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81 after

1. preposition
1) (later in time or place than: After the car came a bus.) después (de)

2) (following (often indicating repetition): one thing after another; night after night.) tras

3) (behind: Shut the door after you!) detrás

4) (in search or pursuit of: He ran after the bus.) detrás de, tras

5) (considering: After all I've done you'd think he'd thank me; It's sad to fail after all that work.) después de

6) ((American: in telling the time) past: It's a quarter after ten.) y (son las diez y cuarto)

2. adverb
(later in time or place: They arrived soon after.) después

3. conjunction
(later than the time when: After she died we moved house twice.) después de (que)

- aftermath
- afterthought
- afterwards
- after all
- be after

after¹ adv después

the day after el día después

after² conj después de que

he phoned after you left llamó después de que te marcharas

after³ prep

1. después de

we'll leave after lunch saldremos después de comer

he arrived after you llegó después de ti

2. detrás de / tras

we ran after them corrimos detrás de ellos

after

tr['ɑːftə^SMALLr/SMALL]

preposition

1 (time) después de

■ after class después de la clase

■ after poisoning her he buried her después de envenenarla la enterró

2 (following) detrás de

■ we all went after the thief todos fuimos detrás del ladrón

■ the police are after us la policía nos está persiguiendo

3 (wanting) buscando

■ what are you after? ¿qué pretendes?, ¿qué buscas?

■ I've been after one of these things for ages hace tiempo que ando detrás de un chisme de estos

4 (in the style of) al estilo de

■ a painting after Gainsborough un cuadro al estilo de Gainsborough

5 (named because of) por

■ his name's Horace, after his grandfather se llama Horace por su abuelo

6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (past) y

■ it's a quarter after four son las cuatro y cuarto

adverb

1 después

■ the day after el día después

conjunction

1 después que, después de que

■ after he left, I went to bed después de que se marchara, me acosté

plural noun afters

1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar postre nombre masculino

after ['æftər] adv

1) afterward: después

2) behind: detrás, atrás

after adj

: posterior, siguiente

in after years: en los años posteriores

after conj

: después de, después de que

after we ate: después de que comimos, después de comer

after prep

1) following: después de, tras

after Saturday: después del sábado

day after day: día tras día

2) behind: tras de, después de

I ran after the dog: corrí tras del perro

3) concerning: por

they asked after you: preguntaron por ti

4)

after all : después de todo

after

adv.

• después adv.

• detrás adv.

conj.

• después de que conj.

prep.

• desde prep.

• después prep.

• después de prep.

• detrás prep.

• detrás de prep.

• en busca de prep.

• pos prep.

• según prep.

• tras prep.

I 'æftər, 'ɑːftə(r)
preposition

1) ( following in time) después de

I'll be at home after eight o'clock — estaré en casa después de or a partir de las ocho

after a few days — después de or al cabo de unos días

it's just after midnight — son las doce pasadas

it's a quarter after two — (AmE) son las dos y cuarto

they arrived after us — llegaron más tarde or después que nosotros

the day after the party — al día siguiente de la fiesta

2) (in sequence, rank) tras

day after day — día tras día

one after the other — uno tras otro

do go in - after you! — pase - primero usted!

3)

a) ( behind)

shut the door after you — cierra la puerta al salir/entrar

b) ( in pursuit of) tras

he ran after them — corrió tras ellos

the police are after him — la policía anda tras él

he's just after my money — sólo le interesa mi dinero

I think she's after something — creo que anda tras algo

c) (about, concerning) por; see also ask after, inquire

4)

a) (in view of, considering) después de

after all I've done for you? — ¿después de or con todo lo que he hecho por ti?

b)

after all — después de todo

5) ( in the style of) al estilo de, a la manera de; ( in honor of) por, en honor de; heart 2)

II

conjunction

it happened after you left — ocurrió después de que tú te fuiste

after examining it — después de examinarlo

after he died, the house remained empty — al morir él or cuando él murió, la casa quedó vacía

the day after we arrived — al día siguiente de nuestra llegada

after you've washed it, hang it out to dry — cuando or una vez que lo hayas lavado, tiéndelo para que se seque

III

adverb

a) (afterward, following) después

soon after — poco después

the day after — al día siguiente

b) ( behind) detrás

IV

adjective (before n) posterior

['ɑːftǝ(r)] When after is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask after, look after, take after, look up the verb.
1. PREP

1) (in time) después de

soon after eating it — poco después de comerlo

I'll have a shower after you — me ducharé después que tú

it was twenty after three — (US) eran las tres y veinte

2) (in position, order) detrás de, tras

day after day — día tras día

one after the other — uno tras otro

excuse after excuse, one excuse after another — excusas y más excusas

after you! — ¡pase usted!, ¡usted primero!

after you with the salt — pásame la sal cuando acabes

our biggest customer after the US — nuestro mayor cliente después de Estados Unidos

3) (=behind)

close the door after you — cierra la puerta al salir or cuando salgas

I'm tired of cleaning up after you — estoy cansado de ir detrás de ti limpiándolo todo

he ran after me with my umbrella — corrió tras de mí con mi paraguas

4) (=seeking)

the police are after him — la policía lo está buscando or está detrás de él

I have been after that for years — eso lo busco desde hace años

she's after a special dress — busca un vestido especial

she's after a husband — va en pos de un marido

they're all after the same thing — todos van a por lo mismo

what is he after? — ¿qué pretende?

I see what you're after — ya caigo, ya comprendo lo que quieres decir; (hostile) ya te he calado

5) (=in the manner of)

this is after Goya — esto se pintó según el estilo de Goya

after the English fashion — a la (manera) inglesa
heart 1., 2)
6) (=in honour of)

he is named after Churchill — se le llamó así por Churchill

7) (=in view of) después de

after all I've done for you — después de or con todo lo que he hecho por ti

he can't go back after what he's done — después de lo que ha hecho no puede volver

after all — después de todo

2. ADV

1) (=afterward) después

for weeks after — durante varias semanas después

long after — mucho tiempo después

soon after — poco después

2) (=behind) detrás

3.

CONJ después de que, después que *

we ate after they'd gone — comimos después de que ellos se marcharon

I went out after I'd eaten — salí después de comer

we'll eat after you've gone — comeremos cuando te hayas ido

4. ADJ

1)

in after years — frm en los años siguientes, años después

2) (Naut) de popa
AFTER
Time
Preposition ► You can usually translate after referring to a point in time using después de:
Please ring after six Por favor, llama después de las seis
I'll phone you after the match Te llamaré después del partido
... Francoism after Franco...... el franquismo después de Franco... ► To translate after + ((period of time)), you can also use al cabo de in more formal Spanish:
After a year in the army, he had had enough Después de (estar) un año en el ejército or Al cabo de un año en el ejército, no lo soportaba más ► Use más tarde que or después que w ith names of people and personal pronouns when they stand in for a verb:
He got there half an hour after us or after we did Llegó allí media hora más tarde que nosotros or después que nosotros ► Translate after + ((-ing)) using después de + ((infinitive)):
Don't go swimming immediately after eating No te bañes justo después de comer
Conjunction ► When the action in the after clause has already happened, and the subjects of the two clauses are different, you can generally translate after using después de que. This can be followed either by the {indicative} or, especially in formal or literary Spanish, by the {subjunctive}:
I met her after she had left the company La conocí después de que dejó or dejara la empresa ► When the action in the after clause has not happened yet or had not happened at the time of speaking, cuando is more common than después de que, though both translations are possible. In both cases, use the {subjunctive}:
We'll test the brakes after you've done another thousand miles Comprobaremos los frenos cuando or después de que haya recorrido mil millas más ► If the subject of both clauses is the same, des pués de + ((infinitive)) is usually used rather than después de que:
He wrote to me again after he retired Me volvió a escribir después de jubilarse This construction is also sometimes used in colloquial Spanish even when the subjects are different:
After you left, the party ended Después de irte tú, se terminó la fiesta For further uses and examples, see main entry
* * *

I ['æftər, 'ɑːftə(r)]
preposition

1) ( following in time) después de

I'll be at home after eight o'clock — estaré en casa después de or a partir de las ocho

after a few days — después de or al cabo de unos días

it's just after midnight — son las doce pasadas

it's a quarter after two — (AmE) son las dos y cuarto

they arrived after us — llegaron más tarde or después que nosotros

the day after the party — al día siguiente de la fiesta

2) (in sequence, rank) tras

day after day — día tras día

one after the other — uno tras otro

do go in - after you! — pase - primero usted!

3)

a) ( behind)

shut the door after you — cierra la puerta al salir/entrar

b) ( in pursuit of) tras

he ran after them — corrió tras ellos

the police are after him — la policía anda tras él

he's just after my money — sólo le interesa mi dinero

I think she's after something — creo que anda tras algo

c) (about, concerning) por; see also ask after, inquire

4)

a) (in view of, considering) después de

after all I've done for you? — ¿después de or con todo lo que he hecho por ti?

b)

after all — después de todo

5) ( in the style of) al estilo de, a la manera de; ( in honor of) por, en honor de; heart 2)

II

conjunction

it happened after you left — ocurrió después de que tú te fuiste

after examining it — después de examinarlo

after he died, the house remained empty — al morir él or cuando él murió, la casa quedó vacía

the day after we arrived — al día siguiente de nuestra llegada

after you've washed it, hang it out to dry — cuando or una vez que lo hayas lavado, tiéndelo para que se seque

III

adverb

a) (afterward, following) después

soon after — poco después

the day after — al día siguiente

b) ( behind) detrás

IV

adjective (before n) posterior

English-spanish dictionary > after
82 high

high [haɪ]

haut ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (f), 1 (g), 1 (m), 1 (o), 1 (p), 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 (a), 3 (b) élevé ⇒ 1 (b)-(e), 1 (k) grand ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) noble ⇒ 1 (e) aigu ⇒ 1 (g) excité ⇒ 1 (s) en haut ⇒ 2 (a)

1 adjective

(a) (tall) haut;

∎ how high is that building? quelle est la hauteur de ce bâtiment?;

∎ the walls are three metres high les murs ont ou font trois mètres de haut, les murs sont hauts de trois mètres;

∎ the building is eight storeys high c'est un immeuble de ou à huit étages;

∎ the highest mountain in the country la plus haute montagne du pays;

∎ when I was only so high quand je n'étais pas plus grand que ça

(b) (above ground level → river, tide) haut; (→ altitude, shelf) haut, élevé;

∎ built on high ground construit sur un terrain élevé;

∎ the sun was high in the sky le soleil était haut

(c) (above average → number) grand, élevé; (→ speed, value) grand; (→ cost, price, rate) élevé; (→ salary) élevé, gros (grosse); (→ pressure) élevé, haut; (→ polish) brillant;

∎ to the highest degree au plus haut degré, à l'extrême;

∎ of the highest importance de première importance;

∎ to pay a high price payer le prix fort;

∎ to fetch a high price se vendre cher;

∎ to make a higher bid faire une offre supérieure, surenchérir;

∎ highest bidder surenchérisseur(euse) m,f;

∎ she suffers from high blood pressure elle a de la tension;

∎ also figurative to play for high stakes jouer gros (jeu);

∎ built to withstand high temperatures conçu pour résister à des températures élevées;

∎ he has a high temperature il a beaucoup de température ou fièvre;

∎ areas of high unemployment des régions à fort taux de chômage;

∎ ore with a high mineral content minerai m à haute teneur;

∎ milk is high in calcium le lait contient beaucoup de calcium;

∎ high winds des vents mpl violents, de grands vents mpl;

∎ Mathematics the highest common factor le plus grand commun diviseur

(d) (better than average → quality) grand, haut; (→ standard) haut, élevé; (→ mark, score) élevé, bon; (→ reputation) bon;

∎ our chances of success remain high nos chances de succès restent très bonnes;

∎ to have a high opinion of sb avoir une bonne ou haute opinion de qn;

∎ he has a high opinion of himself il a une haute idée de lui-même;

∎ to have a high profile être très en vue;

∎ she speaks of you in the highest terms elle dit le plus grand bien de vous;

∎ one of the highest honours in the arts l'un des plus grands honneurs dans le monde des arts;

