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to+be+killed

  • 81 διφάσιος

    Grammatical information: adj.
    Meaning: `double, twofold' (Hdt.); cf. τριφάσιος `threefold' (Hdt.), by H. also explained as τρίφωνος.
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: Cf. διπλάσιος; so based on δί-, τρί-φατος. The second member is uncertain. The reference to φημί, seen also in δισσῶς λεγόμενον and. τρίφωνος ini H., is taken over by von Skutsch IF 14, 488ff. referring to Lat. bifāriam. Brugmann IF 17, 367, Grundr.2 2: 1, 186 connected πεφνεῖν, φόνος, θείνω as in ἀρηΐ-φατος `killed in battle', i.e. `twice slayed' (cf. on δίπλαξ). Not better with Walde Lat. et. Wb.2 90, Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 2, 71 to φαίνω as `twice visible'; one would expect *δίφαντος like ἄφαντος (in the Il.).
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > διφάσιος

  • 82 κατασκένε

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `(when he) killed' ( GDI 4998: 1, 14f., Gortyn) = κατα-κτείνῃ with special phonetic development of the consonantengroup (Schwyzer 325f.).
    Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]
    Etymology: Wrong H. Petersson IF 23, 394.
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  • 83 κτείνω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `kill, put to death' (Il.; Att. prose mostly with ἀπο-, poet. also with κατα-).
    Other forms: Att. also κτείνυμι, - ύω, Aeol. κτέννω (Hdn.), fut. κτενῶ, ep. also - έω, κτανέω, aor. κτεῖναι, Aeol. κτένναι (Alc.), and κτανεῖν, ep. also κτάμεν(αι) and midd. -pass. κτάσθαι, pass. 3. pl. ἔκταθεν (ep.), hell. κταν(θ)ῆναι, perf. ἀπ-, κατ-έκτονα (Hdt., Att.), hell. also ἀπ-εκτόνηκα, - έκτα(γ)κα, pass. - εκτάνθαι Il.
    Compounds: As 2. member - κτόνος, e.g. πατρο-κτόνος `who kills his father' (trag.) with - κτονέω, - ία; rarely passive: νεό-κτονος `recently killed' (Pi.); simplex κτόνος (Zonar.) prob. from the compp.; also - κτασία, e.g. ἀνδρο-κτασία, usu. pl. - ίαι f. `murther of men' (Il.), as if from *ἀνδρό-κτα-τος, cf. below and Schwyzer 469.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [626 niet!] * tken- `injure'
    Etymology: The present κτείνυμι (incorrect - εινν- and - ινν-) with sec. full grade after ἔκτεινα ( δείκνυμι: ἔδειξα a. o.) stands for zero grade *κτά-νυ-μι, which agrees exactly to Skt. kṣa-ṇó-mi `injure' ( κτείνω `kill' therefore euphemistical; Chantraine Sprache 1, 143). Other agreements with Indian (and Iranian) are the aorist ἔ-κτα-το (Il.) = Skt. a-kṣa-ta (gramm.) and the ptc. *-κτα-τος (in ἀνδρο-κτασίαι a.o.; s. above) = Skt. á-kṣa-ta-, OP. a-xša-ta- `uninjured'. The Greek system seems further to be based on an athematic root aorist: 1. sg. *ἔ-κτεν-α, 3. sg. - ἔ-κτεν (cf. Gortyn. conj. κατα-σκένε̄ [with σκ for κτ, Schwyzer 326]), 1. pl. ἔ-κτᾰ-μεν, 3. pl. ἔ-κτᾰν; to this the present -κτέν-ι̯ω \> κτείνω, the aorist ἔκτᾰν-ον, ἔκτεινα. Further details in Schwyzer 697 u. 740, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 380f. a. 449f. - Cf. καίνω. - The root was prob. * tken-, Hardarsson, Stud. Wurzelaor. 186. - Against connection with Skt. akṣata Strunk, Nasalpräs. u. Aoriste 99 n. 265.
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  • 84 Οἰδίπους

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: king of Thebes, son of Laios, who unknowing married his mother Iocaste after he had killed his father.
    Other forms: (- πος AP), - που, - πουν (Hdt., trag.), - ποδος (Apollod.), - ποδα (Plu.); besides after the patronymics as metr. variants of *Οἰδιπόδᾱς, - ης: gen. -πόδᾱο, -πόδᾱ, acc. -πόδᾱν (ep. poet.), - πόδεω (Hdt.) etc.; see Schwyzer 582, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 163 f., Sommer Nominalkomp. 38, Egli Heteroklisie 14 a. 17.
    Derivatives: Οἰδιπόδεια f. `the saga of Oidipus' (Arist.; after ἡ Όδύσσεια), also τὰ Οἰ-εια `id.' (Paus.) from Οἰδιπόδειος adj. (Plu., Paus.).
    Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]
    Etymology: Prop. "with swollen foot", with regular change i: ro in Οἰδι- and IE * oid-ro- in Germ., e.g. OHG eittar, s. οἰδέω. Improbable on the meaning of the first element Schröder Gymnasium 63, 72 ff. (to OIcl. eista `testicle'); quite hypothetic Kretschmer Glotta 12, 59 f. (chthonic interpretation).
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  • 85 Πῡθώ

    Πῡθώ, -οῦς
    Grammatical information: f.
    Meaning: older name for Delphi (Il.); also Πυθών, - ῶνος f. (Β 519 etc.; after the place indications in - ών).
    Other forms: We find also Πύτιος (inscr. Crete and Pamphylia), Πύτιον name of an Arcadian sanctuary.
    Derivatives: From it a.o. Πύθ-ιος `Pythian, Delphian', esp. name of Apollon (h. Ap., Pi. etc.). also - αῖος, - αεύς `id.' (dial.), f. - ιάς, - ιάδος (Pi. etc.); - ία, - ίη `the Pythian priestess, Pythia' (Hdt. etc.), - ικός `Pythian' (A.; Chantraine Études 116ff., 124).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: No convincing etymology. By the ancients usu. connected with πύθομαι `rot' (h. Ap. 371 ff., Paus. 10, 6,5) after the rotting of the by Apollon killed dragon, after S. (OT 70 f., 603 f. a.o.) however referred to πυθέσθαι, πυνθάνομαι, which was already by Str. 9, 419 doubted because of the length of the υ in Πυθω. Extensively Lauffer P. -W. 24, 571 ff. -- The word is no doubt Pre-Greek.
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  • 86 Δαναί̈δες

