well-doing

πράσσω, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [full] πρήσσω, [dialect] Att. [full] πράττω (first in IG12.7.11, al., Ar. and X.), Cret. [full] πράδδω Leg.Gort.1.35: [tense] fut. πράξω, [dialect] Ion. πρήξω: [tense] aor. ἔπραξα, [dialect] Ion. ἔπρηξα: [tense] pf. πέπραχα, [dialect] Ion. πέπρηχα, (trans.) Hdt.5.106, X.HG5.2.32, Cyr.3.1.15, Din.3.21, Men.619, IG9(2).517.36 (Larissa, iii B. C.), PHib.1.80.11 (iii B. C.), (intr.) Pl.Com.187 codd., Arist.Rh.Al. 1440a36: [tense] plpf. ἐπεπράχει ([etym.] ν) (trans.) X. l.c., (intr.) App. BC5.83: [tense] pf. 2 πέπρᾱγα, [dialect] Ion. πέπρηγα, (intr.) Pi.P.2.73, Hdt.2.172, Ar.Pl. 629, Ra. 302, X.HG1.4.2, (trans.) Arist.EN 1168b35, al., SIG 364.70 (Ephesus, iii B. C.): [tense] plpf. ἐπεπράγεσαν (intr.) Th.2.4,7.24:— [tense] pf. πέπραγα [dialect] Att., πέπραχα Hellenistic, acc. to Moer.p.293 P., Phryn. PSp.103 B., but see above:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

A

πράξομαι Antipho Fr.67

, X. HG6.2.36 (also in pass. sense, Pi.P.4.243 (prob.), Pl.R. 452a): [tense] aor.

ἐπραξαμην S.OT 287

, Th.4.65, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. (v.supr.), also

πραχθήσομαι Aeschin.3.98

, Arist.Rh. 1359a11, etc.; [tense] fut. 3

πεπράξομαι S.OC 861

, Ar.Av. 847, Eup.9.3 D.: [tense] aor.

ἐπράχθην S.Tr. 679

, Th.4.54, etc.: [tense] pf.

πέπραγμαι A.Pr.75

, etc. (sts. in med. sense, v. infr. vi). [[pron. full] ᾱ by nature, as is shown by the [dialect] Ion. form πρήσσω, and by the accent in πρᾶγμα, πρᾶξις, etc.]

I in [dialect] Ep. only, pass through, pass over,

δὶς τόσσον ἅλα πρήσσοντες ἀπῆμεν Od.9.491

;

ῥίμφα πρήσσοντε κέλευθον Il.14.282

, 23.501;

ῥίμφα πρήσσουσι κέλευθον Od.13.83

;

ὁδὸν πρήσσουσιν ὁδῖται h.Merc. 203

: c. gen.,

ἵνα πρήσσωμεν ὁδοῖο Il.24.264

, Od.15.219; ὄφρα πρ. ὁδοῖο ib.47;

ἵνα πρήσσῃσιν ὁδοῖο 3.476

: Gramm. note that this sense is found only in [tense] pres., An.Ox.1.355, EM688.1.

II experience certain for- tunes, fare well or ill,

ὁ στόλος οὕτως ἔπρηξε Hdt.3.26

, cf.4.77, Th.7.24; so

ὡς ἔπρηξε Hdt.7.18

;

κατὰ νόον π. Id.4.97

, cf. Ar.Eq. 549;

πράξασαν ὡς ἔπραξεν A.Ag. 1288

;

εὖ πέπραγεν, ὅτι.. Pi.P.2.73

, cf. Hdt.1.24,42, etc.;

φλαύρως π. τῷ στόλῳ Id.6.94

;

π. καλῶς A.Pr. 979

;

χαλεπώτατα π. Th.8.95

;

ταπεινῶς π. Isoc.5.64

;

ὅστις καλῶς πράττει, οὐχὶ καὶ εὖ πράττει; Pl.Alc.1.116b

;

π. εὐτυχῶς S.Ant. 701

;

κάλλιστα E.Heracl. 794

; μακαρίως, εὐδαιμόνως, Ar.Pl. 629, 802: freq. with neut. Pron. or Adj.,

εὖ π. τι S.OT 1006

, cf. OC 391;

μηδὲν εὖ π. X.Mem.1.6.8

;

χρηστόν τι π. Ar.Pl. 341

;

καλά Th.6.16

;

χείρω Id.7.71

;

μεγάλα E.IA 346

;

πάντ' ἀγαθά Ar.Ra. 302

, cf. Eq. 683 (lyr.);

εὐδαίμονα E.El. 1359

(anap.);

πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθά X.An.6.4.8

;

οἷον ἥθελεν S.OC 1704

(lyr.);

πράξας ἅπερ ηὔχου E.Or. 355

(anap.), cf.X.Mem.3.9.14.

III achieve, effect, accomplish,

οὔ τι Il.1.562

, 11.552, Od.2.191, etc.;

οὐδέ τι ἔργον ἐνθάδ' ἔτι πρήξει 19.324

, cf. 16.88;

χρῆμα μὲν οὐ πρήξεις, σὺ δ' ἐτώσια πόλλ' ἀγορεύσεις Hes.Op. 402

; κλέος ἔπραξεν won it, Pi.I.5(4).8; ἔπραξε δεσμόν achieved bondage, i.e. brought it on himself, Id.P.2.40;

τινὰ Νηρεΐδων π. ἄκοιτιν Id.N.5.36

; ὕμνον π. grant power of song, ib.9.3; λεόντεσσι π. φόνον do slaughter upon them, ib.3.46;

τὴν Κυπρίων ἀπόστασιν π. Hdt.5.113

; π. εἰρήνην, φιλίαν, bring it about, D.3.7, 18.162; π. τι παρά τινος get something from..,

ὧν δέονται πάντων πεπραγότες εἶεν παρὰ βασιλέως X.HG1.4.2

;

ἐλπὶς πράξειν τι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀγαθόν Isoc.2.20

; also, attempt, plot,

δήμου κατάλυσιν And.3.6

: c. dat. pers.,

δαίμοσιν π. φίλα A.Pr. 660

;

Αοξίᾳ χάριν E. Ion37

, cf. 896 (lyr.), El. 1133, etc.;

σὺ τοῦτο πράξεις ὥστε..; A.Eu. 896

:—[voice] Pass.,

πέπρακται τοὖργον Id.Pr.75

;

φεῦ φεῦ πέπρακται E.Hipp. 680

;

τὰ πεπραγμένα Pi.O.2.15

, etc.;

ἡ ἐπὶ τοῖς πεπρ. ἀδοξία D. 1.11

;

τὰ πεπρ. λῦσαι Id.24.76

;

τὰ πραχθέντα A.Pr. 683

, etc.; τὰ ἔργα τῶν πραχθέντων the facts of what took place, Th.1.22;

οὐ γὰρ ἂν τό γε πραχθὲν ἀγένητον θείη Pl.Prt. 324b

.

2 abs., effect an object, be successful,

δὸς Τηλέμαχον πρήξαντα νέεσθαι Od.3.60

;

ἔπρηξας καὶ ἔπειτα Il.18.357

.

3 of sexual intercourse,

ἐπράχθη τὰ μέγιστα Theoc.2.143

.

4 to be busy with, σὺ μὲν τὰ σαυτῆς πρᾶσσ' mind your own business, S.El. 678;

πράττων ἔκαστος τὸ αὑτοῦ Pl. Phdr. 247a

, cf. Plt. 307e;

τὰ αὑτοῦ π. καὶ μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν Id.R. 433a

, cf. 400e, etc. (whereas πολλὰ π. = πολυπραγμονεῖν, Hdt.5.33, E.HF 266, Ar.Ra. 228, etc.);

φιλοσόφου τὰ αὑτοῦ πράξαντος καὶ οὐ πολυπραγμονήσαντος Pl.Grg. 526c

, cf. Ap. 33a, etc.; οὐδ' εὖ.. οἰκοῦνται αἱ πόλεις, ὅταν τὰ αὑτῶν ἕκαστοι πράττωσι (ironical) Id.Alc.1.127b; μὴ τὰ αὑτῶν π. not to act their part, Id.R. 452c;

π. τὰ δέοντα X.Mem. 3.8.1

.

5 manage affairs, do business, act, εἰπεῖν τε καὶ πρᾶξαι ib.2.9.4, cf. 2.8.6; πράττειν τὰ πολιτικὰ πράγματα, τὰ τῆς πόλεως, manage state-affairs, take part in government, Pl.Ap. 31d, Lys.16.20;

τὰ Ἀθηναίων Pl.Smp. 216a

;

οἱ τὰ κοινὰ π. καὶ πολιτευόμενοι Arist.Pol. 1324b1

: abs., without any addition, ἱκανωτάτω λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν, of able statesmen, X.Mem.1.2.15, cf. 4.2.1,4;

πολιτεύεσθαι καὶ π. D.18.45

, cf. 59, Pl.Prt. 317a.

