these+methods+are+described

1 on, above, on top of, onto.

Un libro sobre el cáncer de pulmón A book on lung cancer...

2 on, about, over, referring to.

3 on.

Un libro sobre el cáncer de pulmón A book on lung cancer...

envelope.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sobrar.

* * *

► preposición

1 (encima) on, upon, on top of

■ sobre de la mesa on the table

2 (por encima) over, above

■ volamos sobre la ciudad we're flying over the town

3 (acerca de) about, on

■ el primer capítulo trata sobre los derechos humanos chapter one is about human rights

4 (alrededor de) about, around

■ vendré sobre las dos I'll come about two

5 (superioridad en rango) over

6 figurado (indica reiteración) upon, after

■ mentira sobre mentira lie after lie

► nombre masculino

1 (de correo) envelope

2 (de sopa etc) packet

3 familiar figurado (cama) bed

\

irse al sobre familiar to hit the sack

sobre manera exceedingly

sobre todo above all, especially

* * *

1) envelope

2) packet

1) on, upon, on top of

2) over

3) about

•

- sobre todo

* * *

1) [para cartas] envelope

2) ** (=cama) bed

3) LAm (=cartera) handbag

1) (=encima de) on

- estar sobre algn

2) (=por encima de)

a) [+ lugar] over

b) [con cantidades] above

3) [indicando superioridad] over

4) [indicando proporción] out of, in

5) (Econ) on

6) (=aproximadamente) about

7) (=acerca de) about, on

8) (=además de) in addition to, on top of

9)

* * *

1)

a) (Corresp) envelope

b) ( envase)

2) (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag

1) ( indicando posición)

a) ( con contacto)

b) ( sin contacto) over

c) ( alrededor de) on

2) ( en relaciones de jerarquía)

3)

a) (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on

b) (Com, Fin) on

4) ( acerca de) on

5) (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE)

6)

* * *

1)

a) (Corresp) envelope

b) ( envase)

2) (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag

1) ( indicando posición)

a) ( con contacto)

b) ( sin contacto) over

c) ( alrededor de) on

2) ( en relaciones de jerarquía)

3)

a) (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on

b) (Com, Fin) on

4) ( acerca de) on

5) (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE)

6)

* * *

sobre¹

¹ = envelope.

sobre²

* * *

1 ( Corresp) envelope

sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea airmail envelope

sobre de ventanilla window envelope

(envase): un sobre de sopa a package of soup ( AmE), a packet of soup ( BrE)

un sobre or sobrecito de vitamina C a pack of Vitamin C ( AmE), a sachet of Vitamin C ( BrE)

B ( arg)

(cama): el sobre the sack ( colloq)

irse al sobre to hit the sack o the hay ( colloq)

C ( AmL) (cartera) clutch bag

A (indicando posición)

(cuando hay contacto): lo dejé sobre la mesa I left it on the table

los fue poniendo uno sobre otro she placed them one on top of the other

vestía chaqueta a or de cuadros sobre una camisa blanca he wore a checked jacket over a white shirt

letras en azul sobre un fondo blanco blue letters on o upon a white background

la lluvia que cayó sobre Quito the rain that fell on Quito

prestar juramento sobre los Santos Evangelios to swear on the Holy Bible

la población está sobre el Paraná the town is on the Paraná river

se abalanzaron sobre él they leapt on him

estamos sobre su pista we're on their trail

2 (cuando no hay contacto) over

volaremos sobre Santiago we shall be flying over Santiago

se inclinó sobre su lecho de enfermo she leaned o bent over his sick bed

en el techo justo sobre la mesa on the ceiling right above o over the table

4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 4,000 meters above sea level

estar sobre algn to check up on sb

está constantemente sobre ella para que estudie he has to keep checking up on her to make sure she studies

3 (alrededor de) on

gira sobre su eje it spins on its axis

4 ( Mat):

^X/y (en ecuaciones) (read as: x sobre y) ^X/y (léase: x over y)

¹⁸/20 (calificación) (read as: 18 sobre 20) ¹⁸/20 (léase: 18 out of 20)