    Δαναί̈δες, ων, αἱ the Danaids, daughters of Danaus (all of whom, except Hypermestra, at the behest of their father killed their husbands on their wedding night) 1 Cl 6:2 (the D. linked with Tantalus, Tityus, and Sisyphus in [Plato] Axiochus 371e, and are said to suffer punishment by filling leaky jars with water, but the traditions vary; s. RKnopf, Hdb. ad loc. The rdg. Δαναί̈δες κ. Δίρκαι, found in all mss., is also defended by APlummer, ET 26, 1915, 560–62. For satirical use of the myths s. Tat. 26, 1).—Kl. Pauly I 1379f; II 99.

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  • 87 θανατόω

    θανατόω fut. θανατώσω; 1 aor. ἐθανάτωσα. Pass.: 1 fut. θανατωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐθανατώθην; pf. τεθανάτωμαι LXX (s. prec. entry; Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; LXX; TestSol 20:5; 22:20 P; Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr, Just.)
    ① to cause cessation of life, put to death lit. τινά kill someone, hand someone over to be killed, esp. of the death sentence and its execution (as X., An. 2, 6, 4; Pla., Leg. 9, p. 872c; Aelian, VH 5, 18; Ex 21:12ff; Sus 28; 1 Macc 1:57; 4 Macc 8:25) Mt 10:21; 26:59; 27:1; Mk 13:12; 14:55. The obj. acc. is easily supplied in θανατώσουσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν they will put some of you to death Lk 21:16. Pass. 2 Cor 6:9 (for the wordplay ἀποθνῄσκοντες … καὶ μὴ θανατούμενοι dying … but not under penalty of death cp. Ps.-Callisth. 1, 33, 11 p. 36, 21 θανὼν καὶ μὴ θανών); 1 Pt 3:18; 1 Cl 12:2; B 12:2; Dg 5:12. Be in danger of death Ro 8:36 (Ps 43:23.—Vi. Aesopi W 9 P. of ill treatment over a period of time: κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀποκτείνεις ἡμέραν).
    ② to cause total cessation of an activity, put to death, extirpate (Lycurgus 61 πολεώς ἐστι θάνατος ἀνάστατον=destruction spells a city’s death) fig. ext. of 1 τὶ someth. τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος Ro 8:13.
    ③ to cause death that transcends the physical, bring death
    ⓐ of spiritual or eternal death 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:2); Hs 9, 20, 4. θ. τινὰ ἔν τινι bring death to someone by someth. m 12, 1, 3; cp. 12, 2, 2.
    ⓑ of the death that the believer dies through mystic unity w. the body of the crucified Christ; τῷ νόμῳ (dat. of disadvantage) Ro 7:4 (on rabb. associations s. WDiezinger, NovT 5, ’62, 268–98).—DELG s.v. θάνατος. EDNT. TW.

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  • 88 Θευδᾶς

    Θευδᾶς, ᾶ, ὁ (CIG 2684; 3563; 5689; BCH 11, 1887, 213–15) Theudas, the short form of a name compounded w. θεός, but perh. not Θεόδωρος, since in CIG 3920=SIG 1229 two brothers Theodore and Theudas are mentioned (s. B-D-F §125, 2; Mlt-H. 88; 91). Ac 5:36 mentions a Jewish insurrectionist named Theudas; the only such pers. known to history revolted and was killed in the time of the procurator Cuspius Fadus, 44 A.D. and later (Jos., Ant. 20, 97–99). For the grave chronological difficulties here s. the comm., e.g. Haenchen and Beginn. IV ad loc.—Schürer I 456 (lit. here, note 6); JSwain, HTR 37, ’44, 341–49.—New Docs 4, 183–85 (ins w. numerous orthographic variations). M-M.

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  • 89 καταστρώννυμι

    καταστρώννυμι 1 aor. κατέστρωσα. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. καταστρωθήσονται Jdth 7:14; 1 aor. κατεστρώθην; pf. ptc. κατεστρωμένος (JosAs 2:3; 13:5) (s. στρώννυμι; Eur., Hdt. et al.; UPZ 77 II, 28 [II B.C.] al. pap; LXX) (primary mng. ‘spread out’)
    ① lay low, kill (the primary mng. ‘spread out’ offers the imagery in this transf. use of κ. Hdt. 8, 53; 9, 76; X., Cyr. 3, 3, 64; Jdth 7:14; 14:4; 2 Macc 5:26 al.) of the Israelites killed in the desert (cp. Num 14:16) 1 Cor 10:5.
    ② ἐὰν καταστρώσω εἰς τὰς ἀβύσσους, a quot. of Ps 138:8f which differs considerably fr. the LXX, seems to presuppose for κ. the primary mng. ‘spread out’ someth., and so make a bed (cp. Hierocles in Stob., Flor. 85, 21 κλίνην; PTor I, 8, 17 [116 B.C.] κονίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ δρόμου=sand on the racecourse) if I make my bed in the depths 1 Cl 28:3.—DELG s.v. στόρνυμι. M-M.