∎ Commerce & Finance high value added à haute valeur ajoutée

(e) (honourable → ideal, thought) noble, élevé; (→ character) noble;

∎ a man of high principles un homme qui a des principes (élevés);

∎ he took a very high moral tone il prit un ton très moralisateur;

∎ she has very high moral standards elle a des principes (de moralité) très élevés

(f) (of great importance or rank) haut, important;

∎ a high official un haut fonctionnaire;

∎ we have it on the highest authority nous le tenons de la source la plus sûre;

∎ to have friends in high places avoir des relations haut placées, avoir le bras long;

∎ of high rank de haut rang

(g) (sound, voice) aigu(uë); Music (note) haut

(h) (at peak)

∎ high summer plein été m;

∎ it was high summer c'était au cœur de l'été;

∎ it's high time we were leaving il est grand temps qu'on parte

(i) (intensely emotional)

∎ resentment was high il y avait énormément de ressentiment;

∎ moments of high drama des moments mpl extrêmement dramatiques;

∎ high adventure grande aventure f;

∎ to be high farce tourner à la farce

(j) British (complexion) rougeaud, rubicond;

∎ to have a high colour avoir le visage congestionné

(k) (elaborate, formal → language, style) élevé, soutenu

(l) (prominent → cheekbones) saillant

(m) Cards haut;

∎ the highest card la carte maîtresse

(n) British (meat) avancé, faisandé; (butter, cheese) rance

(o) (remote) haut

(p) Geography (latitude) haut

(q) (conservative)

∎ a high Tory un tory ultra-conservateur;

∎ a high Anglican un(e) anglican(e) de tendance conservatrice

(r) Linguistics (vowel) fermé

(s) (excited) excité, énervé; (cheerful) plein d'entrain, enjoué;

∎ to be in high spirits être plein d'entrain;

∎ our spirits were high nous avions le moral;

∎ familiar old-fashioned we had a high old time on s'est amusés comme des fous

(t) familiar (person)

∎ to be high (drugged) planer; figurative (euphoric) être dans un état d'euphorie^□ ;

∎ high on cocaine défoncé à la cocaïne;

∎ figurative they were high on success ils ne se sentaient plus après ce succès;

∎ figurative he gets high on sailing il prend son pied en faisant de la voile;

∎ they were (as) high as kites (drunk) ils étaient bien partis; (drugged) ils planaient; (happy) ils avaient la pêche

2 adverb

(a) (at, to a height) haut, en haut; (at a great altitude) à haute altitude, à une altitude élevée;

∎ up high en haut;

∎ higher up plus haut;

∎ higher and higher de plus en plus haut;

∎ he raised both hands high il a levé les deux mains en l'air;

∎ the kite flew high up in the sky le cerf-volant est monté très haut dans le ciel;

∎ she threw the ball high into the air elle a lancé le ballon très haut;

∎ the geese flew high over the fields les oies volaient très haut au-dessus des champs;

∎ the shelf was high above her head l'étagère était bien au-dessus de sa tête;

∎ he rose high in the company il a accédé aux plus hauts échelons de la société;

∎ figurative we looked high and low for him nous l'avons cherché partout;

∎ figurative to set one's sights high, to aim high viser haut;

∎ figurative they're flying high ils visent haut, ils voient grand;

∎ also figurative to hold one's head high porter la tête haute;

∎ figurative to leave sb high and dry laisser qn en plan

(b) (in intensity) haut;

∎ they set the price/standards too high ils ont fixé un prix/niveau trop élevé;

∎ I turned the heating up high j'ai mis le chauffage à fond;

∎ he rose higher in my esteem il est monté encore plus dans mon estime;

∎ salaries can go as high as £50,000 les salaires peuvent monter jusqu'à ou atteindre 50 000 livres;

∎ I had to go as high as £50 il a fallu que j'aille ou que je monte jusqu'à 50 livres;

∎ the card players played high les joueurs de cartes ont joué gros (jeu);

∎ to run high (river) être en crue; (sea) être houleuse ou grosse;

∎ feelings were running high les esprits se sont échauffés

(c) (in tone) haut;

∎ I can't sing that high je ne peux pas chanter aussi haut

(d) American familiar (idiom)

∎ to live high off or on the hog vivre comme un roi ou nabab

3 noun

(a) (height) haut m;

∎ on high (at a height) en haut; figurative (in heaven) au ciel;

∎ humorous the decision came from on high la décision fut prononcée en haut lieu

(b) (great degree or level) haut m;

∎ to reach a new high atteindre un nouveau record;

∎ prices are at an all-time high les prix ont atteint leur maximum;

∎ the Stock Market reached a new high la Bourse a atteint un nouveau record ou maximum;

∎ the highs and lows (of share prices, career, life) les hauts mpl et les bas mpl

(c) (setting → on iron, stove)

∎ I put the oven on high j'ai mis le four sur très chaud

(d) Cars (fourth gear) quatrième f; (fifth gear) cinquième f

(e) Meteorology (anticyclone) anticyclone m

(f) familiar (state of excitement)

∎ she's been on a permanent high since he came back elle voit tout en rose depuis son retour

4 High noun

∎ Religion the Most High le Très-Haut

►► Religion high altar maître-autel m;

History High Antiquity Haute Antiquité f;

American Cars high beam feux mpl de route;

Swimming high board plongeoir m le plus haut;

high camp (affectation) affectation f, cabotinage m; (effeminate behaviour) manières fpl efféminées; (style) kitsch m;

high chair chaise f haute (pour enfants);

British Religion High Church

1 noun

= fraction de l'Église d'Angleterre accordant une grande importance à l'autorité du prêtre, au rituel etc

2 adjective

(a) = de tendance conservatrice dans l'Église anglicane;

British Religion High Churchman = membre du mouvement conservateur à l'intérieur de l'Église anglicane;

high comedy Theatre comédie f au dialogue brillant;

∎ figurative the debate ended in scenes of high comedy le débat se termina par des scènes du plus haut comique;

Military high command haut commandement m;

Administration high commission haut-commissariat m;

Administration high commissioner haut-commissaire m;

Law the High Court (of Justice) ≃ le tribunal de grande instance (principal tribunal civil en Angleterre et au pays de Galles);

Law High Court judge ≃ juge m du tribunal de grande instance;

Law the High Court of Judiciary = la plus haute instance de justice en Écosse;

Military high explosive explosif m puissant;

high fashion haute couture f;

high fidelity haute-fidélité f;

high finance haute finance f;

familiar high five = tape amicale donnée dans la paume de quelqu'un, bras levé, pour le saluer, le féliciter ou en signe de victoire;

∎ they always give each other a high five when they meet ils se tapent dans la main à chaque fois qu'ils se voient;

Electronics high frequency haute fréquence f;

high gear Cars (fourth) quatrième f (vitesse f); (fifth) cinquième f (vitesse f);

∎ figurative they moved into high gear ils se sont dépêchés;

High German haut allemand m;

high heels hauts talons mpl;

high jump Sport saut m en hauteur;

∎ British familiar figurative you're for the high jump when he finds out! qu'est-ce que tu vas prendre quand il l'apprendra!;

Sport high jumper sauteur(euse) m,f (qui fait du saut en hauteur);

the high life la grande vie;

∎ she has a taste for the high life elle a des goûts de luxe;

∎ to lead or to live the high life mener la grande vie;

Religion high mass, High Mass grand-messe f;

Computing high memory mémoire f haute;

Computing high memory area zone f de mémoire haute;

History the High Middle Ages le Haut Moyen Âge;

high noon plein midi m;

∎ at high noon à midi pile;

American Transport High Occupancy Vehicle = voiture particulière transportant au moins deux passagers;

Religion high place haut lieu m;

high point (major event → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m; (→ of film, novel) point m culminant;

∎ the high point of the party le clou de la soirée;

high priest Religion grand prêtre m;

∎ figurative the high priests of fashion les gourous mpl de la mode;

high priestess Religion grande prêtresse f;

∎ figurative the high priestess of rock la grande prêtresse du rock;

Linguistics high register language langage m élevé ou soutenu;

Art high relief haut-relief m;

high rise tour f (immeuble);

high road (main road) route f principale, grand-route f; figurative (most direct route) bonne voie f;

∎ he's on the high road to success il est en bonne voie de réussir;

∎ the high road to fame la voie de la gloire;

American familiar high roller (spendthrift) dépensier(ère)^□ mf; (gambler) flambeur(euse) m,f;

high school School (in UK) = établissement d'enseignement secondaire regroupant collège et lycée; (in US) lycée m;

∎ she's still at high school elle est toujours scolarisée ou va toujours au lycée;

the high seas la haute mer;

∎ on the high seas en haute ou pleine mer;

high season haute ou pleine saison f;

∎ during the high season en haute ou pleine saison;

British Administration High Sheriff = dans les comtés anglais et gallois, représentant officiel du monarque;

American high sign signe m;

∎ to give sb the high sign faire signe à qn;

high society haute société f, grand monde m;

high spirits pétulance f, vitalité f, entrain m;

∎ to be in high spirits avoir de l'entrain, être plein d'entrain;

∎ to put sb in high spirits mettre qn de bonne humeur;

high spot

(a) (major event → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m; (→ of film, novel) point m culminant

(b) American (place) endroit m intéressant;

∎ we hit all the high spots (tourists) nous avons vu toutes les attractions touristiques;

British the high street (street) la grand-rue, la rue principale; (shops) les commerçants mpl, le commerce;

∎ Commerce & Economics the high street has been badly hit by the recession les commerçants ont été durement touchés par la récession;

British high table (for guests of honour) table f d'honneur; School & University table f des professeurs;

British high tea = repas léger pris en début de soirée et accompagné de thé;

high tech (technology) technologie f avancée ou de pointe; (style) hi-tech m inv;

high tide (of ocean, sea) marée f haute; figurative (of success) point m culminant;

∎ at high tide à marée haute;

Theatre high tragedy grande tragédie f;

high treason haute trahison f;

Electricity high voltage haute tension f;

high water (of ocean, sea) marée f haute; (of river) crue f;

∎ the river is at high water le fleuve est en crue;

high wire corde f raide ou de funambule;

∎ to walk the high wire marcher sur la corde raide

✾ Film 'High Noon' Zinnemann 'Le Train sifflera trois fois'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > high
83 Russell, John Scott

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 9 May 1808 Parkhead, near Glasgow, Scotland

d. 8 June 1882 Isle of Wight, England

[br]

Scottish engineer, naval architect and academic.

[br]

A son of the manse, Russell was originally destined for the Church and commenced studies at the University of St Andrews, but shortly afterwards he transferred to Glasgow, graduating MA in 1825 when only 17 years old. He began work as a teacher in Edinburgh, working up from a school to the Mechanics Institute and then in 1832 to the University, where he took over the classes in natural philosophy following the death of the professor. During this period he designed and advised on the application of steam power to road transport and to the Forth and Clyde Canal, thereby awakening his interest in ships and naval architecture.

Russell presented papers to the British Association over several years, and one of them, The Wave Line Theory of Ship Form (although now superseded), had great influence on ship designers of the time and helped to establish the formal study of hydromechanics. With a name that was becoming well known, Russell looked around for better opportunities, and on narrowly missing appointment to the Chair of Mathematics at Edinburgh University he joined the upand-coming Clyde shipyard of Caird \& Co., Greenock, as Manager in 1838.

Around 1844 Russell and his family moved to London; following some business problems he was in straitened circumstances. However, appointment as Secretary to the Committee setting up the Great Exhibition of 1851 eased his path into London's intellectual society and allowed him to take on tasks such as, in 1847, the purchase of Fairbairn's shipyard on the Isle of Dogs and the subsequent building there of I.K. Brunel's Great Eastern steamship. This unhappy undertaking was a millstone around the necks of Brunel and Russell and broke the health of the former. With the yard failing to secure the order for HMS Warrior, the Royal Navy's first ironclad, Russell pulled out of shipbuilding and for the remainder of his life was a designer, consultant and at times controversial, but at all times polished and urbane, member of many important committees and societies. He is remembered as one of the founders of the Institution of Naval Architects in 1860. His last task was to design a Swiss Lake steamer for Messrs Escher Wyss, a company that coincidentally had previously retained Sir William Fairbairn.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1847.