(en relaciones de jerarquía): sobre estos representantes tenemos al jefe de zona above these representatives we have the area head

su victoria sobre el equipo local their victory over the local team

amar a Dios sobre todas las cosas love God above all else

1 (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on

han tenido mucha influencia sobre él they have had a great influence on him

una opereta sobre libreto de Sierra an operetta with libretto by Sierra

2 ( Com, Fin) on

un nuevo impuesto sobre las importaciones a new tax on imports

un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices

la hipoteca que pesa sobre la casa the mortgage on the house

prestan dinero sobre alhajas they lend money on jewelry

cheque sobre Buenos Aires check payable in Buenos Aires

cheque girado sobre el Banco de Córdoba check drawn on the Banco de Córdoba

D (acerca de) on

legislación sobre impuestos tax legislation, legislation on taxes

existen muchos libros sobre el tema there are many books on the subject

escribió sobre el espinoso tema de … she wrote on o about the thorny topic of …

(próximo a): el ejército está sobre la ciudad the army is at the gates of the city

llegué muy sobre la hora ( AmS); I only arrived a short time beforehand

2 ( Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about ( BrE)

debe pesar sobre los 70 kilos he must weigh around o about 70 kilos

sobre todo above all

tuvo mucho éxito, sobre todo entre la juventud it was very successful, above all o particularly o especially among young people

aumentan las presiones políticas, sociales y, sobre todo, económicas the political, social and, above all, economic pressures are growing

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

a) (quedar, restar):

◊ sobró mucha comida there was a lot of food left over;

b) ( estar de más):

◊ ya veo que sobro aquí I can see I'm not wanted/needed here;

a) ( encima de) on;

◊ lo dejé sobre la mesa I left it on the table;

b) ( por encima de) over;

◊ volamos sobre Lima we flew over Lima;

c) ( alrededor de) on;

◊ gira sobre su eje it spins on its axis

◊ amar a Dios sobre todas las cosas to love God above all else

◊ hay muchos libros sobre el tema there are many books on o about the subject

◊ sobre unos 70 kilos around o about 70 kilos

◊ sobre todo above all

* * *

sobre¹ nm

1. [para cartas] envelope

2. [para alimentos, medicamentos] sachet, packet

3. Fam [cama]

4. Am [bolsa] clutch bag

5. Urug sobre de dormir sleeping bag

♦ prep

1. [encima de] on (top of);

el libro está sobre la mesa the book is on (top of) the table;

aún hay nieve sobre las montañas there's still snow on the mountains;

fui apilando las tejas una sobre otra I piled the tiles up one on top of the other;

una cruz roja sobre fondo blanco a red cross on o against a white background;

varios policías saltaron sobre él several policemen fell upon him;

seguimos sobre su pista we're still on her trail;

sobre la hora: ¿tomamos algo antes de que subas al tren? – imposible, ya estoy sobre la hora shall we have a bite to eat before you catch the train? – I can't, I'm already tight for time;

llegamos muy sobre la hora we arrived with very little time to spare

2. [por encima de] over, above;

el puente sobre la bahía the bridge across o over the bay;

en estos momentos volamos sobre la isla de Pascua we are currently flying over Easter Island;

la catedral destaca sobre los demás edificios the cathedral stands out over o above the other buildings;

a 3.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 3,000 metres above sea level

3. [en torno a] on;

la Tierra gira sobre sí misma the Earth revolves on its own axis

4. [indica superioridad]

una victoria sobre alguien a win over sb

5. [indica relación, contraste, efecto]

tiene muchas ventajas sobre el antiguo modelo it has a lot of advantages over the old model;

su efecto sobre la quemadura es inmediato its effect on the burn is immediate;

no tienen influencia sobre ellos they have no influence over them

6. [acerca de] about, on;

discuten sobre política they are arguing about politics;

un libro sobre el amor a book about o on love;

una conferencia sobre el desarme a conference on disarmament

7. [aproximadamente] about;

llegarán sobre las diez/sobre el jueves they'll arrive at about ten o'clock/around Thursday;

tiene sobre los veinte años she's about twenty;

los solicitantes deben de ser sobre dos mil there must be about two thousand applicants