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  • 90 μάχαιρα

    μάχαιρα, ης, ἡ (Hom.+. The Ptolemaic pap as a rule decline it [Mayser p. 12] μαχαίρας,-χαίρᾳ; likew. LXX [Thackeray p. 141f; Helbing p. 31ff]; ISm 4:2b; also mss. and some edd. of the NT. The pap fr. Roman times prefer-ρης, -ρῃ [isolated exx. fr. earlier times, e.g. PTebt 16, 14: 114 B.C.; 112, 45: 112 B.C.]; sim. 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; likew. the NT)
    ① a relatively short sword or other sharp instrument, sword, dagger Mt 26:47, 55; Mk 14:43, 48; Lk 22:36, 38 (ASchlatter, Die beiden Schwerter: BFCT 20, 6, 1916; TNapier, ET 49, ’38, 467–70; IZolli, Studi e Mat. di Storia delle Rel. 13, ’38, 227–43; RHeiligenthal, NTS 41, ’95, 39–58. Field, Notes 76f suggests ‘knives’ here), 52; Rv 6:4; 13:10. ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρης ἀποθανεῖν be killed with the sword Hb 11:37 (Ex 17:13; Dt 13:16). ἀποσπᾶν τὴν μ. draw the sword Mt 26:51. Also σπάσασθαι τὴν μ. (1 Ch 21:5; 1 Esdr 3:22; Jos., Vi. 303) Mk 14:47; Ac 16:27. λαμβάνειν μάχαιραν take, grasp the sword (Jos., Vi. 173) Mt 26:52b (HKosmala, NovT 4, ’60, 3–5: Targum Is 50:11 as parallel); ἑλκύειν μ. J 18:10; πατάσσειν ἐν μ. strike w. the sword Lk 22:49. βάλλειν τὴν μ. εἰς τὴν θήκην put the sword into its sheath J 18:11; cp. Mt 26:52a. Of execution by the sword ISm 4:2ab. ἀναιρεῖν μαχαίρῃ have someone put to death w. the sword Ac 12:2; ἔχειν πληγὴν τῆς μ. have a sword-wound Rv 13:14. στόμα μαχαίρης the edge of the sword (cp. Gen 34:26; 2 Km 15:14; TestJud 5:5; Theod. Prodr. 1, 19 Hercher; 2, 264; 6, 101) Lk 21:24; Hb 11:34 (OHofius, ZNW 62, ’71, 129f); the corresponding figure μ. κατέδεται (cp. 2 Km 11:25; Theod. Prodr. 6, 122 H. ἔτρωγεν … τὸ ξίφος κρέα, ἔπινεν ἡ μ. πηγὰς αἱμάτων) 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:20). (S. also πίπτω 1bαא.) μ. δίστομος a double-edged sword (Judg 3:16; Pr 5:4) Hb 4:12 (for the interpretation ‘scalpel’ or ‘bistoury’ s. CSpicq, RB 58, ’51, 482–84 [difft. idem, Lexique s.v. δίστομο], but the chief objections to such renderings are the absence of references in ancient medical writers to a double-edged surgical instrument and their preference for the diminutive μαχαίριον in connection w. such instruments).
    ② in various images μ. sword stands for
    ⓐ violent death Ro 8:35
    ⓑ for war (Gen 31:26; SibOr 8, 120.—Opp. εἰρήνη.) Mt 10:34 (Harnack, ZTK 22, 1912, 4–6).
    ⓒ the powerful function of the divine word ἡ μ. τοῦ πνεύματοςthe sword of the Spirit, explained as the Word of God Eph 6:17 (cp. Hb 4:12 in 1 above).
    ⓓ the power of authorities to punish evildoers τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖν carry the sword Ro 13:4 (cp. Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 1, 25, 3 δικαστοῦ ξίφος ἔχοντος; Ulpian in Digest of Justinian 2, 1, 3).—B. 559; 1392. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

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  • 91 μέχρι

    μέχρι even before vowels as in Attic Lk 16:16; Job 32:12. In three places in the NT (Mk 13:30 and Gal 4:19 μέχρις οὗ, Hb 12:4 μέχρις αἵματος) as well as Hv 4, 1, 9 (μέχρις ὅτε), Hs 9, 11, 1 (μέχρις ὀψέ) the form used before vowels is μέχρις (Vett. Val. 357, 19; IG XII, 5, 647; SIG 888, 150 [before a conson.]; 958, 16; 1109, 41; Threatte II 669–71; pap [Mayser p. 244]. On the LXX s. Thackeray p. 136.—B-D-F §21; Mlt-H. 113; 331) gener. ‘until’: in our lit. as prep. w. gen. (Hom. +) and conj. (Thu., Pla., et al.)
    ① marker of extension up to a point in an area, as far as, w. gen. μ. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ GPt 10:40. μ. τῆς Ἀσίας Ac 20:4 D. ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ…μ. τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ Ro 15:19 (ἀπὸ…μ. as SIG 973, 6f). μ. τῶν ἔσω φλεβῶν MPol 2:2 (Jos., Bell. 6, 304 μ. ὀστέων).
    ② marker of continuance in time up to a point, until
    ⓐ as prep. w. gen. μ. (τῆς) νῦν IMg 8:1; Papias (3:3) (Chion, Ep. 16, 4; Longus 4, 16, 2; Xenophon Eph. 1, 4, 1; Jos., Ant. 7, 386; 17, 114; Just., D. 82, 1 and 3 al.; cp. μ. τοῦ νῦν Χ., Cyr. 7, 3, 15; PTebt 50, 26 [112/11 B.C.]; BGU 256, 9; Just., D. 78, 8). μ. ὀψέ Hs 9, 11, 1. μέχρι τίνος; how long? (Just., A I, 32, 2; Alciphron 4, 17, 2; Achilles Tat. 2, 5, 1) v 3, 10, 9. μ. τῆς σήμερον until today (Jos., Ant. 9, 28) Mt 11:23; cp. 28:15; Hv 2, 2, 4. μ. μεσονυκτίου until midnight Ac 20:7. μ. Ἰωάννου until (the time of) John Lk 16:16. μ. τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Ti 6:14 (Just., D. 120, 3 μ.…τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Χριστοῦ). μ. καιροῦ διορθώσεως Hb 9:10. μ. τοῦ θερισμοῦ (for ἕως; another v.l. ἄχρι) until harvest time Mt 13:30 v.l. μ. τέλους Hb 3:6 v.l., 14 (cp. Ar. [Milne 76, 47f] μ. τελειώσεως χρόνων).—ἀπό…μ. (POxy 1647, 20 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου μέχρι δύσεως; EpArist 298): ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μ. ταύτης τῆς ὥρας from the fourth day to this hour Ac 10:30. ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μ. Μωϋσέως Ro 5:14 (cp. Just., D. 92, 2 ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ μ. Μωϋσέως).
    ⓑ as a conjunction until (B-D-F §383, 2; Rob. 975) μ. καταντήσωμεν Eph 4:13 (cp. Hdt. 4, 119, 4; SIG 976, 71 μέχρι ποιήσωσιν; PCairPreis 48, 7 μέχρι τὸ πλοιαρίδιον εὑρῶμεν; TestSol 9:8 P; SibOr 3, 570. On the omission of ἄν s. Mlt. 168f; Rydbeck, 144–53). μ. οὗ w. subjunctive (Herodas 2, 43; 8, 8 [Cunningham reads μέχρις εὖ in both]; POxy 293, 7 [27 A.D.] μέχρι οὗ ἀποστείλῃς Da 11:36 Theod.; EpArist 298) Mk 13:30 (μ. ὅτου v.l.); Gal 4:19. μ. ὅτε (ὅτου v.l.) Hv 4, 1, 9; GJs 10:2 (s. B-D-F §455, 3).
    ③ marker of degree or measure, to the point of, w. gen. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 69 §284 μ. τοῦ τέλους=to the end; Jos., Ant. 11, 81 μ. θρήνων; Ath. 12:3 μ. τοσούτου) κακοπαθεῖν μ. δεσμῶν suffer even to the point of being imprisoned 2 Ti 2:9. μ. αἵματος ἀντικαταστῆναι resist to the point of shedding one’s blood in being wounded or killed Hb 12:4 (μ. αἵμ. as Herodian 2, 6, 14). μ. θανάτου διωχθῆναι καὶ μ. δουλείας εἰσελθεῖν 1 Cl 4:9 (cp. 2 Macc 13:14; Jos., Bell. 2, 141). Of Christ ὑπήκοος μ. θανάτου obedient to the point of death Phil 2:8 (cp. PTor I, 1 VII, 28 [116 B.C.] μ. τελευτῆς βιοῦ). Of Epaphroditus διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μ. θανάτου ἤγγισεν vs. 30 (μέχρι θανάτου to denote degree: Diod S 15, 27, 2; Cebes 26, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 113 §471; 3, 77 §314; 3, 90 §372; 4, 135 §570 al.; Polyaenus 7, 30; 8, 49; Just., D. 11, 4 al.; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 427–31a; 2 Macc 13:14).—DELG. M-M.