Bibliography

John Scott Russell published many papers under the imprint of the British Association, the Royal Society of Arts and the Institution of Naval Architects. His most impressive work was the mammoth three-volume work on shipbuilding published in London in 1865 entitled The Modern System of Naval Architecture. Full details and plans of the Great Eastern are included.

Further Reading

G.S.Emmerson, 1977, John Scott Russell, a Great Victorian Engineer and Naval Architect, London: Murray

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Russell, John Scott
84 position

po·si·tion [pəʼzɪʃ^ən] n

1) ( place) Platz m, Stelle f; building Lage f;

the house has a good \position overlooking the valley man hat vom Haus aus einen guten Blick über das Tal;

the sofa is in a different \position now jetzt steht das Sofa woanders;

to take up a \position sich akk platzieren

2) ( appointed place) Platz m;

to be in \position an seinem/ihrem Platz sein;

to get [or move] into \position seinen/ihren Platz einnehmen;

the dancers moved into \position die Tänzer nahmen ihre Position[en] ein;

to move sth into \position etw zurechtrücken;

to move out of \position seinen/ihren Platz verlassen

3) ( in navigation) Position f, Standort m

4) ( posture) Stellung f, Lage f;

yoga \position Yogahaltung f;

lying/sitting \position liegende/sitzende Stellung, liegend/sitzend;

to change one's \position eine andere Stellung einnehmen

5) sports ( in team) [Spieler]position f;

his \position is in midfield er ist Mittelstürmer

6) ( rank) Position f, Stellung f;

the \position of women in society die gesellschaftliche Stellung der Frau;

to jockey [or ( esp Brit) jostle] for \position um eine Position rangeln ( fam)

7) (Brit, Aus) (in race, competition) Platz m;

she finished the race in third \position sie belegte bei dem Rennen am Schluss den dritten Platz

8) ( job) Stelle f, Position f;

a \position of responsibility ein verantwortungsvoller Posten;

a \position of trust eine Vertrauensstellung;

a teaching \position eine Stelle als Lehrer/Lehrerin;

to apply for a \position sich akk um eine [Arbeits]stelle bewerben

9) usu sing ( situation) Situation f, Lage f;

put yourself in my \position versetz dich in meine Lage;

to be in a/no \position to do sth in der Lage/nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun;

to put sb in an awkward \position jdn in eine unangenehme Lage bringen;

financial \position Vermögensverhältnisse pl

10) usu sing (form: opinion) Haltung f, Standpunkt m;

what's the company's \position on recycling? welchen Standpunkt vertritt die Firma in der Frage des Recycling?;

his \position is that... er steht auf dem Standpunkt, dass...;

a party's \position on defence die Position einer Partei zur Frage der Verteidigung;

to take the \position that... die Meinung vertreten, dass...

11) usu pl mil Stellung f vt

to \position sb/ sth jdn/etw platzieren;

I \positioned myself as far away from him as possible ich habe mich so weit wie möglich von ihm weggesetzt;

to \position guns/ troops mil Gewehre in Stellung bringen/Truppen positionieren

English-German students dictionary > position
85 Donald, Ian

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

[br]

b. 27 December 1910 Paisley, Scotland

d. 19 June 1987 Paglesham, Essex, England

[br]

Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist, pioneer of the diagnostic use of ultrasound in medicine.

[br]

After he received his initial education in Scotland, Donald's family moved to South Africa, where he obtained a BA degree in Cape Town in 1930. After the death of his parents he returned to England, graduating in medicine in 1937. He served in the RAF from 1942 to 1946 and was awarded the MBE for bravery in rescuing air-crews. In 1954, following a fruitful period as Reader and Lecturer at St Thomas's Hospital and the Hammersmith Hospital, he was appointed Regius Professor of Midwifery in Glasgow. It was while at St Thomas's and Hammersmith that he evolved a demand-response respirator for infants. With the assistance of Tom Brown, an engineer, and the company Kelvin Hughes—which had earlier produced ultrasound equipment for detecting flaws in metal castings—he was able to originate, develop and improve the diagnostic use of ultra-sound in obstetrics and gynaecology. The use of this technique rapidly spread into other disciplines. Donald was fortunate in that the procedure proved to have no untoward influence on pregnancy; at the time, little was known of possible side effects.

He was the proponent of other advances in the speciality, including laparoscopy, breast-feeding and the preservation of the membranes during labour. An ardent anti-abortionist, his authoritarian Scottish approach made Glasgow a world centre, with himself as a renowned and loved teacher. Despite undergoing three major cardiac interventions, his longevity did not surprise those who knew of his immense vitality.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

CBE 1973. Honorary DSc, London and Glasgow Universities. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Eardley Holland Gold Medal. Royal College of Surgeons Victor Bonney Prize. Royal Society of Medicine Blair Bell Gold Medal.

Bibliography

1958, "Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound", Lancet (with Brown and MacVicar).

Numerous other papers in learned journals.

Further Reading

Obituary, 1987, Lancet (18 July).

MG

Biographical history of technology > Donald, Ian
86 Rühren

rüh·ren

1. rüh·ren [ʼry:rən]

vt

1) (um\Rühren)

etw \Rühren to stir sth

2) ( erweichen)

jdn/etw \Rühren to move sb/to touch sth;

jds Gemüt/Herz \Rühren to touch sb/sb's heart;

das kann mich nicht \Rühren that doesn't bother me;

gerührt moved pred; s. a. Träne, Schlag

3) (veraltend: bewegen)

etw \Rühren to move sth; s. a. Finger, Handschlag

vi

1) (um\Rühren) to stir

2) ( die Rede auf etw bringen)

an etw akk \Rühren to touch on sth

3) (geh: her\Rühren)

von etw \Rühren to stem from sth;

daher \Rühren, dass... to stem from the fact that...

vr

1) ( sich bewegen)

sich akk \Rühren to move;

rührt euch! mil at ease!; s. a. Stelle

2) ( sich bemerkbar machen)

sich akk \Rühren to be roused

3) (fam: sich melden)

sich [auf etw akk] \Rühren to do sth [about sth];

die Firmenleitung hat sich nicht auf meinen Antrag gerührt the company management hasn't done anything about my application

2. Rüh·ren <-s> [ʼry:rən] nt

kein pl (das Um\Rühren) stirring no art, no pl

WENDUNGEN:

ein menschliches \Rühren [fühlen] (\Rühren [fühlen]) [to have to answer] the [or a] call of nature ( usu hum)

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Rühren
87 rühren

rüh·ren

1. rüh·ren [ʼry:rən]

vt

1) (um\rühren)

etw \rühren to stir sth

2) ( erweichen)

jdn/etw \rühren to move sb/to touch sth;

jds Gemüt/Herz \rühren to touch sb/sb's heart;

das kann mich nicht \rühren that doesn't bother me;

gerührt moved pred; s. a. Träne, Schlag

3) (veraltend: bewegen)

etw \rühren to move sth; s. a. Finger, Handschlag

vi

1) (um\rühren) to stir

2) ( die Rede auf etw bringen)

an etw akk \rühren to touch on sth

3) (geh: her\rühren)

von etw \rühren to stem from sth;

daher \rühren, dass... to stem from the fact that...

vr

1) ( sich bewegen)

sich akk \rühren to move;

rührt euch! mil at ease!; s. a. Stelle

2) ( sich bemerkbar machen)

sich akk \rühren to be roused

3) (fam: sich melden)

sich [auf etw akk] \rühren to do sth [about sth];

die Firmenleitung hat sich nicht auf meinen Antrag gerührt the company management hasn't done anything about my application

2. Rüh·ren <-s> [ʼry:rən] nt

kein pl (das Um\rühren) stirring no art, no pl

WENDUNGEN:

ein menschliches \rühren [fühlen] (\rühren [fühlen]) [to have to answer] the [or a] call of nature ( usu hum)

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > rühren
88 Reason, Richard Edmund

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

b. 21 December 1903 Exeter, Devon, England

d. 20 March 1987 Great Bowden, Leicestershire, England

[br]

English metrologist who developed instruments for measuring machined-surface roughness.

[br]

Richard Edmund Reason was educated at Tonbridge School and the Royal College of Science (Imperial College), where he studied under Professor A.F.C.Pollard, Professor of Technical Optics. After graduating in 1925 he joined Taylor, Taylor and Hobson Ltd, Leicester, manufacturers of optical, electrical and scientific instruments, and remained with that firm throughout his career. One of his first contributions was in the development, with E.F.Fincham, of the Fincham Coincidence Optometer. At this time the firm, under William Taylor, was mainly concerned with optical instruments and lens manufacture, but in the 1930s Reason was also engaged in developing means for measuring the roughness of machined surfaces. The need for establishing standards and methods of measurement of surface finish was called for when the subcontracting of aero-engine components became necessary during the Second World War. This led to the development by Reason of an instrument in which a stylus was moved across the surface and the profile recorded electronically. This was called the Talysurf and was first produced in 1941. Further development followed, and from 1947 Reason tackled the problem of measuring roundness, producing the first Talyrond machine in 1949. The technology developed for these instruments was used in the production of others such as the Talymin Comparator and the Talyvel electronic level. Reason was also associated with the development of optical projection systems to measure the profile of parts such as gear teeth, screw threads and turbine blades. He retired in 1968 but continued as a consultant to the company. He served for many years on committees of the British Standards Institution on surface metrology and was a representative of Britain at the International Standards Organization.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

OBE 1967. FRS 1971. Honorary DSc University of Birmingham 1969. Honorary DSc Leicester University 1971.

Further Reading

D.J.Whitehouse, 1990, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 36, London, pp. 437–62 (an illustrated obituary notice listing Reason's eighty-nine British patents, published between 1930 and 1972, and his twenty-one publications, dating from 1937 to 1966).

K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 113–21 (contains a shorter account of Reason's work).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Reason, Richard Edmund
89 Whitworth, Sir Joseph

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Metallurgy, Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 21 December 1803 Stockport, Cheshire, England

d. 22 January 1887 Monte Carlo, Monaco

[br]

English mechanical engineer and pioneer of precision measurement.

[br]

Joseph Whitworth received his early education in a school kept by his father, but from the age of 12 he attended a school near Leeds. At 14 he joined his uncle's mill near Ambergate, Derbyshire, to learn the business of cotton spinning. In the four years he spent there he realized that he was more interested in the machinery than in managing a cotton mill. In 1821 he obtained employment as a mechanic with Crighton \& Co., Manchester. In 1825 he moved to London and worked for Henry Maudslay and later for the Holtzapffels and Joseph Clement. After these years spent gaining experience, he returned to Manchester in 1833 and set up in a small workshop under a sign "Joseph Whitworth, Tool Maker, from London".

The business expanded steadily and the firm made machine tools of all types and other engineering products including steam engines. From 1834 Whitworth obtained many patents in the fields of machine tools, textile and knitting machinery and road-sweeping machines. By 1851 the company was generally regarded as the leading manufacturer of machine tools in the country. Whitworth was a pioneer of precise measurement and demonstrated the fundamental mode of producing a true plane by making surface plates in sets of three. He advocated the use of the decimal system and made use of limit gauges, and he established a standard screw thread which was adopted as the national standard. In 1853 Whitworth visited America as a member of a Royal Commission and reported on American industry. At the time of the Crimean War in 1854 he was asked to provide machinery for manufacturing rifles and this led him to design an improved rifle of his own. Although tests in 1857 showed this to be much superior to all others, it was not adopted by the War Office. Whitworth's experiments with small arms led on to the construction of big guns and projectiles. To improve the quality of the steel used for these guns, he subjected the molten metal to pressure during its solidification, this fluid-compressed steel being then known as "Whitworth steel".

In 1868 Whitworth established thirty annual scholarships for engineering students. After his death his executors permanently endowed the Whitworth Scholarships and distributed his estate of nearly half a million pounds to various educational and charitable institutions. Whitworth was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1841 and a Member in 1848 and served on its Council for many years. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847, the year of its foundation.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Baronet 1869. FRS 1857. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1856, 1857 and 1866. Hon. LLD Trinity College, Dublin, 1863. Hon. DCL Oxford University 1868. Member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1864. Légion d'honneur 1868. Society of Arts Albert Medal 1868.