6 generally, transact, negotiate, manage,

οἱ πράξαντες πρὸς αὐτὸν τὴν λῆψιν τῆς πόλεως Th. 4.114

; Θηβαίοις τὰ πράγματα π. manage matters for their interest, D.19.77:—so in [voice] Pass., τῷ Ἱπποκράτει τὰ.. πράγματα ἀπό τινων ἀνδρῶν.. ἐπράσσετο matters were negotiated with him by.., Th.4.76: but freq. abs., treat, negotiate, manage, act, οἱ πράσσοντες αὐτῷ ib. 110, cf. 5.76;

π. πρός τινα Id.2.5

, 4.73, etc.; ἐς (v.l. πρὸς) τοὺς βαρβάρους, ἐς τοὺς Εἵλωτας, Id.1.131, 132:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπράττετο οὐ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους Aeschin.3.64

; also

π. τι ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν D.26.2

;

π. ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως τὰ πάτρια Id.59.73

;

π. περὶ εἰρήνης X.HG6.3.3

;

π. τῇ δύναιτο ἄριστα Hdt.5.30

;

π. ὡς ἄριστα καὶ πιστότατα Th.1.129

;

οἱ πράσσοντες

the traitors,

Id.4.89

, 113:—folld. by dependent clauses,

πρᾶσσε καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ τὰ σὰ ὅπῃ κάλλιστα ἕξει Id.1.129

; ἐς τὴν Πελοπόννησον ἔπρασσεν, ὅπῃ ὠφελία τις γενήσεται ib.65; π. ὅπως πόλεμος γένηται ib.57; π. ὅπως τιμωρήσονται ib.56, cf. 3.4,70, etc.: c. acc. et inf.,

μὴ δεῦρο πλεῖν τὴν ναῦν ἔπραττεν D.32.22

.

b esp. of secret practices and intrigues, εἴ τι μὴ ξὺν ἀργύρῳ ἐπράσσετ' ἐνθένδ' unless some bribery was being practised, S.OT 125;

καί τι αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπράσσετο ἐς τὰς πόλεις προδοσίας πέρι Th.4.121

, cf. 5.83;

μετάστασις ἐπράττετο Lys.30.10

;

τούτοις ἔπρασσον τὴν πόλιν Plb.4.17.12

; νῦν δ' αὔτ' Ἀτρεῖδαι φωτὶ παντουργῷ φρένας ἔπραξαν have jobbed them (the arms) away to a villain, S.Aj. 446.

IV practise,

πόνῳ π. θεοδμάτους ἀρετάς Pi. I.6(5).11

;

δίκαια ἢ ἄδικα Pl.Ap. 28b

, etc.;

ταῦτ' ἔπραξάν τε καὶ ἔλεξαν X.Cyr.5.1.1

;

ἃ καὶ λέγειν ὀκνοῦμεν οἱ πεπραχότες Men.619

: then abs., act,

π. ἔργῳ μὲν σθένος βουλαῖσι δὲ φρήν Pi.N.1.26

; ὡς πράττοντες as doing, Pl.R. 527a; μεθ' ἡμῶν ἔπραττεν, i. e. he took our side, Is.5.14.

2 study,

δράματα Suid.

s.v. Ἀριστοφάνης; συλλογισμούς Arr.Epict.2.17.27; ἐν τοῖς πραττομένοις in the poems which are now studied, made the subject of commentaries, Sch.Nic. Th.11.

V c. dupl. acc. pers. et rei, πράττειν τινά τι do something to one, E.Hel. 1394, Isoc.12.93;

ἀγαθόν τι π. τὴν πόλιν Ar. Ec. 108

.

VI exact payment from one,

αὐτοὺς ἑκατὸν τάλαντα ἔπρηξαν Hdt.3.58

; πράσσει με τόκον he makes me pay interest, Batr.185;

π. τινὰ χρέος Pi.O.3.7

, cf. P.9.104;

ὅσοι πράξεις πεπράγασιν SIG364.70

(Ephesus, iii B. C.);

τοὐφειλόμενον π. Δίκη A.Ch. 311

(anap.);

ἀντίποινα Id.Pers. 476

: freq. of tax-gatherers or other collectors of public debt, IG12.116.16, al., Pl.Lg. 774d;

π. τὰς εἰσφοράς D.22.77

, etc.; φόρον ἔπρησσον παρ' ἑκάστων obtained or demanded from.., Hdt.1.106: c. acc. pers., press for payment,

μὴ π. τοὺς ὀφειλέτας Plb.38.11.10

; π. τινά τι ὑπέρ τινος demand from one as the price for a thing, Luc.Vit.Auct.18: metaph., φόνον π. exact punishment or vengeance for a murder: hence, avenge, punish, A.Eu. 624;

τὰ περὶ τὸν φόνον ἀγριωτέρως π. Pl.Lg. 867d

:—[voice] Pass., ὑπὸ βασιλέως πεπραγμένος φόρους called on to pay up the tribute, Th.8.5; πραχθεὶς

ὑπὸτῶνδε Lys.9.21

codd., cf. Pl.Lg. 921c:—[voice] Med., exact for oneself,

πράξασθαί τινα μισθόν Pi.O.10(11).30

; ἀργύριον, χρήματα, Hdt.2.126, Th.4.65, cf. Ar.Ra. 561, etc.;

τὴν διπλασίαν π. τὸν ὑποφεύγοντα Pl.Lg. 762b

, cf. Plb.5.54.11;

π. τοὺς ἐξάγοντας τριακοστήν D.20.32

;

πράσσεσθαι χρέος Antipho Fr.67

; φόρους πράσσεσθαι ἀπό, ἐκ τῶν πόλεων, Th.8.5, 37;

παρ' αὐτῶν ἃ ὤφειλον Lys.17.3

, cf. And.2.11: metaph. of exacting punishment, etc.,

μεγάλ' ἀντ' ὀλίγων ἐπράξαο Call.Lav.Pall.91

:—[voice] Pass. [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. in med. sense, εἰ μὲν ἐπεπράγμην τοῦτον τὴν δίκην if I had exacted from him the full amount, D.29.2.

VII c. acc. pers., πράττειν τινά deal with, finish off, euphem.,

ἔπρασσε δ' ᾇπέρ νιν, ὧδε θάπτει A.Ch. 440

(lyr.); πεπραγμένοι is f.l.ib. 132.

σχολ-άζω, [dialect] Boeot. [suff] σχολ-άδδω IG7.2849.6 ([place name] Haliartus):—

A to have leisure or spare time, to be at leisure, have nothing to do,

σὺ δ' ἢν σχολάσῃς Ar. Lys. 412

, cf. Th.4.4, etc.; διὰ τὸ μὴ σχολάζειν ὑπὸ πολέμων because they have no leisure left by the wars, Pl.Lg. 694e;

ἀσχολούμεθα ἵνα σχολάζωμεν Arist.EN 1177b5

; σ. καλῶς spend one's leisure well, Id.Pol. 1337b31; σ. ἐλευθερίως καὶ σωφρόνως ib. 1326b31: c. inf., have leisure or time to do a thing, X.Cyr.2.1.9, 8.1.18, Pl.Lg. 763d, etc.

2 loiter, linger, A.Supp. 207, 883, E.Hec. 730, D.3.35.

II σ. ἀπό τινος have rest or respite from a thing, cease from doing, X.Cyr. 7.5.52; ἀπὸ τοῦ Κρώμνου were set free from the operations at K., Id.HG7.4.28; also

σ. ἔργων Plu.Nic.28

.

III c. dat., have leisure, time, or opportunity for a thing, devote one's time to a thing,

πάντα τὸν βίον ἐσχόλακεν [ἐν] τούτῳ D.22.4

; σ. φιλοσοφίᾳ, μουσικῇ, etc., Luc.Macr.4, VH2.15;

μόνῃ σ. ὑγιείᾳ Gal.6.168

; τῇ γῇ, i.e. agriculture, Sammelb. 4284.15 (iii A.D.); so

πρὸς ταῦτα X.Mem.3.6.6

;

πρὸς τοῖς ἰδίοις Arist. Pol. 1308b36

;

ἐπί τινος Id.PA 682a34

;

περὶ λόγους Plu.Brut.22

;

πρὸς ἐννοίᾳ.. πρὸς αὑτόν Id.Num.14

.

2 c. dat. pers., devote oneself to..,

τοῖς φίλοις X.Cyr.7.5.39

;

ἑαυτοῖς Gal.6.810

; ὁ στρατηγὸς.. τοῖς διαφέρουσιν ἐσχόλασεν Wilcken Chr. 41 i8 (iii A.D.); esp. of students, study, attend lectures,

ἐπὶ Παλλαδίῳ Phld.Acad.Ind.p.88

M.; σ. τινί devote oneself to a master, attend his lectures, σ. Καρνεάδῃ, Ἰσοκράτει, ib.p.89 M., Plu.2.844b;

τοῖς φιλοσόφοις IG22.1028.34

(ii/i B.C.);

μετ' Ἐπικούρου Phylarch.24J.

;

παρά τισι Alciphr.1.34

.

3 abs., devote oneself to learning: hence, give lectures (cf.

σχολή 11

), Apollon.Perg. Con. 1 Praef.;

σ. Ἀθήνησιν Phld.Rh.1.95

S.;

ἐν Λυκείῳ D.H.Amm.1.5

, cf. Plu.Dem.5:c.acc.neut.,

ἅπερ ἐσχολάσαμεν Demetr.Lac.Herc.1013.18

; τὰ περὶ τοῦ τέλους σχολασθέντα lectures upon.., S.E.M.11.167; of a gladiator, to be master of a school ( ludus),

εἰς Ἔφεσον Rev.Arch.30

(1929).24 ([place name] Gortyn).

