk (esp AmE colloq)

3) (Per fam) (en automóvil, moto) to give... a lift o ride
2.
jalar vi

1) (AmL exc CS) ( tirar) to pull

jalar de algo — to pull something

jaló de la cuerda para cerrarlo — he pulled (on) the cord to close it

jalarle a algo — (Col fam) to be into something (colloq)

jalar con alguien — (Méx fam) ( llevarse bien) to get on o along well with somebody; ( unirse a)

siempre jala con nosotros los domingos — he always hangs out with us on Sundays (colloq)

2)

a) (Méx fam) ( apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on (colloq)

jálale! — hurry up!

b) (Col, Méx fam) ( irse) to go

jálale por el pan — go and get the bread

jala por la izquierda — keep to the left

3) (Per fam)

a) ( beber) to booze (colloq)

b) ( inhalar cocaína) to have a snort (colloq)

4) (Méx fam) motor/aparato to work

mi coche no jalaba en la mañana — my car wouldn't start this morning

¿cómo van los negocios? - jalando, jalando — how's business? - oh, not so bad (colloq)

5) (AmC fam) pareja to date, go out; persona

jalar CON alguien — to date somebody, go out with somebody
3.
jalarse v pron

1) (Méx) (enf) jalar 1) b)

2) (Méx) (enf)

a) ( irse) to go

b) ( venir) to come

jálate a mi casa — come round o over to my house

3) (Col, Méx fam) ( emborracharse) to get tight (colloq)

4) (Col fam) ( realizar) < discurso> to give, make

se jaló un partido excelente — he played an excellent game

* * *

* jalarse = scoff.

* jalárselo todo = scoff + the lot, eat + Posesivo + way through.

* * *

jalar [A1 ]

vt

A

1 ( AmL exc CS) (tirar de) to pull

¡jalen ese cable! pull on that cable!

me jalaba la manga she was pulling at o tugging at my sleeve

jalar la cadena to pull the chain, to flush the lavatory

[ S ] jale pull

2

( Méx) (agarrar): jaló el periódico y se puso a leer he picked up o took the newspaper and began to read

jaló una silla y se sentó she drew up o took a chair and sat down

3

( Méx) (atraer): ahora lo jalan más sus amigos he's more interested in seeing his friends these days

lo jalan mucho hacia sus gustos his tastes are very much influenced by them, they influence him a great deal in his tastes

B ( Méx arg) (robar) to lift ( colloq), to swipe ( colloq)

C ( Per arg) ‹alumno› to fail, flunk ( colloq)

D

( Per fam) (en automóvil, moto): ¿me puedes jalar hasta el centro? could you give me a lift o a ride into town?

■ jalar

vi

A ( AmL exc CS) (tirar) to pull

todos tenemos que jalar parejo we all have to pull together

jalar DE algo to pull sth

no le jales del pelo a tu hermana don't pull your sister's hair

jalarle a algo ( Col fam): ¿quién le jala a un partido de ajedrez? who's for a game of chess?, who fancies a game of chess? ( BrE)

ahora le jala a la política she's into politics now ( colloq)

no jalar con algn ( Méx fam): no jala con ellos he doesn't get on o along well with them

nunca jalaba con nosotros cuando hacíamos fiestas he never used to join in when we had parties

B

1 (Méx, Per fam) (apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on ( colloq)

jala or jálale, que van a cerrar get a move on o hurry up, they're closing

2 (Col, Méx fam) (ir) to go

jálale por el pan go and get the bread

estaba tan oscuro, que no sabía para dónde jalar it was so dark, I didn't know which way to go

jala por la izquierda turn left, take a left ( colloq)

C ( Per fam)

1 (beber) to booze ( colloq)

2 (inhalar cocaína) to have a snort ( colloq)

D ( Méx fam) «auto/refrigerador» to work

¿cómo te va? — jalando how's it going? — oh, all right o OK o not too bad ( colloq)

¿cómo van los negocios? — jalando, jalando how's business? — oh, not so bad ( colloq)

E ( Esp fam) (atiborrarse) to stuff oneself ( colloq)

F ( AmC fam) (dos personas) to date, go out jalar CON algn to date o see sb, go out WITH sb

■ jalarse

v pron

A

( Méx) ( enf) (agarrar, acercar): jálate una silla y siéntate draw up a chair and sit down

jalársela ( Méx) (exagerar) ( fam); to go over the top ( colloq);

(masturbarse) ( vulg) to jerk off ( AmE vulg), to wank ( BrE vulg)

B ( Méx) ( enf)

1 (irse) to go

yo me jalo por los refrescos I'll go for o I'll get the drinks

se jalaron con los libros they went off with the books

2 (venir) to come

jálate a mi casa come round o over to my house

C ( Méx arg) (robar) to lift ( colloq), to swipe ( colloq)

D ( enf) ( Esp fam) (comerse) to scoff ( colloq)

E ( Col fam) (emborracharse) to get tight ( colloq)

F

( Col fam) (realizar): se jaló un buen discurso she gave o made a good speech

se jaló un partido excelente he played an excellent match

* * *

jalar ( conjugate jalar) verbo transitivo
1
a) (AmL exc CS) ( tirar de) to pull;

◊ me jaló la manga he pulled o tugged at my sleeve

b) (Méx) ( agarrar y acercar) ‹periódico/libro› to pick up, take;

‹ silla› to draw up
2 (Per arg) ‹ alumno› to fail, flunk (esp AmE colloq)
3 (Per fam) (en automóvil, moto) to give … a lift o ride
verbo intransitivo
1 (AmL exc CS) ( tirar) to pull;
jalar de algo to pull sth;
◊ jalar con algn (Méx fam) ( llevarse bien) to get on o along well with sb

2
a) (Méx fam) ( apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on (colloq);

◊ ¡jálale! hurry up!

b) (Col, Méx fam) (ir) to go;

◊ jálale por el pan go and get the bread

3 (Méx fam) [motor/aparato] to work;
◊ mi coche no jalaba en la mañana my car wouldn't start this morning;