Bibliography

1858, Miscellaneous Papers on Mechanical Subjects, London; 1873, Miscellaneous Papers on Practical Subjects: Guns and Steel, London (both are collections of his papers to technical societies).

1854, with G.Wallis, The Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures, and

Useful and Ornamental Arts, London.

Further Reading

F.C.Lea, 1946, A Pioneer of Mechanical Engineering: Sir Joseph Whitworth, London (a short biographical account).

A.E.Musson, 1963, "Joseph Whitworth: toolmaker and manufacturer", Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, London, 124–9 (a short biography).

D.J.Jeremy (ed.), 1984–6, Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. 5, London, 797–802 (a short biography).

W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (describes Whitworth's machine tools).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Whitworth, Sir Joseph
90 lock

lock [lɒk]

serrure ⇒ 1 (a) écluse ⇒ 1 (b) prise ⇒ 1 (c) braquage ⇒ 1 (d) verrou ⇒ 1 (e) verrouillage ⇒ 1 (f) boucle ⇒ 1 (h) fermer à clef ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) enfermer ⇒ 2 (b) serrer ⇒ 2 (c) bloquer ⇒ 2 (d) verrouiller ⇒ 2 (e) se joindre ⇒ 3 (b) se bloquer ⇒ 3 (c)

1 noun

(a) (on door, drawer etc) serrure f;

∎ under lock and key (object) sous clef; (person) sous les verrous;

∎ the whole gang is now safely under lock and key toute la bande est désormais sous les verrous

(b) (on canal) écluse f

(c) (grip → gen) prise f; (→ in wrestling) clef f, prise f

(d) British Cars (rayon m de) braquage m;

∎ on full lock braqué à fond;

∎ the car has a good/poor lock la voiture a un bon/médiocre rayon de braquage

(e) Technology (device → gen) verrou m; (→ on gun) percuteur m

(f) Computing verrouillage m;

∎ shift or caps lock touche f de verrouillage majuscule

(g) Sport (in rugby)

∎ lock (forward) deuxième ligne m

(h) (curl) boucle f; (stray strand) mèche f

(i) (idioms)

∎ lock, stock and barrel en entier;

∎ she bought the company lock, stock and barrel elle a acheté la société en bloc;

∎ his essay was lifted lock, stock and barrel from a textbook il a copié sa rédaction telle quelle ou mot pour mot dans un manuel scolaire;

∎ he swallowed the story lock, stock and barrel il a tout avalé;

∎ the family has moved lock, stock and barrel to Canada la famille est partie avec armes et bagages s'installer au Canada

2 transitive verb

(a) (door, drawer, room etc → with key) fermer à clef; (→ with bolt) verrouiller;

∎ check that all the doors and windows are locked vérifiez que toutes les portes et les fenêtres sont bien fermées

(b) (valuables, person) enfermer;

∎ lock all these papers in the safe enfermez tous ces papiers dans le coffre-fort;

∎ figurative they were locked into the agreement ils étaient tenus par l'accord

(c) (hold tightly) serrer;

∎ they were locked in a passionate embrace ils étaient unis ou enlacés dans une étreinte passionnée;

∎ to lock arms (police cordon) former un barrage;

∎ the armies were locked in battle les armées étaient engagées à fond dans la bataille;

∎ the unions were locked in a dispute with the management les syndicats étaient aux prises avec la direction;

∎ to be locked in combat être engagé dans un combat; figurative être aux prises;

∎ to lock horns (stags) s'entremêler les bois; figurative être aux prises;

∎ figurative to lock horns with the enemy livrer bataille avec l'ennemi

(d) (device, wheels, brakes) bloquer

(e) Computing (file, disk, keyboard) verrouiller

3 intransitive verb

(a) (door, drawer, car etc) (se) fermer à clef;

∎ the door locks on the inside la porte se ferme de l'intérieur;

∎ the safe locks automatically le coffre-fort se verrouille automatiquement

(b) (engage) se joindre;

∎ push the lever back until it locks into place pousse le levier jusqu'à ce qu'il s'enclenche

(c) (wheels, brakes, nut) se bloquer

4 locks plural noun

literary chevelure f

►► lock chamber (on canal) sas m (d'écluse);

lock gate porte f d'écluse;

lock keeper éclusier(ère) m,f;

British Cars lock ring jonc m d'arrêt;

lock turns tours mpl de volant

➲ lock away separable transitive verb

(valuables) mettre sous clef; (criminal) incarcérer, mettre sous les verrous;

∎ we keep the alcohol locked away nous gardons l'alcool sous clef

➲ lock in separable transitive verb

(a) (in building, room) enfermer;

∎ he locked himself in il s'est enfermé (à l'intérieur)

(b) to be locked in (to pension scheme) ne pas avoir la possibilité de changer; (to contract) être lié;

∎ Stock Exchange to lock in a hedge immobiliser une couverture

➲ lock onto inseparable transitive verb

(of radar) capter; (of homing device) se caler sur; (of missile) se fixer ou se verrouiller sur;

∎ to lock onto a signal capter un signal

➲ lock out separable transitive verb

(a) (accidentally) enfermer dehors; (deliberately) laisser dehors;

∎ her father threatened to lock her out if she was late home son père a menacé de la laisser à la porte ou dehors si elle rentrait en retard;

∎ I've locked myself out j'ai fermé la porte en laissant les clés à l'intérieur, je me suis enfermé dehors

(b) Industry (workers) lock-outer

➲ lock up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (house, shop) fermer à clef

(b) (valuables) mettre sous clef; (criminal) incarcérer, mettre sous les verrous;

∎ he should be locked up! il faudrait l'enfermer!

(c) Finance (capital) immobiliser

(d) Typography (type) caler; (forme) serrer

2 intransitive verb

fermer à clef;

∎ it's time to lock up c'est l'heure de fermer;

∎ the last to leave locks up le dernier à partir ferme la porte à clef

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > lock
91 Bettini, Gianni

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

[br]

b. 1860 Novara, Italy

d. 27 February 1938 San Remo, Italy

[br]

Italian developer of equipment for recording, duplicating and reproducing phonograph cylinders.

[br]

He was a nobleman and an Italian cavalry lieutenant and went to the USA, where he married Daisy Abbott (of Stamford, Connecticut). From 1888 he made amateur recordings of a wide circle of artistic acquaintances and improved the recording diaphragm attachment by the development of a "spider" (a mechanical link that attacks the diaphragm in several points on its surface, rather than in the centre only). From 1892, through the Bettini Phonograph Laboratories, he published recordings of operatic artists and selections, and this led to the development of improved duplicating techniques by the so-called pantographic method. In 1901 he sold his US company and moved to Paris, although he continued to publish both cylinders and discs. In 1908 Bettini made a venture into cinematography, without success.

[br]

Bibliography

US patent no. 409,003 (the "spider" device). US patent no. 488,381 (duplication).

Further Reading

O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 69–78.

GB-N

Biographical history of technology > Bettini, Gianni
92 trading

noun

commerce m, négoce m;

∎ trading on the Stock Exchange was heavy le volume de transactions à la Bourse était important

ACCOUNTANCY trading account compte m d'exploitation;

trading bank banque f commerciale;

trading capital capital m de roulement;

trading company entreprise f commerciale;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading day jour m de Bourse;

British trading estate zone f industrielle;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading floor parquet m, corbeille f;

trading hours FINANCE heures f pl d'ouverture; STOCK EXCHANGE horaires f pl des criées;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading instrument instrument m de négociation, outil m de spéculation;

trading licence carte f de commerce;

trading loss perte f;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading member intermédiaire m négociateur;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading month mois m d'échéance;

trading nation nation f commerçante;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading order ordre m de négociation;

trading partner partenaire m commercial;

American STOCK EXCHANGE trading post parquet, corbeille;

trading profit bénéfice m d'exploitation;

ACCOUNTANCY trading and profit and loss account compte de résultat;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading range écart m de prix, fourchette f de cotation;

∎ prices are stuck in a trading range les prix ne varient pas beaucoup;

trading results résultats m pl de l'exercice;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading room salle f des changes ou des marchés;

STOCK EXCHANGE trading session séance f boursière;

trading stamp timbre-prime m, vignette-épargne f;

trading standards normes f pl de conformité;

British Trading Standards Office ≃ Direction f de la consommation et de la représentation des fraudes;

trading volume volume m d'affaires;

trading year exercice m comptable

The platinum price moved higher Thursday with one analyst from Merrill Lynch & Co. New York, observing that the price is meandering in the trading range with a slight phasing out of physical metal on the market.

English-French business dictionary > trading
93 move

move

A n

1 ( movement) gen mouvement m ; ( gesture) geste m ; one move and you're dead! un geste et vous êtes mort! ; to watch sb's every move surveiller chacun des gestes de qn ; don't make any sudden moves ne fais pas de mouvement brusque ; there was a move towards the door il y a eu un mouvement vers la porte ; let's make a move ○ si on bougeait ○ ? ; it's time I made a move ○ il est temps de partir ;

2 ( transfer) ( of residence) déménagement m ; ( of company) transfert m ; the move took a day le déménagement a pris une journée ; the firm's move out of town le transfert de la société à l'extérieur de la ville ; our friends helped with the move nos amis nous ont aidés à déménager ; our move to Brighton notre installation à Brighton ; to make the move to London [family] s'installer à Londres ; [firm] être transféré à Londres ; [employee] être muté à Londres ; she made the move from sales to management elle est passée des ventes à la direction ; she's due for a move il est temps de la muter ;

3 Games coup m ; his last/next move son dernier/prochain coup ; white has the first move les blancs jouent en premier ; it's your move c'est ton tour, c'est à toi de jouer ;

4 (step, act) manœuvre f ; a good/bad move une bonne/mauvaise idée ; what's our next move? que faisons-nous ensuite? ; to make the first move faire le premier pas ; they have made no move(s) to allay public anxiety ils n'ont rien fait pour rassurer l'opinion publique ; there has been a move towards liberalization il y a eu une évolution dans le sens de la libéralisation ; in a move to counter opposition attacks… pour tenter de parer les attaques de l'opposition…

B on the move adj phr to be on the move [army] être en mouvement ; [train] être en marche ; to be always on the move [diplomat, family] être tout le temps en train de déménager ; [nomad, traveller] être toujours sur les routes or par monts et par vaux ; the circus is on the move again le cirque repart à nouveau ; a society on the move fig une société en pleine évolution.

C vtr

1 ( change position of) déplacer [game piece, cursor, bus stop, car, furniture] ; transporter [injured person, patient, army] ; ( to clear a space) enlever [object] ; move your things! enlève tes affaires! ; to move sb to another hospital transporter qn dans un autre hôpital ; he's too ill to be moved il est trop malade pour être transporté ; to move sth off enlever qch de [table, chair] ; to move sth out of enlever qch de [room, house] ; move the chair out of the way enlève la chaise de là ; move your head, I can't see! pousse ta tête, je ne vois rien! ; to move sth into transporter qch dans [room, garden] ; to move sth upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre qch ; to move sth further away/closer éloigner/rapprocher qch ; to move troops to the front envoyer des troupes au front ;

2 ( set in motion) [person] bouger, remuer [limb, finger, head] ; [wind, water, mechanism] faire bouger [leaf, branch, wheel, cog] ;

3 ( to new location or job) muter [employee, staff] ; transférer [office, headquarters] ; I've asked to be moved j'ai demandé à être muté ;

4 (to new house, site) déménager [furniture, belongings, equipment] ; to move house déménager ; a local firm moved us une entreprise locale a fait notre déménagement ;

5 ( affect) émouvoir [person] ; to be moved by sth être ému par qch ; moved to tears ému aux larmes ;

6 (prompt, motivate) to move sb to/to do [circumstance] amener qn à/à faire ; he was moved to act by the letter la lettre l'a incité à agir ; I felt moved to protest j'ai senti que je devais protester ;

7 ( propose) proposer [amendment, adjournment] ; to move that the matter (should) be put to the vote proposer que la question soit soumise au vote ;

8 (sell, shift) vendre [goods, stock].