IV of a place, to be vacant, unoccupied, Plu.CG 12, Jul.Caes. 316c: c. dat., to be reserved for,

τὸ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ κορυφῆς μέχρι σελήνης θεοῖς καὶ ἄστροις.. σχολάζει Herm.

ap. Stob.1.49.68.

ἐπιτυγχάνω, [tense] fut.

A

- τεύξομαι Pl.R. 431c

: [tense] aor. 2 ἐπέτῠχον: [tense] pf.

- τετύχηκα Arist.Oec. 1352b5

:—prop. hit the mark, τοῦ σκοποῦ, opp. ἀποτυγχάνω, Id.EN 1106b33 ;

οἱ πολλὰ βάλλοντες ἐπιτυγχάνουσι πολλάκις Plu.2.438a

: hence,

II light or fall upon, meet with,

I c. dat. pers., Ar.Nu. 195, 535, Th.3.75 ;

ἐ. γυναικὶ βιαζομένῃ Pl.Lg. 874c

: also c.dat.rei,

ἐ. σορῷ Hdt.1.68

;

ναυσί Th.8.34

;

βιβλίῳ Luc.Dem.Enc. 27

; ἐ.[ ταῖς θύραις] ἀνεῳγμέναις to find them open, Pl.Smp. 223b.

2 c.gen.pers.,

μετρίου ἀνδρός Ar.Pl. 245

, cf. Plu.Art.12 : c.gen.rei,

ἐ. ὁλκάδος ἀναγομένης Th.3.3

; εὐώνων ἐ. a low market, Arist.Oec. l.c.

3 rarely c.acc.,

τὰς ἁπλᾶς [ἐπιθυμίας] ἐν ὀλίγοις ἐπιτεύξῃ Pl. R. 431c

;

ἅττ' ἂν ἐπιτύχῃς Eub.123.5

.

4 abs., Ar.Ra. 570, Th.6.38 ; mostly ὁ ἐπιτυχών the first person one meets, any chance person, esp. in pl., Hdt.2.2, Antipho 2.1.1 : with neg.,

οὐδὲ φαύλων ἀνδρῶν οὐδὲ τῶν ἐ. Pl.Cra. 390d

;

οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι τοῦ ἐ. εἶναι.. Id.Euthphr.4a

; οὐ περὶ τοῦ ἐ. on no common matter, Id.R. 352d : without the Art.,

ἐπιτυχόντος ἀνθρώπου λόγος E.HF 1248

, cf. Phot.p.140R.(=gloss on Eup. 25D.).

III attain to, reach, gain one's end, c.gen.rei, X.Mem. 4.2.28, D.48.3 ;

εὐχωλᾶς Inscr.Cypr.134

H.(iv B.C.);

πολιτείας BGU 113.3

(ii A.D.), etc.;

τοῦ καλῶς [μειγνύναι] Pl.Phlb. 61d

; ἐ. τοῦ ἀγῶνος gain one's suit, D.48.30 ; profit by, benefit by,

φιλανθρωπίας BGU 522.8

(ii A.D.): abs.,

οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν Ep.Jac.4.2

.

2 c.part., succeed in doing, Hdt.8.101, 103 (but ζητέων ἐπιτυγχάνειν find, light upon by searching, Hp. VM24): so c. inf., Luc.Nec.6 ; γαμβροῦ ὁ ἐπιτυχὼν εὗρεν υἱόν he who is lucky in his son-in-law, Democr.272.

3 c.dat.modi, to be lucky, successful in a thing,

μάχῃ Aeschin.3.165

: abs., to be successful, Pl.Men. 97c, Th.3.42, Arist.Rh. 1354a9 ; ἂν ἐπιτύχῃ if she succeeds, Men.Epit. 346 ;

τἆλλα ἐ. X.HG4.5.19

: also impers.,

αὐτῷ οὐδὲν ἐπετύγχανε Ant.Lib.41.6

.

4 [voice] Pass., turn out well,

αἱ ἐπιτετευγμέναι πράξεις

successful,

Plb.6.53.2

, cf. Hipparch. ap. Stob.4.44.81, D.S.1.1, Plu.2.674a ; φάρμακον -τετευγμένον proved remedy, Heraclid.[dialect] Tarent. ap. Gal.12.403.

IV c.dat.pers., converse, talk with one, Pl.Lg. 758c.

ἔργω, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion., and [full] ἐέργω, [dialect] Ep. for [dialect] Att. [full] εἴργω (or [full] εἵργω, v. infr.), which occurs once in Hom.,

A

τῆλέ με εἴργουσι ψυχαί Il.23.72

(s.v.l.): [tense] impf.

εἶργον Th.1.106

, ([etym.] ἐξ-) Hdt.5.22 : [tense] fut. ἔρξω ([etym.] ξυν-) S. Aj. 593, εἴρξω or

εἵρξω Id.Ph. 1407

, E.El. 1255, Th.4.9 : [tense] aor. I

ἔρξα Od. 14.411

, v.l. for εἷρξα in Hdt.3.136,

εἷρξα E.Ba. 443

, Philipp. ap. D.12.2, etc.: [tense] aor. 2 εἴργᾰθον (v. ἐργαθεῖν):—[voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., [tense] pres., Il.17.571, Hdt.5.57, etc.: [tense] fut.

ἔρξομαι S.OT 890

(lyr.),

εἴρξομαι X.An.6.6.16

, Aeschin.3.122: [tense] aor. I

ἔρχθην Il.21.282

, Hp.Mul.1.4,

εἵρχθην Lycurg. 112

, D.59.66 : [tense] pf.

ἔργμαι h.Merc. 123

, [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

ἔρχαται Od.10.283

;

εἷργμαι Ar.Av. 1085

,

εἶργμαι X.HG5.2.31

; [dialect] Ep. part.

ἐεργμένος Il.5.89

: [tense] plpf., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

ἔρχατο 17.354

,

ἐέρχατο Od.10.241

. (εἵργω, = shut in, εἴργω, = shut out, acc. to Eust.1387.3 ; cf. the compds. ἀπείργω, καθείργω, but ἄφ-ερκτος occurs A.Ch. 446 (lyr.) ; the aspirate was always used in [dialect] Att. acc. to Tz.inAn.Ox.3.352, but v. κατείργω: at Heraclea it occurs in ἀφ-, ἐφ-, and συν-ηέργω (qq.v.): ϝέργ-, cf. Skt. vrajás 'enclosure', and perh. Lat. urgeo ; ἐ- is prothetic in [dialect] Ep. ἐ-ϝέργω):— bar one's way either by shutting in or shutting out:

I shut in, shut up,

ἐρχθέντ' ἐν ποταμῷ Il.21.282

; pen,

ἐνὶ Κίρκης ἔρχαται ὥς τε σύες Od.10.283

;

[ἄρνες] διακεκριμέναι ἕκασται ἔρχατο 9.221

;

τὰς μὲν ἄρα ἔρξαν κατὰ ἤθεα κοιμηθῆναι 14.411

;

ὅσσους Ἑλλήσποντος ἐντὸς ἐέργει

encloses,

Il.2.845

(so

ἔνδον εἵρξας Ar.Ach. 330

); ἂψ ἐπὶ νῆας ἔεργε [ φάλαγγας] drove them to the ships and shut them up there, Il. 16.395, cf.12.219, Th.1.106; shut up,

θανόντων ψυχάς Thgn.710

; esp. in prison, Hdt.3.136, Philipp. ap. D.12.2, Lycurg.112 ([voice] Pass.), D.59.66, etc. ; of things,

θύραι δόμον ἐντὸς ἔεργον Od.7.88

;

σύμπαντα ἐντὸς μιᾶς ὁμοιότητος ἕρξας

having included..,

Pl.Plt. 285b

:—[voice] Pass.,

σάκεσσι γὰρ ἔρχατο πάντῃ

were fenced in, secured,

Il.17.354

;

γέφυραι ἐεργμέναι

well-secured, strong-built, compact,

5.89

: Medic., of discharges, to be retained, Hp.Mul.1.4,8 ; ἐὰν ἡ τοῦ βλεφάρου θρὶξ εἰρχθῇ if the eyelash is caught (in the loop), Paul.Aeg.6.13 (fort. εἰρθῇ, vel ἐρθῇ, cf. ἐρτός).

II shut out, Il.23.72, Th.4.9, etc. ;

ἀμφὶς ἐέργει Il.13.706

(v. ἀμφίς A.II);

κλῄθροις ἂν εἰργοίμεσθα E.Hel. 288

.

2 c. gen., shut out or keep away from,

ὡς ὅτε μήτηρ παιδὸς ἐέργῃ μυῖαν Il.4.131

, cf. Od.12.219 ;

τῶν μὲν πάμπαν ἔεργε..θυμόν Hes.Op. 335

, cf. Parm.1.33;

ἔργειν τινὰ σιτίων Hdt.3.48

:—freq. in [voice] Pass., [ μυῖα]

ἐργομένη χροός Il. 17.571

; εἴργεσθαι ἱερῶν, νομίμων, ἀγορᾶς, to be excluded from participation in.., Isoc.4.157, Antipho 6.36, Lys.6.24 ; but εἰργόμενον θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ἀνάπηρον ποιῆσαι short of, excluding death and maiming, Aeschin.1.183 : with Preps., ἔ. [ βέλος]

ἀπὸ χροός Il.4.130

;

τινα ἀπὸ τιμῆς Od.11.503

; [

ἀηδὼν] ἀπὸ χλωρῶν πετάλων ἐργομένα A.Supp.63

(lyr.);

ἐκ τῶν Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων X.An.6.6.16

, etc.: rarely c. dat. pers., εἴργειν..μητρὶ πολέμιον δόρυ to keep it off from her, A.Th. 416:— [voice] Med., keep oneself, abstain, withdraw from, c. gen.,

πόλιος Hdt.4.164

;

τῶν ἀσέπτων ἔρξεται S.OT 890

(lyr.);

γελώτων Pl.Lg. 732c

, etc. ; ἔργετο [τοῦ ἄλσεος] he kept away from it, i.e. spared it, Hdt.7.197.