¿cómo van los negocios? — jalando, jalando how's business? — oh, not so bad (colloq)
5 (AmC fam) [ pareja] to date, go out;
[ persona] jalar CON algn to date sb, go out with sb
jalarse verbo pronominal
1 (Méx) ( enf) See Also→ jalar verbo transitivo 1b
2 (Méx) ( enf)
a) ( irse) to go

b) ( venir) to come

3 (Col, Méx fam) ( emborracharse) to get tight (colloq)
jalar verbo transitivo & vi fam to eat
' jalar' also found in these entries:
English:
heave
- pull
- tug
- yank

* * *

jalar¹, halar [χa'lar]

♦ vt

1. Am salvo RP [tirar de] to pull;
[suavemente] to tug;
jalar la cadena to pull the chain, to flush (the toilet);

jalar un cajón to pull out a drawer;

lo jaló de la manga she pulled his sleeve;

jalar el pelo a alguien to pull sb's hair;
Méx, Ven
jaló al niño hasta la escuela she dragged the child to school;

Comp
Fam
jalar la lengua a alguien to draw sb out;

Comp
Fam
jalar las orejas a alguien to bawl sb out;

Comp
Ven Fam
jalar mecate (a alguien) [adular] to crawl (to sb)

2. Méx [extender] to stretch out;

jaló tanto el suéter que lo deformó she stretched the sweater out of shape

3. Méx Fam [atraer]
el deporte me jala mucho I'm crazy about sport o US sports, I'm really into sport o US sports

4. Méx Fam [convencer]
lo jalaron para que participara en la campaña they talked him into joining the campaign

5. Perú Fam [transportar] to give a Br lift o US ride;

me jaló hasta la estación she gave me a Br lift o US ride to the station

6. Perú Fam [suspender] to fail, US to flunk

7. Perú Fam [cobrar] to sting;

¿cuánto te jalaron por esos zapatos? how much did they sting you for when you bought those shoes?

8. Ven Fam [succionar] to suck up

9. Ven Fam [consumir] [energía, combustible] to guzzle;
[dinero] to eat up
♦ vi

1. Am salvo RP [tirar] to pull;

jale [en letrero] pull

2. Am salvo RP [irse] to go;

jala a la derecha en la tercera calle take the third street on the right;

jálale por la leche, que ya van a cerrar go for some milk, the shop will be closing soon;

cada uno jaló por su lado they all headed off their own way

3. Méx Fam [trabajar] to work;

¿en qué jalas? what are you working on?

4. Méx Fam [robar]
jalaron con tres computadoras they made off with o Br nicked three computers

5. Méx muy Fam [molestar] to be a Br bloody o US goddamn pain;

deja de jalar stop being such a Br bloody o US goddamn pain

6. Méx Fam [funcionar] to work;

este reloj es muy viejo pero todavía jala this watch is very old, but it's still hanging on in there;

¿cómo van los estudios? – jalando how are your studies going? – OK o not bad;

el negocio está jalando muy bien the business is coming along nicely

7. Méx Fam [apresurarse] to get a move on;

dejen de platicar y jálenle, que se hace tarde stop gabbing and get a move on, it's late

8. Ven Fam [adular] to crawl

9. Ven [chimenea] to draw

10. Méx Fam

Comp

jalar parejo [compartir el gasto] to go halves;

si queremos resolver el problema hay que jalar parejo if we want to solve the problem we'll all have to pull our weight;

no jalar con alguien: éramos compañeras de primaria, pero nunca jalé con ella we were at the same primary school, but we were never friends

11. Perú, RP Fam [inhalar] to snort cocaine

♦ See also the pronominal verb jalarse, halarse

* * *

jalar

I v/t

1 L.Am.

pull; con esfuerzo haul

2 Méx ( atraer) attract;

¿te jala el arte? do you feel drawn to art?

3 Méx fam ( dar aventón a) give a ride o Br

a lift to

4 Esp fam ( zampar) wolf down

II v/i

1 L.Am.

pull

2 ( trabajar mucho) work hard

3 Méx fam ( tener influencia) have pull fam

4 fam

:

jalar hacia head toward;

jalar para la casa clear off home fam

* * *

jalar vt

1) : to pull, to tug

2) fam : to attract, to draw in

las ideas nuevas lo jalan: new ideas appeal to him

jalar vi

1) : to pull, to pull together

2) fam : to hurry up, to get going

3) Mex fam : to be in working order

esta máquina no jala: this machine doesn't work

Spanish-English dictionary > jalar
76 hin

Adv.

1. räumlich: an... (Dat) hin (entlang) along; auf (+ Akk) oder zu... hin toward(s), to; ( bis) zu... hin as far as, up to; nach außen hin fig. outwardly; der Wald erstreckt sich über viele Quadratkilometer hin the forest stretches over many square kilomet|res (Am. -ers); seine Sachen sind über das ganze Zimmer hin verstreut his things are scattered all over the room; wo ist er hin? where has he gone?; (wo hat er sich versteckt?) auch where has he got(ten Am.) to?; wo sind meine Schuhe hin? where have my shoes gone ( oder got[ten Am.] to)?; nichts wie hin! what are we waiting for?; hin und zurück there and back; zweimal Kiel, hin und zurück / nur hin two returns (Am. round-trip tickets) / two singles to Kiel

2. zeitlich: über oder durch Jahre hin for years; gegen oder zum Abend hin toward(s) evening; bis... ist noch / nicht mehr lange hin... is still a long way off / isn’t far away now; bis Weihnachten sind noch einige Wochen hin we’ve still got a few weeks to go before Christmas, Christmas is still a few weeks off

3. ziellos: hin und her gehen, laufen etc.: to and fro, back and forth; auf dem Stuhl hin und her rutschen fidget around on one’s seat; von den Wellen hin und her geworfen werden be tossed around by the waves; wir haben hin und her geredet oder überlegt etc. fig. we to-ed and fro-ed, Am. we went here and there; etw. hin und her überlegen fig. turn s.th. over in one’s mind; hin und her gerissen sein fig. be torn ( zwischen between); begeistert: be absolutely delighted ( von with, by) umg.; gebannt: be entranced ( oder mesmerized) (by); ich bin hin und her gerissen auch I just can’t decide; ein Hin und Her (Kommen und Gehen) coming and going, to-ing and fro-ing; fig. in Diskussion: to-ing and fro-ing, Am. going back and forth; (Wenn und Aber) ifs and buts; nach langem Hin und Her fig. (Verhandeln) after much discussion ( oder talk[ing], bargaining); (Herumprobieren) after many attempts, after much experimentation; (Überlegen) after a lot of to-ing and fro-ing (Am. a lot of hemming and hawing)