D vi

1 (stir, not stay still) [person, branch, earth] bouger ; [lips] remuer ; don't move! ne bouge pas! ; it won't move cela ne bouge pas ; will you please move! veux-tu te pousser? ; I can't move for plants in here GB je ne peux pas bouger ici, tellement il y a de plantes ; you can't move for tourists in town GB on ne peut rien faire en ville, tellement il y a de touristes ;

2 (proceed, travel) [vehicle] rouler ; [person] avancer ; [procession, army] être en marche ; we were moving at about 65 kilometres an hour nous roulions à environ 65 kilomètres à l'heure ; we'd better keep moving nous ferions mieux de continuer ; we must get things moving fig nous devons faire avancer les choses ; things are starting to move on the job front les choses commencent à avancer côté travail ; go on, get moving! allez, avance! ; to move into entrer dans ; to move out of sortir de ; we are moving into a new era in science nous entrons dans une nouvelle ère de la science ; to move along/across avancer le long de/à travers ; his fingers moved rapidly over the keys ses doigts couraient sur les touches ; to move back reculer ; to move forward s'avancer ; to move away s'éloigner ; she has moved away from this view elle a changé d'avis ; to move away from the window s'écarter de la fenêtre ; to move up monter ; to move down descendre ; public opinion has moved to the right l'opinion publique a glissé vers la droite ;

3 ○ ( proceed quickly) that cat can really move! ce chat est très vif! ; that traffic cop's ○ really moving! t'as vu comme il bombe ce motard ○ ! ;

4 (change home, location) [person, family, firm, shop] déménager ; to move to s'installer à [countryside, Paris] ; s'installer en [Scotland, France] ; to move to a bigger/smaller house s'installer dans une maison plus grande/plus petite ; to move to Avenue Gambetta/Oxford Street s'installer avenue Gambetta/dans Oxford Street ; to move back to England se réinstaller en Angleterre ;

5 ( change job) être muté ; to move to être muté à [accounts, different department] ;

6 ( act) agir ; to move on intervenir sur [problem, question] ; to move to do intervenir pour faire ; he moved swiftly to deny the allegations il s'est empressé de démentir les allégations ;

7 Games [player] jouer ; [piece] se déplacer ;

8 Comm (sell, be sold) se vendre ; this line is moving fast ces articles se vendent bien.

E ○ v refl to move oneself se pousser ; move yourself! ( get out of way) pousse-toi! ; ( hurry up) avance!

Idioms

to get a move on ○ se magner ○, se dépêcher ; to make a move on sb ○ draguer ○ qn ; to move with the times vivre avec son temps ; to put the moves on sb ○ US faire des avances à qn.

Phrasal verbs

■ move about, move around:

▶ move about

1 ( to different position) [person] remuer ; [object] bouger ;

2 ( to different home) déménager ;

▶ move [sb/sth] about déplacer [object, furniture] ; they move him around a lot between branches/departments on le fait souvent changer de succursale/service.

■ move along:

▶ move along

1 ( stop loitering) circuler ; ( proceed) avancer ; ( squeeze up) se pousser ; move along please! ( on bus) avancez un peu dans le fond s'il vous plaît! ;

2 fig ( progress) things are moving along nicely les choses se mettent en place ;

▶ move [sb/sth] along faire circuler [loiterers, crowd] ; faire avancer [herd, group].

■ move away:

▶ move away ( by moving house) déménager ; ( by leaving scene of activity) partir ; to move away from quitter [area, accident scene] ;

▶ move [sb/sth] away, move away [sb/sth] faire reculer [crowd] ; déplacer [obstruction].

■ move down:

▶ move down (in list, hierarchy) descendre ;

▶ move [sb] down, move down [sb]

1 GB Sch faire repasser [qn] au niveau inférieur [pupil] ;

2 gen (in division, ranking) faire redescendre [team, player] ;

▶ move [sth] down, move down [sth] ( to lower shelf etc) mettre [qch] plus bas.

■ move in:

▶ move in

1 ( to house) emménager ; to move in with s'installer avec [friend, relative] ; aller vivre avec [lover] ;

2 (advance, attack) [troops, police, bulldozer] s'avancer ; to move in on [police, attackers, demolition men] s'avancer sur [person, site] ; [corporate raider, racketeer] lancer une opération sur [market, company] ;

3 ( intervene) [company, government] intervenir ;

▶ move [sb] in, move in [sb]

1 ( place in housing) [authorities, council] installer [family etc] ;

2 ( change residence) a friend helped to move me in un ami m'a aidé à emménager.

■ move off [procession, parade] partir ; [vehicle] se mettre en route ; [troops] se mettre en marche.

■ move on:

▶ move on

1 [person, traveller] se mettre en route ; [vehicle] repartir ; [time] passer ; to move on to aller à [Manchester, Lille etc] ; to move on to a new town aller dans une autre ville ; passer à [next item] ; to move on to consider sth passer à qch ; to move on to sth better faire quelque chose de mieux ; let's move on ( in discussion) passons au point suivant ;

2 ( keep moving) [crowd, traffic] circuler ;

3 ( develop) things have moved on since depuis, les choses ont changé ; I'm OK now, I've moved on ça va maintenant, c'est du passé ;

▶ move [sth] on, move on [sth] GB faire avancer [discussion] ; avancer [clock hands] ;

▶ move [sb] on, move on [sb] GB faire circuler [busker, street trader].

■ move out:

▶ move out ( of house) déménager ; ( of camp) [soldiers, tanks] quitter les lieux ; to move out of quitter [house, office, area] ;

▶ move [sb/sth] out, move out [sb/sth] évacuer [residents] ; enlever [object].

■ move over:

▶ move over

1 se pousser ; move over! pousse-toi ;

2 fig ( for younger generation etc) céder la place (for sb à qn) ;

▶ move [sb/sth] over déplacer [person, object] ; move it over to the left déplace-le vers la gauche.

■ move up:

▶ move up

1 ( make room) se pousser ;

2 ( be promoted) [employee] recevoir une promotion ; to move up to second place (in list, chart) passer à la seconde place ; to move up to the first division passer en première division ;

▶ move [sb] up, move up [sb]

1 GB Sch faire passer [qn] au niveau supérieur [pupil] ;

2 Sport (into higher league, division) faire monter [team, player] ;

▶ move [sth] up ( to higher shelf etc) mettre [qch] plus haut.

Big English-French dictionary > move
94 mover

v.

1 to move.

el fútbol profesional mueve mucho dinero a lot of money changes hands in the world of professional soccer

Ricardo movió el auto Richard moved the car.

2 to shake (menear, agitar) (caja, sonajero).

la vaca movía la cola the cow was swishing its tail

el perro movía la cola the dog was wagging its tail

mover la cabeza to nod; (afirmativamente) to shake (negativamente)

3 to do something about.

4 to energize, to activate, to power.

La gasolina mueve el auto Gasoline energizes the car.

* * *

MOVER

CONJUGACIÓN

(o changes to ue in stressed syllables)

Present Indicative

muevo, mueves, mueve, movemos, movéis, mueven.

Present Subjunctive

mueva, muevas, mueva, movamos, mováis, muevan.

Imperative

mueve (tú), mueva (él/Vd.), movamos (nos.), moved (vos.), muevan (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to move

2) shift

3) shake

4) prompt

5) stir

* * *

1. VT

1) (=cambiar de posición)

a) [+ objeto, mano, pierna] to move

no muevas la mesa — don't move the table

• mover a algn de algún sitio — to move sb from somewhere

de aquí no nos mueve nadie — we're staying right here, we're not moving from here

"no nos moverán" — "we shall not be moved"

b) [en juegos] [+ ficha, pieza] to move

2) (=agitar) to stir

muévelo para que no se pegue — stir it o give it a stir so that it doesn't stick

el perro se acercó moviendo la cola — the dog came up to us wagging its tail

el viento movía sus cabellos — the wind blew her hair

• mover la cabeza — [para negar] to shake one's head; [para asentir] to nod, nod one's head

movió la cabeza negando la pregunta — she shook her head in answer to the question

movió la cabeza afirmativamente — she nodded (her head)

3) (Mec) (=accionar) [+ máquina] to work, power

el agua movía el molino — the water turned o drove the wheel

el vapor mueve el émbolo — the steam drives o works the piston

4) (=incitar)

el interés propio nos mueve a todos — self-interest motivates all of us

lo hice movida por la curiosidad — it was curiosity that prompted o moved me to do it

actuaba movido por sus instintos — he acted on his instincts

su mensaje movía a las masas — his message roused the masses

• mover a algn a algo — to move sb to sth

su pobreza te mueve a la compasión — their poverty moves you to pity

mover a algn a las lágrimas — to move sb to tears

mover a algn a la risa — to make sb laugh

• mover a algn a hacer algo — to prompt sb to do sth, move sb to do sth

¿qué fue lo que te movió a actuar de ese modo? — what prompted o moved you to act in that way?

5) (=agilizar) [+ asunto, tema] to push; [+ trámite] to handle

ella le movió todo el papeleo — she handled all the paperwork for him

• mover una guerra contra algn — to wage war on sb

• mover un pleito contra algn — to start proceedings against sb

6) [+ dinero] to move, handle

esta empresa mueve miles de millones anualmente — this company moves o handles thousands of millions each year

el tráfico de armas mueve mucho dinero — arms trading involves o moves a lot of money

7) * [+ droga] to push

2. VI

1) [en juegos] to move

¿con qué ficha has movido? — what piece have you moved?

¿a quién le toca mover? — whose move is it?

2) (=incitar)

• mover a algo, esta situación mueve a la risa — this situation makes you (want to) laugh

3) (Bot) to bud, sprout

3.

See:

moverse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (trasladar, desplazar) to move

b) (Jueg) <ficha/pieza> to move

c) ( agitar)

no muevas la cámara — keep the camera still

el viento movía las hojas de los árboles — the wind shook the leaves on the trees

movió la cabeza — ( asintiendo) he nodded (his head); ( negando) she shook her head

mueve la cola — it wags its tail

d) ( accionar) to drive

el agua mueve la rueda del molino — the water turns the millwheel

e) ( manejar) < dinero> to handle

f) (fam) < droga> to push (colloq)

2) (incitar, inducir)

actuó movida por razones políticas — her actions were politically motivated

¿qué lo movió a hacer eso? — what moved him to do that?
2.
mover vi

1) (Jueg) to move

2) (incitar, inducir)

mover A algo: su situación mueve a la compasión — his predicament moves one to pity
3.
moverse v pron

1)

a) ( desplazarse) to move

no te muevas de ahí — stay right where you are, don't move

b) ( menearse) to move

dejá de moverte — stop fidgeting, stop moving about

la lámpara se movía con el viento — the lamp was moving o swaying in the wind

2)

a) ( alternar) to move

se mueve en las altas esferas — she moves in high circles

b) ( hacer gestiones)

si no te mueves no encontrarás empleo — if you don't get moving you'll never find a job (colloq)

se movió como loca para sacarlo de la cárcel — she moved heaven and earth to get him out of jail

c) ( apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on (colloq)

* * *

= shift, move, wiggle.

Ex. In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.

Ex. This article describes a special dolly designed to move stack ranges easily and quickly using a minimum of labour.

Ex. I have read that 'Spanish men are twice as likely to wiggle their ears as are women,' but don't know the trustworthiness of this statistic.

----

* el dinero mueve al mundo = money makes the world go (a)round.

* estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.

* la fe mueve montañas = faith will move mountains.

* mover Algo = make + Nombre + spin.

* mover el culo = shake + a leg, rattle + Posesivo + dags, get + a wiggle on, get off + Posesivo + ass, get off + Posesivo + arse.

* mover el esqueleto = trip the light fantastic.

* mover la cabeza = shake + head.

* mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.

* mover la cabeza de forma brusca hacia delante y hacia atrás = jerk + head.

* mover lateralmente = move from + side to side.

* mover montañas = move + mountains.

* moverse = shift about, get around, wiggle, wave.

* moverse de aquí para allá = move about.

* moverse en el sitio = shuffle.

* moverse en terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.

* moverse hacia atrás y hacia delante = move back and forth.

* no moverse = stay + put.

* sentarse sin moverse = sit + still.