8. [indica acumulación] upon;

nos contó mentira sobre mentira he told us lie upon lie o one lie after another

9. [indica inminencia] upon;

la desgracia estaba ya sobre nosotros the disaster was already upon us

♦ sobre todo loc adv

above all;

afectó sobre todo a la industria turística it particularly affected the tourist industry;

y, sobre todo, no le digas nada a ella and, above all, don't say anything to her

* * *

I m envelope;

sopa de sobre packet soup

II prp

1 on;

sobre la mesa on the table

2 ( acerca de)

sobre esto about this

3 ( alrededor de)

sobre las tres around three o’clock

sobre todo above all, especially

* * *

sobre nm

1) : envelope

2) : packet

un sobre de sazón: a packet of seasoning

sobre prep

1) : on, on top of

sobre la mesa: on the table

2) : over, above

3) : about

¿tiene libros sobre Bolivia?: do you have books on Bolivia?

sobre todo : especially, above all

* * *

sobre¹ n

1. (para carta) envelope

2. (envoltorio) packet

3. (envoltorio pequeño) sachet

sobre² prep

1. (encima de) on

2. (por encima de) over

3. (acerca de, alrededor de) about

• Будет полезно использовать ситуацию¹, в которой... - It will be useful to explore the circumstances under which...

• Будет полезно рассмотреть эту ситуацию с более общей точки зрения. - It will be useful to consider this situation more generally.

• Бывают сложные ситуации, когда интуиция обманывается. - There are complex situations that baffle the intuition.

• В большинстве практических ситуаций ничего из этой информации не дано. - In most practical situations, neither of these pieces of information is given.

• В большинстве практических ситуациях это не важно, потому что... - In most practical cases this is not important since...

• В менее критических ситуациях возможно (указать и т. п.)... - For less critical cases, it is possible to...

• В некоторых ситуациях бывает возможно... - In some situations it is possible to...

• В обычной ситуации ожидалось бы, что... - Normally, it would be expected that...

• В подобной неопределенной ситуации экспериментатор понимает, что... - In such an uncertain situation, the experimenter realizes that...

• В подобной ситуации мы могли бы задать два вопроса... - In such a situation, we might ask two questions:...

• В подобной ситуации необходимо... - In such a situation, it is necessary to...

• В следующей главе мы упростим ситуацию, рассматривая случай... - In the next chapter we simplify matters by considering the case of...

• В таких ситуациях кажется малоправдоподобным, что... - In these situations it seems unlikely that...

• В такой ситуации имеет смысл (вычислить и т. п.)... - In this situation it pays to...

• В такой ситуации мы часто говорим, что... - In this situation, we often say that...

• В этой ситуации естественно определить... - In this situation it is natural to define...

• В этой ситуации мы будем иметь дело... - In this context we shall deal with...

• В этой ситуации хорошо известно, что... - In this situation it is well known that...

• Важная ситуация возникает, когда... - An important situation arises when...

• Во многих ситуациях относительно легко (вычислить и т. п.)... - In many situations it is relatively easy to...

• Возможна также (и) более сложная ситуация. - A more complicated situation is also possible.

• Данная ситуация адекватно иллюстрируется... - The situation is adequately illustrated by...

• Данная ситуация напоминает о... - The situation is reminiscent of...

• Данная ситуация подобна той, где/ когда... - The situation is similar to that of...

• И это могло бы создать ситуацию, где... - And this might create the situation where...

• Идеальная ситуация достигается, когда... - The ideal situation is reached when...

• Изучение таких ситуаций обеспечивает... - The study of such situations provides...

• Иногда у нас возникает ситуация, что... - Sometimes we have the situation that...

• Как мы сейчас увидим, это другая ситуация. - But here the situation is different, as we shall now see.

• Мы возвращаемся к стандартной ситуации, в которой... - We revert to the standard situation in which...

• Мы можем взглянуть на эту ситуацию с более общей точки зрения следующим образом. - We can look at this situation in general terms as follows.