4. umg.: Freundschaft hin oder her oder Freundschaft hin, Freundschaft her friendship or no; ein paar Euro hin oder her give or take a couple of euros; ein paar Euro hin oder her machen nichts a few euros more or less aren’t going to make any difference; das reicht nicht hin und nicht her that’s nowhere near enough; ich wusste weder hin noch her I didn’t know what on earth to do

5. hin und wieder (manchmal) now and then; (stellenweise) here and there

6. vor sich hin murmeln, weinen etc.: to o.s.; starren, stieren etc.: straight ahead; vor sich hin brüten / dämmern oder dösen / träumen brood / doze / daydream

7. auf etw. (Akk) hin als Folge: as a result of, following; als Antwort: in reply to, on; (hinsichtlich) concerning; auf die Gefahr hin zu (+ Inf.) at the risk of (+ Ger.) auf seinen Rat hin on his advice; auf eine Zielgruppe etc. hin konzipiert designed for..., with... in mind; jemanden auf Krebs hin untersuchen test s.o. for cancer; auf den bloßen Verdacht hin purely on suspicion

8. umg.: hin sein (kaputt) be broken; (zerschlagen) auch be smashed; (verloren) be gone ( oder lost); (ruiniert) be done for; (erschöpft) be done in, be all in, Am. be wiped out; (tot) be dead and gone; er / es ist hin auch he’s / it’s had it; ich war ganz hin ( und weg) von ihr I was completely mad about ( oder besotted with) her; hin ist hin oder was hin ist, ist hin, da kann man nichts machen what’s done is done, there’s nothing you can do about it

* * *
hịn [hɪn]
adv

1)

(räumlich) bis zum Haus hin — up to the house, as far as the house

geh doch hin zu ihr! — go to her

nach Süden/Stuttgart hin — towards (Brit) or toward (US) the south/Stuttgart

über die ganze Welt hin — all over the world, throughout the world

die Wüste erstreckt sich über 2000 km hin — the desert stretches for 2000 km

nach außen hin (fig) — outwardly

das Boot glitt über die Wellen hin — the boat glided along over the waves

hin fahre ich mit dem Zug, zurück... — on the way out I'll take the train, coming back...

die Fähre geht heute Abend nur noch (zur Insel) hin — the ferry's only making the outward trip or is only going out (to the island) this evening

zur anderen Seite hin sind es 2 km — it's 2 kms to the other side

bis zu diesem Punkt hin — up to this point

die Straße verläuft nach rechts hin — the road goes off to the right

dreht euch/seht mal alle zur Tafel hin — face the/look at the blackboard

2)

(als Teil eines Wortpaares) hin und her (räumlich) — to and fro, back and forth

hin und her fahren — to travel to and fro, to travel back and forth

jdn/etw hin und her fahren — to drive sb/sth to and fro, to drive sb/sth back and forth

etw hin und her überlegen — to weigh sth up

etw hin und her diskutieren — to discuss sth over and over, to discuss sth a lot

das Hin und Her — the comings and goings pl, the to-ings and fro-ings pl

nach langem Hin und Her — eventually

das reicht nicht hin und nicht her (inf) — that won't go very far at all, that's nothing like enough (inf)

Regen/Skandal hin, Regen/Skandal her — rain/scandal or no rain/scandal, whether it rains/whether it's a scandal or not

Mörder/Sohn hin, Mörder/Sohn her — murderer/son or not, I don't care whether he is a murderer/his etc son

hin und zurück — there and back

eine Fahrkarte hin und zurück — a return (ticket), a round trip ticket (esp US)

einmal London hin und zurück — a return or round trip ticket (esp US) to London

hin und zurück? – nein, nur hin bitte — return or round trip ticket (esp US) ? – no, just a single (Brit) or one way please

der Flug von X nach Y hin und zurück kostet... — the return flight or round trip ticket (esp US) from X to Y costs...

hin und wieder — (every) now and then, (every) now and again

3)

(zeitlich) es sind nur noch drei Tage hin — it's only three days (from) now

bis zu den Wahlen sind es noch drei Wochen hin — it's ( still) three weeks till or until the elections

noch weit hin — a long way off or away

lange Zeit hin — for a long time, over a long period

zum Sommer hin — toward(s) summer, as summer draws nearer or approaches

gegen Mittag hin — toward(s) midday

über die Jahre hin — over the years, as (the) years go by

die Kälte zog sich bis in den Juni hin — the cold lasted up until (and during) June

4) (fig)

auf meine Bitte/meinen Vorschlag hin — at my request/suggestion

auf meinen Brief/Anruf hin — on account of my letter/phone call

auf die Gefahr hin,... zu werden — at the risk of being...

auf sein Versprechen hin — on the basis of his promise

auf seinen Rat hin — on his advice

hin untersuchen/prüfen — to inspect/check sth for sth

hin planen/anlegen — to plan/design sth with sth in mind

vor sich hin sprechen etc — to talk etc to oneself

vor sich hin stieren — to stare straight ahead, to stare into space

vor sich hin dösen — to doze

5)

(inf als trennbarer Bestandteil von Adverbien) da will ich nicht hin — I don't want to go (there)

wo geht ihr hin? — where are you going?

6)

(elliptisch) nichts wie hin (inf) — let's go (then)!, what are we waiting for? (inf)

wo ist es/sie hin? — where has it/she gone?