* sin moverse del sitio = in place.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (trasladar, desplazar) to move

b) (Jueg) <ficha/pieza> to move

c) ( agitar)

no muevas la cámara — keep the camera still

el viento movía las hojas de los árboles — the wind shook the leaves on the trees

movió la cabeza — ( asintiendo) he nodded (his head); ( negando) she shook her head

mueve la cola — it wags its tail

d) ( accionar) to drive

el agua mueve la rueda del molino — the water turns the millwheel

e) ( manejar) < dinero> to handle

f) (fam) < droga> to push (colloq)

2) (incitar, inducir)

actuó movida por razones políticas — her actions were politically motivated

¿qué lo movió a hacer eso? — what moved him to do that?
2.
mover vi

1) (Jueg) to move

2) (incitar, inducir)

mover A algo: su situación mueve a la compasión — his predicament moves one to pity
3.
moverse v pron

1)

a) ( desplazarse) to move

no te muevas de ahí — stay right where you are, don't move

b) ( menearse) to move

dejá de moverte — stop fidgeting, stop moving about

la lámpara se movía con el viento — the lamp was moving o swaying in the wind

2)

a) ( alternar) to move

se mueve en las altas esferas — she moves in high circles

b) ( hacer gestiones)

si no te mueves no encontrarás empleo — if you don't get moving you'll never find a job (colloq)

se movió como loca para sacarlo de la cárcel — she moved heaven and earth to get him out of jail

c) ( apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on (colloq)

* * *

= shift, move, wiggle.

Ex: In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.

Ex: This article describes a special dolly designed to move stack ranges easily and quickly using a minimum of labour.

Ex: I have read that 'Spanish men are twice as likely to wiggle their ears as are women,' but don't know the trustworthiness of this statistic.

* el dinero mueve al mundo = money makes the world go (a)round.

* estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.

* la fe mueve montañas = faith will move mountains.

* mover Algo = make + Nombre + spin.

* mover el culo = shake + a leg, rattle + Posesivo + dags, get + a wiggle on, get off + Posesivo + ass, get off + Posesivo + arse.

* mover el esqueleto = trip the light fantastic.

* mover la cabeza = shake + head.

* mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.

* mover la cabeza de forma brusca hacia delante y hacia atrás = jerk + head.

* mover lateralmente = move from + side to side.

* mover montañas = move + mountains.

* moverse = shift about, get around, wiggle, wave.

* moverse de aquí para allá = move about.

* moverse en el sitio = shuffle.

* moverse en terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.

* moverse hacia atrás y hacia delante = move back and forth.

* no moverse = stay + put.

* sentarse sin moverse = sit + still.

* sin moverse del sitio = in place.

* * *

mover [E9 ]

vt

A

1 (trasladar, desplazar) to move

2 ( Jueg) ‹ficha/pieza› to move

3

(agitar): no muevas la cámara keep the camera still

el viento movía las hojas de los árboles the wind shook the leaves on the trees

está vivo, acaba de mover la mano he's alive, he just moved his hand

movió la cabeza (asintiendo) he nodded (his head); (negando) she shook her head

mueve la cola cuando está contento it wags its tail when it's happy

4

(accionar): el agua mueve la rueda del molino the water turns o drives the millwheel

5 (manejar) ‹dinero› to handle

la Bolsa movió casi 300 millones de pesos dealings on the Stock Market amounted to almost 300 million pesos, almost 300 million pesos were moved o handled on the Stock Market

mueve enormes cantidades de dinero he handles huge amounts of money

6 ( fam); ‹droga› to push ( colloq)

B

(incitar, inducir): actuó movida por razones políticas her actions were politically motivated

mover a algn A algo:

¿qué lo movió a hacer eso? what moved o prompted him to do that?

me preguntan qué me mueve a escribir este tipo de poema I am asked what it is that inspires o moves me to write this kind of poem

aquellas imágenes los movían a compasión they were moved to pity by those pictures

■ mover

vi

A ( Jueg) to move

te toca a ti, yo acabo de mover it's your turn, I've just moved

B (incitar, inducir) mover A algo:

su situación mueve a la compasión his predicament moves one to pity

■ moverse

v pron

A

1 (desplazarse) to move

no me he movido de aquí en toda la tarde I haven't moved from here o I've been right here all afternoon

no te muevas de ahí stay right where you are, don't move

no pienso moverme de aquí hasta que me atiendan I have no intention of moving (from this spot) until I get some service

2 (sin desplazarse) to move

¡no te muevas! te voy a sacar una foto don't move o keep still! I'm going to take your photograph

no puedo moverme, me duele todo I can't move, I ache all over

aunque me ve tan ocupado ella no se mueve she can see I'm busy but she doesn't lift a finger to help ( colloq)

deja de moverte, me estás poniendo nerviosa stop fidgeting, you're getting on my nerves

no se le mueve un pelo durante la pelea he never has a hair out of place throughout the fight

B

1 (alternar) to move

ella se mueve en las altas esferas she moves in high circles

yo no me muevo en ese ambiente I don't move in those circles, that's not my scene ( colloq)

2

(hacer gestiones): si no te mueves no conseguirás encontrar piso if you don't get moving you'll never find an apartment ( colloq)

se movió como loca para sacarlo de la cárcel she moved heaven and earth to get him out of jail

3 (apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on ( colloq)

si no nos movemos, vamos a perder el tren if we don't hurry up o get a move on, we'll miss the train

* * *

mover ( conjugate mover) verbo transitivo
1
a) (trasladar, desplazar) to move

b) (Jueg) ‹ficha/pieza› to move

c) ( agitar):

◊ no muevas la cámara keep the camera still;

el viento movía los árboles the wind shook the trees;
movió la cabeza ( asintiendo) he nodded (his head);

( negando) she shook her head;
◊ mueve la cola it wags its tail

d) ( accionar) to drive

2 ( inducir):
◊ mover a algn a hacer algo to move sb to do sth

verbo intransitivo (Jueg) to move
moverse verbo pronominal
a) ( en general) to move;

◊ no te muevas de ahí don't move;

la lámpara se movía con el viento the lamp was moving o swaying in the wind
b) ( apresurarse) to hurry up, get a move on (colloq)

mover verbo transitivo
1 to move: movimos la mesa, we moved the table
mover la cabeza, (afirmativamente) to nod
(negativamente) to shake one's head
2 (empujar, decidir) aquello me movió a viajar, that led me to travel
le mueve la codicia, she's driven by greed
no sabemos qué le movió a hacerlo, we don't know what made him do it
3 (activar) to drive: el aire mueve las aspas, the wind drives the sails
' mover' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
arrancar
- ayudar
- bigote
- cabecear
- tocar
- avanzar
- dar
- desplazar
- echar
- mueva
- pala
English:
dart
- displace
- ease
- flick
- fly
- get back
- heave
- hustle
- jerk
- manhandle
- move
- move back
- pass
- pound
- prompt
- pull
- roll
- run
- shift
- shoot
- shovel
- sideways
- slink
- sneak
- softly
- speed
- spring
- stick
- stone
- string
- struggle
- to
- twitch
- whip
- whisk
- wiggle
- drive
- furniture
- jiggle
- jog
- man
- mover
- play
- ply
- stir

* * *

mover

♦ vt

1. [desplazar, trasladar] to move (de/a from/to); [mecánicamente] to drive;

el viento mueve las palas the wind drives o turns the blades;
Informát
mover un fichero to move a file;

mover una ficha [en juegos] to move a counter;

el fútbol profesional mueve mucho dinero a lot of money changes hands in the world of professional soccer;

ese cantante mueve masas huge numbers of people go to see that singer wherever he performs;

Comp
Esp
mover ficha: ahora le toca al gobierno mover ficha it's the government's move, it's the government's turn to make the next move

2. [menear, agitar] [caja, sonajero] to shake;
[bandera] to wave;
movía las caderas she was wiggling o swinging her hips;

la vaca movía la cola the cow was swishing its tail;

el perro movía la cola the dog was wagging its tail;

mover la cabeza [afirmativamente] to nod;
[negativamente] to shake one's head;
muévelo bien [removiéndolo con cucharilla] stir it well;
[agitándolo con las manos] shake it well
3. [impulsar]
mover a alguien a hacer algo to make sb do sth, to prompt sb to do sth;

¿qué te movió a hacerlo? what made you do it?, what prompted you to do it?;

eso fue lo que nos movió a la huelga that was what made us strike o prompted us to strike;

sólo la mueve la ambición she is driven solely by ambition;

mover a alguien a compasión to move sb to pity

4. [hacer trámites con] to do something about;

hay muchos interesados en mover este asunto there are several people who are interested in doing something about this issue

♦ vi

1. [en ajedrez, damas, juego de mesa] to move;

tú mueves it's your move

2. [provocar]
su triste mirada movía a compasión her sad gaze made you feel pity for her

♦ See also the pronominal verb moverse

* * *

mover

v/t

1 move

2 ( agitar) shake

3 ( impulsar, incitar) drive

* * *

mover {47} vt

1) trasladar: to move, to shift

2) agitar: to shake, to nod (the head)

3) accionar: to power, to drive

4) inducir: to provoke, to cause

5) : to excite, to stir

♦ See also the reflexive verb moverse

* * *

mover vb to move

has movido el sofá you've moved the sofa

ahora te toca mover a ti it's your turn to move now

Spanish-English dictionary > mover
95 Elder, John

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 9 March 1824 Glasgow, Scotland

d. 17 September 1869 London, England

[br]

Scottish engineer who introduced the compound steam engine to ships and established an important shipbuilding company in Glasgow.

[br]

John was the third son of David Elder. The father came from a family of millwrights and moved to Glasgow where he worked for the well-known shipbuilding firm of Napier's and was involved with improving marine engines. John was educated at Glasgow High School and then for a while at the Department of Civil Engineering at Glasgow University, where he showed great aptitude for mathematics and drawing. He spent five years as an apprentice under Robert Napier followed by two short periods of activity as a pattern-maker first and then a draughtsman in England. He returned to Scotland in 1849 to become Chief Draughtsman to Napier, but in 1852 he left to become a partner with the Glasgow general engineering company of Randolph Elliott \& Co. Shortly after his induction (at the age of 28), the engineering firm was renamed Randolph Elder \& Co.; in 1868, when the partnership expired, it became known as John Elder \& Co. From the outset Elder, with his partner, Charles Randolph, approached mechanical (especially heat) engineering in a rigorous manner. Their knowledge and understanding of entropy ensured that engine design was not a hit-and-miss affair, but one governed by recognition of the importance of the new kinetic theory of heat and with it a proper understanding of thermodynamic principles, and by systematic development. In this Elder was joined by W.J.M. Rankine, Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow University, who helped him develop the compound marine engine. Elder and Randolph built up a series of patents, which guaranteed their company's commercial success and enabled them for a while to be the sole suppliers of compound steam reciprocating machinery. Their first such engine at sea was fitted in 1854 on the SS Brandon for the Limerick Steamship Company; the ship showed an improved performance by using a third less coal, which he was able to reduce still further on later designs.

Elder developed steam jacketing and recognized that, with higher pressures, triple-expansion types would be even more economical. In 1862 he patented a design of quadruple-expansion engine with reheat between cylinders and advocated the importance of balancing reciprocating parts. The effect of his improvements was to greatly reduce fuel consumption so that long sea voyages became an economic reality.

His yard soon reached dimensions then unequalled on the Clyde where he employed over 4,000 workers; Elder also was always interested in the social welfare of his labour force. In 1860 the engine shops were moved to the Govan Old Shipyard, and again in 1864 to the Fairfield Shipyard, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west on the south bank of the Clyde. At Fairfield, shipbuilding was commenced, and with the patents for compounding secure, much business was placed for many years by shipowners serving long-distance trades such as South America; the Pacific Steam Navigation Company took up his ideas for their ships. In later years the yard became known as the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd, but it remains today as one of Britain's most efficient shipyards and is known now as Kvaerner Govan Ltd.

In 1869, at the age of only 45, John Elder was unanimously elected President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; however, before taking office and giving his eagerly awaited presidential address, he died in London from liver disease. A large multitude attended his funeral and all the engineering shops were silent as his body, which had been brought back from London to Glasgow, was carried to its resting place. In 1857 Elder had married Isabella Ure, and on his death he left her a considerable fortune, which she used generously for Govan, for Glasgow and especially the University. In 1883 she endowed the world's first Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow, an act which was reciprocated in 1901 when the University awarded her an LLD on the occasion of its 450th anniversary.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1869.

