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21 pateo
păteo, ŭi, 2, v. n. root pat. (perh. orig. spat.; cf. spatium); Gr petannumi, pitnêmi, to spread out; petasma, curtain; petalon, leaf; cf.: patulus, patina; also perh. pando (for pantdo)], to stand open, lie open, be open.I.Lit.:B.januae, aedes patent,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 89:facite totae plateae pateant,
id. Aul. 3, 1, 2. nares semper propter necessarias utilitates patent, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 145:omnibus haec ad visendum patebant cotidie,
id. Verr 2, 4, 3, § 5:cur valvae Concordiae non patent?
id. Phil. 2, 44, 112:semitae patuerant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 8:ne fugae quidem patebat locus,
Liv. 27, 18:patuere fores,
Ov. M. 2, 768: (fenestrae) sine injuriā patent, Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 16 et saep. —In partic.1.To lie open, be exposed to any thing:2.patens vulneri equus,
Liv. 31, 39, 12:latus ictui,
Tac. H. 5, 11.—To stretch out, extend (cf. porrigor):II.Helvetiorum fines in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL. patebant,
Caes. B. G. 1, 2; 1, 10:schoenus patet stadia XL.,
Plin. 12, 14, 30, § 53.—Trop.A.In gen., to be open, free, allowable, accessible, attainable:B.si nobis is cursus pateret,
Cic. Att. 10, 12, 4:ad quos omnis nobis aditus, qui paene solis patuit, obstructus est,
id. Brut. 4, 16:praemia quae pateant stipendiariis,
id. Balb. 9, 24:ut intellegant omnia Ciceronis patere Trebiano,
id. Fam. 6, 10, 3: alicui, to yield to:lux aeterna mihi... dabatur, Si mea virginitas Phoebo patuisset amanti,
Ov. M. 14, 133; id. A. A. 1, 362; Auct. Priap. 83.—In partic.1.Of the hearing, etc., to be open, ready to hear:2.(constare inter omnis video) patere aurīs tuas querelis omnium,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8, § 25:si cujus aures ad hanc disputationem patent,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 3: meas auris... omnium praeceptis patuisse. id. Phil. 14, 7, 20:tamquam nullo magis tempore ad simplices cogitationes pateat animus,
Tac. G. 22, 2:semita Tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae,
Juv. 10, 364.—To be exposed or subject to any thing, Cic. Off. 1, 21, 73:3.longis morbis senectus, acutis adulescentia magis patet,
Cels. 2, 1:qui vanus et excors est patebit contemptui,
Vulg. Prov 12, 8.—To extend:4.in quo vitio latissime patet avaritia,
Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:late patet et ad multos pertinet,
id. de Or. 1, 55, 235.—To be clear, plain, well known, evident, manifest (cf.:A.appareo, detegor): operta quae fuere, aperta sunt, patent praestigiae,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 9:cum illa pateant in promptuque sint omnibus, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 6, 23:quod in tabulis patebat,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 93:in adversariis (hoc nomen) patere contendit,
id. Rosc. Com. 2, 5.—With subject-clause:cum pateat aeternum id esse, quod, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54.— Absol.:quid porro quaerendum est? factumne sit? at constat: a quo? at patet,
Cic. Mil. 6, 15.—Hence, pă-tens, entis, P. a., open, accessible, unobstructed, passable.Lit.:2. B.caelum ex omni parte patens atque apertum,
Cic. Div. 1, 1, 2:campi patentes,
Sall. J. 101, 11.— Comp.:in locis patentioribus,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28:via patentior,
Liv. 7, 36.—Trop.1. 2. -
22 übertragen
übertragen v 1. BANK bring forward; 2. BÖRSE transfer; 3. COMP transmit; 4. FIN assign; bring forward, carry down, carry forward (balance); 5. GEN broadcast, transcribe, extend; 6. GRUND transfer; 7. KOMM transmit; 8. MEDIA broadcast (Veranstaltung); 9. MGT delegate (Verantwortung, Macht); 10. RW assign, bring forward; 11. RECHT confer (Rechte); assign (Unterschreiben eines Dokumentes, durch das ein Besitz auf jmdn. anderen übergeht); convey (Eigentum); 12. WIWI transfer (Mittel) • etw. auf jmdn. übertragen GEN, RECHT vest sth in sb • zu übertragen RW to be carried forward* * *v 1. < Bank> bring forward; 2. < Börse> transfer; 3. < Comp> transmit; 4. < Finanz> assign, balance bring forward, carry down, carry forward; 5. < Geschäft> broadcast, transcribe, extend; 6. < Grund> transfer; 7. < Komm> transmit; 8. < Medien> Veranstaltung broadcast; 9. < Mgmnt> Verantwortung, Macht delegate; 10. < Rechnung> assign, bring forward; 11. < Recht> Rechte confer, Unterschreiben eines Dokumentes, durch das ein Besitz auf jmdn. anderen übergeht assign, Eigentum convey; 12. <Vw> Mittel transfer ■ etw. auf jmdn. übertragen <Geschäft, Recht> vest sth in sb ■ zu übertragen < Rechnung> to be carried forward* * *übertragen
(abschreiben) to transcribe, to copy, (abtreten) to transfer, to assign, to make an assignment, to alienate, to set over, to sign away (over), (anvertrauen) to commit, to entrust, (Buchführung) to carry forward (over, up), to post (bring) forward, to post up, (Fernsehen) to telecast, (Grundstück) to convey, to demise, (Krankheit) to communicate, to transmit, (Kurzschrift) to transcribe, (Rundfunk) to broadcast, to transmit, ((verleihen) to vest, (vermachen) to make over;
• Aktien übertragen to assign shares (stocks, US);
• jem. ein Amt übertragen to receive s. o. into a charge;