• Мы можем исправить эту ситуацию, предприняв два шага. - We can remedy this situation by taking two steps.

• Мы промоделируем ситуацию следующим образом. - We model the situation as follows.

• Мы рассматриваем относительно простую ситуацию, в которой... - We consider a relatively simple situation in which...

• Мы уже видели в других ситуациях, что... - We have seen in other circumstances that...

• На самом деле, такая ситуация возникает, потому что... - Effectively, the situation arises because...

• Обычная ситуация состоит в том, что... - The normal situation is that...

• Однако бывают ситуации, когда удобно... - There are occasions, however, when it is convenient to...

• Однако ситуация не всегда так очевидна, как эта. - Things are not always as obvious as this, however.

• Однако ситуация усложняется, когда... - However, things are less simple when...

• Особая ситуация осуществляется, если мы... - A special situation results if we...

• Особенно простой является ситуация, когда... - A particularly simple situation is that in which...

• Очевидно, что эта ситуация возникает просто потому, что... - It is obvious that this situation arises simply because...

• Очевидным средством для исправления ситуации здесь является... - The obvious remedy is to...

• Подобная ситуация возникнет (каждый раз), когда мы рассматриваем... - A similar situation will arise when we discuss...

• Подобная ситуация существует в случае, когда/где... - A similar situation exists in the case of...

• Подобные методы могут использоваться в более сложных ситуациях. - Similar methods may be employed in more complicated cases.

• Простейший пример такой ситуации дается специальным случаем... - The simplest example of such a situation is the special case of...

• Пытаясь улучшить ситуацию, мы приходим к... - In an attempt to improve on this situation, one is led to...

• Сегодня ситуация существенно отличается. - The situation is very different today.

• Ситуация еще менее понятна, если... - The situation is even less clear if...

• Ситуация меняется, если мы... - The situation changes if we...

• Ситуация становится проще в случае, когда... - The situation is slightly simpler in the case where...

• Ситуация улучшается в случае, когда... - The situation is improved in the case of...

• Физически эта ситуация не очень важна, поскольку... - Physically this situation is not very important, since...

• Чтобы прояснить ситуацию, мы вводим... - То clarify the situation we introduce...

• Чтобы справиться с подобной ситуацией, нам необходимо... - In order to handle such a situation, we need to...

• Чтобы эффективно действовать в подобной ситуации, мы должны... - In order to deal effectively with circumstances of this kind, we must...

• Эта ситуация лучше всего описывается в сферических координатах. - The situation is best described in spherical coordinates.

• Эта ситуация может также возникнуть, если... - This situation may also arise if...

• Эта ситуация настолько обычна, что... - This situation is so common that...

• Эта ситуация представлена на рис. 4. - This situation is represented by Figure 4.

• Эта ситуация рассматривается в главах 2 и 3. - This situation is treated in Chapters 2 and 3.

• Это может упростить ситуацию... - It may simplify matters to...

• Это не является незнакомой ситуацией (= Это знакомая ситуация). - This is not an unfamiliar situation.

• Это типичная ситуация. - This is a typical situation.

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.

Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.

One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.

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• Альтернативный подход использует такие понятия, как... - The alternative approach uses notions such as...

• Безусловно это можно использовать лишь в случае, если... - Of course this applies only if...

• Более успешный подход заключался в том, чтобы использовать... - A more successful approach has been to use...

• Будет полезно использовать условия, при которых... - It will be useful to explore the circumstances under which...

• В данном случае можно использовать другой подход. - In this case a different approach can be used.

• В обозначениях, которые мы теперь используем, это означает, что... - In our present notation this means that...

• В следующем примере мы используем этот метод, чтобы определить... - In the following examples we use this method to determine...

• Давайте использовать это решение, чтобы получить... - Let us use this solution to obtain...

• Далее мы не будем это использовать. - We shall make no further use of this.

• Данное доказательство использует метод математической индукции по п. - The proof is by induction on n.

• Данные результаты могут быть использованы для проверки численного решения. - These results provide a useful check on numerical solutions.

• Для нашего доказательства удобно использовать... - For our proof it is convenient to use...