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  • 92 ξηραίνω

    ξηραίνω (ξηρός) fut. ξηρανῶ LXX; 1 aor. ἐξήρανα. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. ξηρανθήσεται LXX; 1 aor. ἐξηράνθην; pf. ἐξήραμμαι, ptc. ἐξηραμμένος (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX, En, TestSol; TestLevi 4:1; ParJer 19:17; 4 Esdr 8:23 [Fgm. c]; Joseph.)
    ① to stop a flow (such as sap or other liquid) in someth. and so cause dryness, to dry, dry up
    ⓐ act. dry, dry out τὶ someth. (Thu. 1, 109, 4; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 831 ξηραίνει τὸ δένδρον; PGM 13, 27 ξήρανον [viz. τὰ ἄνθη]; Is 42:15; Jer 28:36; Just., D. 107, 3) of the sun τὸν χόρτον Js 1:11.
    ⓑ pass. in act. sense become dry, dry up, wither of trees (POxy 53, 10; Jo 1:12) Mt 21:19f; Mk 11:20f. Of plants without good roots Mt 13:6; Mk 4:6; Lk 8:6.—1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:7). A vine-branch when cut off J 15:6. Gener. of plants Hs 9, 21, 1; 3. Of water (Gen 8:7; 3 Km 17:7; Is 19:5f ποταμός; En 101:7; Jos., Bell. 5, 409 πηγή; TestLevi 4:1) of a river: dry up Rv 16:12. Of a flow of blood εὐθὺς ἐξηράνθη ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς her hemorrhage stopped at once Mk 5:29.
    ② to become dry to the point of being immobilized, be paralyzed, pass. in act. sense, fig. ext. of 1. As plants are killed by drought, so the human body is damaged by certain harmful things (Hippocr., π. τῶν ἐντὸς παθῶν 22 vol. VII 222 L.—PUps 8, 4 καταξηρανθήτω τὸ σῶμα ἐν κλίνοις=may her body dry up on the sickbed) ἄνθρωπος ἐξηραμμένην ἔχων τ. χεῖρα a man with a withered hand (i.e., one incapable of motion; cp. 3 Km 13:4) Mk 3:1, 3 v.l. Likew. the whole body of a boy who was possessed stiffens ξηραίνεται he becomes stiff 9:18 (Theocr. 24, 61 ξηρὸν ὑπαὶ δείους=stiff with fright. Similarly Psellus p. 212, 6).
    ③ to become dry and therefore be ready for harvesting, be ripe, pass. of grain Rv 14:15.—DELG s.v. ξηρός. M-M.