See:

→ hin sein, nach, zu etc

* * *

hin

[hɪn]

adv

1. räumlich (zu bestimmtem Ort) there; (in Richtung auf) towards

die Geschäfte schließen gleich, jetzt aber noch schnell \hin! (fam) the shops will close soon, we'll have to get there quick!

wo der so plötzlich \hin ist? where's he gone [or fam disappeared to] all of a sudden?

wo willst du \hin? where are you going?

bis [zu]/nach... \hin to [or as far as]...

bis zu euch \hin werde ich es heute nicht schaffen I won't make it to you [or as far as your place] today

er hat es bis München \hin geschafft he made it as far as [or to] Munich

bis zu dieser Stelle \hin up to here

\hin und her laufen to run to and fro

nach Norden \hin towards the north

nach rechts \hin to the right

zu jdm/etw \hin to sb/sth

schau mal zum Fenster \hin look at the window

der Balkon liegt zur Straße \hin the balcony faces the street

2. räumlich (Ausdehnung)

▪ über etw akk \hin over sth

die Wüste erstreckt sich noch über 200 Kilometer \hin the desert stretches another 200 kilometres

3. (einfache Fahrt)

eine Fahrkarte nach Bärben-Lohe! — nur \hin oder auch zurück? a ticket to Bärben-Lohe! — just a single or a return [ticket]?

\hin und zurück there and back

was kostet eine Fahrkarte nach Bad Tiefenbleichen \hin und zurück? what does a return [ticket] to Bad Tiefenbleichen cost?

4. zeitlich (auf Zeitpunkt zu)

zu etw \hin towards sth

zum Frühjahr \hin führen die Flüsse oft Hochwasser the rivers are often flooded as spring approaches

5. zeitlich (Dauer)

das ist lange \hin that's a long time

wann fährt der Zug? um 21 Uhr 13? das sind ja noch fast zwei Stunden \hin! when does the train leave? at 9.13? that's almost another two hours [to wait]!

wie lange ist es noch \hin bis zu deiner Prüfung? how long [or much longer] is it to your exam [or before you take your exam]?

bis dahin ist es noch lange \hin there's a long time to go until then

bis Ostern sind nur noch wenige Wochen \hin Easter is only a few weeks off

über etw akk \hin over sth

über die Jahre \hin over the years

über eine Woche \hin for a week

es ist fraglich, ob sie sich über diese lange Zeit \hin noch daran erinnern wird it's doubtful whether she will remember that after all this time

6.

▪ auf etw akk \hin (aufgrund) as a result of; (hinsichtlich) concerning

auf das Versprechen \hin, die Schuld in drei Wochen zurückzuzahlen, hat sie ihm das Geld geliehen she agreed to lend him the money when he promised to repay it within three weeks

auf die Gefahr \hin, dass ich mich wiederhole at the risk of repeating myself

auf jds Bitte/Vorschlag \hin at sb's request/suggestion

auf etw akk \hin planen to plan with sth in mind

jdn/etw auf etw akk \hin prüfen/untersuchen to test/examine sth for sth

du bist immer müde? vielleicht solltest du dich mal auf Eisenmangel \hin untersuchen lassen you're always tired? perhaps you should have tested yourself for iron deficiency

auf jds Rat \hin on sb's advice

7. (fam: kaputt)

▪ \hin sein to have had it fam, to be bust sl; mechanische Geräte to be a write-off fam, to be kaput fam

8. (sl: tot)

▪ \hin sein to have kicked the bucket fam, to have snuffed it fam, to have popped one's clogs sl

9. (fam: erschöpft) shattered fam

10. (fam: verloren)

▪ \hin sein to be gone [or a thing of the past

11. (fam: fasziniert)

▪ [von jdm/etw] \hin sein to be bowled over [by sb/sth], to be taken [with sb/sth]

▪ von jdm \hin sein to be smitten by sb

12.

▶ nach außen \hin outwardly

nach außen \hin ruhig wirken to appear calm

auf Wirkung nach außen \hin bedacht sein to be concerned about the impression one makes

▶ \hin oder her (fam) more or less

auf einen Tag \hin oder her kommt es nun auch nicht mehr an one day [more or less] won't make any difference

▶ ... \hin,... her [o oder her]... or not [or no...]

Arbeit \hin, Arbeit her, irgendwann musst du auch mal an etwas anderes denken! work is all very well, but you've got to think about other things some of the time

Vertrag \hin oder her, so geht das nicht weiter contract or no contract, it can't go on like this

▶ das H\hin und Her (Kommen und Gehen) the to-ing and fro-ing; (der ständige Wechsel) backwards and forwards

ich wollte im Wartezimmer lesen, aber bei dem ständigen H\hin und Her konnte ich mich nicht konzentrieren I wanted to read in the waiting room but with all the constant to-ing and fro-ing I couldn't concentrate

nach einigem/langem H\hin und Her after some/a lot of discussion

▶ \hin ist \hin (fam) what's bust is bust

▶ nichts wie \hin (fam) let's go!, what are we/you waiting for!

▶ nicht \hin und nicht her reichen (fam) to be nowhere near [or nothing like] enough fam

▶ vor sich akk \hin to oneself

still vor sich \hin weinen to cry quietly to oneself

vor sich akk \hin stieren to stare [vacantly] into space

vor sich akk \hin trödeln to wander along [absent-mindedly]

▶ \hin und wieder from time to time, every now and then [or again]

* * *

Adverb

1) (räumlich)

zur Straße hin liegen — face the road

nach Frankfurt hin — in the direction of Frankfurt

bis zu dieser Stelle hin — [up] to this point; as far as here

2) (zeitlich)

gegen Mittag hin — towards midday

zum Herbst hin — towards the autumn; as autumn approaches/approached

3) (in Verbindungen)

nach außen hin — outwardly

auf meinen Rat hin — on my advice

auf seine Bitte hin — at his request

selbst/auch auf die Gefahr hin, einen Fehler zu begehen — even at the risk of making a mistake

4)

hin und zurück — there and back

einmal Köln hin und zurück — a return [ticket] to Cologne

Hin und zurück? - Nein, nur hin — Return? - No, just a single

hin und her — to and fro; back and forth

hin und her beraten/reden — go backwards and forwards over the same old ground

das Hin und Her — the toing and froing

nach langem Hin und Her — after a great deal of argument

hin und wieder — [every] now and then

5) (elliptisch)

nichts wie hin! — what are we waiting for?

hin zu ihm! — [hurry up,] to him!

hin sein — (ugs.): (hingegangen, -gefahren sein) have gone

6)

das ist noch lange hin — that's not for a long time yet

bis zu dem Termin ist es noch einige Zeit hin — there's some time to go before the deadline

7)

von jemandem/etwas ganz hin sein — (ugs.): (hingerissen sein) be mad about somebody/bowled over by something

8)

hin sein — (ugs.): (nicht mehr brauchbar sein) have had it (coll.)

das Auto ist hin — (ugs.) the car is a write-off

er ist hin — (salopp): (tot) he has snuffed it (sl.)

wenn er richtig zuschlägt, bist du hin — (salopp): (tot) if he really hits you you've had it (coll.)