• Для удобства мы будем часто использовать более простое обозначение... - For convenience, we will often use the simpler notation...

• Если мы используем результат (7), то видим, что... - If we make use of the result (7) we see that...

• Желая использовать соотношение (14), мы заметим, что... - Wishing to exploit (14), we note that...

• Заметьте, что мы использовали (здесь) только... - Note that we have only used...

• Иногда бывает удобно использовать соотношения вида... - It is sometimes convenient to use relations of the form...

• Можно использовать любое выражение в зависимости от... - Either expression can be used, depending on whether...

• Мы будем использовать это решение, чтобы построить... - We shall use this solution to construct...

• Мы будем очень часто использовать... - Extensive use will be made of...

• Мы хотим использовать данную тестовую систему, чтобы определить... - We wish to use this test system to determine...

• Мы использовали это в качестве отправного пункта нашего исследования. - We have taken this as a starting point for our investigation.

• Мы используем обычные договоренности о... - We make use of common conventions on...

• Мы используем эти факты несколько позднее. - We shall exploit these facts at a later stage. '

• Мы используем этот результат (в, для)... - We shall apply this result to...

• Мы используем этот факт позже (= в дальнейшем). - We shall make use of this fact later.

• Мы можем использовать преимущество, предоставляемое этим фактом, чтобы... - We can take advantage of this fact to...

• Мы можем использовать эти же свойства, чтобы определить... - We can use these same properties to define...

• Мы можем использовать этот результат, чтобы определить (= ввести)... - We can use this result to define...

• Мы можем также использовать здесь концепцию... - We may also apply the concept of...

• Мы продолжим использовать... - We shall continue to use...

• Мы также используем (благоприятную) возможность (поблагодарить, отметить и т. п.) (= Пользуясь возможностью, мы благодарим)... - We also take the opportunity to...

• Мы уже многократно использовали (формулу, метод и т. п.)... - We have made extensive use of...

• Мы часто используем обозначения а, аr для... - We frequently use a, аr to denote...

• Некоторые авторы предпочли использовать... - Some authors have preferred to use...

• Одна элегантная версия данного метода использует... - An elegant version of this method employs...

• Однако здесь мы предпочитаем использовать... - Неге we prefer, however, to employ...

• Однако некоторые авторы успешно использовали... - However, some authors have successfully used...

• Однако разумно использовать тот факт, что... - But the sensible thing is to use the fact that...

• Описанный выше метод может быть использован для построения... - The procedure described above can be used to construct...

• Перед тем как начать использовать эту концепцию, честно предупредим читателя, что... - Before we make use of this concept, it is only fair to warn the reader that...

• Перед тем как использовать его (метода) преимущество, мы должны... - Before taking advantage of this, we must...

• Подобное рассуждение можно использовать, когда... - A similar argument can be used when...

• При этих условиях мы по-прежнему можем использовать... - Under these circumstances we may still use...

• Развивая данную теорию, мы будем существенно использовать... - In developing the theory we shall make considerable use of...

• Разработчики использовали различные подходы для получения... - Designers have used various approaches in arriving at...

• С этой целью мы будем использовать... - For this purpose, we shall use...

• Теорема может быть использована для нахождения... - This theorem can be used to find all solutions of...

• Теперь мы (полностью) готовы использовать методы, разработанные во втором параграфе. - We are now ready to use the methods of Section 2.

• Читатель увидит, как можно использовать высшую математику в... - The reader will see how ordinary calculus can be applied to...

• Чтобы..., мы используем качественные рассуждения. - We shall use a qualitative argument to...

• Чтобы использовать компьютер в данном процессе... - То computerize the process,...

• Чтобы проделать это, мы используем тот факт, что... - То do this, we make use of the fact that...

• Эйнштейн использовал точно те же самые идеи в... - Einstein applied precisely the same ideas to...

• Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...

• Эта точка зрения была интенсивно использована Смитом [1]. - This viewpoint has been used extensively by Smith [1].

• Эти результаты можно использовать, чтобы установить... - These results can be used to establish...

• Это позволяет нам использовать (метод и т. п.)... - This allows us to make use of...