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  • 93 πάσχω

    πάσχω fut. 3 sg. παθεῖται (2 Cl 7:5; v.l. πείσεται; cp. Reinhold p. 74; B-D-F §74, 3), 3 pl. παθοῦνται Hs 8, 10, 4; 2 aor. ἔπαθον; pf. πέπονθα, ptc. πεπονθώς; plpf. 3 pl. ἐπεπόνθεισαν Wsd 18:1 (Hom.+) ‘to experience someth., be treated’ (π. expresses the passive idea corresponding to the active idea in ποιέω) of everything that befalls a person, whether good or ill. Yet its usage developed in such a way that π. came to be used less and less frequently in a good sense, and never thus without some clear indication, at least fr. the context, that the good sense is meant. In our lit. it is found
    ① only once in the sense experience someth. (pleasant) (of one who experiences special blessing, Pind., P. 3, 104 εὖ πασχέμεν, N. 1, 32 εὖ παθεῖν; Antiphanes 252, 2b ἀγαθὸν πάσχει; Diod S 20, 102, 2 εὖ πάσχειν; Dionys. Hal. 7, 51; Plut., Mor. 1110d; Arrian, Ind. 34, 1, Peripl. 2, 4; Jos., Ant. 3, 312; POxy 1855, 8; 10; 14 πάσχω ἀπόκρισιν of favorable information) τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῆ; have you had such remarkable experiences in vain? Gal 3:4 (Procop. Soph., Ep. 18 τοσοῦτον παθών; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 112 τὸ αὐτὸ πάσχει=he experiences the same thing.—Differently Zahn et al.; in their opinion this pass. belongs to 3b below; in support of their view s. τοσαῦτα παθών Ep. 56 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 359, 16], but the assoc. w. ἐπιχορηγέω Gal 3:5 suggests receipt of beneficence).—On probability of wordplay (παθεῖν … μαθεῖν) s. Betz, Gal. 134.
    ② Likew. there is only one place in which π. has a neutral mng. Even here the addition of κακῶς gives it an unfavorable connotation: κακῶς πάσχειν be badly off, in an evil plight (Hom et al.; Hdt. 3, 146 et al.; Wsd 18:19; JosAs 7:4; 24:1; Philo, In Flacc. 124, Spec. Leg. 4, 3) Mt 17:15 (v.l. ἔχει).
    ③ In all other places, as always in LXX, in an unfavorable sense suffer, endure.
    ⓐ suffer
    α. abs. (also in the sense suffer death, be killed, [have to] die: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 70 §321; 3, 87 §359; Arrian, Anab. 6, 10, 3; Paroem. Gr.: Zenob. 4, 60 the crow ἔπαθε from the scorpion’s poison; Herodian 1, 17, 7; Just., D. 52, 3; Mel., P. 8, 65; sim. Callinus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 1, 17 G-B.[=D.3] ἤν τι πάθῃ=‘if he fell’; Demosth. 4, 11f; Straton of Lamps., Fgm. 10 [in Diog. L. 5, 61] ἐάν τι πάσχω=‘if anything happens to me’; Diod S 13, 98, 2; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 8, 3; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 238; Jos., Ant. 15, 65; 18, 352; CB I/2, 391 no. 254; Iren. 1, 3, 3 [Harv. I, 27, 1]) πρὸ τοῦ με παθεῖν before I suffer Lk 22:15. Cp. 24:46; Ac 1:3; 3:18; 17:3; 1 Cor 12:26; Hb 2:18 (on ἐν ᾧ s. ἐν 7); 9:26; 1 Pt 2:20, 23; 3:17; B 7:2a; Hs 8, 10, 4. The expr. γῆ πάσχουσα B 6:9 seems to transfer the philosoph. concept of suffering matter to the γῆ (Hefele, Hilgenfeld, Veil): earth capable of suffering (Goodsp.), earth capable of being molded into a human being (Kleist, note ad loc.).
    β. w. additions: ὑπό τινος at the hands of someone denotes the one who caused the suffering (Antiphon Orat., Fgm. 34; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 134 D.; PAmh 78, 4; Jos., Bell. 5, 19, Ant. 10, 92; Mel., P. 75, 546ff; B-D-F §315) Mt 17:12 (s. also b below). Also ὑπὸ χειρός τινος B 5:5b (cp. Mel., Fgm. 7 ὑπὸ δεξιᾶ Ἰσραηλίτιδος). ὑπέρ τινος for someone or someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 15 §63 π. ὑπέρ τινος=suffer for someone; Just., D. 121, 2 ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ἀρνεῖσθαι αὐτόν as military metaphor: EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr. ’93, 126) Phil 1:29; 2 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 2:21 (περί τινος v.l.), ὑπὲρ τ. ὀνόματος τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 28, 2a. ὑπὲρ τοῦ νόμου 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας, ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτωλῶν MPol 17:2. ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν ISm 7:1. Also περί τινος (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 29 p. 415, 29 Jac. περὶ τῶν διαδόχων αὐτοῦ ἅπαν … παθεῖν) περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν 1 Pt 3:18 (v.l. ἀπέθανεν). περι τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν B 5:5a. διά w. acc. for the sake of: διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 Pt 3:14. διὰ τὸ ὄνομα (αὐτοῦ) Pol 8:2; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 28, 3. διʼ ἡμᾶς B 7:2b. διὰ τὸν θεόν Hs 9, 28, 6a. εἵνεκα or ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματος v 3, 1, 9; 3, 5, 2; Hs 9, 28, 5; 6b. κατὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Pt 4:19. ἔξω τῆς πύλης Hb 13:12. ἐπὶ ξύλου on the tree B 5:13b.—Used w. an instrumental (?) dat.: αἰκίαις καὶ βασάνοις π. 1 Cl 6:1 v.l. πολλαῖς πράξεσι Hs 6, 3, 4. W. dat. to denote manner (B-D-F §198) π. σαρκί suffer in the body 1 Pt 4:1ab (in b v.l. ἐν σαρκί).—Used w. an adverb: ἀδίκως 1 Pt 2:19. ἀληθῶς ISm 2b. δικαίως (TestSim 4:3; Just., D. 110, 6) Hs 6, 3, 6a. ἡδέως 8, 10, 4. προθύμως 9, 28, 2b and 4. οὕτω GPt 4:13; B 5:13a. ὀλίγον (s. ὀλίγος 2bβ) 1 Pt 5:10. τὸ δοκεῖν (δοκέω 2aα) in semblance, seemingly ITr 10; ISm 2c.—ὡς φονεύς undergo punishment (cp. SIG 1016, 7 π. ὡς ἱερόσυλος) as a murderer 1 Pt 4:15.
    ⓑ endure, undergo τί someth. (Orig., C. Cels. 7, 13, 7; π. καταστροφήν; Did., Gen. 232, 11; Theoph. Ant. 2, 23 [p. 156, 6]) παθήματα π. endure sufferings 2 Cor 1:6 (ὧν by attraction of the rel. fr. ἅ; sim. Iren. 1, 8, 2 [Harv. I 70, 4]). αἰκίσματα 1 Cl 6:2. πολλὰ π. (Jos., Ant. 13, 268; 403) Mt 27:19; Mk 8:31; 9:12; Lk 9:22 (s. further below); 17:25; B 7:11; AcPl Ha 8, 19. τὰ ὅμοιά τινι the same things as someone Ox 840, 3. οὐδὲν κακόν suffer no harm Ac 28:5. οὐδὲν τῶν πονηρῶν Hs 6, 3, 6b. ὡς οὐδὲν πεπονθώς as if nothing had happened to him MPol 8:3 (cp. TestJob 47:7 ὡς οὐδὲν ὅλως πεπονθώς). ταῦτα Lk 13:2; 24:26; 2 Ti 1:12; 1 Cl 45:5. τί παθεῖται; what will he have to endure? 2 Cl 7:5 (πάσχειν τι=endure punishment, as Pla., Leg. 10, 1, 885ab). μὴ φοβοῦ ἃ μελλεις πάσχειν do not be afraid of what you are about to undergo Rv 2:10. W. attraction ἔμαθεν ἀφʼ ὧν ἔπαθεν τὴν ὑπακοήν= ἔμαθεν τὴν ὑπακοὴν ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ ἔπαθεν he learned obedience from what he endured (i.e. despite his being God’s son, Jesus experienced suffering as the medium for exhibiting the ultimate extent of his obedience) Hb 5:8 (for the consonance or wordplay s. the reff. cited s.v. μανθάνω 3). π. τι ὑπό τινος endure someth. at someone’s hands (X., Hiero 7, 8, Symp. 1, 9; Jos., Ant. 7, 209; 12, 401; s. 3aβ above) Mk 5:26; 1 Th 2:14; B 7:5. Also π. τι ἀπό τινος (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 11; Lucian, D. Deor. 6, 4; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 27, 5) Mt 16:21; perh. Lk 9:22. π. τι ἕνεκά τινος endure someth. for someone’s sake 2 Cl 1:2. Also π. τι διά τινα ISm 2a (Just., D. 117, 3; Mel., P. 59, 435). ὅσα δεῖ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματός μου παθεῖν Ac 9:16 (π. τι ὑπέρ τινος as Jos., Ant. 13, 199).—WWichmann, D. Leidenstheologie, e. Form der Leidensdeutung im Spätjudentum 1930; HVondran, D. Leidensgedanke im Spiegel d. Selbstbewusstseins Jesu: NKZ 43, ’32, 257–75; RLiechtenhan, D. Überwindung d. Leidens b. Pls. u. in d. zeitgen. Stoa: ZTK n.s. 3, 1922, 368–99; WMichaelis, Herkunft u. Bed. des Ausdrucks ‘Leiden u. Sterben J. Chr.’ ’45; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré, ’47, 314–17 (Le Messie Souffrant …); ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht (Sühntod Jesu Christi), ’55; EGüttgemanns, D. leidende Apostel, ’66.—K Schelkle, Die Passion Jesu etc., ’49; JGreen, The Death of Jesus ’88; RBrown, The Death of the Messiah, 2 vols. ’94; ACollins, From Noble Death to Crucified Messiah, NTS 40, ’94, 481–503; on alleged anti-Judaism in Luke’s passion narrative, s. HMerkel, NTS 40, ’94, 394–95 (lit.).—Schmidt, Syn. I 424–441. DELG. M-M. EDNT. DLNT. TW. Sv.