* * *

hin adv

1. räumlich:

an … (dat)

hin (entlang) along;

auf (+akk) oder

zu … hin toward(s), to;

(bis) zu … hin as far as, up to;

nach außen hin fig outwardly;

der Wald erstreckt sich über viele Quadratkilometer hin the forest stretches over many square kilometres (US -ers);

seine Sachen sind über das ganze Zimmer hin verstreut his things are scattered all over the room;

wo ist er hin? where has he gone?; (wo hat er sich versteckt?) auch where has he got(ten US) to?;

wo sind meine Schuhe hin? where have my shoes gone ( oder got[ten US] to)?;

nichts wie hin! what are we waiting for?;

hin und zurück there and back;

zweimal Kiel, hin und zurück/nur hin two returns (US round-trip tickets)/two singles to Kiel

2. zeitlich:

über oder

durch Jahre hin for years;

gegen oder

zum Abend hin toward(s) evening;

bis … ist noch/nicht mehr lange hin … is still a long way off/isn’t far away now;

bis Weihnachten sind noch einige Wochen hin we’ve still got a few weeks to go before Christmas, Christmas is still a few weeks off

3. ziellos:

hin und her gehen, laufen etc: to and fro, back and forth;

auf dem Stuhl hin und her rutschen fidget around on one’s seat;

von den Wellen hin und her geworfen werden be tossed around by the waves;

wir haben hin und her geredet oder

überlegt etc fig we to-ed and fro-ed, US we went here and there;

etwas hin und her überlegen fig turn sth over in one’s mind;

hin und her gerissen sein fig be torn (

zwischen between); begeistert: be absolutely delighted (

von with, by) umg; gebannt: be entranced ( oder mesmerized) (by);

ich bin hin und her gerissen auch I just can’t decide;

ein Hin und Her (Kommen und Gehen) coming and going, to-ing and fro-ing; fig in Diskussion: to-ing and fro-ing, US going back and forth; (Wenn und Aber) ifs and buts;

nach langem Hin und Her fig (Verhandeln) after much discussion ( oder talk[ing], bargaining); (Herumprobieren) after many attempts, after much experimentation; (Überlegen) after a lot of to-ing and fro-ing (US a lot of hemming and hawing)

4. umg:

Freundschaft hin oder her oder

Freundschaft hin, Freundschaft her friendship or no;

ein paar Euro hin oder her give or take a couple of euros;

ein paar Euro hin oder her machen nichts a few euros more or less aren’t going to make any difference;

das reicht nicht hin und nicht her that’s nowhere near enough;

ich wusste weder hin noch her I didn’t know what on earth to do

5.

hin und wieder (manchmal) now and then; (stellenweise) here and there

6.

vor sich hin murmeln, weinen etc: to o.s.; starren, stieren etc: straight ahead;

vor sich hin brüten/dämmern oder

dösen/träumen brood/doze/daydream

7.

auf etwas (akk)

hin als Folge: as a result of, following; als Antwort: in reply to, on; (hinsichtlich) concerning;

auf die Gefahr hin zu (+inf) at the risk of (+ger)

auf seinen Rat hin on his advice;

auf eine Zielgruppe etc

hin konzipiert designed for …, with … in mind;

jemanden auf Krebs hin untersuchen test sb for cancer;

auf den bloßen Verdacht hin purely on suspicion

8. umg:

hin sein (kaputt) be broken; (zerschlagen) auch be smashed; (verloren) be gone ( oder lost); (ruiniert) be done for; (erschöpft) be done in, be all in, US be wiped out; (tot) be dead and gone;

er/es ist hin auch he’s/it’s had it;

ich war ganz hin (und weg) von ihr I was completely mad about ( oder besotted with) her;

hin ist hin oder

was hin ist, ist hin, da kann man nichts machen what’s done is done, there’s nothing you can do about it

hin… im v → auch dahin

* * *

Adverb

1) (räumlich)

zur Straße hin liegen — face the road

nach Frankfurt hin — in the direction of Frankfurt

bis zu dieser Stelle hin — [up] to this point; as far as here

2) (zeitlich)

gegen Mittag hin — towards midday

zum Herbst hin — towards the autumn; as autumn approaches/approached

3) (in Verbindungen)

nach außen hin — outwardly

auf meinen Rat hin — on my advice

auf seine Bitte hin — at his request

selbst/auch auf die Gefahr hin, einen Fehler zu begehen — even at the risk of making a mistake

4)

hin und zurück — there and back

einmal Köln hin und zurück — a return [ticket] to Cologne

Hin und zurück? - Nein, nur hin — Return? - No, just a single

hin und her — to and fro; back and forth

hin und her beraten/reden — go backwards and forwards over the same old ground

das Hin und Her — the toing and froing

nach langem Hin und Her — after a great deal of argument

hin und wieder — [every] now and then

5) (elliptisch)

nichts wie hin! — what are we waiting for?

hin zu ihm! — [hurry up,] to him!

hin sein — (ugs.): (hingegangen, -gefahren sein) have gone

6)

das ist noch lange hin — that's not for a long time yet

bis zu dem Termin ist es noch einige Zeit hin — there's some time to go before the deadline

7)

von jemandem/etwas ganz hin sein — (ugs.): (hingerissen sein) be mad about somebody/bowled over by something

8)

hin sein — (ugs.): (nicht mehr brauchbar sein) have had it (coll.)

das Auto ist hin — (ugs.) the car is a write-off

er ist hin — (salopp): (tot) he has snuffed it (sl.)

wenn er richtig zuschlägt, bist du hin — (salopp): (tot) if he really hits you you've had it (coll.)