• Это рассуждение подобно тому, что было использовано для установления... - The argument is similar to that used to establish...

• Это свойство может быть использовано для вывода... - This property can be used to derive...

• Это уравнение может быть использовано для вычисления амплитуды... - This equation can be used to calculate the magnitude of...

• Этот результат можно использовать без опасений, только если... - It is safe to use this result only if...

• Эту теорию можно использовать только тогда, когда... - This theory is applicable only when...

¹ = class, class, cluster, kind, nature, schedules, the, sort, type, schedule, table, ilk, class standing.

Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.

Ex. A class is a set of things which share some property, or characteristic, in common.

Ex. Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.

Ex. Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.

Ex. Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.

Ex. The list of terms, representing concepts systematically arranged and showing their relationships, constitutes the schedules of a classification scheme.

Ex. Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.

Ex. There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.

Ex. We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.

Ex. We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.

Ex. Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.

Ex. Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.

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* análisis multidimensional de clases = multidimensional cluster analysis.

* área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.

* clase acomodada = nob.

* clase alta = upper class.

* clase anterior = anterior numeral class.

* clase baja = lower class, the.

* clase business = business class.

* clase capitalista = capitalist class.

* clase fénix = Phoenix schedule.

* clase general = containing class.

* clase gobernante, la = ruling class, the, ruling elite, the.

* clase intelectual = intellectual class.

* clase marginada = underclass.

* clase media = middle class.

* clase media alta = upper-middle class.

* clase obrera = working class.

* clase política = political class.

* clase principal = main class.

* clases altas, las = upper circles, the.

* clases auxiliares = auxiliaries.

* clases inferiores, las = lower orders, the.

* clase social = social class.

* clase superior = brahmin.

* clase trabajadora = working class, labouring class.

* clase turista = economy class.

* con toda clase de comodidades = with all mods and cons.

* con toda clase de lujos = with all mods and cons.

* correo de primera clase = first class post.

* cultura de la clase alta = high culture.

* cultura de la clase baja = low culture.

* cultura de la clase media = middlebrow culture.

* de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.

* de segunda clase = second-rate.

* designación específica de la clase de documento = specific material designation.

* designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.

* de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.

* dimensión de clase = class dimension.

* fuera de clase = out-of-class.

* identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.

* lucha de clases = class warfare.

* modelo en su clase = showpiece.

* notación de clase = class notation.

* política de clases = class politics.

* prejuicio de clases = class prejudice.

* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.

* sin clases sociales = classless.

* sistema de clases sociales = class system.

* subdivisión dentro de una clase = link, step of division.

* toda clase de = all sorts of.

* una clase de = a kind of.

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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Wright began his career in 1887 working in the Chicago offices of Adler \& Sullivan. He conceived a great admiration for Sullivan, who was then concentrating upon large commercial projects in modern mode, producing functional yet decorative buildings which took all possible advantage of new structural methods. Wright was responsible for many of the domestic commissions.

In 1893 Wright left the firm in order to set up practice on his own, thus initiating a career which was to develop into three distinct phases. In the first of these, up until the First World War, he was chiefly designing houses in a concept in which he envisaged "the house as a shelter". These buildings displayed his deeply held opinion that detached houses in country areas should be designed as an integral part of the landscape, a view later to be evidenced strongly in the work of modern Finnish architects. Wright's designs were called "prairie houses" because so many of them were built in the MidWest of America, which Wright described as a "prairie". These were low and spreading, with gently sloping rooflines, very plain and clean lined, built of traditional materials in warm rural colours, blending softly into their settings. Typical was W.W.Willit's house of 1902 in Highland Park, Illinois.