Further Reading

Obituary, 1869, Engineer 28.

1889, The Dictionary of National Biography, London: Smith Elder \& Co. W.J.Macquorn Rankine, 1871, "Sketch of the life of John Elder" Transactions of the

Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.

Maclehose, 1886, Memoirs and Portraits of a Hundred Glasgow Men.

The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, 1909, London: Offices of Engineering.

P.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde, A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.

R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (covers Elder's contribution to the development of steam engines).

RLH / FMW

Biographical history of technology > Elder, John
96 move

move [mu:v]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. transitive verb

3. intransitive verb

4. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. mouvement m

► to be on the move [troops] être en marche

• she's always on the move ( = travelling for work) elle est toujours en déplacement ; [child] elle ne tient pas en place ; ( = busy) (inf) elle n'arrête jamais► to make a move ( = leave) manifester l'intention de partir ; ( = act) faire quelque chose

• it's time we made a move ( = left) il est temps que nous partions ; ( = did sth) il est temps que nous fassions quelque chose

• get a move on! (inf) remue-toi ! (inf)

   b. ( = change) [of house] déménagement m ; [of job] changement m d'emploi

   c. (in games) [of chessman] coup m ; ( = player's turn) tour m ; (figurative) démarche f

• it's your move (c'est) à vous de jouer

• what's the next move? et maintenant, qu'est-ce qu'on fait ?

• we must watch his every move il nous faut surveiller tous ses faits et gestes

2. transitive verb

   a. ( = change position of) [+ object] déplacer ; [+ limbs] remuer ; [+ troops] transporter

• move your chair nearer the fire approchez votre chaise du feu

• can you move your fingers? pouvez-vous remuer vos doigts ?

• move your feet off the table enlève tes pieds de la table

• the wind moves the leaves le vent agite les feuilles

• to move house (British) déménager

• he's asked to be moved to a different department il a demandé à être muté dans un autre service

• to move heaven and earth to do sth remuer ciel et terre pour faire qch

   b. ( = change timing of) to move sth (forward/back) [+ event, date] avancer/reculer qch

   c. (emotionally) émouvoir

• she's easily moved elle est facilement émue

• to move sb to tears émouvoir qn jusqu'aux larmes

   d. ( = stimulate) inciter ( sb to do sth qn à faire qch)

• I am moved to ask who... j'en viens à me demander qui...

   e. ( = propose) proposer

• to move that sth be done proposer que qch soit fait

3. intransitive verb

   a. [person, animal] ( = stir) bouger

• don't move! ne bougez pas !

• I saw something moving over there j'ai vu quelque chose bouger là-bas

• keep moving! circulez !

• do not get off while the bus is moving attendez l'arrêt complet de l'autobus pour descendre

• the coach was moving at 30km/h le car roulait à 30 (km) à l'heure

• you can't move for books in that room (inf) on ne peut plus bouger dans cette pièce tellement il y a de livres

► to move + preposition

• I'll not move from here je ne bougerai pas d'ici

• he has moved into another class il est passé dans une autre classe

• he moved slowly towards the door il se dirigea lentement vers la porte

   b. ( = depart) it's time we were moving il est temps de partir

   c. ( = move house) [person, family] déménager ; [business] être transféré

• to move to a bigger house emménager dans une maison plus grande

   d. ( = progress) [plans, talks] avancer

• he got things moving il a fait avancé les choses

   e. ( = act) agir

• we'll have to move quickly if we want to avoid... il nous faudra agir sans tarder si nous voulons éviter...

   f. (in games) [player] jouer

• it's you to move c'est à vous de jouer

4. Phrasal Verbs

► move about

1. intransitive verb

se déplacer

• he can move about only with difficulty il ne se déplace qu'avec peine

• we've moved about a good deal ( = moved house) nous avons souvent déménagé

2. separable transitive verb

[+ object, furniture] déplacer► move along

1. intransitive verb

avancer, circuler

• move along there! (on bus) avancez un peu ! ; (policeman) circulez !

2. separable transitive verb

[+ crowd] faire circuler► move around= move about

► move away

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = depart) partir

   b. ( = move house) déménager

• they've moved away from here ils n'habitent plus ici

2. separable transitive verb

[+ person, object] éloigner► move back

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = withdraw) reculer

   b. (to original position) retourner

   c. ( = move house) they've moved back to London ils sont retournés habiter (à) Londres

2. separable transitive verb

   a. (backwards) [+ person, crowd] faire reculer ; [+ object, furniture] reculer

   b. (to original position) [+ person] faire revenir ; [+ object] remettre► move forward

1. intransitive verb

[person, troops, vehicle] avancer

2. separable transitive verb

[+ person, vehicle] faire avancer ; [+ object] avancer

• to move troops forward ordonner l'avance des troupes► move in

1. intransitive verb

   a. [police] intervenir

   b. (to a house) emménager

2. separable transitive verb

[+ person] faire entrer ; [+ furniture] installer► move off

1. intransitive verb

[car] démarrer ; [train, procession] s'ébranler

2. separable transitive verb

[+ object] enlever► move on

1. intransitive verb

avancer ; (after stopping) se remettre en route ; [time] passer

• they moved on to another site ils sont allés s'installer plus loin

• moving on now to... passons maintenant à...

2. separable transitive verb

[+ person] faire circuler► move out

1. intransitive verb

déménager

• to move out of a flat déménager d'un appartement

2. separable transitive verb

[+ person] faire sortir► move over

1. intransitive verb

se pousser

• move over! pousse-toi !

2. separable transitive verb

[+ object] déplacer► move up

1. intransitive verb

   a. can you move up a few seats? pouvez-vous vous pousser un peu ?

   b. [employee] avoir de l'avancement ; (in league table) progresser dans le classement

• to move up a class passer dans la classe supérieure

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ person] faire monter ; [+ object] monter

   b. ( = promote) [+ employee] donner de l'avancement à

* * *
[muːv] 1.
noun

1) ( movement) gen mouvement m; ( gesture) geste m

to watch somebody's every move — surveiller chacun des gestes de quelqu'un

2) ( transfer) ( of residence) déménagement m; ( of company) transfert m

to make the move to London — [family] s'installer à Londres; [firm] être transféré à Londres; [employee] être muté à Londres

she made the move from sales to management — elle est passée des ventes à la direction

3) Games coup m

white has the first move — les blancs jouent en premier

it's your move — c'est ton tour

4) (step, act) manœuvre f

a good/bad move — une bonne/mauvaise idée

to make the first move — faire le premier pas

they have made no move(s) to allay public anxiety — ils n'ont rien fait pour rassurer l'opinion publique

in a move to counter opposition attacks... — pour tenter de parer aux attaques de l'opposition...
2.
on the move adjectival phrase

to be on the move — [army] être en mouvement; [train] être en marche

to be always on the move — [diplomat, family] être tout le temps en train de déménager; [nomad, traveller] être toujours sur les routes
3.
transitive verb

1) ( change position of) gen déplacer; transporter [patient, army]; ( to clear a space) enlever [object]

move your head, I can't see! — pousse ta tête, je ne vois rien!

to move something into — transporter quelque chose dans [room, garden]

to move something upstairs/downstairs — monter/descendre quelque chose

to move something further away/closer — éloigner/rapprocher quelque chose

2) ( set in motion) [person] bouger [limb, head]; [wind, mechanism] faire bouger [leaf, wheel]

3) ( to new location or job) muter [staff]; transférer [office]

4) (to new house, site) déménager

to move house — déménager

5) ( affect) émouvoir

6) ( motivate)

to move somebody to do — amener quelqu'un à faire

7) ( propose) proposer

to move that the matter be put to the vote — proposer que la question soit soumise au vote

8) ( sell) vendre
4.
intransitive verb

1) ( stir) gen bouger; [lips] remuer

will you please move! — veux-tu te pousser?

2) ( travel) [vehicle] rouler; [person] avancer; [procession, army] être en marche

we must get things moving — fig nous devons faire avancer les choses

things are starting to move on the job front — les choses commencent à avancer côté travail

go on, get moving! — allez, avance!

to move back — reculer

to move forward — s'avancer

to move away — s'éloigner

3) (colloq) ( proceed quickly)

that car's really moving! — t'as vu comme elle va vite cette voiture! (colloq)

4) (change home, location) déménager

to move to the countryside/to Japan — s'installer à la campagne/au Japon

5) ( change job) être muté

6) ( act) agir

to move to do — intervenir pour faire

7) Games [player] jouer; [piece] se déplacer

8) Commerce ( sell) se vendre

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- move about

- move along

- move away

- move down

- move in

- move off

- move on

- move out

- move over

- move up

••

let's make a move — (colloq) si on bougeait? (colloq)

it's time I made a move — (colloq) il est temps de partir

to get a move on — (colloq) se dépêcher

to move with the times — vivre avec son temps

English-French dictionary > move
97 move

I [muːv]
nome

1) (movement) movimento m.; (gesture) movimento m., mossa f.

to watch sb.'s every move — sorvegliare le mosse di qcn

2) (transfer) (of residence) trasloco m.; (of company) trasferimento m.

to make the move to — [family, firm] trasferirsi a; [ employee] essere trasferito a

he made the move from sales to management — è passato dal settore vendite alla direzione

3) gioc. mossa f.

white has the first move — il bianco muove per primo

it's your move — tocca a te (muovere)

4) (step, act) mossa f.

what's our next move? — che facciamo ora?

to make the first move — fare il primo passo

they have made no move(s) to... — non hanno mosso un dito per...

in a move to counter opposition attacks — come contromossa agli attacchi dell'opposizione

5) on the move

to be on the move — [ army] essere in marcia; [ train] essere in movimento

to be always on the move — [diplomat, family, nomad] spostarsi continuamente; [ traveller] essere sempre in giro o in viaggio

••

to get a move on — colloq. darsi una mossa

it's time I made a move — colloq. è ora che me ne vada

let's make a move — colloq. andiamo, muoviamoci
II 1. [muːv]
verbo transitivo

1) (change position of) spostare [ object]; muovere [ game piece]

to move sb. to another hospital — trasferire qcn. in un altro ospedale

to move sth. off — spostare o togliere qcs. da [ table]

move your head, I can't see! — sposta la testa, non vedo niente!

move the chair out of the way — togli la sedia dai piedi

to move sth. out of, into — portare qcs. fuori da, in [ room]

to move sth. further away, closer — allontanare, avvicinare qcs

2) (set in motion) [ person] muovere [limb, head]; [ wind] agitare [ leaves]; [ mechanism] fare muovere, mettere in moto [ wheel]

3) (to new location or job) trasferire [staff, office]

4) (to new house, site) spostare, traslocare [furniture, belongings]

to move house — traslocare

5) (affect) commuovere, toccare [ person]

6) (motivate)

to move sb. to do — [ circumstance] spingere qcn. a fare

7) (propose) proporre [ amendment]

to move that the matter (should) be put to the vote — proporre che la questione sia messa ai voti

8) (sell) vendere [ goods]
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (stir) [ person] muoversi, spostarsi; [lips, branch, earth] muoversi

don't move! — non ti muovere!

will you please move! — vuoi spostarti, per favore?

2) (travel) [vehicle, person] viaggiare, andare, procedere; [ procession] muoversi, avanzare; [ army] essere in marcia

we'd better keep moving — faremmo meglio a non fermarci

we must get things moving — fig. dobbiamo darci una mossa

things are starting to move on the job front — qualcosa si sta muovendo sul fronte del lavoro

go on, get moving! — dai, muoviti!

to move into — entrare in

to move out of — uscire da

to move back — indietreggiare

to move forward — spostarsi in avanti

3) colloq. (proceed quickly)

that car's really moving! — quella macchina va come una scheggia!