3 hinder, prevent from doing, abs., Thgn.686, Pl.Lg. 784c : c. dupl.acc.,

ἀλλ' ἡμᾶς τοῦτό γε μηδὲν..εἴρξῃ Id.Sph. 242a

, cf. Ar.V. 334 (lyr.):— [voice] Pass., οὐδὲν εἴργεται nothing is barred, i.e. all things are permitted, S.Tr. 344;

εἴργου

stop! cease!

Id.OC 836

.

b c. inf., mostly with μή or μὴ οὐ added,

οὐ νὺξ ἔργει μὴ οὐ κατανύσαι Hdt.8.98

;

εἴργει τόνδε μὴ θνῄσκειν νόμος E.Heracl. 963

, cf. A.Ag. 1027 (lyr.): c. inf. only, κακὸν δὲ ποῖον εἶργε τοῦτ' ἐξειδέναι; S.OT 129 ;

εἴρξω πελάζειν Id.Ph. 1407

(troch.);

οὐδὲν εἴργει..τελειοῦσθαι τάδε Id.Tr. 1257

: with the Art.,

εἰργαθεῖν τὸ μὴ οὐχ ἑλεῖν E.Ph. 1175

; also εἴργ. ὥστε.. or ὥστε μή.., c. inf., X.HG7.2.13, An.3.3.

------------------------------------

ἔργω,

A do work, v. ἔρδω.

δίκαιος, αία, ον (s. δικαιοσύνη; Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① pert. to being in accordance with high standards of rectitude, upright, just, fair

ⓐ of humans

α. In Gr-Rom. tradition a δ. pers. is one who upholds the customs and norms of behavior, including esp. public service, that make for a well-ordered, civilized society (Hom, Od. 6, 120f hospitality and fear of God mark an upright pers.; Dem. 3, 21 a δίκαιος πολίτης gives priority to the interest of the state). Such perspective opened a bridge to Greco-Romans for understanding of Jewish/Christian perspectives: e.g. the description of an eccl. overseer (w. σώφρων, ὅσιος) Tit 1:8. Both polytheistic and monotheistic societies closely associated uprightness, with special reference to behavior toward humans (cp. Pla., Rep. 4, 443; Aristot. EN 5, 1, 1129a-1130a), and piety in reference esp. to familial obligations and deity (Augustus enshrined the perspective, taking pride in being awarded a crown for his δικαιοσύνη and εὐσέβεια Res Gestae 34). In keeping with OT tradition, NT writers emphasize a connection between upright conduct and sense of responsibility to God; δ. like צַדִּיק=conforming to the laws of God and people. General definition ὁ ποιῶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην δ. ἐστιν one who does what is right, is righteous 1J 3:7; cp. Rv 22:11.—Ro 5:7. δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται law does not apply to an upright person 1 Ti 1:9. οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος Ro 3:10 (cp. Eccl 7:20); δ. παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13; δ. ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 7:1; Job 32:2) Lk 1:6. W. φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν of Cornelius Ac 10:22. W. εὐλαβής (Pla., Pol. 311ab ἤθη εὐλαβῆ κ. δίκαια, τὸ δικαιον κ. εὐλαβές) Lk 2:25. W. ἀγαθός (Kaibel 648, 10; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; 9, 132 ἀνὴρ ἀγ. κ. δίκ.; s. ἀγαθός 2aα) 23:50; ἀθῷος (Sus 53) 1 Cl 46:4; ὅσιος (En 103:9) 2 Cl 15:3; ταπεινός B 19:6. (ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον Just., D. 47, 5). Serving God w. a pure heart makes one δ. 2 Cl 11:1. Hence the δίκαιοι=the just, the upright in a specif. Israelite-Christian sense Mt 13:43 (cp. Da 12:3 Theod.) Lk 1:17; 1 Pt 3:12 (Ps 33:16); 1 Cl 22:6 (Ps 33:16); 33:7; 45:3f; 48:3 (Ps 117:20); 2 Cl 6:9; 17:7; 20:3f; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5f); MPol 14:1; 17:1; also of those who only appear upright (cp. Pr 21:2) Mt 23:28; Lk 18:9; 20:20; specifically of Christians Mt 10:41; Ac 14:2 D; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); Hv 1, 4, 2. W. apostles MPol 19:2; cp. 1 Cl 5:2. Esp. of the righteous of the OT: πατέρες δ. 1 Cl 30:7. W. prophets Mt 13:17; 23:29 (perh. teachers: DHill, NTS 11, ’64/65, 296–302). Of Abel (Did., Gen. 181, 10) Mt 23:35 (construction with τοῦ αἵματος deserves consideration: GKilpatrick, BT 16, ’65, 119); Hb 11:4; Enoch 1 Cl 9:3; Lot 2 Pt 2:7f (Noah: Just., D. 20, 1; 138, 1; δίκαιοι καὶ πατριάρχαι ibid. 67, 7); John the Baptist (w. ἅγιος) Mk 6:20; δ. τετελειωμένοι just persons made perfect (i.e., who have died) Hb 12:23. Opp. ἄδικοι (Pr 17:15; 29:27; En 99:3; 100:7) Mt 5:45; Ac 24:15; 1 Pt 3:18; ἁμαρτωλοί (Ps 1:5; En 104:6 and 12; PsSol 2:34) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:32; 15:7; ἁμαρτωλοί and ἀσεβεῖς (Ps 1:5f) 1 Ti 1:9; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); πονηροί (Pr 11:15) Mt 13:49 (μοχθηροί Tat. 3, 2). W. regard to the Last Judgment, the one who stands the test is δ. righteous Mt 25:37, 46.—Ro 1:17 (s. ζάω 2bβ); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38 (all three Hab 2:4; cp. Larfeld I 494); Ro 5:19. Resurrection of the just Lk 14:14; prayer Js 5:16; cp. 5:6 (1bβ below). Joseph, who is interested in doing the right thing honorable, just, good (Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Diod S 33, 5, 6 ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβοῦς κ. δικαίου; Conon [I B.C.–I A.D.]: 26 Fgm. 1, 17 Jac.; Galen CMG V/10, 3 p. 33, 13f [XVIII/1 p. 247 K.] ἄνδρες δ.) Mt 1:19 (w. connotation of ‘merciful’ DHill, ET 76, ’65, 133f; s. δικαιοσύνη 3b).

β. of things relating to human beings ἔργα 1J 3:12; αἷμα δ. (Jo 4:19; La 4:13=αἷμα δικαίου Pr 6:17, where αἷ. δίκαιον is a v.l.) blood of an upright, or better, an innocent man Mt 23:35 (s. 1bβ below), and esp. 27:4, where δ. is v.l. for ἀθῷον; AcPl Ha 11, 8; ψυχὴ δ. upright soul (cp. Pr 10:3; s. also GrBar 10:5) 2 Pt 2:8; πνεῦμα δ. upright spirit Hm 5, 2, 7; ἐντολή (w. ἁγία and ἀγαθή) Ro 7:12. κρίσις (Dt 16:18; Is 58:2; 2 Macc 9:18; 3 Macc 2:22; Jos., Ant. 9, 4) J 5:30; 7:24; 8:16 v.l.; 2 Th 1:5; B 20:2. Pl. Rv 16:7; 19:2. φύσει δικαίᾳ by an upright nature IEph 1:1 (Hdb. ad loc.; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 24, 8); ὁδὸς δ. (Vi. Aesopi I G 85 P. of the ‘right way’) 2 Cl 5:7; B 12:4; pl. Rv 15:3.

ⓑ of transcendent beings. Because of their privileged status as authority figures, the idea of fairness or equity is associated w. such entities (for δ. in the sense of ‘equitable’ in a very explicit form s. Strabo 4, 18, 7).

α. God (NRhizos, Καππαδοκικά 1856, p. 113: it is gener. assumed that deities are just or fair, but the attribute is esp. affirmed in an ins fr. Tyana Θεῷ δικαίῳ Μίθρᾳ.—JMordtmann, MAI 10, 1885, 11–14 has several exx. of ὅσιος κ. δίκαιος as adj. applied to gods in west Asia Minor.—δικ. of Isis: PRoussel, Les cultes égypt. à Delos 1916, p. 276.—Oft. in OT; Jos., Bell. 7, 323, Ant. 11, 55 [w. ἀληθινός]; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 23, 2) just, righteous w. ref. to God’s judgment of people and nations κριτὴς δ. a righteous judge (Ps 7:12; 2 Macc 12:6; PsSol 9:2; cp. the description of Rhadamanthys, Pind., O. 2, 69) 2 Ti 4:8; δ. ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν 1 Cl 27:1; 60:1; cp. 56:5 (Ps 140:5); πατὴρ δ. J 17:25; cp. Ro 3:26; 1J 2:29; cp. 3:7; ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ δ. AcPlCor 2:12. W. ὅσιος (Ps 144:17; Dt 32:4) Rv 16:5. W. πιστός 1J 1:9.