In the second phase of his career Wright began to build more extensively in modern materials, utilizing advanced means of construction. A notable example was his remarkable Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, carefully designed and built in 1916–22 (now demolished), with special foundations and structure to withstand (successfully) strong earthquake tremors. He also became interested in the possibilities of reinforced concrete; in 1906 he built his church at Oak Park, Illinois, entirely of this material. In the 1920s, in California, he abandoned his use of traditional materials for house building in favour of precast concrete blocks, which were intended to provide an "organic" continuity between structure and decorative surfacing. In his continued exploration of the possibilities of concrete as a building material, he created the dramatic concept of'Falling Water', a house built in 1935–7 at Bear Run in Pennsylvania in which he projected massive reinforced-concrete terraces cantilevered from a cliff over a waterfall in the woodlands. In the later 1930s an extraordinary run of original concepts came from Wright, then nearing 70 years of age, ranging from his own winter residence and studio, Taliesin West in Arizona, to the administration block for Johnson Wax (1936–9) in Racine, Wisconsin, where the main interior ceiling was supported by Minoan-style, inversely tapered concrete columns rising to spreading circular capitals which contained lighting tubes of Pyrex glass.

Frank Lloyd Wright continued to work until four days before his death at the age of 91. One of his most important and certainly controversial commissions was the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum in New York. This had been proposed in 1943 but was not finally built until 1956–9; in this striking design the museum's exhibition areas are ranged along a gradually mounting spiral ramp lit effectively from above. Controversy stemmed from the unusual and original design of exterior banding and interior descending spiral for wall-display of paintings: some critics strongly approved, while others, equally strongly, did not.

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• (Нам всем) известен тот факт, что (= Мы все знакомы с тем фактом, что)... - We are all familiar with the fact that...

• В данной статье делается попытка подвести итоги всего известного в настоящее время относительно... - This paper attempts to summarize everything known at present about...

• Имеется хорошо известная теорема о... - There is a well-known theorem on...

• Наиболее известным и наиболее мощным из них является... - The best known and most powerful of these is...

• Наиболее известными примерами являются... - The most familiar examples are...

• Нам уже известен тот факт, что... - We are already familiar with the fact that...

• Только что описанный метод известен как... - The procedure we have described is known as...

• Точные решения уравнения (1) могут быть получены в терминах известных функций, когда... - Exact solutions to (1) can be obtained in terms of known functions when...

• Хорошо известная теорема из математического анализа утверждает, что... - A well-known theorem of analysis states that...

• Хотя этот метод и несколько необычен, он справедлив (= работает) как и любой из известных методов. - Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar methods.

• Это приводит к тому (эффекту), который известен как... - This leads to what is known as...

• Этот метод известен как... - The procedure is known as...

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Mining and extraction technology

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Educated at Wittenberg University during 1547–8, Ercker obtained in 1554, through one of his wife's relatives, the post of Assayer from the Elector Augustus at Dresden. From then on he took a succession of posts in mining and metallurgy. In 1555 he was Chief Consultant and Supervisor of all matters relating to mines, but for some unknown reason was demoted to Warden of the Mint at Annaberg. In 1558 he travelled to the Tyrol to study the mines in that region, and in the same year Prince Henry of Brunswick appointed him Warden, then Master, of the Mint at Goslar. Ercker later moved to Prague where, through another of his wife's relatives, he was appointed Control Tester at Kutna Hora. It was there that he wrote his best-known book, Die Beschreibung allfürnemisten mineralischen Ertz, which drew him to the attention of the Emperor Maximilian, who made him Courier for Mining and a clerk of the Supreme Court of Bohemia. The next Emperor, Rudolf II, a noted patron of science and alchemy, promoted Ercker to Chief Inspector of Mines and ennobled him in 1586 with the title Von Schreckenfels'. His second wife managed the mint at Kutna Hora and his two sons became assayers. These appointments gained him much experience of the extraction and refining of metals. This first bore fruit in a book on assaying, Probierbüchlein, printed in 1556, followed by one on minting, Münzbuch, in 1563. His main work, Die Beschreibung, was a systematic review of the methods of obtaining, refining and testing the alloys and minerals of gold, silver, copper, antimony, mercury and lead. The preparation of acids, salts and other compounds is also covered, and his apparatus is fully described and illustrated. Although Ercker used Agricola's De re metattica as a model, his own work was securely based on his practical experience. Die Beschreibung was the first manual of analytical and metallurgical chemistry and influenced later writers such as Glauber on assaying. After the first edition in Prague came four further editions in Frankfurt-am-Main.

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