• jem. eine Angelegenheit übertragen to place a matter into the hands of s. o.;
• seiner Bank die laufende Bezahlung seiner Steuern übertragen to commission one’s bank to pay one’s taxes;
• Besitz übertragen to vest in possession;
• blanko übertragen to assign in blank;
• Buchung in das Hauptbuch übertragen to post a journal into the ledger;
• direkt übertragen (Rundfunk) to transmit (broadcast) live;
• Eigentum übertragen to pass a title;
• formlos übertragen to negotiate by delivery only;
• jem. Funktionen übertragen to devolve duties on s. o.;
• Geschäft auf seinen Sohn übertragen to make one’s business over to one’s son;
• durch Giro übertragen to endorse, to transfer by indorsement (endorsement);
• Grundstück notariell übertragen to grant land by deed;
• Konkursmasse auf die Gläubiger übertragen to surrender a bankrupt’s property;
• auf den Konkursverwalter übertragen to make an assignment for the benefit of one’s creditors;
• auf ein anderes Konto übertragen to transfer to another account;
• jem. die Leitung einer Bank übertragen to invest the management of a bank in s. o.;
• jem. ein Ministerium übertragen to call s. o. to office (to a ministry);
• auf jds. Namen übertragen to register in s. one’s name;
• Patent übertragen to assign a patent;
• Posten übertragen to carry forward an item;
• Recht übertragen to assign (transfer) a right;
• Rechte auf einen Bevollmächtigten übertragen to delegate rights to a deputy;
• Rechtstitel übertragen to transmit a title;
• Saldo übertragen to extend (carry over) a balance;
• Saldo von 100 L auf... übertragen to cover the balance of L 100 into...;
• Vermögen auf j. übertragen to devolve property (deed one’s estate) upon s. o.;
• sein Vermögen auf seinen Sohn übertragen to deliver over one’s property to one’s son;
• jem. Vollmacht (Vollmacht auf j.) übertragen to delegate (vest) authority to (confer powers on) s. o.;
• Zuständigkeit übertragen to confer powers;
• urkundlich übertragen werden (Eigentum) to pass by deed. -
23 Patentfrist verlängern
Patentfrist verlängern
to extend the term of a patent;
• Patentgebiet area of patents;
• Patentgebühr patent (invention) royalty, fees payable on a patent, patent fee, (Anmeldegebühr) filing (patent) fee;
• Patentgegenstand patented article (item);
• Patentgemeinschaft patent pool. -
24 erneuern
I v/t2. (reparieren) repair, mend; (Dach, Haus) renovate, Am. auch rehabilitate, rehab umg.; (Gemälde) restore3. (Versprechen, Vertrag) renew; (wiederholen) repeat; (Ausweis, Lizenz, Patent etc.) renew; (System) reform4. fig. (Bekanntschaft, Freundschaft) revive* * *to regenerate; to renovate; to recondition; to renew;sich erneuernto regenerate* * *er|neu|ern [ɛɐ'nɔyɐn] ptp erneuertvtto renew; Forderung, Kritik to reiterate; (= renovieren) to renovate; (= restaurieren) to restore; (= auswechseln) Öl to change; Maschinenteile to replace; (= wieder beleben) to reviveeinen Vertrag ernéúern — to renew a contract
* * *1) (to begin, do, produce etc again: He renewed his efforts; We must renew our attack on drug abuse.) renew2) (to cause (eg a licence) to continue for another or longer period of time: My television licence has to be renewed in October.) renew3) (to make new or fresh or as if new again: The panels on the doors have all been renewed.) renew4) (to improve eg paintwork, a photograph etc by small touches: The photograph had been touched up.) touch up* * *er·neu·ern *[ɛɐ̯ˈnɔyɐn]vt▪ etw \erneuern to change sth, to replace sth▪ etw \erneuern lassen to have sth renovated [or repaired3. (verlängern)▪ etw \erneuern to renew sth▪ etw \erneuern to restore sth* * *1.transitives Verb1) (auswechseln) replace3) (verlängern lassen) extend, renew <permit, licence, contract>2.reflexives Verb < nature, growth> renew itself* * *A. v/t2. (reparieren) repair, mend; (Dach, Haus) renovate, US auch rehabilitate, rehab umg; (Gemälde) restore3. (Versprechen, Vertrag) renew; (wiederholen) repeat; (Ausweis, Lizenz, Patent etc) renew; (System) reform4. fig (Bekanntschaft, Freundschaft) revive* * *1.transitives Verb1) (auswechseln) replace3) (verlängern lassen) extend, renew <permit, licence, contract>2.reflexives Verb <nature, growth> renew itself* * *v.to regenerate v.to remake v.(§ p.,p.p.: remade)to renew v. -
25 Sperry, Elmer Ambrose
[br]b. 21 October 1860 Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York, USAd. 16 June 1930 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]American entrepreneur who invented the gyrocompass.[br]Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsJohn Fritz Medal 1927. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1928.BibliographySperry filed over 400 patents, of which two can be singled out: 1908. US patent no. 434,048 (ship gyroscope); 1909. US patent no. 519,533 (ship gyrocompass set).Further ReadingT.P.Hughes, 1971, Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (a full and well-documented biography, with lists of his patents and published writings).LRD -
26 propriété