β. of Jesus who, as the ideal of an upright pers. is called simply ὁ δ. the upright one (HDechent, D. ‘Gerechte’, Eine Bezeichnung für d. Messias: StKr 100, 1928, 439–43) Ac 7:52; 22:14; Mt 27:19, cp. 24 v.l.; 1J 2:1; 3:7b; Lk 23:47 (for Gr-Rom. associations in favor of upright, esp. in Lk 23:47 s. Danker, Benefactor ’82, 345f. GKilpatrick, JTS 42, ’41, 34–36, prefers innocent, so also Goodsp., Probs. 90f, but against this interp. s. RHanson, Hermathena 60, ’42, 74–78; RKarris, JBL 105, ’86, 65–74). W. ἅγιος Ac 3:14. On the qu. whether Js 5:6 applies to Jesus, s. KAland, TLZ ’44, 103 and MDibelius, Commentary (Hermeneia), ad loc. (but s. Greeven’s note in this comm. p. 240, 58: ‘perhaps a veiled, melancholy allusion to the death of James’).—Also of angels Hs 6, 3, 2.

② The neuter denotes that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice, right, fair, equitable (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 12; Jos., Ant. 15, 376; cp. Strabo 4, 18, 7; s. Larfeld I 494) δ. παρὰ θεῷ it is right in the sight of God 2 Th 1:6. Also δ. ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 4:19; δ. καὶ ὅσιον it is right and holy 1 Cl 14:1, pl. Phil 4:8; δ. ἐστιν it is right Eph 6:1; w. inf. foll. Phil 1:7; 1 Cl 21:4 (cp. Hyperid. 6, 14; PSI 442, 14 [III B.C.] οὐ δίκαιόν ἐστι οὕτως εἶναι; Sir 10:23; 2 Macc 9:12; 4 Macc 6:34); δ. ἡγοῦμαι I consider it right (Diod S 12, 45, 1 δ. ἡγοῦντο) 2 Pt 1:13; τὸ δ. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 97 §409 τὸ δ.=the just cause; Arrian, Anab. 3, 27, 5; Polyb.; IMagnMai; SEG XLI, 625, 5; pap; 2 Macc 4:34; 10:12; 3 Macc 2:25; EpArist; Jos., Bell. 4, 340 Ant. 16, 158; το νῦν δ. Tat. 1, 3) what is right Lk 12:57. τὸ δ. παρέχεσθαι give what is right Col 4:1. ὸ̔ ἐὰν ᾖ δ. δώσω ὑμῖν whatever is right I will give you Mt 20:4 (Diod S 5, 71, 1 τὸ δίκαιον άλλήλοις διδόναι; 8, 25, 4). Abstract for concrete (Philipp. [=Demosth. 12] 23 μετὰ τοῦ δ.; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 6 ἄνευ νόμου κ. δικαίου; Ael. Aristid, 46 p. 302 D.) τὸ δίκαιον ὀρθὴν ὁδὸν ἔχει uprightness goes the straight way Hm 6, 1, 2. Pl. (Diod S 15, 11, 1; 19, 85, 3; Appian, Samn. 11 §4 al.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 30, 1; Jos., Ant. 19, 288; SibOr 3, 257; Just., A I, 68, 3 δ. ἀξιοῦν; D. 28, 4 φυλάσσει τὰ αἰώνια δ.) δίκαια βουλεύεσθαι have upright thoughts Hv 1, 1, 8 (cp. λαλεῖν Is 59:4; ἐκζητήσεται 1 Macc 7:12; κρίνειν Ar. 15, 4; Just., A II, 15, 5).—B. 1180. DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

εὐχαριστέω (s. χάρις) 1 aor. εὐχαρίστησα (ηὐχ-Ro 1:21 [edd. exc. t.r.] s. W-S. §12, 5b; Mlt-H. 191f); 1 aor. pass. subj. 3 sg. εὐχαριστηθῇ; ptc. εὐχαριστηθείς (Just.)

① to show that one is under obligation, be thankful, feel obligated to thank. This mng. is common in diplomatic documents in which the recipient of a favor reciprocates with assurance of goodwill (e.g. decrees of the Byzantines in Demosth. 18, 91f, concluding: οὐκ ἐλλείψει εὐχαριστῶν καὶ ποιῶν ὅ τι ἄν δύνηται ἀγαθόν =the people of the Chersonesus ‘will never stop being grateful and doing whatever they can’ (for the people of Athens); cp. OGI 730, 11; IPriene 44, 8 et al.). In this sense ἐ. = χάριν διδόναι (in contrast to χάριν εἰδέναι, s. Phryn. p. 18 Lob.). This mng. has been suggested for Lk 18:11 (the Pharisee is interpreted as making requital in fasting and tithing vs. 12) and Ro 16:4 (in sense of indebtedness; this pass. is the only one in the NT that deals w. thankfulness toward humans [as 2 Macc. 12:31]), but both pass. fit equally well in 2.

② to express appreciation for benefits or blessings, give thanks, express thanks, render/return thanks (as ‘render thanks’ since Polyb. 16, 25, 1; Posidon. 87, Fgm. 36 [in Athen. 5, 213e]; Diod S 20, 34, 5; Plut., Mor. 505d; Epict., ins, pap, LXX, Philo; Jos., Ant. 20, 12; cp. Phryn. p. 18 Lob.). Except for Ro 16:4 (cp. 2 Macc 12:31) εὐ. is used w. God as object (Diod S 14, 29, 4; 16, 11, 1 τοῖς θεοῖς περὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν; Epict. 1, 4, 32; 1, 10, 3; 2, 23, 5 τῷ θεῷ; Artem. 4, 2 p. 206, 4 θῦε καὶ εὐχαρίστει; Herm. Wr. 1, 29 τ. θεῷ; SIG 995, 11 τ. θεοῖς; 1173, 9f; UPZ 59, 10 [168 B.C.] τ. θεοῖς; PTebt 56, 9; BGU 423, 6 τ. κυρίῳ Σεράπιδι; PGM 13, 706 [w. δέομαι]; Jdth 8:25; 2 Macc 1:11; 10:7; 3 Macc 7:16; EpArist 177 ὑμῖν, … τῷ θεῷ; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 204; 3, 6 θεῷ; TestSol 7:4 and Jos., Ant. 1, 193 τ. θεῷ; TestJos 8:5 τῷ κυρίω; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 14 [Stone p. 38]; Ar. 15, 10 al.; Just., Orig., Hippol., Did.) αὐτῷ (of Jesus, who reveals himself as God in a miracle) Lk 17:16. τῷ θεῷ (μου) Ac 28:15; Ro 7:25 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:18; Phil 1:3; Col 1:3, 12; 3:17; Phlm 4; 1 Cl 38:4; 41:1 v.l.; B 7:1; IEph 21:1; Hv 4, 1, 4. εὐχαριστῶ σοι=God Lk 18:11 (cp. 1QH 2:20 al.אוֹדְכָה אֲדוֹנָי ‘I praise you, O Lord’). Elliptically Ro 1:21, where τῷ θεῷ is to be understood fr. the preceding ὡς θεόν (though εὐ. occasionally is used w. the acc. praise someone w. thanks SIG 1172, 3 εὐχαριστεῖ Ἀσκληπιόν; Cat. Cod. Astr. VII 177, 17); 1 Th 5:18; 2 Cl 18:1.—Esp. of thanksgiving before meals, w. dat. added τῷ θεῷ Ac 27:35; Ro 14:6 (cp. Ar. 15, 10); σοι D 10:3; ᾧ B 7:1. Abs. Mt 15:36; 26:27; Mk 8:6, 7 v.l.; 14:23; Lk 22:17, 19; J 6:11, 23; 1 Cor 11:24 (cp. Just., A I, 65, 5). W. mention of the obj., for which one gives thanks τινί τι (to) someone for someth. Hs 7:5 (εὐ. τι=‘thank for someth.’, a rare usage [Hippocr., Ep. 17, 46], s. 2 Cor 1:11 below; cp. Just., A I, 65, 5 τοῦ εὐχαριστηθέντος ἄρτου). περί τινος for someone, because of someone (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 211) 1 Th 1:2; for someth. Hs 5, 1, 1; also foll by ὅτι because (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 22, 11; Berl. pap: APF 12, ’37, 247; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 14 [Stone p. 38]) Ro 1:8; 1 Cor 1:4f; 2 Th 1:3; 2:13. ὑπέρ τινος w. gen. of the pers. on whose behalf one thanks 2 Cor 1:11; Eph 1:16; Hs 2:6; also foll. by ὅτι because IPhld 11:1; ISm 10:1. ὑπέρ τινος w. gen. of thing for someth. (Philo, Congr. Erud. Gr. 96) 1 Cor 10:30; Eph 5:20; D 9:2f; 10:2. W. ἐπί τινι because of, for (IPergamon 224a, 14; Sb 7172, 25 [217 B.C.] εὐχαριστῶν τοῖς θεοῖς ἐπὶ τῷ συντελέσαι αὐτοὺς ἃ ἐπηγγείλαντο αὐτῷ; UPZ 59, 10f [168 B.C.]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 67; TestGad 7:6 v.l. ἐπὶ πᾶσι τῷ κυρίῳ; Jos., Ant. 1, 193) 1 Cor 1:4; Hs 9, 14, 3. W. (τινί and) ὅτι foll. Lk 18:11 (cp. 1QH 2:20 al.); J 11:41; 1 Cor 1:14; 1 Th 2:13; Rv 11:17; 1 Cl 38:2; IPhld 6:3; D 10:3, 4. W. acc. of content εὐχαριστεῖν ὅσα θέλουσιν do the eucharistic prayer (in as many words as) the prophets choose D 10:7. Abs. σὺ εὐχαριστεῖς you offer a prayer of thanksgiving 1 Cor 14:17; in wordplay do the Eucharist οὕτως εὐχαριστήσατε D 9:1; εὐχαριστήσατε 14:1; cp. 10:1. As a parenthetical clause εὐχαριστῶ τῷ θεῷ thanks be to God 1 Cor 14:18. Pass. (cp. Dssm., B 119 [BS 122]; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 174 ἵνα ὑπὲρ τ. ἀγαθῶν ὁ θεὸς εὐχαριστῆται) ἵνα ἐκ πολλῶν προσώπων τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα διὰ πολλῶν εὐχαριστηθῇ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν in order that thanks may be given by many persons on our behalf for the blessing granted to us 2 Cor 1:11 (on εὐ. τι s. above).—PSchubert, Form and Function of the Pauline Thanksgivings ’39. In a few passages the word could also mean