4) (change home, location) [ person] cambiare casa, traslocare; [firm, shop] trasferirsi

to move to — trasferirsi in [countryside, Italy]; trasferirsi a [ Rome]

to move back to England — tornare a vivere in Inghilterra

5) (change job)

to move to — essere trasferito a o in [ different department]

6) (act) entrare in azione, agire

to move to do — intervenire per fare

7) gioc. [ player] muovere

the bishop move in C4 — alfiere in C4

8) comm. (sell) vendere

this line is moving fast — questa linea di prodotti (si) vende bene

•

- move about

- move along

- move away

- move down

- move in

- move off

- move on

- move out

- move over

- move up

••

to move with the times — stare al passo coi tempi

* * *
[mu:v] 1. verb
1) (to (cause to) change position or go from one place to another: He moved his arm; Don't move!; Please move your car.) muovere, muoversi, spostare

2) (to change houses: We're moving on Saturday.) traslocare

3) (to affect the feelings or emotions of: I was deeply moved by the film.) commuovere
2. noun
1) ((in board games) an act of moving a piece: You can win this game in three moves.) mossa

2) (an act of changing homes: How did your move go?) trasloco

•

- movable
- moveable
- movement
- movie
- moving
- movingly
- get a move on
- make a move
- move along
- move heaven and earth
- move house
- move in
- move off
- move out
- move up
- on the move
* * *
I [muːv]
nome

1) (movement) movimento m.; (gesture) movimento m., mossa f.

to watch sb.'s every move — sorvegliare le mosse di qcn

2) (transfer) (of residence) trasloco m.; (of company) trasferimento m.

to make the move to — [family, firm] trasferirsi a; [ employee] essere trasferito a

he made the move from sales to management — è passato dal settore vendite alla direzione

3) gioc. mossa f.

white has the first move — il bianco muove per primo

it's your move — tocca a te (muovere)

4) (step, act) mossa f.

what's our next move? — che facciamo ora?

to make the first move — fare il primo passo

they have made no move(s) to... — non hanno mosso un dito per...

in a move to counter opposition attacks — come contromossa agli attacchi dell'opposizione

5) on the move

to be on the move — [ army] essere in marcia; [ train] essere in movimento

to be always on the move — [diplomat, family, nomad] spostarsi continuamente; [ traveller] essere sempre in giro o in viaggio

••

to get a move on — colloq. darsi una mossa

it's time I made a move — colloq. è ora che me ne vada

let's make a move — colloq. andiamo, muoviamoci
II 1. [muːv]
verbo transitivo

1) (change position of) spostare [ object]; muovere [ game piece]

to move sb. to another hospital — trasferire qcn. in un altro ospedale

to move sth. off — spostare o togliere qcs. da [ table]

move your head, I can't see! — sposta la testa, non vedo niente!

move the chair out of the way — togli la sedia dai piedi

to move sth. out of, into — portare qcs. fuori da, in [ room]

to move sth. further away, closer — allontanare, avvicinare qcs

2) (set in motion) [ person] muovere [limb, head]; [ wind] agitare [ leaves]; [ mechanism] fare muovere, mettere in moto [ wheel]

3) (to new location or job) trasferire [staff, office]

4) (to new house, site) spostare, traslocare [furniture, belongings]

to move house — traslocare

5) (affect) commuovere, toccare [ person]

6) (motivate)

to move sb. to do — [ circumstance] spingere qcn. a fare

7) (propose) proporre [ amendment]

to move that the matter (should) be put to the vote — proporre che la questione sia messa ai voti

8) (sell) vendere [ goods]
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (stir) [ person] muoversi, spostarsi; [lips, branch, earth] muoversi

don't move! — non ti muovere!

will you please move! — vuoi spostarti, per favore?

2) (travel) [vehicle, person] viaggiare, andare, procedere; [ procession] muoversi, avanzare; [ army] essere in marcia

we'd better keep moving — faremmo meglio a non fermarci

we must get things moving — fig. dobbiamo darci una mossa

things are starting to move on the job front — qualcosa si sta muovendo sul fronte del lavoro

go on, get moving! — dai, muoviti!

to move into — entrare in

to move out of — uscire da

to move back — indietreggiare

to move forward — spostarsi in avanti

3) colloq. (proceed quickly)

that car's really moving! — quella macchina va come una scheggia!

4) (change home, location) [ person] cambiare casa, traslocare; [firm, shop] trasferirsi

to move to — trasferirsi in [countryside, Italy]; trasferirsi a [ Rome]

to move back to England — tornare a vivere in Inghilterra

5) (change job)

to move to — essere trasferito a o in [ different department]

6) (act) entrare in azione, agire

to move to do — intervenire per fare

7) gioc. [ player] muovere

the bishop move in C4 — alfiere in C4

8) comm. (sell) vendere

this line is moving fast — questa linea di prodotti (si) vende bene

•

- move about

- move along

- move away

- move down

- move in

- move off

- move on

- move out

- move over

- move up

••

to move with the times — stare al passo coi tempi

English-Italian dictionary > move
98 Morris, William Richard, Viscount Nuffield

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

[br]

b. 10 October 1877 Worcester, England

d. 22 August 1963 Nuffield Place, England

[br]

English industrialist, car manufacturer and philanthropist.

[br]

Morris was the son of Frederick Morris, then a draper. He was the eldest of a family of seven, all of whom, except for one sister, died in childhood. When he was 3 years old, his father moved to Cowley, near Oxford, where he attended the village school. After a short time with a local bicycle firm he set up on his own at the age of 16 with a capital of £4. He manufactured pedal cycles and by 1902 he had designed a motor cycle and was doing car-repair work. By 1912, at the Motor Show, he was able to announce his first car, the 8.9 hp, two-seater Morris Oxford with its characteristic "bull-nose". It could perform at up to 50 mph (80 km/h) and 50 mpg (5.65 1/100 km). It cost £165.

Though untrained, Morris was a born engineer as well as a natural judge of character. This enabled him to build up a reliable team of assistants in his growing business, with an order for four hundred cars at the Motor Show in 1912. Much of his business was built up in the assembly of components manufactured by outside suppliers. In he moved out of his initial premises by New College in Longwall and bought land at Cowley, where he brought out his second model, the 11.9hp Morris Oxford. This was after the First World War, during which car production was reduced to allow the manufacture of tanks and munitions. He was awarded the OBE in 1917 for his war work. Morris Motors Ltd was incorporated in 1919, and within fifteen months sales of cars had reached over 3,000 a year. By 1923 he was producing 20,000 cars a year, and in 1926 50,000, equivalent to about one-third of Britain's output. With the slump, a substantial overdraft, and a large stock of unsold cars, Morris took the bold decision to cut the prices of cars in stock, which then sold out within three weeks. Other makers followed suit, but Morris was ahead of them.

Morris was part-founder of the Pressed Steel Company, set up to produce car bodies at Cowley. A clever operation with the shareholding of the Morris Motors Company allowed Morris a substantial overall profit to provide expansion capital. By 1931 his "empire" comprised, in addition to Morris Motors, the MG Car Company, the Wolseley Company, the SU Carburettor Company and Morris Commercial Cars. In 1936, the value of Morris's financial interest in the business was put at some £16 million.

William Morris was a frugal man and uncomplicated, having little use for all the money he made except to channel it to charitable purposes. It is said that in all he gave away some £30 million during his lifetime, much of it invested by the recipients to provide long-term benefits. He married Elizabeth Anstey in 1904 and lived for thirty years at Nuffield Place. He lived modestly, and even after retirement, when Honorary President of the British Motor Corporation, the result of a merger between Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Company, he drove himself to work in a modest 10 hp Wolseley. His generosity benefited many hospitals in London, Oxford, Birmingham and elsewhere. Oxford Colleges were another class of beneficiary from his largesse.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Viscount 1938; Baron (Lord Nuffield) 1934; Baronet 1929; OBE 1917; GBE 1941; CH 1958. FRS 1939. He was a doctor of seven universities and an honorary freeman of seven towns.

Further Reading

R.Jackson, 1964, The Nuffield Story.

P.W.S.Andrews and E.Brunner, The Life of Lord Nuffield.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Morris, William Richard, Viscount Nuffield
99 Priestman, William Dent

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 23 August 1847 Sutton, Hull, England

d. 7 September 1936 Hull, England

[br]

English oil engine pioneer.

[br]

William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.

Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.

Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.

On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.

Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.

[br]

Further Reading

C.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.

C.Lyle Cummins and J.D.Priestman, 1985, "William Dent Priestman, oil engine pioneer and inventor: his engine patents 1885–1901", Proceedings of the Institution of

Mechanical Engineers 199:133.

Anthony Harcombe, 1977, "Priestman's oil engine", Stationary Engine Magazine 42 (August).

JB

Biographical history of technology > Priestman, William Dent
100 Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 25 April 1874 Bologna, Italy

d. 20 July 1937 Rome, Italy

[br]

Italian radio pioneer whose inventiveness and business skills made radio communication a practical proposition.

[br]

Marconi was educated in physics at Leghorn and at Bologna University. An avid experimenter, he worked in his parents' attic and, almost certainly aware of the recent work of Hertz and others, soon improved the performance of coherers and spark-gap transmitters. He also discovered for himself the use of earthing and of elevated metal plates as aerials. In 1895 he succeeded in transmitting telegraphy over a distance of 2 km (1¼ miles), but the Italian Telegraph authority rejected his invention, so in 1896 he moved to England, where he filed the first of many patents. There he gained the support of the Chief Engineer of the Post Office, and by the following year he had achieved communication across the Bristol Channel.

The British Post Office was also slow to take up his work, so in 1897 he formed the Wireless Telegraph \& Signal Company to work independently. In 1898 he sold some equipment to the British Army for use in the Boer War and established the first permanent radio link from the Isle of Wight to the mainland. In 1899 he achieved communication across the English Channel (a distance of more than 31 miles or 50 km), the construction of a wireless station at Spezia, Italy, and the equipping of two US ships to report progress in the America's Cup yacht race, a venture that led to the formation of the American Marconi Company. In 1900 he won a contract from the British Admiralty to sell equipment and to train operators. Realizing that his business would be much more successful if he could offer his customers a complete radio-communication service (known today as a "turnkey" deal), he floated a new company, the Marconi International Marine Communications Company, while the old company became the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.

His greatest achievement occurred on 12 December 1901, when Morse telegraph signals from a transmitter at Poldhu in Cornwall were received at St John's, Newfoundland, a distance of some 2,100 miles (3,400 km), with the use of an aerial flown by a kite. As a result of this, Marconi's business prospered and he became internationally famous, receiving many honours for his endeavours, including the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. In 1904, radio was first used to provide a daily bulletin at sea, and in 1907 a transatlantic wireless telegraphy service was inaugurated. The rescue of 1,650 passengers from the shipwreck of SS Republic in 1909 was the first of many occasions when wireless was instrumental in saving lives at sea, most notable being those from the Titanic on its maiden voyage in April 1912; more lives would have been saved had there been sufficient lifeboats. Marconi was one of those who subsequently pressed for greater safety at sea. In 1910 he demonstrated the reception of long (8 km or 5 miles) waves from Ireland in Buenos Aires, but after the First World War he began to develop the use of short waves, which were more effectively reflected by the ionosphere. By 1918 the first link between England and Australia had been established, and in 1924 he was awarded a Post Office contract for short-wave communication between England and the various parts of the British Empire.

With his achievements by then recognized by the Italian Government, in 1915 he was appointed Radio-Communications Adviser to the Italian armed forces, and in 1919 he was an Italian delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. From 1921 he lived on his yacht, the Elettra, and although he joined the Fascist Party in 1923, he later had reservations about Mussolini.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with K.F. Braun) 1909. Russian Order of S t Anne. Commander of St Maurice and St Lazarus. Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (i.e. Knight) of Italy 1902. Freedom of Rome 1903. Honorary DSc Oxford. Honorary LLD Glasgow. Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy 1905. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal. Honorary knighthood (GCVO) 1914. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1920. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1924. Created Marquis (Marchese) 1929. Nominated to the Italian Senate 1929. President, Italian Academy 1930. Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1934.

Bibliography

1896, "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and in apparatus thereof", British patent no. 12,039.

1 June 1898, British patent no. 12,326 (transformer or "jigger" resonant circuit).

1901, British patent no. 7,777 (selective tuning).

1904, British patent no. 763,772 ("four circuit" tuning arrangement).

Further Reading

D.Marconi, 1962, My Father, Marconi.

W.J.Baker, 1970, A History of the Marconi Company, London: Methuen.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

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