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  • 94 πνικτός

    πνικτός, ή, όν (πνίγω; in non-biblical Gk. only w. another mng.: Pherecrates Com. [V B.C.] 175 and Alexis Com. 124, 2=‘steamed, stewed, baked’; Galen VI p. 707, 1 al. It is restored in an ins fr. the Asclepiaeum on Cos A 26f; 41 by RHerzog: ARW 10, 1907, 402; 408f.—Not in LXX nor in Hellenistic Jewish wr.) in Ac it plainly means strangled, choked to death (so also Ps.-Clem., Hom. 7, 8; 8, 19) of animals killed without having the blood drained fr. them, whose flesh the Israelites were forbidden to eat (Lev 17:13f. In this connection Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 122 opposes those who are ἄγχοντες and ἀποπνίγοντες animals.—Hierocles 26, 480 the Pythagorean dietary laws forbid τῶν ἀθύτων σαρκῶν μετάληψις=of meat fr. animals that have not been properly slaughtered) Ac 15:20, 29; 21:25 (D omits it in all three places).—On the questions raised by this word s. Harnack, SBBerlAk 1899, 150ff (=Studien I 1f) and w. another result in: Die Apostelgeschichte 1908, 189ff and Neue Untersuchungen zur AG 1911, 22ff; GResch, D. Aposteldekret: TU n.s. 13, 1905; ASeeberg, Die beiden Wege u. d. Aposteldekret 1906; HvanOort, TT 40, 1906, 97ff; HCoppieters, RB 4, 1907, 31ff; 218ff; WSanday, The Apostolic Decree, Acts 15:20–29: Theol. Studien, TZahn dargebr. 1908, 317–38, The Text of the Apost. Decr.: Exp. 8th ser., 6, 1913, 289–305; HDiehl, ZNW 10, 1909, 277–96; KLake, CQR 71, 1911, 345ff, Jew. Stud. in Mem. of IAbrahams 1927, 244ff, Beginn. I 5, ’33, Note 16, esp. p. 206ff; KSix, Das Aposteldekret 1912; FDibelius, StKr 87, 1914, 618ff; AWikenhauser, Die AG 1921, 213ff; LBrun, Apostelkonzil u. Aposteldekret: NorTT 21, 1920, 1–52; JRopes, The Text of Acts (=Beginn. I 3) 1926, 265ff; HLietzmann, Amicitiae Corolla ’33, 203–11; HWaitz, D. Problem des sog. Aposteldekrets: ZKG 55, ’36, 227–63; MDibelius, D. Apostelkonzil: TLZ 72, ’47, 193–98; OCullmann, Petrus ’52, 47ff; WKümmel, KKundsin Festschr. ’53, 83ff; EHaenchen ad loc.; FBruce, Ac3 ’90 ad loc.—DELG s.v. πνίγω. M-M. TW.