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > hin
77 del

sg - delen, pl - dele

часть ж, до́ля ж

bégge dele — и то и друго́е

táge del (i ngt) — уча́ствовать (в чём-л.)

* * *

component, element, instalment, lot, part, piece, portion, proportion, section, segment, share, slice

* * *

(en -e) part ( fx he spent (a) part of the summer in England),

F portion;

( i forhold til helheden) proportion ( fx only a small proportion of the pupils failed);

( af bog) part;

( andel) share ( fx they each had a share of the cake),

F portion;

( afsnit, udsnit) section ( fx all sections of the population);

(i blanding etc) part ( fx equal parts of milk and sugar);

[ begge dele] both;

[ jeg forstår mig ikke på de dele] I don't know much about these things;

[ en del bøger] a number of books;

[ en del beskadiget] somewhat damaged;

[ en del deraf] part of it;

[ en af delene] one or the other;

[ en hel del]

( foran entalsord) a great deal of, a lot of,

( foran flertalsord) quite a few, a great (el. good) many,

T lots of;

(uden sb) a good deal ( fx he reads a good deal; a good deal better);

[ for en del] in part, partly, to some extent;

[ for en stor del] to a great extent, largely;

[ for største delen], se ndf;

[ jeg for min del] I for one, personally,

F for my part;

[ gøre sin del] do one's share ( fx of the work);

[ have del i] have a share in;

[ tage del i] take part in ( fx the fighting), (take a) share in ( fx

the expenses),

( vise deltagelse i) share in ( fx we all share in your sorrow), sympathize with somebody in;

[ ingen af delene] neither;

[ en meget lille del af befolkningen] a very small proportion of the population;

[ største delen] the greater part,

( flertallet også) the majority;

[ den største del af] most of, the greater part of;

( flertallet) the majority of;

[ for største delen] for the most part, chiefly, mostly;

[ til dels] partly, in part;

[ blive en til del] fall to somebody's share (el. lot).

Danish-English dictionary > del
78 limpiadora

f.

1 cleanser, scourer.

2 cleaning lady, char.

* * *

f., (m. - limpiador)

* * *

= charwoman [charwomen, -pl.], cleaning lady, cleaning woman, housekeeper.

Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex. Doyle's fifth novel deals with the life and love of Paula Spencer, a 39-year-old woman, alcoholic, mother, cleaning lady, and widow.

Ex. These cuts were a scheme to privatize the cleaning women's jobs, contracting them out to small or big private cleaning firms.

Ex. Nearly half the children in the survey were cared for in their own homes by au pairs, nannies, housekeepers or maids.

* * *

= charwoman [charwomen, -pl.], cleaning lady, cleaning woman, housekeeper.

Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex: Doyle's fifth novel deals with the life and love of Paula Spencer, a 39-year-old woman, alcoholic, mother, cleaning lady, and widow.

Ex: These cuts were a scheme to privatize the cleaning women's jobs, contracting them out to small or big private cleaning firms.

Ex: Nearly half the children in the survey were cared for in their own homes by au pairs, nannies, housekeepers or maids.

* * *

limpiador,-ora
I adjetivo cleansing
II m,f (persona) cleaner
III m (sustancia) cleaner
' limpiadora' also found in these entries:
English:
cleansing lotion
- cleanser
- cleansing
- cold
- maid

* * *

limpiador

I adj cleansing

II m, limpiadora f cleaner

III m Méx ( limpiaparabrisas) windshield wiper, Br

windscreen wiper

Spanish-English dictionary > limpiadora
79 penetrar

v.

1 to pierce, to penetrate (introducirse en) (sujeto: arma, sonido).

Los policías penetraron The policemen penetrated.

Ella penetró el misterio She penetrated=understood the mystery.

El ácido penetra la piel Acid penetrates the skin.

La bala penetra la pared The bullet pierces the wall.

2 to get to the bottom of (secreto, misterio).

3 to penetrate (sexualmente).

4 to go deep into, to penetrate.

El misil penetró la tierra The missile went deep into the ground.

* * *

penetrar

► verbo intransitivo

1 (introducirse - en un territorio) to penetrate (en, -); (- en una casa, propiedad) to enter

■ no nos atrevimos a penetrar en la selva we didn't dare go into the jungle

2 (atravesar) to penetrate, seep through

■ la humedad ha penetrado por el suelo damp has seeped through the floor

■ el frío penetra por las finas paredes the cold comes in through the thin walls

3 figurado (entender) to comprehend (en, -); (analizar) to look (en, into)

► verbo transitivo

1 (atravesar) to penetrate; (ruido) to pierce

■ el olor era tan fuerte que penetró la ropa the smell was so strong that it got right into our clothes

2 (descifrar - misterio) to get to the bottom of; (- secreto) to fathom (out)

* * *

verb

1) to penetrate

2) enter

* * *

1. VI

1) (=entrar)

penetraron a través de o por una claraboya — they entered through a skylight

el humo penetraba a través de las rendijas — the smoke was filtering through the cracks

el agua había penetrado a través de o por las paredes — the water had seeped into the walls

penetrar en: penetramos en un túnel — we went into o entered a tunnel

la luz apenas penetra en la habitación — hardly any light enters the room

el cuchillo penetró en la carne — the knife went into o entered o penetrated the flesh

ocho hombres armados penetraron en la embajada — eight gunmen broke into the embassy

penetramos poco en el mar — we did not go far out to sea

su ingratitud penetró hondamente en mi corazón — her ingratitude pierced me to the bone

2) frm (=descifrar) to penetrate

penetrar en el sentido de algo — to penetrate the meaning of sth

2. VT

1) (=atravesar) to go right through

un frío glacial le penetró los huesos — an icy cold went right through to her bones

2) [sexualmente] to penetrate

3) frm (=descubrir) [+ misterio] to fathom; [+ secreto] to unlock; [+ sentido] to grasp; [+ intención] to see through, grasp

3.