propriété [pʀɔpʀijete]1. feminine nouna. ( = droit) ownership ; ( = possession) propertyc. ( = qualité) property2. compounds* * *pʀɔpʀijete1) ( droit) ownership2) ( biens possédés) property3) ( bien immobilier) gén property; ( domaine) estate, property; ( maison) house, property4) ( caractéristique) property5) ( exactitude) aptness•Phrasal Verbs:* * *pʀɔpʀijete nf1) (= droit) ownership2) (objet, immeuble, résidence, terres) property gen no pl3) (= qualité) property4) CHIMIE, MATHÉMATIQUE property5) (= correction) appropriateness, suitability* * *propriété nf1 ( droit) ownership, property; l'abolition de la propriété privée the abolition of private ownership; certificat de propriété certificate of ownership; posséder qch en toute propriété to be the sole ou exclusive owner of sth, to have sole ownership of sth;2 ( biens possédés) property; être la propriété de qn to be the property of sb; toutes ces richesses sont la propriété d'un seul individu all this wealth is the property of one person; ces véhicules sont la propriété de la compagnie these vehicles are company property;4 ( caractéristique) property; une plante aux propriétés anti-inflammatoires a plant with anti-inflammatory properties;5 ( exactitude) aptness.propriété artistique et littéraire intellectual property right, copyright; propriété bâtie developed property; propriété commune joint ownership; propriété foncière landed estate; propriété immobilière real estate, realty; propriété industrielle patent rights (pl); propriété mobilière movable property; propriété non bâtie undeveloped property; propriété privée private property; propriété publique public property.[prɔprijete] nom fémininune très belle/une grande/une petite propriété an excellent/a large/a small propertypropriété foncière/immobilière landed/real estatepropriété de l'État government ou state property‘propriété privée, défense d'entrer’ ‘private property, keep out’2. [fait de posséder] ownershippropriété individuelle personal ou private property4. [propriétaires] property ownersla grande/petite propriété the big/small landowners -
27 licence
n1) лицензия
- active licence
- assignable licence
- banking licence
- blanket licence
- bloc licence
- building licence
- compulsory licence
- contractual licence
- credit licence
- cross licence
- currency licence
- customs licence
- driver's licence
- exclusive licence
- export licence
- feedback licence
- field-of-use licence
- flat licence
- free licence
- full licence
- general licence
- general import licence
- global licence
- import licence
- individual licence
- indivisible licence
- intermediate advance licence
- know-how licence
- lighterage licence
- limited licence
- liquor licence
- manufacturing licence
- nonassignable licence
- nonexclusive licence
- nonpatent licence
- nontransferable licence
- open licence
- open general licence
- operating licence
- ordinary licence
- package licence
- passive licence
- patent licence
- per unit licence
- price fixing licence
- process licence
- quantity-based advance licence
- reciprocal licence
- reimport licence
- restrictive licence
- retroactive licence
- royalty-bearing licence
- royalty-free licence
- selling licence
- simple licence
- single licence
- sole licence
- special licence
- special imprest licence
- specific import licence
- territorial limited licence
- trademark licence
- trading licence
- transferable licence
- transhipment licence
- valid licence
- validated licence
- value-based advance licence
- voluntary licence
- licence for design
- licence for equipment
- licence for industrial technology
- licence for an invention
- licence for a patent
- licence on a process
- licence to manufacture
- licence to operate
- licence to use
- licence under a patent
- under a licence
- acquire a licence
- apply for a licence
- award a licence
- buy a licence
- cancel a licence
- extend a licence
- forfeit a licence
- freeze a licence
- give a licence
- grant a licence
- have a licence
- hold a licence
- import under a licence
- issue a licence
- issue an operating licence
- make under a licence
- manufacture under a licence
- market a licence
- obtain a licence
- possess a licence
- produce under a licence
- purchase a licence
- refuse a licence
- renew a licence
- renounce a licence
- revalidate a licence
- revoke a licence
- secure a licence
- sell a licence
- suspend a licence
- take out a licence
- take up a licence
- withdraw a licenceEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > licence
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28 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
29 Gültigkeitsdauer
Gültigkeitsdauer f 1. GEN period of validity; 2. RECHT term, validity (Abmachung, Vertrag); 3. PAT life; 4. LOGIS validity (Ticket)* * ** * *Gültigkeitsdauer
validity, run, (Fahrschein) period for which a ticket is available, (Vertrag) life;
• Gültigkeitsdauer einer Police validity of a policy;
• Gültigkeitsdauer verlängern to extend the validity;
• Gültigkeitsdauer einer Fahrkarte verlängern to extend a ticket. -
30 renew
transitive verb1) (restore, regenerate, recover) erneuern; wieder wecken od. wachrufen [Gefühle]; wiederherstellen [Kraft]2) (replace) erneuern; auffüllen [Vorrat]; ausbessern [Kleidungsstück]3) (begin again) erneuern [Bekanntschaft]; fortsetzen [Angriff, Bemühungen]4) (repeat) wiederholen [Aussage, Beschuldigung]5) (extend) erneuern, verlängern [Vertrag, Genehmigung, Ausweis etc.]renew a library book — [Bibliothekar/Benutzer:] ein Buch [aus der Bücherei] verlängern/verlängern lassen