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  • 95 πτῶμα

    πτῶμα, ατος, τό (πίπτω; Aeschyl.+; LXX; PsSol 3:10 ‘fall’; TestSol 1:7 D; Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 3, 183; 5, 457; loanw. in rabb.; prim.: ‘that which has fallen’) a dead body: animal or human, (dead) body, corpse, esp. of one killed by violence (used w. νεκροῦ or the gen. of a name as early as Trag.; without them in Polyb. 15, 14, 2; Plut., Alex. 684 [33, 8]; Vett. Val. 275, 19; Herodian 7, 9, 7; Jos., Bell. 5, 570, Ant. 7, 16 al.; SIG 700, 17 [118 B.C.]; Kaibel 326, 5; LXX) Mt 14:12; 24:28 (gathering-point for vultures as Cornutus 21 p. 41, 15f); Mk 6:29; 15:45; Rv 11:8f (τὸ πτῶμα αὐτῶν in vss. 8 and 9a, τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν 9b); GJs 24:3a (pap; s. deStrycker).—Mt 14:12 and Mk 15:45 have as v.l. σῶμα, a more dignified word.—B. 290. DELG s.v. πίπτω C 1. M-M. TW.

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  • 96 σκότος

    σκότος, ους, τό (as a masc. word Hom. et al. and so in the Attic writers [EFraenkel, ZVS 43, 1910, 195ff; σκότος and φῶς], as well as Jos., Ant. 19, 216; 217; as a neut. Pind. et al. and H. Gk. gener., also in LXX [Thackeray p. 159]; pseudepigr.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 6, 140, Ant. 1, 27; apolog.; PWarr 21, 25; 30 [III A.D.].—B-D-F §51, 2; Mlt-H. 127. Only in Hb 12:18 does ὁ σκ. appear as a v.l. in the t.r.) ‘darkness’
    ① darkness, gloom, lit., of the darkness in the depths of the sea B 10:10. Of dark clouds ApcPt 10:25. Of the darkening of the sun (σκότος at the death of Aeschyl., acc. to Aristoph.: Ael. Aristid. 32, 32 K.=12 p. 145 D. At the death of Alexander ἐγένετο σκότος: Ps.-Callisth. 3, 33, 26. Others HUsener, RhM n.s. 55, 1900, 286f) Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; GPt 5:15; Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4: here σκ. means ‘bearer of darkness’; s. 4, end). Of the darkness of chaos (Gen 1:2; Mel., P. 82, 611; Theoph. Ant. 1, 6 [p. 70, 19]) 2 Cor 4:6. Of the darkness of nonexistence 1 Cl 38:3 (Sb 8960, 19 [grave-epigram I B.C.] σκότους πύλας); JosAs 8:10 ἀπὸ τοῦ σκότους εἰς τὸ φῶς). Of the darkness of the place of punishment far removed fr. the heavenly kingdom (Philo, Exsecr. 152 βαθὺ σκότος. Cp. Wsd 17:20; PsSol 14:9.—σκ. κ. βόρβορος ‘gloom and muck’ await those who are untrue to the Eleusinian Mysteries, Ael. Aristid. 22, 10 K.=19 p. 421 D. Of the darkness of death and the underworld in Hom. and the Trag. As the domain of evil spirits PGM 36, 138; Theoph. Ant. 2, 7 [p. 110, 5]) τὸ σκ. τὸ ἐξώτερον the darkness outside Mt 8:12; 22:13; 25:30 (also ApcEsdr 4:37 p. 29, 16 Tdf.; cp. Vi. Aesopi W 31 P., where Aesop advises a man: ῥῖψον αὐτὴν [his wife] εἰς τὸ σκότος.—RTaylor, Theology 33, ’42, 277–83). Also ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους (ζόφος 2) 2 Pt 2:17; Jd 13.—Of the darkness in which the blind live (Soph., Oed. R. 419; Eur., Phoen. 377; 1534; Dt 28:29) w. ἀχλύς (q.v. 1) Ac 13:11. [διὰ τὸ] σκότος ἀφα̣[νής] unnoticed because of the darkness AcPl Ha 3, 27 (other restorations suggested in app.).
    ② the state of being unknown, darkness, fig. τὰ κρυπτὰ τοῦ σκότους the things that are hidden in darkness and therefore are known to nobody 1 Cor 4:5.
    ③ the state of spiritual or moral darkness, darkness, of darkening by sin, of the state of unbelievers and of the godless, opp. φῶς (Herm. Wr. 7, 2a; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 101, Somn. 2, 39; TestLevi 19:1; TestNapht 2:10; OdeSol 11:19; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 22 [Stone p. 70]; TestJob 43:6; JosAs 15:13; Mel., P. 68, 491; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 67, 6.—S. σκότος as gnostic term Iren. 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 36, 2]; Hippol., Ref. 10, 16, 4) Mt 4:16 (Is 9:1; s. σκοτία); 6:23b; J 3:19; Ac 26:18; Ro 2:19; 2 Cor 6:14; 1 Th 5:4f; 1 Pt 2:9; 1J 1:6; 1 Cl 59:2; B 14:7 (Is 42:7); 18:1; AcPl Ha 8, 32/BMM verso 4. Opp. δικαιοσύνη B 5:4. Cp. 14:5f. W. σκιὰ θανάτου (σκιά 2b) Lk 1:79 (schol. on Soph., El. 1079 p. 149 P. ἐν σκότει γενέσθαι τ. θανάτου. For σκότος=darkness of death cp. Plut., Mor. 296ab, an oath ‘by the σκότος near the oak tree, where the men of Priene had been killed in such great numbers’; s. also New Docs 4, 149).—Sins are τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους Ro 13:12; Eph 5:11.—On ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ σκότους Lk 22:53; Col 1:13 s. ἐξουσία 6. On οἱ κοσμοκράτορες τοῦ σκότους τούτου Eph 6:12 s. κοσμοκράτωρ.—In a related sense, and in contrast to φῶς, σκότος has the sense
    ④ bearer/victim/instrument of darkness Mt 6:23a; Lk 11:35; Eph 5:8 (s. KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 339f [Qumran]). S. also 3 above.—B. 61. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