See:

penetrarse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

a) ( entrar)

penetrar por algo — agua/humedad to seep through something

la luz del sol penetraba por la ventana — the sunlight shone through the window

la puerta por donde penetró el ladrón — the door through which the burglar entered

el olor penetraba por todos los rincones — the smell pervaded every corner

penetrar EN algo — to penetrate something

el frío le penetraba en los huesos — the cold was getting right into his bones

esta crema penetra rápidamente en la piel — this cream is quickly absorbed by the skin

es difícil penetrar en su mente — it is difficult to fathom his thoughts

b) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate
2.
penetrar vt

a) <defensa/membrana> to penetrate

un ruido que penetra los oídos — a piercing noise

b) (liter) <misterio/secreto> to fathom, penetrate (liter)

c) (Com) < mercado> to penetrate

d) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate

* * *

= cut through, go into, penetrate, go in, permeate, break through, tread into, seep into, seep through, seep, pervade, see through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate into, pierce, intromit.

Ex. Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.

Ex. As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex. But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.

Ex. But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.

Ex. This concept permeates all bibliothecal activities from start to finish, especially indexing and abstracting.

Ex. Is there a glass ceiling for librarians? If so, what's the best way to break through it?.

Ex. This seems to suggest that Schopenhauer may have trodden much further into the mystics' domain than he is willing to admit.

Ex. Rampant commercialism is seeping into every crevice of American culture.

Ex. The consequences were beginning to seep through to respondents at the time of the visits made to them and were creating a great deal of concern.

Ex. The outer edges of the sheet -- the deckle edges -- are rough and uneven where the stuff seeped between the deckle and the mould.

Ex. I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.

Ex. Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.

Ex. But self-concern can insinuate itself into every corner of the emotional life.

Ex. As they insinuated their way through the stack area, the secretary responded that all she knew was that the director had just returned from a meeting.

Ex. While endorsing the thought that language is insinuated into brains, I also identify what I believe is the theory's Achilles heel.

Ex. She waited like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to begin piercing her.

Ex. During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.

----

* osar penetrar = venture into.

* palabras + penetrar = words + sink.

* penetrar de un modo inclinado = slant into.

* penetrar una barrera = break through + barrier.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

a) ( entrar)

penetrar por algo — agua/humedad to seep through something

la luz del sol penetraba por la ventana — the sunlight shone through the window

la puerta por donde penetró el ladrón — the door through which the burglar entered

el olor penetraba por todos los rincones — the smell pervaded every corner

penetrar EN algo — to penetrate something

el frío le penetraba en los huesos — the cold was getting right into his bones

esta crema penetra rápidamente en la piel — this cream is quickly absorbed by the skin

es difícil penetrar en su mente — it is difficult to fathom his thoughts

b) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate
2.
penetrar vt

a) <defensa/membrana> to penetrate

un ruido que penetra los oídos — a piercing noise

b) (liter) <misterio/secreto> to fathom, penetrate (liter)

c) (Com) < mercado> to penetrate

d) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate

* * *

= cut through, go into, penetrate, go in, permeate, break through, tread into, seep into, seep through, seep, pervade, see through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate into, pierce, intromit.

Ex: Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.

Ex: As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex: But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.

Ex: But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.

Ex: This concept permeates all bibliothecal activities from start to finish, especially indexing and abstracting.

Ex: Is there a glass ceiling for librarians? If so, what's the best way to break through it?.

Ex: This seems to suggest that Schopenhauer may have trodden much further into the mystics' domain than he is willing to admit.

Ex: Rampant commercialism is seeping into every crevice of American culture.

Ex: The consequences were beginning to seep through to respondents at the time of the visits made to them and were creating a great deal of concern.

Ex: The outer edges of the sheet -- the deckle edges -- are rough and uneven where the stuff seeped between the deckle and the mould.

Ex: I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.

Ex: Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.

Ex: But self-concern can insinuate itself into every corner of the emotional life.

Ex: As they insinuated their way through the stack area, the secretary responded that all she knew was that the director had just returned from a meeting.

Ex: While endorsing the thought that language is insinuated into brains, I also identify what I believe is the theory's Achilles heel.

Ex: She waited like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to begin piercing her.

Ex: During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.

* osar penetrar = venture into.

* palabras + penetrar = words + sink.

* penetrar de un modo inclinado = slant into.

* penetrar una barrera = break through + barrier.

* * *

penetrar [A1 ]

vi

1

(en un lugar): la puerta por donde penetró el ladrón the door through which the thief entered

el agua penetraba por entre las tejas water was seeping in o coming in between the tiles

una luz tenue penetraba a través de los visillos a pale light filtered in through the lace curtains

un intenso olor penetraba por todos los rincones de la casa a pungent smell pervaded every corner of the house

penetrar EN algo:

la bala penetró en el pulmón izquierdo the bullet pierced his left lung

tropas enemigas han penetrado en nuestras fronteras enemy troops have pushed over o crossed o penetrated our borders

hace un frío que penetra en los huesos the cold gets right into your bones

la humedad había penetrado en las paredes the damp had seeped into the walls

esta crema penetra rápidamente en la piel this cream is quickly absorbed by the skin

2 (descubrir, descifrar) penetrar EN algo:

intenta penetrar en la intimidad del personaje he attempts to delve into the personality of the character

es difícil penetrar en su mente it is difficult to fathom his thoughts o ( colloq) to get inside his head

3 (en un mercado) penetrar EN algo to penetrate sth

4 (en el acto sexual) to penetrate

■ penetrar

vt

1 (atravesar) to penetrate

un ruido que penetra los oídos a piercing o ear-splitting noise

es difícil penetrar la corteza it is difficult to penetrate o get through the outer layer

2 ‹misterio/secreto› to fathom

3 ( Com) ‹mercado› to penetrate

4 (en el acto sexual) to penetrate

* * *

penetrar ( conjugate penetrar) verbo intransitivo ( entrar) penetrar por algo [agua/humedad] to seep through sth;
[ luz] to shine through sth;
[ ladrón] to enter through sth;
penetrar EN algo to penetrate sth
verbo transitivo
to penetrate;
◊ la bala le penetró el pulmón the bullet penetrated o entered his lung

penetrar
I verbo transitivo to penetrate: el aceite penetró el tejido y no pude sacar la mancha, the oil went straight through the material and I couldn't get it out
era incapaz de penetrar el sentido de sus palabras, it was impossible to get to the bottom of his meaning
un intenso olor penetraba el lugar, a strong smell seeped through the place
II vi (en un recinto) to go o get [en, in]: un frente frío penetrará por el noroeste, a cold front will sweep over from the north-east
el veneno penetró en la piel, the poison was soaked in through the skin