③ pray gener. (PTebt 56, 9 [II B.C.] εὐχαριστῆσαι τοῖς θεοῖς; PLond II, 413, 3 p. 301 and II, 418, 3 p. 303 [both Christ., c. 346 A.D.]; BGU 954, 4).—1 Cl 62:2 v.l. (for εὐαριστεῖν).—FHort, Εὐχαριστία, εὐχαριστεῖν (in Philo): JTS 3, 1902, 594–98; TSchermann, Εὐχαριστία and εὐχαριστεῖν: Philol 69, 1910, 375–410; GBoobyer, ‘Thanksgiving’ and the ‘Glory of God’ in Paul, diss. Heidelb. 1929; JMRobinson, Die Hodajot-Formel in Gebet und Hymnus des Frühchristentums, in: Apophoreta (Festschr. EHaenchen) ’64, 194–235; HPatsch, ZNW 62, ’71, 210–31; RAC VI, 900–928.—B. 1166. DELG s.v. χάρις. New Docs 127–29. M-M. EDNT. TW.

κατεργάζομαι mid. dep., Att. fut. 2 sg. κατεργᾷ Dt 28:39; 1 aor. κατειργασάμην; perf. κατείργασμαι. Pass.: fut. 2 pl. κατεργασθήσεσθε Ezk 36:9; aor. κατειργάσθην (on κατηργασάμην and κατηργάσθην s. B-D-F §67, 3; W-S. §12, 1; Mlt-H. 189) (Soph., Hdt.+).

① to bring about a result by doing someth., achieve, accomplish, do τὶ someth. (Hdt. 5, 24 πρήγματα μεγάλα; X., Mem. 3, 5, 11; Jos., Vi. 289) Ro 7:15, 17f, 20; 1 Cor 5:3; 1 Cl 32:3f. τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην κατεργαζόμενοι committing shameless acts Ro 1:27. τὸ κακόν do what is wrong 2:9; 13:10 v.l. τὸ βούλημα τῶν ἐθνῶν do what the gentiles (i.e. polytheists) like to do 1 Pt 4:3. δικαιοσύνην θεοῦ does what is right in the sight of God or (s. ἐργάζεσθαι 2c) achieves the uprightness that counts before God Js 1:20 v.l. ἅπαντα κατεργασάμενοι after you have done or accomplished everything (in this case the reference would be to the individual pieces of armor mentioned in what follows, which the reader is to employ as is prescribed; but s. 4 below) Eph 6:13. ὧν οὐ κατειργάσατο Χριστὸς διʼ ἐμοῦ of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me Ro 15:18. Pass. τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη ἐν ὑμῖν the signs by which an apostle demonstrates his authority have been done among you 2 Cor 12:12.

② to cause a state or condition, bring about, produce, create (Hdt. 7, 102 ἀρετὴ ἀπὸ σοφίης κατεργασμένη; Philo, Plant. 50; TestJos 10:1) τὶ someth. νόμος ὀργήν Ro 4:15. θλῖψις ὑπομονήν 5:3 (TestJos 10:1 πόσα κατεργάζεται ἡ ὑπομονή); cp. Js 1:3. λύπη μετάνοιαν 2 Cor 7:10a v.l. (for ἐργάζεται). λύπη θάνατον vs. 10b; cp. vs. 11 (where a dat. of advantage is added). φθόνος ἀδελφοκτονίαν 1 Cl 4:7. μνησικακία θάνατον Hv 2, 3, 1. ἡ ἁμαρτία κ. ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν sin called forth every desire within me Ro 7:8. τινί τι bring about someth. for someone (Eur., Her. 1046 πόλει σωτηρίαν) μοι θάνατον 7:13. αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης ἡμῖν 2 Cor 4:17. εὐχαριστίαν τῷ θεῷ bring about thankfulness to God 9:11; θάνατον ἑαυτῷ κ. bring death upon oneself Hm 4, 1, 2; cp. Hs 8, 8, 5 ἐργάζεσθαι.— Work out τὶ someth. (Pla., Gorg. 473d ὁ κατειργασμένος τὴν τυραννίδα ἀδίκως) τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε Phil 2:12 (JMichael, Phil 2:12: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 439–50).

③ to cause to be well prepared, prepare someone κ. τινα εἴς τι prepare someone for someth. (cp. Hdt. 7, 6, 1; X., Mem. 2, 3, 11) ἡμᾶς εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο for this very purpose 2 Cor 5:5.

④ to be successful in the face of obstacles, overpower, subdue, conquer (Hdt. 6, 2 νῆσον; Thu. 6, 11, 1 al. τινά; 1 Esdr 4:4; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 62; Jos., Ant. 2, 44) ἅπαντα κατεργασάμενοι στῆναι after proving victorious over everything, to stand your ground Eph 6:13 (but s. 1 above).—M-M. TW.

οἰκονομία, ας, ἡ (οἰκονομέω; X., Pla.+; ins., pap; Is 22:19, 21; TestJob, ParJer, Philo, Joseph.)

① responsibility of management, management of a household, direction, office (X., Oec. 1, 1; Herodian 6, 1, 1; Jos., Ant. 2, 89; PTebt 27, 21 [114 B.C.]; PLond III, 904, 25 p. 125 [104 A.D.]; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 57, 22).

ⓐ lit., of the work of an οἰκονόμος ‘estate manager’ Lk 16:2–4 (this passage shows that it is not always poss. to draw a sharp distinction betw. the office itself and the activities associated w. it).—WPöhlmann, Der verlorene Sohn u. das Haus ’93.

ⓑ Paul applies the idea of administration to the office of an apostle οἰκονομίαν πεπίστευμαι I have been entrusted with a commission/task 1 Cor 9:17 (cp. Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 8]); ἀνθρωπίνων οἰκονομίαν μυστηρίων πεπίστευνται they have been entrusted with the administration of merely human mysteries Dg 7:1. Of a supervisor (bishop): ὸ̔ν πέμπει ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης εἰς ἰδίαν οἰκ. (οἰκ. ἰδίου οἴκου) the one whom the master of the house sent to administer his own household IEph 6:1. This is prob. also the place for κατὰ τὴν οἰκ. τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς according to the divine office which has been granted to me for you Col 1:25, as well as ἠκούσατε τὴν οἰκονομίαν τ. χάριτος τ. θεοῦ τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς you have heard of the administration of God’s grace that was granted to me for you Eph 3:2 (on the other hand, this latter vs. may be parallel to the usage in vs. 9; s. 2b below).

② state of being arranged, arrangement, order, plan (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 25; Polyb. 4, 67, 9; 10, 16, 2; Diod S 1, 81, 3)

ⓐ ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς οἰκονομία of the arrangement or structure of the parts of the body beneath the skin; they are laid bare by scourging MPol 2:2.—(Iren. 5, 3, 2 [Harv. II, 326, 3]).

ⓑ of God’s unique plan private plan, plan of salvation, i.e. arrangements for redemption of humans (in the pap of arrangements and directions of authorities: UPZ 162 IX, 2 [117 B.C.]; CPR 11, 26, and in PGM [e.g. 4, 293] of the measures by which one wishes to attain some goal by extrahuman help.—Just., D. 31, 1 τοῦ πάθους … οἰκ.; Hippol., Did.) ἡ οἰκ. τοῦ μυστηρίου the plan of the mystery Eph 3:9 (v.l. κοινωνία; on the thought cp. vs. 2 and s. JReumann, NovT 3, ’59, 282–92.—Just., D. 134, 2 οἰκονομίαι … μυστηρίων). Also in the linguistically difficult passage 1:10 οἰκ. certainly refers to the plan of salvation which God is bringing to reality through Christ, in the fullness of the times. κατʼ οἰκονομίαν θεοῦ according to God’s plan of redemption IEph 18:2 (cp. Ath. 21, 4 κατὰ θείαν οἰκ.—Pl.: Iren. 1, 10, 1 [Harv. I 90, 8]) προσδηλώσω ὑμῖν ἧς ἠρξάμην οἰκονομίας εἰς τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν I will explain to you further the divine plan which I began (to discuss), with reference to the new human being Jesus Christ IEph 20:1. AcPl Ha 3, 23 of God’s marvelous plan = way of doing things; 6, 26 ο̣ἰ̣κο̣ν̣[ομίαν πληρῶσω κτλ.] (so that I might carry out God’s) plan for me; pl. 5, 27 [ὡς καὶ ἐκεῖ τὰς τοῦ κυρίου οἰκο]νομίας πληρῶσε (=πληρῶσαι) [Paul has gone off to carry out God’s] purpose [also there] (in Macedonia) (apparently a ref. to the various missionary assignments given by God to Paul; for the formulation cp. τὴν οἰκ. τελέσας Orig., C. Cels. 2, 65, 4).