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  • 97 φθορά

    φθορά, ᾶς, ἡ (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; PsSol 4:6; SibOr 2, 9; Philo; Jos., Ant. 18, 373; Mel., P. 49, 351; Ath., R. 16 p. 67, 24 al.)
    ① breakdown of organic matter, dissolution, deterioration, corruption, in the world of nature (Galen, In Hippocr. De Natura Hominis Comm. 45 p. 25, 6 Mewaldt γένεσις κ. φθορά=coming into being and passing away; 51 p. 28, 11 γένεσις κ. φθορὰ σώματος.—The cause of destruction is made clear by an addition. Cp. Plut., Artox. 1019 [16, 6] concerning Mithridates, who was allowed to decompose while he was still alive: εὐλαὶ κ. σκώληκες ὑπὸ φθορᾶς κ. σηπεδόνος ἀναζέουσιν=maggots and worms swarmed as a result of the destruction and putrefaction [of his body]) τροφὴ φθορᾶς perishable food IRo 7:3. ἅ ἐστιν πάντα εἰς φθορὰν τῇ ἀποχρήσει all of which are meant for destruction by being consumed Col 2:22. Of animals who are destined to be killed 2 Pt 2:12a (X., Cyr. 7, 5, 64; Artem. 1, 78 p. 74, 27.—Schol. on Nicander, Ther. 795 explains κακόφθορα by saying that it designates animals τὰ ἐπὶ κακῇ φθορᾷ τεχθέντα=born to come to an evil end, i.e. destruction).—Of the state of being perishable (opp. ἀφθαρσία as Philo, Mos. 2, 194; Mel., Ath.) 1 Cor 15:42; also concrete, that which is perishable vs. 50. ἡ δουλεία τῆς φθορᾶς slavery to decay Ro 8:21. [ἀπ]ὸ φθορᾶς γεγ[ονός] that which comes from the perishable Ox 1081 13f (=Coptic SJCh 89, 11f; the restoration φθορᾶς pap ln. 12 also corresponds to the Coptic version; for the correct restoration of pap ln. 23 s. under διαφορά).
    ② destruction of a fetus, abortion (cp. SIG 1042, 7 [II/III A.D.] φθορά=miscarriage [which makes the mother unclean for 40 days] and φθόριον=a means of producing abortion) οὐ φονεύσεις ἐν φθορᾷ B 19:5; D 2:2.—On the topic of abortion s. Soranus, Gyn. 64f (procedures); Plut., Mor. 242c (διαφθείρω); SDickison, Abortion in Antiquity: Arethusa 6, ’73, 159–66.
    ③ ruination of a pers. through an immoral act, seduction of a young woman (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 9 Jac.; Diod S 3, 59, 1; 5, 62, 1; Plut., Mor. 712c; Jos., Ant. 17, 309, C. Ap. 2, 202) w. μοιχεία (Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 102) 2 Cl 6:4.
    ④ inward depravity, depravity (Ex 18:18; Mi 2:10) ἡ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ φθορά the depravity that exists in the world because of inordinate desire (opp. θεία φύσις) 2 Pt 1:4. δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς 2:19. Vs. 12b (s. 5 below) scarcely belongs here.
    ⑤ total destruction of an entity, destruction in the last days Gal 6:8 (opp. ζωὴ αἰώνιος). ἐν τῇ φθορᾷ αὐτῶν καὶ φθαρήσονται when they (the dumb animals) are destroyed in the coming end of the world, these (the false teachers), too, will be destroyed (so BWeiss, Kühl, JMayor, Windisch, Knopf, Vrede) 2 Pt 2:12b.—DELG s.v. θείρω. M-M. TW. Sv.

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  • 98 φυσικός

    φυσικός, ή, όν (fr. φύω via φύσις; X.+; PLips 28, 18; EpArist 222 al.; TestDan 2:4; 3:4; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 99; Ar. 13:7; Just., D. 39, 1; Ath.; φυσικώτερον Tat. 21, 2) pert. to being in accordance w. the basic order of things in nature
    ⓐ of human behavior natural (Dionys. Hal., Plut. et al. φυσικὴ χρῆσις) Ro 1:26f.
    ⓑ of animals, whose natural destiny is to be the victims of predators in accordance with nature γεγεννημένα φυσικὰ εἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν (mere) creatures of instinct, born to be caught and killed 2 Pt 2:12.—DELG s.v. φύομαι C 6. M-M. Sv.

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  • 99 χάλαζα

    χάλαζα, ης, ἡ (Hom. et al.; LXX, En, Philo) hail Rv 8:7 (w. fire as Ex 9:23–28); 11:19 (lightning, thunder, and hail as a divine manifestation as GrBar 16:3; Jos, Ant. 6, 92; cp. SibOr 3, 691; also Cat. Cod. Astr. passim); 16:21ab (for the extraordinary size cp. Diod S 19, 45, 2 χ. ἄπιστος τὸ μέγεθος, a single hailstone weighed a mina [approx. a half kilogram] or more. The hail caused houses to collapse and killed people: Jos., Ant. 2, 305; deadly hail on the wicked as Ctesias, Pers. 25); hailstone Hm 11:20. Hail puts a halt to Paul’s animal combat AcPl Ha 5, 6 and tears off one of the proconsul’s ears 5, 10f.—DELG. M-M.

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  • 100 ἀμύνομαι

    ἀμύνομαι fut. 3 sg. ἀμυνεῖται Tat. 17:4, 1 aor. ἠμυνάμην (Hom.+; LXX, JosAs, ApcrEzk [Epiph. 70, 8]; but here just as rare as in the ins [e.g. SIG 780, 35; IAndrosIsis, Kyme 37 p. 124 P.] and the pap [e.g. APF 3, 1906, p. 418, 71]—Jos., Bell. 1, 319; 5, 129, Ant. 9, 9 al.; Tat. 17, 2; 4) to help by coming to the aid of, help, assist, defend someone (Is 59:16; JosAs 23:11 cod. A [p. 75, 9 Bat.]) abs. w. ἐκδίκησιν ποιεῖν of Moses, who killed an Egyptian Ac 7:24 (for Att. ἀμύνω B-D-F §316, 1). This mng. is perh. preferable to retaliate (as Epict. 4, 13, 7; JosAs 24:7).—DELG s.v. ἀμύνω. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀμύνομαι

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