* * *[rə'nju:]1) (to begin, do, produce etc again: He renewed his efforts; We must renew our attack on drug abuse.) erneuern2) (to cause (eg a licence) to continue for another or longer period of time: My television licence has to be renewed in October.) erneuern3) (to make new or fresh or as if new again: The panels on the doors have all been renewed.) erneuern•- academic.ru/61478/renewable">renewable- renewal* * *re·newvt1. (resume)▪ to \renew sth etw erneuernto \renew an attack on sb jdn erneut angreifento \renew one's efforts to do sth seine Bemühungen, etw zu tun, wieder aufnehmento \renew old friendships alte Freundschaften erneuern [o auffrischen]to \renew a relationship with sb/sth eine Beziehung zu jdm/etw wieder aufnehmento \renew relations [or one's contact] with sb die Beziehungen zu jdm wieder aufnehmento \renew pressure erneut Druck ausüben2. ECON3. (revalidate)to \renew a book/membership/visa ein Buch/eine Mitgliedschaft/ein Visum verlängern lassento \renew an insurance policy eine Versicherung erneuernto \renew a subscription ein Abonnement erneuern4. (grant continued validity)to \renew a passport einen Pass verlängern5. (repair)* * *[rɪ'njuː]vterneuern; contract, passport etc (authority also) verlängern; (holder) erneuern or verlängern lassen; negotiations, discussions, diplomatic relations, attack, attempts wieder aufnehmen; one's strength wiederherstellen; fears wieder wachrufen; interest wieder wecken; supplies auffrischen* * *A v/t1. eine Bekanntschaft, ein Gelübde etc erneuern:give sb renewed hope jemandem neue Hoffnung geben2. ein Gespräch etc wieder aufnehmen:renew one’s efforts erneute Anstrengungen machen;renewed nochmalig, erneuert4. seine Jugend, seine Kräfte etc wiedererlangen:with renewed strength mit neuen Kräften5. WIRTSCH, JUR etca) einen Vertrag, auch ein Patent etc erneuern, verlängern:renew one’s passport sich seinen Pass verlängern lassen;renew one’s visa sein Visum erneuern lassenb) einen Wechsel prolongieren6. a) erneuernb) restaurieren, renovieren7. ergänzen, (wieder) auffüllen, ersetzen8. wiederholenB v/i1. WIRTSCH, JUR etca) den Vertrag etc verlängernb) den Wechsel prolongieren2. neu beginnen3. sich erneuern* * *transitive verb1) (restore, regenerate, recover) erneuern; wieder wecken od. wachrufen [Gefühle]; wiederherstellen [Kraft]2) (replace) erneuern; auffüllen [Vorrat]; ausbessern [Kleidungsstück]3) (begin again) erneuern [Bekanntschaft]; fortsetzen [Angriff, Bemühungen]4) (repeat) wiederholen [Aussage, Beschuldigung]5) (extend) erneuern, verlängern [Vertrag, Genehmigung, Ausweis etc.]renew a library book — [Bibliothekar/Benutzer:] ein Buch [aus der Bücherei] verlängern/verlängern lassen
* * *v.erneuern v. -
31 protection
prəˈtekʃən сущ.
1) а) защита, охрана Syn: defence, maintenance Ant: aggression, danger, distress, harm, hurt, injury б) покровительство, попечительство, опека Syn: patronage, tutelage в) эвф. сутенерство to live under the protection of smb. ≈ быть чьей-л. содержанкой
2) ограждение;
прикрытие Syn: asylum, cover, refuge, sanctuary, shelter,
3) а) выплата денег рекетирам, вымогателям (своеобразная "защита" от их дальнейших нападок) (т.ж. protection racket) The fishmonger who did not care for protection would find his shop bombed. ≈ Торговец рыбой, который не позаботился о выплате мзды, может однажды обнаружить, что его магазин взорвали. б) выплаченная сумма (тж. protection money)
4) экол. охрана окружающей среды
5) охранная грамота;
пропуск;
паспорт
6) экон. протекционизм защита, охрана, предохранение;
ограждение;
прикрытие - labour * охрана труда - under the * of law под защитой закона покровительство - to extend one's * to a young author оказывать покровительство молодому писателю охранная грамота;
пропуск;
паспорт - writ of * (юридическое) охранное письмо (американизм) свидетельство об американском гражданстве, выдаваемое морякам (разговорное) выкуп, откупные деньги, (регулярно) выплачиваемые рэкетирам торговцами, коммерсантами - * racket вымогательство, рэкет ( за защиту от якобы возможных нападений, ограблений магазина) деньги, даваемые гангстерами полиции, политическим деятелям или должностным лицам за покровительство (политэкономия) протекционизм, покровительственная система в торговле - * of home industries защита отечественной промышленности (коммерческое) (финансовое) акцептование (тратты через известный промежуток времени) ;
оплата - to give * to the bill акцептовать тратту;
оплатить тратту > to live under the * of smb. быть чьей-либо содержанкой advance ~ гарантия займа boundary ~ вчт. защита памяти child ~ охрана ребенка coastal ~ укрепление берегов complementary ~ дополнительная защита (пособия) consumer ~ защита потребителей consumer ~ защита потребителя copyright ~ охрана авторского права data ~ вчт. защита данных depositor ~ защита интересов вкладчика design ~ охрана промышленного образца diskette ~ вчт. защита дискеты environmental ~ защита окружающей среды environmental ~ охрана окружающей среды error ~ вчт. защита от ошибок file ~ вчт. защита файла fire ~ защита от огня fire ~ пожарная охрана insurance ~ защита путем страхования insurance ~ объем страховой ответственности labour ~ защита труда legal ~ правовая защита ~ эк. протекционизм;
to live under the protection( of smb.) быть (чьей-л.) содержанкой memory ~ вчт. защита памяти password ~ вчт. защита с паролем patent ~ охрана патентных прав patent ~ патентная охрана police ~ защита силами полиции police ~ охрана силами полиции product ~ защита продукции protection акцептование (тратты) ~ защита, охрана;
ограждение;
прикрытие ~ защита, охрана ~ защита ~ оплата (чека, тратты) ~ охрана ~ охранная грамота;
пропуск;
паспорт ~ паспорт, свидетельство о гражданстве (в США выдается государственными нотариусами лицам, выезжающим за границу) ~ покровительственная система в торговле ~ покровительство ~ эк. протекционизм;
to live under the protection (of smb.) быть (чьей-л.) содержанкой ~ протекционизм ~ of anonymity сохранение анонимности ~ of buildings охрана зданий ~ of consumers защита прав потребителей ~ of data privacy вчт. обеспечение секретности данных ~ of design охрана промышленного образца ~ of environment охрана окружающей среды ~ of minorities защита прав национальных меньшинств ~ of monuments охрана памятников ~ of nature охрана природы ~ of patented invention охрана запатентованного изобретения ~ of privacy сохранение тайны ~ of trade marks охрана товарных знаков ~ of transfer охрана передачи права read ~ вчт. защита от чтения regional ~ региональная защита shore ~ укрепление берегов social ~ социальная защита (общий термин, охватывающий все гарантии, социальное страхование, социальное обеспечение и т. д.) software ~ comp. разработка программного обеспечения statutory ~ покровительство закона storage ~ вчт. защита памяти storage ~ comp. защита памяти surface ~ вчт. защита поверхности tariff ~ тарифный протекционизм trade mark ~ охрана торговой марки write ~ вчт. защита данных от записи write ~ вчт. защита от записиБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > protection
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32 продлить срок действия патента
1) Patents: renew a patent2) Makarov: extend the term of a patentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > продлить срок действия патента
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33 Gültigkeit
Gültigkeit f 1. GEN effect; 2. RECHT effect, legal force; 3. PAT validity • die Gültigkeit verlieren, seine Gültigkeit verlieren RECHT cease to be valid; expire (ungültig werden, Pass) • Gültigkeit erlangen RECHT become valid, become effective* * *f 1. <Geschäft, Recht> effect; 2. < Patent> validity* * *Gültigkeit
validity, force, effect, (Fahrkarte) availability, (Gesetzlichkeit) legality, (Münze) currency, (Zulässigkeit) admissibility;
• allgemeine Gültigkeit currency, general acceptance;
• teilweise Gültigkeit particular validity;
• volle Gültigkeit (ausländisches Urteil) full faith and credit;
• Gültigkeit einer Offerte duration of an offer;
• Gültigkeit eines Patents duration of patent;
• Gültigkeit eines Testaments genuineness (validity) of a will;
• Gültigkeit seiner Forderung begründen to make good one’s claim;
• Gültigkeit eines Testaments bestreiten to contest (dispute) a will;
• Gültigkeit eines angefochtenen Testaments beweisen to establish the validity of a disputed will;
• Gültigkeit erlangen to become effective (operative);
• einen Monat Gültigkeit haben to be available for a month;
• rechtliche Gültigkeit haben to be valid [in law], to run, (Zahlungsmittel) to be legal tender (lawful money, US);
• Gültigkeit verbürgen to authenticate;
• Gültigkeit verlängern to extend the validity;
• Gültigkeit verleihen to authenticate;
• Gültigkeit verlieren to be deprived of validity. -
34 sale
n1) продажа; сбыт2) торговля; торговая сделка3) продажа с аукциона, продажа с торгов
- account sales
- address sale
- advance sale
- annual sales
- anticipated sales
- assets sale
- auction sale
- autumn sale
- average sales
- back-to-school sale
- bargain sale
- bear sale
- blind sale
- block sale
- brisk sale
- bulk sale
- cash sale
- cash-and-carry sale
- cash on delivery sale
- cash-only sale
- catalogue sale
- charge-and-carry sale
- charge-and-delivery sale
- clearance sale
- clearing sale
- closing down sale
- commercial sale
- commission sale
- commodity sale
- competitive sales
- compulsory sale
- conditional sale
- consignment sale
- consumption sale
- credit sale
- cross sale
- cumulative sales
- daily sales
- day's sales
- deferred payment sale
- delayed sale
- direct sale
- discount sale
- distress sale
- domestic sales
- effective sale
- emergency sale
- end-of-season sale
- enforceable sale
- exchange sale
- exclusive sale
- execution sale
- executory sale
- expanding sales
- export sale
- faked sale
- firm sale
- first sale
- fixed sales
- fleet sales
- floor sale
- forced sale
- foreclosure sale
- foreign sale
- forward sale
- future sale
- going-out-of-business sale
- gross sales
- guaranteed sale
- hire-purchase sale
- illicit sale
- increased sales
- indirect sales
- individual sale
- installment sale
- intermediate sale
- jumble sale
- large volume sales
- liquidation sale
- loan sale
- mandatory sale
- mutual sales
- negotiated sale
- net sales
- off-the-floor sale
- opening sale
- order sales
- over-the-counter sale
- panic sale
- partial sale
- peak sales
- private sale
- proceeds sale
- projected sales
- prompt sale
- property sale
- public sale
- quick sale
- ready sale
- realization sale
- record sales
- remnant sale
- retail sale
- returned sales
- rummage sale
- seasonal sale
- security sales
- sheriff's sale
- short sale
- slow sale
- spot sale
- stocktaking sale
- street sale
- tax sale
- tied sale
- tie-in sale
- time sale
- total sales
- trade sale
- transportation sales
- tying-in sale
- underlying sales
- underreported sale
- under-the-counter sale
- volume sales
- voluntary sale
- wash sale
- white sale
- wholesale sale
- winding-up sale
- winter sale
- yearly sales
- sale at an auction
- sale at harvest time
- sale at a profit
- sale at reduced prices
- sale by auction
- sale by commission
- sale by description
- sale by lot
- sale by the piece
- sale by public outcry
- sale by sample
- sale by weight
- sale ex bond
- sale ex stand
- sale ex works
- sale for cash
- sale for forward delivery
- sale for future delivery
- sale for prompt delivery
- sale for the settlement
- sale from stock
- sale from a warehouse
- sale in market overt
- sale of engineering consultation services
- sale of equipment
- sale of exchange
- sale of exhibits off the floor
- sale of goods
- sale of an invention
- sale of a licence
- sale of a loan
- sale of a patent
- sale of a patent right
- sale of a pledge
- sale of securities
- sale of services
- sale of shares of a company
- sale of space
- sale of a stake
- sale on approval
- sale on arrival
- sale on commission
- sale on credit
- sale on an open account
- sale to arrive
- sale to final consumer
- sale with option of repurchase
- sale with reservation
- sale with reserve
- sale without reserve
- sale with rights of redemption
- sale and leaseback
- sale as is
- for sale
- not for sale
- of ready sale
- on sale
- out of sale
- subject to prior sale
- approve for sale
- be available for sale
- be dull of sale
- be on sale
- be slow of sale
- command a ready sale
- conclude a sale
- develop sales
- effect sales
- exhibit for sale
- expand sales
- expose for sale
- extend sales
- find no sales
- find a ready sale
- handle the sale
- have a dull sale
- have no sale
- have a ready sale
- increase sales
- keep for sale
- maintain sales
- make a sale
- meet with a good sale
- meet with a slow sale
- negotiate sales
- notify the sale by auction
- offer for sale
- promote sales
- put up for sale
- release for sale
- rescind a sale
- sell at a public sale
- specialize in the sale of smth
- stimulate sales
- suspend the sale
- undertake the sale -
35 term
n1) период, срок2) pl условия
- acceptable terms
- attractive terms
- barter terms
- basic terms
- basis terms
- business terms
- buying terms
- cash terms
- charter terms
- charter-party terms
- collection terms
- commercial terms
- concessionary terms
- consignment terms
- contract terms
- credit terms
- credit payment terms
- current terms
- delivery terms
- discharging terms
- discount terms
- easy terms
- easy terms of licensing
- easy terms of payment
- easy tax terms
- equal terms
- exact terms
- exacting terms
- expired term
- exploration term
- extended term
- extended payment term
- extension terms
- fair terms
- favourable terms
- financial terms
- financing terms
- general terms
- general delivery terms
- granted term
- guarantee terms
- implied terms
- inequitable terms
- initial terms
- insurance terms
- landed terms
- legal terms
- licence term
- licensing terms
- loan terms
- local terms
- long term
- normal terms
- overriding term
- payment terms
- preferential terms
- priority term
- prolonged term
- purchase terms
- quay terms
- regular terms
- rye terms
- sale terms
- selling terms
- settlement terms
- short term
- soft terms
- special terms
- standard terms
- substantive terms
- technical terms
- trade terms
- trading terms
- unacceptable terms
- unequal terms
- uniform terms
- usual terms
- terms for the supply
- terms of acceptance
- term of an agreement
- term of an appeal
- term of an application
- terms of auction
- terms of an average bond
- term of a bill
- terms of cancellation
- terms of carriage
- terms of a charter
- terms of collection
- terms and conditions of a contract
- terms of consignation
- terms of consignment
- terms of a contract
- terms of conveyance
- term of credit
- terms of debenture
- terms of a debt
- term of delivery
- terms of delivery
- terms of exchange
- term of execution of a contract
- terms of financing
- terms of freight
- term of grace
- terms of a guarantee
- terms of interest
- terms of a lease
- term of a licence
- term of licence validity
- term of limitation
- term of a loan
- term of lodging a protest
- term of a note
- terms of an offer
- term of office
- term of a patent
- term of patent protection
- terms of payment
- term of a policy
- term of powers
- term of a promissory note
- terms of a proposal
- terms of reference
- terms of reinsurance
- term of a repurchase agreement
- terms of sale
- terms of security
- term of service
- terms of settlement
- terms of shipment
- terms of trade
- terms of transport
- terms of transportation
- terms of a treaty
- term of validity
- term of a warrant
- terms of a warranty
- for a term of
- for a stated term
- in terms of
- in terms of dollars
- in terms of gold
- in percentage terms
- in physical terms
- in real terms
- in value terms
- on advantageous terms
- on contract terms
- on credit terms
- on easy terms
- on equal terms
- on favourable terms
- on mutually advantageous terms
- on mutually agreed terms
- on turn-key terms
- on usual terms
- under the terms and conditions of a contract
- accept terms
- agree on terms
- alter terms
- buy on easy terms
- come to terms
- come within the terms of a contract
- comply with the terms
- define terms
- exceed a term
- extend a term
- fix a term
- grant a term
- hold to terms
- honour payment terms
- keep the term
- maintain the term
- meet terms
- negotiate terms
- observe terms
- offer terms
- outline terms
- propose terms
- quote terms
- reduce a term
- revise terms
- sell on easy terms
- set a term
- specify terms
- spread payment terms
- stipulate terms
- stretch payment terms -
36 действие
с1) машины operation, functioning, work2) документа effect, validity; actionде́йствие пате́нта — effect of a patent, patent life
продли́ть де́йствие догово́ра — to extend/to prolong the validity of the treaty
срок оконча́ния де́йствия — expiry date
противопра́вные де́йствия — illegal actions
вводи́ть в де́йствие — to bring/to put into effect/force
3) лекарства effectока́зывать де́йствие — to have/to take effect
лека́рство оказа́ло своё де́йствие — the medicine took effect
4) театр actкоме́дия в двух де́йствиях — two-act comedy
де́йствие происхо́дит в... — the scene is laid in/at…
5) мат operationчеты́ре де́йствия арифме́тики — the four rules of arithmetic
•- под действием -
37 open
1. n открытое место, пространствоunder the open sky — на открытом воздухе; под открытым небом
2. n турнир типа «опен»3. n открытый воздух4. n известность, гласность5. a открытый, раскрытый6. a непересечённый, открытый7. a открытый, свободныйopen occupation — открытая оккупация, открытое завладение
8. a открытый, не имеющий верха9. a неприкрытый10. a неплотный; имеющий полости, впадины11. a раскрытый, развёрнутый12. a распустившийся13. a незакрывающийся, незаживающий14. a открытый; функционирующийopen routine — открытая подпрограмма; открытая программа
15. a свободный, доступный; неограниченныйopen town — «вольный» город
open to the public — вход свободный ; открыто для всех
careers open to women — профессии, доступные женщинам
16. a открытый, гласный17. a незанятый18. a непредубеждённый, свободныйopen to persuasion — поддающийся нерешённый, неустановленный
open door — свободный, без ограничений
19. a незакрытый, незавершённый; незаконченный20. a открытый, незащищённыйto lay oneself open to attack — ставить себя под удар; быть в опасности
21. a открытый, откровенный; искренний22. a явный, всем известный, публичныйan open secret — всем известный секрет; секрет полишинеля
23. a тёплый24. a незамёрзший25. a освободившийся от льда; свободный для навигации26. a мор. свободный от тумана; ясный27. a тех. выключенныйopen circuit — незамкнутый контур; разомкнутая линия
28. a воен. разомкнутый29. a муз. открытый, пустой30. a контурный, нежирный31. a напечатанный в разрядкуwith open eyes, with eyes open — сознательно, понимая все последствия, отдавая себе полный отчёт
with open arms — тепло, радушно, с распростёртыми объятиями
32. v раскрывать, разворачивать33. v раскрываться, открыватьсяto break open — взламывать, открывать силой
lay open — излагать; изложить; открыть; открывать
34. v распускаться, расцветать35. v раздвигаться, размыкаться; расширятьсяopen out — расширяться, развиваться, процветать
36. v вскрыватьpry open — вскрывать; вскрыть; взламывать; взломать
37. v вскрываться; очищаться38. v прокладывать, пробивать39. v открывать, начинать работуopen: — часы работы
open into — открыться; открываться
40. v открывать сезонthe producer wanted to open with a new play early in September — режиссёр хотел открыть сезон премьерой в первых числах сентября
41. v открываться, начинаться42. v состояться, быть представленной в первый раз43. v появляться впервые в новом сезоне44. v делать первую ставку45. v открывать, делать общедоступным; основывать46. v раскрывать, разоблачать; поведать47. v простираться48. v выходить на; вести в49. v ком. освободить от ограничений50. v тех. разомкнуть; отключить, выключитьto open ground — подготавливать почву, начинать действовать
Синонимический ряд:1. accessible (adj.) accessible; employable; open-door; operative; practicable; public; unrestricted; usable2. admissible (adj.) admissible; allowable; available; permitted; welcoming3. agape (adj.) agape; ajar4. amenable (adj.) amenable; open-minded; receptive; responsive5. clouded (adj.) ambiguous; borderline; chancy; clouded; controversial; debatable; disputable; doubtable; doubtful; dubious; dubitable; equivocal; fishy; impugnable; indecisive; indefinite; indeterminate; precarious; problematic; problematical; queasy; questionable; shady; shaky; suspect; suspicious; uncertain; unclear; undecided; undetermined; uneasy; unresolved; unsettled; unstable; unsure; vague6. exposed (adj.) exposed; insecure; undefended; unguarded; unprotected; unsafe7. extended (adj.) expanded; extended; spread out8. frank (adj.) direct; forthright; frank; man-to-man; openhearted; plainspoken; single; single-eyed; single-hearted; single-minded; straight; unconcealed; undisguised; undissembled; undissembling; unmannered; unvarnished9. free (adj.) free; unreserved10. generous (adj.) bounteous; bountiful; generous; liberal; magnanimous; munificent; open-handed11. honest (adj.) above-board; artless; candid; fair; guileless; honest; outspoken; straightforward12. liable (adj.) liable; obnoxious; prone; sensitive; subject; susceptible; vulnerable13. obvious (adj.) apparent; evident; obvious; plain; well-known14. patent (adj.) patent; unclosed; unobstructed15. perforated (adj.) airy; filigree; fretted; open-worked; penetrable; perforated; porous; reticulated16. unblocked (adj.) cleared; removed; unbarred; unblocked; unbolted; unfastened; unlocked; unsealed17. uncovered (adj.) bare; denuded; naked; peeled; stripped; uncovered; unenclosed; unroofed18. unimpeded (adj.) clear; unimpeded19. unoccupied (adj.) emptied; unburdened; unfulfilled; unoccupied; vacated20. outdoors (noun) open air; outdoors; out-of-doors; outside; without21. begin (verb) approach; begin; commence; embark; embark on; embark upon; enter; get off; inaugurate; initiate; jump off; kick off; launch; lead off; set out; set to; start; take on; take up; tee off; undertake22. breach (verb) breach; disrupt; hole; rupture23. break (verb) break; perforate; pierce24. convene (verb) convene; meet; sit25. ope (verb) ope; unblock; unshut; unstop26. release (verb) release; undo; unlock27. reveal (verb) bare; disclose; display; divulge; expose; lay bare; reveal; unclothe; uncover; unveil28. revoke (verb) recall; revoke29. unclose (verb) admit; clear; free; loosen; reopen; unbar; unclose30. unfold (verb) disentangle; expand; extend; fan out; outspread; outstretch; spread; spread out; unfold; unravel; unrollАнтонимический ряд:blocked; buried; clandestine; close; closed; compressed; conceal; concealed; conclude; contracted; cover; covert; crafty; cryptic; cunning -
38 Goodyear, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, USAd. 1 July 1860 New York, USA[br]American inventor of the vulcanization of rubber.[br]Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrande Médaille d'honneur 1855. Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1855.Bibliography15 June 1844, US patent no. 3633 (vulcanization of rubber).1853, Gum Elastic and Its Varieties (includes some biographical material).Further ReadingB.K.Pierce, 1866, Trials of an Inventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear.H.Allen, 1989, Charles Goodyear: An Intimate Biographical Sketch, Akron, Ohio: Goodyear Tire \& Rubber Company.LRD -
39 Mitscherlich, Alexander
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germanyd. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany[br]German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.[br]Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.[br]Further ReadingH.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander
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40 Rawcliffe, Gordon Hindle
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 2 June 1910 Sheffield, Englandd. 3 September 1979 Bristol, England[br]English scientist and inventor of the multi-speed induction motor using the pole amplitude modulation principle.[br]After graduating from Keble College, Oxford, Rawcliffe joined the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company in 1932 as a college apprentice, and later became a design engineer. This was followed by a period as a lecturer at Liverpool University, where he was able to extend his knowledge of the principles underlying the design and operation of electrical machines. In 1941 he became Head of the Electrical Engineering Department at the Robert Gordon Technical College, Aberdeen, and Lecturer in charge of Electrical Engineering at Aberdeen University. In 1944 Rawcliffe was appointed to the Chair of Electrical Engineering at the University of Bristol, where he remained until his retirement in 1975. The reputation of his department was enhanced by the colleagues he recruited.After 1954 he began research into polyphase windings, the basis of alternating-current machinery, and published papers concerned with the dual problems of frequency changing and pole changing. The result of this research was the discovery in 1957 of a technique for making squirrel-cage induction motors run at more than one speed. By reversing current in one part of the winding, the pole distribution and number were changed, and with it the speed of rotation.Rawcliffe's name became synonymous with pole amplitude modulation, or PAM, the name given to this technique. Described by Rawcliffe as a new philosophy of windings, the technique led to a series of research papers, patents and licensing agreements in addition to consultancies to advise on application problems. Commercial exploitation of the new idea throughout Western Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States followed. In total he contributed twentyfive papers to the Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and some sixty British patent applications were filed.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1972. Royal Society S.G.Brown Medal 1978.Bibliography21 August 1958, British patent no. 900,600 (pole amplitude modulation).1958, with R.F.Burbridge and W.Fong, "Induction motor speed changing by pole amplitude modulation", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 105 (Part A): 411–19 (the first description of pole amplitude modulation).Further ReadingBiographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1981, Vol. XXVII, London, pp. 479–503 (includes lists of Rawcliffe's patents and principal papers published).GWBiographical history of technology > Rawcliffe, Gordon Hindle
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