ⓒ also of God’s arrangements in nature pl. αἱ οἰκ. θεοῦ Dg 4:5 (cp. Tat. 12, 2; 18, 2 ὕλης οἰκ.; Did., Gen. 92, 6 πάντα ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτοῦ οἰκ. ἐστίν.—Of the order in creation Theoph. Ant. 2, 12 [p. 130, 2]).

③ program of instruction, training (in the way of salvation); this mng. (found also Clem. Alex., Paed. 1, 8, 69, 3; 70, 1 p. 130 St.) seems to fit best in 1 Ti 1:4, where it is said of the erroneous teachings of certain persons ἐκζητήσεις παρέχουσιν μᾶλλον ἢ οἰκονομίαν θεοῦ τὴν ἐν πίστει they promote useless speculations rather than divine training that is in faith (οἰκοδομήν and οἰκοδομίαν [q.v.] as vv.ll. are simply ‘corrections’ to alleviate the difficulty). If οἰκ. is to be taken in the sense of 1b above, the thought of the verse would be somewhat as follows: ‘endless speculative inquiry merely brings about contention instead of the realization of God’s purpose which has to do with faith.’—OLillger, Das patristische Wort, diss. Erlangen ’55; JReumann, The Use of ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ and Related Terms etc., diss. U. of Pennsylvania ’57.—DELG s.v. νέμω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

τρυφάω (τρυφή) fut. 3 pl. τρυφήσουσιν Sir 14:4; 1 aor. ἐτρύφησα (Eur., Isocr.+; Kaibel 362, 5; PLond III, 973b, 13 p. 213 [III A.D.]; 2 Esdr 19:25; Is 66:11; Sir 14:4; TestJos 9:2; Philo; Jos., Ant. 4, 167; 7, 133; Mel., P. 47, 335) to lead a life of self-indulgence, live for pleasure, revel, carouse Js 5:5; Hs 6, 4, 1f; 4ab; 6, 5, 3–5.—Of animals be contented, well fed (Philo, Dec. 117) Hs 6, 1, 6; 6, 2, 6 (though the sheep here represent luxury-loving people). In bold imagery and in a good sense, of reveling in the doing of good Hs 6, 5, 7 (cp. τρυφή 3).—DELG s.v. θρύπτω III. M-M.

ἐσθίω (Hom.+) and, mainly in the ptc., ἔσθω (Hom., also in other poets, rare in prose [Plut., Mor. p. 101d]; Coan ins, III B.C.: RHerzog, ARW 10, 1907, 400ff; 23; 27; 42; POslo 153, 15 [beg. II A.D.]; PGiss 80, 5; ostraca [BGU 1507, 14; 1508, 3; 4: III B.C.]; LXX; En 98:11 [?]. ἔσθων Lev 17:14; 1 Km 14:30; Sir 20:17; Mk 1:6; Lk 7:33f, 10:7 [the three last v.l.]; μὴ ἔσθετε Lev 19:26. ὅταν ἔσθητε Num 15:19. ἵνα ἔσθητε Lk 22:30. B-D-F §101; W-S. §15; Mlt-H. 238; Schwyzer, I 704 n. 1). Impf. ἤσθιον; fut. ἔδομαι LXX (Mel, P. 12, 80; 13, 83; 93, 697; 1 Cl 39:9; 57:6); 2 aor. ἔφαγον, w. extension of 1 aor. endings (B-D-F §84, 2; Rob. 333; cp. Schwyzer I 753f): 3 pl. ἐφάγοσαν Ps 77:29, 1 pl. ἐφάγαμεν 2 Km 19:43; fut. φάγομαι (B-D-F §74, 2; Mlt-H. 238), 2 sing. φάγεσαι Lk 17:8; Ruth 2:14 (W-S. §13, 6 and 17; B-D-F §87; Mlt-H. 198); pf. pass. ptc. acc. ἐδηδεμένους (Ath., R. 52, 20); pres. 3 sg. ἔσθεται Lev 11:34; Dt 12:22.

① to take someth. in through the mouth, usually solids, but also liquids, eat.

ⓐ w. acc. of thing (Hom. et al.) τί φάγωσιν (after neg.) anything to eat Mt 15:32; Mk 6:36; 8:1f; cp. Mt 6:25, 31; Lk 12:22 (s. Epict. 1, 9, 8; 19). τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως the consecrated bread Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4. Locusts and wild honey Mk 1:6. Manna (Ps 77:24) J 6:31, 49 (Just., D. 20, 4). Vegetables Ro 14:2b. Meat 14:21; 1 Cor 8:13; GEb 308, 31f; 34f (τὰς σάρκας αὐτῶν ‘one’s own flesh’ 4 [6] Esdr; POxy 1010). τὰ εἰδωλόθυτα 1 Cor 8:10; cp. vs. 7; Rv 2:14, 20 (Just., D. 34, 8; 35, 1). τὰς θυσίας (Sir 45:21; Ps 105:28) 1 Cor 10:18. τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ food from the temple 9:13. τὴν σάρκα τ. υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου J 6:53 (which passage many interpret as referring to the Eucharist while others explain it as speaking of receiving Christ spiritually through faith). πάντα all kinds of food Ro 14:2a (μὴ πάντα ἐσθίοντες Just., 20, 3). τὰ παρατιθέμενα the food that is set before (one) Lk 10:8; 1 Cor 10:27. τὸ ἐν μακέλλῳ πωλούμενον 10:25. τὸ βιβλαρίδιον Rv 10:10 (cp. Ezk 2:8; 3:3). τὸ πάσχα the Passover meal, esp. the Passover lamb (2 Esdr 6:21; 2 Ch 30:18; ESchürer, Über φαγεῖν τὸ πάσχα 1883; Dalman, Jesus 81f) Mt 26:17; Mk 14:12, 14; Lk 22:8, 11, 15; J 18:28. κυριακὸν δεῖπνον φαγεῖν 1 Cor 11:20. ἄρτον ἐσθίειν eat a meal, w. bread as its main part (Ex 2:20; 1 Km 20:34; 2 Km 9:7; 3 Km 13:15 al.) Mt 15:2; Mk 3:20; 7:2, 5; Lk 14:1 (s. Billerb. IV 611–39: E. altjüd. Gastmahl); of the end-time banquet Lk 14:15 (cp. ἄρτον ζωῆς JosAs 15:4). τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἄρτον ἐ. eat one’s own bread 2 Th 3:12. ἄρτον φαγεῖν παρά τινος eat someone’s bread vs. 8. τὰ παρά τινος what someone provides Lk 10:7. Neg. οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδέν he ate nothing at all Lk 4:2 (cp. Job 21:25 οὐ φαγὼν οὐδὲν ἀγαθόν; En 15:11 πνεύματα … μηδὲν ἐσθίοντα). Of complete abstinence μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον 7:33. οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ φαγεῖν οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ πεῖν AcPl Ox 6, 7=Aa 241, 12f. οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινόν I have never eaten anything common at all Ac 10:14 (cp. 1 Macc 1:62; Just., D. 20, 3). Allegorical interpretation of Mosaic laws against eating forbidden foods B 10 (cp. Hierocles 26 p. 480 reinterpretation of the Pythagorean laws against forbidden foods as moral laws).—Of animals (Hom. et al.; Aelian, VH 1, 1; 2, 40; 3 Km 13:28; Is 65:25; Da 4:33 Theod.; GrBar 4:5 [δράκων]; 6:11 [Φοῖνιξ): birds τὰς σάρκας τινός eat someone’s flesh (Gen 40:19) Rv 17:16; 19:18. Swine Lk 15:16 (ὧν here is for ἅ by attraction, not a gen. dependent on ἐ., as it prob. is in X., Hell. 3, 3, 6; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 21; such a constr. would be unique in our lit.).

ⓑ w. prepositions, to denote the thing of which one partakes:

α. w. ἀπό τινος (Lev 22:6; Num 15:19; Dt 14:12, 19; Pr 13:2; Da 4:33a; ApcSed 4:5; ApcMos 17 al.) dogs: ἐ. ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων eat the crumbs Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28 (on the pl. ἐσθίουσιν after the neut. κυνάρια cp. Lk 11:7; 1 Cl 42:2; B-D-F §133; s. Rob. 403f). ἀπὸ τραπέζης partake of a meal D 11:9. ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχαριστίας 9:5.

β. w. ἔκ τινος of/from someth. (Jdth 12:2; Sir 11:19; JosAs 16:7f; ApcMos 16f) ἐκ τοῦ ἄρτου eat (some of) the bread (2 Km 12:3; Tob 1:10; TestJob 7:10 ἐκ τῶν ἄρτων μου) 1 Cor 11:28; cp. J 6:26, 50f. ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν Hs 9, 1, 10. ἐκ τοῦ γάλακτος τῆ ποίμνη get sustenance fr. the milk of the flock 1 Cor 9:7. ἐκ τ. θυσιαστηρίου Hb 13:10. ἐκ τ. ξύλου τ. ζωῆς from the tree of life Rv 2:7 (s. En 32:6); cp. μηκέτι ἐκ σοῦ μηδεὶς καρπὸν φάγοι (v.l. φάγῃ) Mk 11:14.

ⓒ used with other prep. expressions ἐ. μετά τινος eat w. someone (1 Km 9:19; Jdth 12:11; Job 1:4; Ezk 47:22; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]) Mt 9:11; 24:49; Mk 2:16; 14:18 (cp. Ps 40:10); Lk 5:30; 7:36. ἐνώπιόν τινος in someone’s presence (cp. ἐναντίον τ. θεοῦ Ex 18:12; Ezk 44:3) 13:26; 24:43. ἐπὶ τ. τραπέζης τινός at someone’s table (2 Km 9:11; cp. vs. 13; Da 11:27) Lk 22:30. διὰ προσκόμματος ἐ. eat with offense (i.e. so that one takes offense in doing so; perh. also so that one gives offense) Ro 14:20.

ⓓ abs. Mt 12:1; 14:20; 26:21, 26; Mk 7:3f; 14:18a, 22; Ac 27:35; D 12:3; B 7:5 al. Used w. λαμβάνειν (Gen 3:22) λάβετε φάγετε Mt 26:26b; οἱ ἐσθίοντες 14:21; 15:38. φάγωμεν κ. πίωμεν let us eat and drink 1 Cor 15:32 (Is 22:13; Ath., R. 72, 11). φάγε, πίε, εὐφραίνου Lk 12:19 (Aristobulus of Cass. [III B.C.]: 139 Fgm. 9 Jac. [cited in Strabo 14, 5, 9], statue of Sardanapalus w. the ins ἔσθιε, πῖνε, παῖζε• ὡς τἆλλα τούτου οὐκ ἄξια=‘Eat, drink, have fun. There’s nothing like it.’ This saying of Sardanapalus is also found in Arrian, Anab. 2, 5, 4. A similar thought in the Phrygian grave-ins: IGal 78, 11ff). τὸ φαγεῖν eating Mt 15:20; 1 Cor 11:21. διδόναι τινὶ φαγεῖν give someone someth. to eat (Ex 16:8, 15; Num 11:18, 21) Mt 14:16; 25:35, 42; Mk 5:43; 6:37; Lk 8:55; 9:13; J 6:52; Rv 2:7. φέρειν τινὶ φαγεῖν (cp. 2 Km 17:29) J 4:33. εὐκαιρέω φαγεῖν I find time to eat Mk 6:31. ἔχω βρῶσιν φαγεῖν I have food to eat J 4:32.—With the principle stated in 2 Th 3:10 cp. Lucian, Par. 13: when a pupil progresses well δότε αὐτῷ φαγεῖν; when he does not, μὴ δῶτε.

ⓔ ἐ. and πίνω are freq. found together, as in some pass. already quoted (Hom. et al.; very oft. LXX; En 102:9; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 16 [Stone p. 10]; B 5 p. 109, 16 [Stone p. 66]; JosAs 9:3 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. ins 113; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 234).

α. = receive support 1 Cor 9:4.

β. = eat a meal Lk 5:30; 17:8; 1 Cor 11:22; AcPl Ox 6, 7. Of a festive sacrificial meal 1 Cor 10:7 (Ex 32:6).

γ. in contrast to fasting—the latter expressed by ἐ. and πίνω w. a neg. (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 141 οὔτε πίνων οὔτε ἐσθίων) Mt 11:18; Lk 4:2 v.l.; 7:33; Ac 9:9; 23:12, 21—Mt 11:19; Lk 5:33; 7:34; B 7:5.

δ. of ordinary daily activities Lk 17:27f.

ε. of carefree, even luxurious or dissipated living Mt 24:49; Lk 12:19, 45; 1 Cor 15:32 (cp. Is 22:13).—HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 9, ’44, 10f.

② to do away with completely, fig. extension of mng. 1 (Hom. et al.; LXX) consume, devour (of fire Il. 23, 182; Is 10:17; 26:11) πυρὸς ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους fire, which is about to consume the adversaries Hb 10:27 (Is 26:11). ὁ ἰὸς … φάγεται τ. σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ the rust will eat your flesh like fire Js 5:3 (cp. Aeschyl., Fgm. 253 φαγέδαινα [an ulcer] σάρκας ἐσθίει ποδός; Is 30:27 ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ θυμοῦ ὡς πῦρ ἔδεται). B. 327.—DELG s.v. ἔδω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἱμάτιον, ου, τό (s. prec. and next entry; since Hipponax 70, Hdt., Aristoph.+) prim. ‘a piece of clothing’

① clothing, apparel, gener. of any garment (PRyl 154, 8; PPetr II, 32, 18; PSI 94, 16; LXX) sg. Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21; 5:27; Lk 5:36; 8:27; Hb 1:11f (Ps 101:27); B 6:2 (Is 50:9) al. Pl. clothing (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 239) Mt 11:8 v.l.; 27:31, 35; Mk 5:28, 30; 9:3; 15:20, 24 al.; Lk 7:25; 23:34; J 19:23f; Rv 16:15. The pl. in the foll. pass. is explained by the fact that each one of a number of persons contributed one piece of clothing: Mt 21:7, 8; Mk 11:7, 8; Lk 19:35, 36 (on these pass. s. Plut., Cato Min. 764 [12, 1]); Ac 9:39 (Paradoxogr. Vat. 26 Keller ἱμάτια ἐπιδεικνύναι); Hs 9, 13, 5. ἡ τῶν ἱματίων ἀλαζών she who prides herself on her apparel AcPl Ha 2, 20.—ἀποθέσθαι ἑαυτῷ πάντα τὰ ἱ. take off all one’s (own) clothes MPol 13:2. περιαιρεῖσθαι τὰ ἱ. take off GJs 2:4. ἱ. μαλακά soft clothing Lk 7:25. λευκά white clothing Rv 3:4f, 18; 4:4; cp. Mt 17:2; Mk 9:3. μέλανα ἱ. Hs 9, 15, 1; 3 (in such cases ἱ. can be omitted, as we say ‘dressed in white’ or ‘in black’: J 20:12; Hv 4, 2, 1. Cp. B-D-F §241, 7 and λευκός 2 end). πενθικά … νυμφικά GJs 2:4 (Mel., P. 19, 132 ἱ. πενθικόν). σκυθροπότερα clothing fit for mourners AcPl Ha 2, 16. Ruined by moths Js 5:2. ἱ. κατατρίβεται wear out AcPl Ha 2, 25; 9, 9 (restored). σύνθεσις ἱματίων Hs 6, 1, 5. ἔνδυσις ἱματίων putting on clothing 1 Pt 3:3.

② of outer clothing cloak, robe (Lucian, Alex. 11) Mt 9:20f; 23:5 v.l.; 24:18; Mk 5:27; 6:56; 10:50; 13:16; Lk 8:44; 22:36; J 19:2, 5; Rv 19:16. W. χιτών, the undergarment (Diod S 4, 38, 1; Dio Chrys. 13 [7], 61; Diogenes, Ep. 30, 3; Diog. L. 6, 6; SIG 736, 17 [92 B.C.]; PEdg 11=Sb 6717, 9 [257 B.C.]) Ac 9:39; D 1:4; Mt 5:40 (here the order is χιτ. … ἱ.; the situation is that of a lawsuit, in which the defendant is advised to give up not only the indispensable χιτών demanded by the opponent, but the ἱ. as well); Lk 6:29 (here the order is ἱ. … χ., a sequence that suggests highway robbery, in which the robber first deprives a victim of the outer garment. Cp. UPZ 122, 14 [157 B.C.], the report of a robbery: βουλόμενός μου περιελέσθαι τὸ ἱμάτιον. Also PLille 6, 9 ἐξέδυσαν χιτῶνα … ἱμάτιον.—But Lk may have had Dt 24:10–13 in mind [ἱ. as a pledge]. Through nonretaliation the debtor shows the shamelessness of the creditor: FDanker, Jesus and the New Age, ’88, 145). ἱ. περιβάλλειν, περιβάλλεσθαι (PFay 12, 19 [c. 103 B.C.]; Gen 28:20; 1 Km 28:8 al.) J 19:2; Ac 12:8; Rv 19:13. The outer garment was laid off in order to leave the arms free Ac 7:58; 22:20; so perh. also vs. 23. It was torn as a sign of grief (oft. LXX) 14:14, and removed from a person who was to be flogged 16:22.

③ Certain pass. fall betw. 1 and 2; they speak of τὰ ἱμάτια, but involve only one person, who obviously is doing someth. to one outer garment (Mussies 83): ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς διέρρηξεν τὰ ἱ. αὐτοῦ Mt 26:65 (cp. Gen 37:29, 34; Josh 7:6; Jdth 14:16 al.). Cp. J 13:4, 12; Ac 18:6.—B 3:4 ἱμάτια is an uncertain rdg.: v.l. ἰάματα; it is a quot. fr. Is 58:8 (s. the variants there, ed. JZiegler).—Dalman, Arbeit V ’37. BHHW II 962–65. B. 395; 416. DELG s.v. ἕννυμι. M-M. TW.