' penetrar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
calar
- internarse
English:
come through
- penetrate
- pierce
- sink in
- soak in
- strike through
- break

* * *

penetrar

♦ vi

el agua penetraba por la puerta the water was seeping under the door;

la luz penetraba por entre las rendijas the light came filtering through the cracks;

penetrar en o Am [m5]a [internarse en] to enter;
[filtrarse por] to get into, to penetrate; [perforar] to pierce; [llegar a conocer] to get to the bottom of;
cinco terroristas penetraron en el palacio five terrorists got into the palace;

no consiguen penetrar en el mercado europeo they have been unable to penetrate the European market

♦ vt

1. [introducirse en] [sujeto: arma, sonido] to pierce, to penetrate;
[sujeto: humedad, líquido] to permeate; [sujeto: emoción, sentimiento] to pierce;
la bala le penetró el corazón the bullet pierced her heart;

el frío les penetraba hasta los huesos they were chilled to the bone;

el grito le penetró los oídos the scream pierced her eardrums;

han penetrado el mercado latinoamericano they have made inroads into o penetrated the Latin American market

2. [secreto, misterio] to get to the bottom of

3. [sexualmente] to penetrate

* * *

penetrar

I v/t penetrate

II v/i

1 ( atravesar) penetrate

2 ( entrar) enter

3 de un líquido seep in

* * *

penetrar vi

1) : to penetrate, to sink in

2)

penetrar por or

penetrar en : to pierce, to go in, to enter into

el frío penetra por la ventana: the cold comes right in through the window

penetrar vt

1) : to penetrate, to permeate

2) : to pierce

el dolor penetró su corazón: sorrow pierced her heart

3) : to fathom, to understand

* * *

penetrar vb

1. (entrar) to get into

la humedad ha penetrado en la habitación the damp has got into the room

los chicos penetraron en la cueva the boys went into the cave

2. (perforar) to penetrate / to pierce

una bala le penetró el pecho a bullet pierced his chest

Spanish-English dictionary > penetrar
80 поглъщам

1. swallow (up); engulf

(лакомо) gulp down, devour; wolf

(с мъка) take down; sl. lower

(попивам) absorb

(шум, топлина) absorb

(за пламъци) lick up; consume

въздухът поглъща много влага air absorbs a great deal of moisture

2. прен. (увличам) engross, absorb

поглъщам вниманието absorb the attention

работата му го поглъща изцяло he is entirely absorbed in his work

3. прен. (възприемам, поемам) devour; take in, absorb

поглъщам с очи devour with o.'s eyes

поглъщам жадно всяка казана дума hang on a person's lips

поглъщам роман след роман devour novel after novel

4. (средства) consume

(време) take up

* * *

поглъ̀щам,

гл.

1. swallow (up); engulf; ( лакомо) gulp down, devour; wolf; поет. englut, engorge; (с мъка) take down; sl. lower; ( попивам) absorb; ( шум, топлина) absorb; (за пламъци) lick up; consume; ( удар) cushion;

2. прен. ( увличам) engross, absorb;

3. прен. ( възприемам, поемам) devour; take in, absorb; \поглъщам жадно всяка казана дума hang on a person’s lips, drink in/eat up every word;

4. ( средства) consume; ( време) take up;

5. икон. ( компания) take over.

* * *
1. (време) take up 2. (зa пламъци) lick up;consume 3. (лакомо) gulp down, devour;wolf 4. (попивам) absorb 5. (с мъка) take down;sl. lower 6. (средства) consume 7. (шум, топлина) absorb 8. swallow (up);engulf 9. ПОГЛЪЩАМ pоман след роман devour novel after novel 10. ПОГЛЪЩАМ вниманието absorb the attention 11. ПОГЛЪЩАМ жадно всяка казана дума hang on a person's lips 12. ПОГЛЪЩАМ с очи devour with o.'s eyes 13. въздухът поглъща много влага air absorbs a great deal of moisture 14. прен. (възприемам, поемам) devour;take in, absorb 15. прен. (увличам) engross, absorb 16. работата му го поглъща изцяло he is entirely absorbed in his work

Български-английски речник > поглъщам

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

great\ deal — • good deal • great deal noun informal A large amount; much. Used with a . Mrs. Walker s long illness cost her a good deal. George spends a great deal of his time watching television. Often used like an adverb. Cleaning up after the party took a… … Словарь американских идиом
great — /greIt/ adjective VERY GOOD 1 spoken a) very good; excellent: We had a great time at the fair. | You can come after all? Great! | It s great to see you again! b) used when you really think that something is not good, satisfactory or enjoyable at… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Great Central Railway (preserved) — Great Central Railway Great Central Railway D123 Kinchley Lane Locale Loughborough, Leicestershire, England Terminus Leices … Wikipedia
Great Seal of the United States — Reverse of the Seal … Wikipedia
Great Moravia — 833[Note 1] – 902 … Wikipedia
Work hardening — Work hardening, also known as strain hardening or cold working, is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation. This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements within the crystal structure of the material.[1] Any material with… … Wikipedia
Great Depression — This article is about the severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation) … Wikipedia
Great Train Robbery (1963) — The Great Train Robbery is the name given to a £2.6 million train robbery committed on 8 August 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge, Ledburn near Mentmore in Buckinghamshire, England.[1] The bulk of the stolen money was not recovered. It was probably… … Wikipedia
Great Depression in the United States — The Great Depression in the United States began on Black Tuesday with the Wall Street crash of October, 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation and … Wikipedia
deal — 1 /di:l/ verb past tense and past participle dealt /delt/ 1 also deal out (I, T) to give playing cards to each of the players in a game: deal sth (out) to sb: Deal out three cards to each player. 2 (I) informal to buy and sell illegal drugs: Many … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Great Society — The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

with+a+great+deal+of+work

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

with+a+great+deal+of+work

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: